Proceedingshicospos2019 PDF

PAPER SUMMARY PROCEEDING
HICOSPOS 2019
HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
Social and Climate Changes in 5.0 Society
Makassar, 21-22 Oktober 2019
Penerbit:
PAPER SUMMARY PROCEEDING HICOSPOS 2019

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES i
ii HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
Social and Climate Changes in 5.0 Society
Panitia HICOSPOS 2019
Steering Committee
Prof. Dr Armin, MA
Dr. Phil. Sukri, M.Si
Dr. Andi Samsu Alam, M.Si
Dr. Hasrullah, M.Si
Muhammad Darwis, MA, PhD
Dr. Iqbal Sultan, M.Si
Dr. Mansyur Radjab, M.Si
Dr. Yahya, M.Si
Dr. Nurdin Nara, M.Si
Andi Ali Armunanto, SIP, M.Si
Organizing Committee
Dr. Nuvida Raf, MA (Ketua)
Dr. Ariana Yunus, M.Si
Dr. Muhammad Nasir Badu, MA
Dr. Muhammad Tang Abdullah, M.Si
Seniwati, M.Hum, PhD
Dr. Tasrifin Thara, M.Si
Dr. Alem Febri Sonni, M.Si
Dr. Andi Lukman Irawan, SIP, M.Si
Pusparida Syahdan, S.Sos, MSi
Ishaq Rahman, SIP, M.Si
Andi Ahmad Yani, S.Sos, M.Si, MPA,MSc
Burhanuddin, SIP, M.Si
Aswin Baharuddin, SIP, M.Si
Sakinah Nadir, SIP, M.Si
Nosakros Arya, S.Sos, M.Si
Haryanto, SIP, M.Si
Muhammad Abd Razak Cangara, SIP, M.Si, MIR
Umi Sucia Fatiya Kautsar, SIP,M.Si
Scientific Committee (Reviewer)

Prof. Deddy T. Tikson, PhD
Prof. Dr. Alwi, M.Si
Muhammad Nasir Badu, MA, PhD
Dr. Buhari Mengge, MA

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES iii
Luky Djani, MPA, PhD
Dr. Asal Wahyuni, MPA
Fotarisman Zaluchu, MPH, PhD
Sulaiman Mappiasse, M.Sc, PhD
Sukri, M.Si, PhD
Dr. Nuvida Raf, MA
Dr. Muhammad Tang Abdullah, M.Si
Adi Maulana, MT, PhD
Editor:
1.Dr. Nuvida Raf, MA
2.Dr. Alem Febri Sonni, M.Si
3.Andi Ahmad Yani, S.Sos, M.Si, MPA,MSc
Cetakan I Oktober 2019
ISBN: 978-979-530-224-7
Penerbit:
UPT Unhas Press
Alamat Penerbit:
Gedung UPT Unhas Press (depan Fakultas Hukum)
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E-mail: unhaspress@gmail.com
Hak Cipta © Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. All rights reserved.
Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

iv HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
FOREWORD
The phenomenon of climate change is avoidable since its effects are significantly on both environment and
human beings live - such as human health, agriculture, food security, water supply, energy, ecosystem and.
Here human beings play role as the actors as well as the victim. In one side, humans’ adaptability to
surrounding leads to survive by developing technology that is able to prevent negative impacts of climate
change. In other side, humans also contribute to environmental problems that as the results of humans’
activities.
Nowadays, world is facing society 5.0 in which integrated system of digital technology brings humans to
achieve a high quality of life ideally, however, this state requires hard and sustainable efforts from all parties
such as community of social and political sciences. Since every steps of society achievements also bring its
consequences in terms of culture, and socio-political changes both positive and negative effects.
Complexity phenomena of climate change in one side, and society 5.0 in other side, it turns should be
responded by providing collaborative works amongst scholars and decision makers. International
conference, therefore, becoming a scientific way to experts especially social and political sciences to share
and contribute to solve the problems that arise from climate change and society 5.0.
Based on this point of view, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University, initiates a forum
for all scholars of social and political sciences, researchers, practitioners and decision makers to gather and
share ideas, research, practices, and experiences regarding challenges of social and climate changes in 5.0
society. We organize annual conference which is entitled Hasanuddin International Conference of Social and
Political Sciences (HICOSPOS) 2019. The event is conducted on 21-21 October 2019 in Singgasana Hotel,
Makassar. The Committee received 157 paper summaries an the Committee decided to accept 93 paper
summaries after blind review process. Those paper summaries are published in this proceeding book. We
hope that all articles which have presented in the HICOSPOS 2019 will contribute to dynamic science
discourse for responding social and climate changes.
On behalf of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University, I would like to extend our
appreciation for all speakers, authors, participants, reviewers and committee members on supporting
HICOSPOS 2019. We expect that we can meet again in HICOSPOS 2020.
Kindly regards,
Prof. Dr. Armin, M.Si

Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Hasanuddin University

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................v
Table of Content ............................................................................................................................... vi
Abdul Aris M.
EXPLORE THE ROLE OF LOCAL ORGANIZATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATIONS ...........................................1
Abdul Hadid Idrus, Muhammad Iqbal Sultan, Muhammad Farid

COMMUNICATION PATTERN OF COMMUNITY AND VILLAGE EMPOWERMENTS
AGENCIES (DPMD) IN DISSEMINATING INFORMATION ON VILLAGE FUND
MANAGEMENT IN MAROS DISTRICT ........................................................................................................4
Ahmad Ismail, Hardiyanti Munsi

FIELD ACTIVISM BECOMES CLICK ACTIVISM: A CONCEPT REVIEW OF OLD SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS BECOME ONLINE SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Andi Ahmad Yani, Agussalim Burhanuddin, Amril Hans

MAPPING YOUTH RADICALISM AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN SOCIAL
MEDIA .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Andi Alimuddin Unde, Seniwati, Pusparida Syahdan, Nurjannah Abdullah

VILLAGE WEBSITE TRAINING IN OUR GLOBAL VILLAGE ........................................................................ 18
Andi Irpan Badawi, Hikmawati, Nusril Muchtadi, Haryanto

TRADITION IN THE MILLENNIALS OF THE KONJO TRIBE, INDONESIA ................................................... 22
Andi Rusli, Sukri, Ashar Prawitno

THE FORM OF BUREAUCRACY REFORMATION UNDER THE STRONG REGIONAL
HEAD IN INDONESIA .............................................................................................................................. 27
Andi Samsu Alam, A. M. Rusli, Rahmatullah

WASTE BANK GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA: POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONAND LOCAL GOVERNMENT . 31
Andi Samsu Alam, Khairina Almirah Rivai, Andi Lukman Irwan

THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE POTENTIAL THROUGH
BUMDES (STUDY ON MANAGEMENT OF MATDUJU BUMDES VILLAGE PITUE
VILLAGE, MA'RANG DISTRICT, PANGKAJENE AND ISLANDS DISTRICT)
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE POTENTIALS THROUGH
BUMDES (STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MATTUJU BUMDES VILLAGE PITUE, MA'RANG, PANGKAJENE AND
ACHIPELAGO REGENCY) ........................................................................................................................ 35
Andi Yakub
LOCAL POLITICAL DYNAMICS: BUGIS ETHNIC PERCEPTION OF THE URGENCY OF DECENTRALIZATION
POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 43

vi HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
Arianto, Tuti Bahfiarti, Muhammad Iqbal Sultan
INFORMAL LEARNING IN CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY OF ETHNIC DIFFERENT PARENTS
IN SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE ............................................................................................................ 56
Asdi Sutriadi Sadar, H.Andi Samsu Alam, H. Suhardiman Syamsu

ENFORCEMENT OF SANCTIONS IN REGIONAL REGULATION CONCERNING THE
CONTROL OF ANIMAL IN WATAMPONE ............................................................................................... 59
Aswin Baharuddin, Adelita Lubis

THE FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AMON LOCAL LITERACY GROUPS AND TRANSNATIONAL
NETWORKS ............................................................................................................................................ 63
Badu Ahmad, Adnan Nasution

DEVELOPMENT OF BUREAUCRACY IN EXCELLENT SERVICE (CASE STUDY: LICENSING
SERVICES IN PINRANG DISTRICT)........................................................................................................... 67
Badu Ahmad, Baharuddin, Rakhmat, Adnan Nasution

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WATER DRINKING COMPANIES BASED ON BALANCED
SCORECARD (BS) IN MAKASSAR CITY .................................................................................................... 74
Darwis Beddu, Abdul Razaq Cangara, Bama Andika Putra

THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITIME SECURITY GEO-STRATEGIC LANDSCAPE
OF SOUTHEAST ASIA TOWARDS INDONESIA’S “JOKOWI” CONTEMPORARY FOREIGN POLICY ............ 80
Dwia Aries Tina Pulubuhu, Andi Ahmad Yani, Muhammad Ramli AT,
Muhammad Arsyad, Amril Hans
MAPPING SOCIAL SOLIDARITY OF AN INDONESIA’S POST CONFLICT SOCIETY ..................................... 84
Dwia Aries Tina Pulubuhu, Seniwati, Husain Abdullah

WOMEN AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY ......................................................... 90
Edhy Rustan, Muh Irfan Hasanuddin, Andi Muhammad Ajiegoena

SOCIAL SENSITIVITY IN THE INTERACTION OF THE ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING
PROFESSION COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA ............................................................................................ 94
Erwin Musdah, Anhar Dana Putra

OPEN GOVERNMENT IN DISASTER INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN REGIONAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY OF SOUTH SULAWESI .................................................................. 102
Ida Wahyuni Iskandar, Zaid Bin Ahmad

ACTIVIST WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN EAST KALIMANTAN GOVERNOR
ELECTION 2008-2018 ........................................................................................................................... 107
Idham, Abu Muslim

ISLAMIC VALUES IN THE TRADITIONAL RITUALS OF KOLOLI KIE AND FERE KIE .................................. 111
Iin Nurfadhilah Basri

ANALYZING THE QUALITY OF WORK PROGRAMS IN MANGGALA DISTRICT,
MAKASSAR CITY, SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE, INDONESIA, BETWEEN 2014-2019 .......................... 124

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES vii
Janisa Pascawati Lande, Arianto, Tuti Bahfiarti
THE EFFECT OF MOBILE GAMING ON THE QUALITY OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION.......................... 129
Juanda Nawawi, Sakaria Anwar

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATURE RELATIONSHIP IN
POVERTY ALLEVIATION POLICY MAKING IN WAJO REGENCY ............................................................ 133
Muh. Hidayatullah, Tuti Bahfiarti, Jeanny Maria Fatimah

THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN PRESERVING PANCANA LANGUAGE IN LAKUDO VILLAGE ........................ 137
Muh. Iqbal Latief, Sultan, Suryanto

UNDERSTANDING POVERTY OF INDONESIA MARITIME SOCIETY IN SOCIETY FIVE
POINT ZERO (5.0) ERA ......................................................................................................................... 141
Muhaimin Zulhair Achsin

TATE – SOCIETY RELATIONS TO PREVENT RADICALISM AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM
IN THE CYBERSPACE OF INDONESIA .................................................................................................... 144
Muhammad
REALIZE THE GENERAL ELECTION ACCOUNTABILITY THRU THE GENERAL ELECTION TRANSFORMATION
SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................................ 148
Muhammad Akbar, Dwia Aries Tina Pulubuhu, Seniwati, Husain Abdullah

THE EFFECT OF FACEBOOK AND ONLINE NEWSPAPER ON TOURISM SECTOR IN
INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................................... 151
Muhammad Akram Mansyur

SOCIAL MEDIA UTILIZATION IN GENERATING FAST RESPONSE DURING URBAN
FLOODINGS CASE STUDY OF DEPOK CITY ........................................................................................... 157
Muhammad Bahar Akkase Teng, Andi Faisal, Firman Saleh

POLITICS IN PAPASENG KAJAOLALIDDONG: A REPRESENTATION OF LOCAL WISDOM
OF BUGINESE SOCIETY......................................................................................................................... 163
Muhammad Basir, Resky Purnamasari Nasaruddin, Abdul Hafez Assad

CULTURE 5.0 ........................................................................................................................................ 166
Muhammad Busyairi
CAPITALISM, A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD? ........................................................................................... 170
Muhammad Farid, Andi Alimuddin, Nosakros Arya, Kasdiawati

ALTERNATIVE MEDIA AND EDUCATION ENLIGHTENMENT IN COASTAL AREA OF
PANGKEP ............................................................................................................................................ 174
Muhammad Farid, Andi Alimuddin Unde

SOCIAL MEDIA AND INCREASED LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT OF PANGKEP COASTAL
AREA MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS ...................................................................................................... 180
Munjin Syafik Asyari, Aswin Baharuddin

PROBLEM OF TIMOR LESTE’S STOLEN CHILDREN IN INDONESIA: A HUMAN
SECURITY PERSPECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 188

viii HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
Murdiansyah Herman, Sunardi, Imam Sumantri
CLIMATE CHANGE, LABOR MARKET AND RURAL WORKER MOBILITY ................................................ 192
Nurlinah, A. Gau Kadir, A. Lukman Irwan, Haryanto
OLD URBANIZATION, NEW DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW ...................................................................... 195
Nurlinah, A. Gau Kadir, A. Lukman Irwan

PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNANCE IN COASTAL VILLAGE OF INDONESIA ........................................ 200
Nurlinda Alla, Tuti Bahfiarti, Muhammad Iqbal Sultan

THE EFFECT OF CITIZEN SUPPORT DIMENSION ON PASSPORT QUEUE REGISTRATION APPLICATION
ONLINE (APAPO) TO SERVICE USER SATISFACTION IN THE CLASS I
MAKASSAR IMMIGRATION CHECKPOINT OFFICE................................................................................ 206
Rabina Yunus, Sukri

“BREAKING THE GLASS” WHEN WOMAN BECAME A LEADER IN INDONESIAN STATE
UNIVERSITY ......................................................................................................................................... 209
Rahmat Muhammad, Ashry Sallatu, Nur Akmal, Elvita Bellani

THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF STUDENT ENGAGEMENT .................................................................. 214
Rizkika Lhena Darwin, Haryanto

WOMEN AND ELECTIONS IN ACEH: FROM CONFLICT TO ISLAM AND ECONOMICS
NARRATIVES ........................................................................................................................................ 217
Saddam Husain Tamrin, Sangkala, Syahribulan

LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRATEGY AND POLICY, MODEL OF RESOLUTION IN SOCIAL
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NORTH LUWU DISTRICT ........................................................................... 220
Samsu Alam, M. Rusli , Afni A

COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE SWORD KAKI LIMA KANRE
RONG KAREBOSI IN KASS MAKASSAR COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN THE
DEVOLUTION OF STREET VENDORS KANRE RG KAREBOSI IN MAKASSAR CITY .................................. 224
Sandy Nur Ikfal Raharjo, Muhammad Akbar

INDONESIA-TIMOR LESTE COOPERATION ON CONNECTIVITY TOWARDS 5.0 SOCIETY:
A CATALYST FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESS ............................................................................ 234
Seniwati, Andi Alimuddin Unde, Pusparida Syahdan, Nurjannah Abdullah

BENEFIT OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY BASED ON INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION 4.0 FOR TRAVEL AGENTS ............................................................................................... 238
Seniwati, Sutinah, Rahmatia, Muhammad Akbar

SYNERGY BETWEEN STUDENTS AND STUDENT AND COMMUNITIES IN MANAGING
WASTE IN MAKASSAR CITY .................................................................................................................. 243
Slamet Riadi, Rabina Yunus, Hamaruddin, Andi Cudai, Abdul Rivai

QUALITY OF HEALTH SERVICE IN KAMONJI PUSKESMAS PALU CITY- INDONESIA .............................. 251

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES ix
Suci Adysa, Nahdiana
THE EFFECT OF MEDIA LITERATION ON HOAX NEWS AT THE STUDENTS OF
THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR............................................................................................ 262
Sukri, Hamzah Halim, Alwi Jaya

ETHNICITY REVIVALS IN INDONESIAN LOCAL POLITICAL DYNAMICS (A LEGAL
PLURALISM ANALYSIS)......................................................................................................................... 267
Syahrir Karim
THE PHENOMENON OF WHATSAPP GROUP (WAG) AND THE FORMATION OF A NEW
POLITICAL IDENTITY ............................................................................................................................ 272
Syahruddin Hattab,, Daswati, Mahpuddin

MODERN MARKET EFFECTIVENESS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF POSO REGENCY ............................ 275
Tuti Bahfiarti, Arianto, Muhammad Nadjib

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE USE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN IMPROVING COMPREHENSION
AMONG ETHNIC BUGIS COCOA FARMERS IN SOUTH SULAWESI ........................................................ 283
Ahmad Mustanir, Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, Akhwan Ali, Sam Hermansyah , Sakinah

VILLAGE HEAD LEADERSHIP AND BUREAUCRATIC MODEL TOWARDS GOOD GOVERNANCE IN
SIDENRENG RAPPANG …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….286
Filosa Gita Sukmono and Fajar Junaedi

IB TIMES: THE ADAPTATION OF MUHAMADIYAH AND ITS YOUNGER GENERATION TO
MAXIMALIZE MEDIA USE IN THE DIGITAL ERA ……………………………………………………………………………………294

IB TIMES: THE ADAPTATION OF MUHAMADIYAH AND ITS YOUNGER GENERATION
TO MAXIMALIZE MEDIA USE IN THE DIGITAL ERA ……………………………………………………………………………………………298
Gita Susanti
BARRIES TO PUBLIC SECTOR INNOVATION:
A CASE STUDY IN THE ALLEY GARDEN PROGRAM IN MAKASSAR CITY …………………………………………………………….302
Muhammad Sabiq, Tautoto Tana Ranggina Sarongallo, Wahyuni, Imam Nawawi

COLLECTIVE SEX ENVIRONMENT AND IT’S INTERVENTION
[A Case Study Of Indonesian Online Prostitution] …………………………………………………………………………….307

x HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
EXPLORE THE ROLE OF LOCAL ORGANIZATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATIONS
OF DIVERSIFIED POLICIES IN THE NORTH LUWU REGENCY
Abdul Aris M.
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
aris.mustamin0109@gmail.com
Background
Lately, the issue of food as a fundamental issue has been increasingly vigorously voiced in various world
forums, no less the theme of World Food Day 2007 is about the Right to Food. Food Security has also been
determined to be a mandatory affair for central, provincial and district/city governments which further
emphasizes the importance of developing food security more seriously. The world food and financial crisis in
2008 also emphasized the importance of strengthening food security in Indonesia based on independence.
Diversification is a way to carry out more than one type of goods / commodities consumed. One of them is
diversification of food consumption. Food diversification was chosen as the main step besides shorter time
needed compared to other programs, such as extensification and intensification as well as encouraging
people (farmers) to be more creative in utilizing existing land by planting crops that could be staple food
besides rice , such as corn, cassava, and other tubers.
So far what has happened to our food security system is the low level of food diversification, where the
majority of our people still depend on rice as their main food source. In fact, in the concept of food security,
food diversification is one of the requirements to achieve resilient food security.
In the policy of food diversification in Indonesia based on local food in Indonesia, one of the regions that has
the potential of local food in order to diversify food is North Luwu Regency. This regency has potential local
food to support the government's food diversification policy, with the main food ingredients being sago. Sago
has become a local food that has become a "prima donna" before the massive consumption of rice. The aim
of the policy of diversification of local food-based food is an effort to reduce the level of consumption of rice.
Efforts to encourage diversification of local food-based foods do face several challenges, including the
difficulty of changing people's mind-sets related to rice as the main consumption in the household. In
addition, the involvement of extension agents in recognizing the potential of local food should also play a
role in efforts to encourage the production of local food commodities. The low economic value of local food
is a challenge in itself.
This is what makes the importance of direct and indirect policies or programs related to diversification of
food consumption continue to be rolled out by the North Luwu Regency government by the Department of
Food Security and the Office of Agriculture, food crops, horticulture and plantations through various activities
and carried out by many agencies. One of them is the role of local organizations such as women's groups and
farmer groups in the implementation of the Food Diversification Policy in North Luwu Regency, which has
the task of coordinating food security programs including the goal of developing food diversification
production.
Methods
In this study the author uses a qualitative approach wherein the research carried out is descriptive, namely
to know or describe the reality of the event under study. In addition, this study uses thematic analysis as

HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES 1
the basis for exploring the role of local organizations in implementing food diversification policies in North
Luwu Regency.
Results
Classification of the Role of Local Organizations
Based on the results of the research conducted by conducting interviews with several related sources
including the government or the North Luwu Regency Food Security Office and the Women Farmers Group.
there are four efforts made by local organizations to encourage the implementation of food diversification
policies in North Luwu Regency. These efforts are basically still very closely related to government
intervention.
1. Encouraging Local Food Crop Production
The availability of food production will make it easier for people to access food for consumption. The high
single production of one food will affect the demand for food. But when the production of food tends to be
diverse and abundant it will encourage people to consume a variety of foods. Moreover, when the food is
obtained from the use of the yard. In addition, the carrying capacity of land also affects the production of
various food ingredients.
The pattern of local food production is very closely related to the economic value obtained by the community.
For production that is massive on large lands, the economic value of commodities is the main consideration
of the group in developing plants. Land use is an alternative in food crop production, although not large scale.
The yard business tends to be easy and practical.
2. Group Internal Strengthening
The number of women farmer groups in North Luwu Regency is around 300 groups, with each village having
1-2 women farmer groups. The role of women is very strategic in the development of food diversification
policies, both in terms of production and consumption. Therefore, organizational institutions must be well
organized and the process of transferring knowledge to fellow members. But the activeness of members is
noted in almost all groups.
In order to strengthen the existence of group institutions, the intensity of meeting with fellow members is
one of the keys. In each meeting, both formal and informal, there will be a process of transfer of knowledge
and trust between people, as well as maintaining mutual cooperation.
3. Encourage Diversity of Consumption
The strengthening of rice as the main single ingredient in people's consumption patterns, is slowly tending
to reduce consumption of other local foods. The B2SA program is encouraged to balance the single food
consumption pattern in the form of rice.
In terms of the intensity of local food consumption, sago actually increases, but only as a complementary
food. In this role category, there are 2 efforts made by the group, namely 1) The intensity of the socialization
of diverse food consumption patterns, and 2) processing local food ingredients into ready-to-eat products.
The limitation in processing local food ingredients into ready-made products or menu variations is a public
complaint. Various technological innovations try to be introduced to the community, including processing
sago into noodles, dry flour, and analog rice. In the western Malangke area there has been a sago processing

2 HASANUDDIN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
industry that produces dried sago flour products facilitated through the MP3E (Local Food Product
Development Model) program handled by the Provincial Government.
Whereas for other products, they are still limited to trials including making noodles and analog rice. Planning
for procurement of machinery began to be encouraged by the North Luwu government to support the
diversity of derivative products from local food ingredients.
4. Planning for Optimizing Food Diversity
Community involvement should be involved in the planning process of ideas to be carried out by the
government, so that each activity becomes part of the group's activity needs. According to the head of the
farmer group, sometimes there is no synergy between government projects and community needs. Relations
between farmer groups are not only built at the district level. Village level government has an important role
in encouraging group sustainability and independence.
The relationship between farmer groups is not only built in the district level. Village level government has an
important role in encouraging group sustainability and independence.
Conclusions
From the results of the above research, it can be concluded that the role of local organizations in this case
farmer groups and women farmer groups cannot be separated from the intervention efforts of the
government. The existence of farmer institutions basically requires a touch of approach from the government
but still strives for independent sustainability for farmer groups in efforts to diversify food in North Luwu
Regency.
Broadly speaking there are 4 roles of local organizations or farmer groups, including encouraging increased
production of local food crops, group internal strengthening, encouraging diverse consumption patterns and
planning for optimizing food diversification at the regional to village levels.
As a policy product, the community is still not optimally placed as the subject and object of development.
This has an impact on the lack of initiative and independence of the community. So that in some locations, it
tends to stagnate without even leaving a trace. In addition, it is also due to the lack of comprehensive
understanding of the community on food diversification.
Reference
Central DPG Project. (1998). General Guidelines for Food and Nutrition Diversification Program for Fiscal Year
1998/1999. Agriculture department. Jakarta.
Law Number 7 of 1966 concerning food
Presidential Instruction (Inpres) number 14 of 1974 concerning efforts to improve the people's food menu
(UPMMR)
Presidential Regulation number 22 of 2009 concerning the policy of accelerating the diversification of food
consumption based on local natural resources.

COMMUNICATION PATTERN OF COMMUNITY AND VILLAGE EMPOWERMENTS
AGENCIES (DPMD) IN DISSEMINATING INFORMATION ON VILLAGE FUND MANAG
EMENT IN MAROS DISTRICT
Abdul Hadid Idrus

Communication Sciences at The Faculty of Social Sciences and Political Science,
email : hadididrus1983@gmail.com
Muhammad Iqbal Sultan

email : miqsul1012@gmail.com
Muhammad Farid
email : faridemsil@yahoo.com
Introduction
The birth of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages created a community empowerment
program called the village fund program. Based on this Law, starting in 2015 all villages in Indonesia
will get funding of 10% of the APBN each year. In 2015, village funds were budgeted by the
government in the amount of Rp. 20.7 trillion, in 2016 village funds increased to Rp. 46.98 trillion.
In 2017 village funds again increased to Rp. 60 Trillion, in 2018 Rp. 60 trillion to 74,958 villages and
in 2019 the budget for village funds has risen again to 70 trillion.
The program of Village Fund is expected to spur development in the village, both physical
development and human resources to improve the welfare of village communities and realize village
independence. It's just that in the implementation of this program, there were still many
administrative errors to the misuse of the budget that originated from the lack of understanding of
village government officials as managers of village funds against the rules of village funds.
The Community and Village Empowerment Service as the leading sector in village fund programs in
the regions is obliged to provide in-depth knowledge and understanding of village government
officials in terms of managing village funds, starting from the planning process, budget use,
administration, reporting and accountability. apply. Departing from this, this study will analyze how
the communication patterns applied by the Village and Community Empowerment Service of Maros
Regency in disseminating information on village fund management.

Methods
a. Research design
The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach because this study aims to
explain and obtain an overview of how the communication pattern was implemented by the
Community and Village Empowerment Service in disseminating information on village fund
management in Maros Regency.
b. Location and Object of Research
This research was conducted at Community and Village Empowerment Office of Maros District, Jl.
Ashoka number 1 Maros. There were 8 informants consisting of internal and external informants.
Internal informants namely officials in the Village and Village Empowerment Service Office in Maros
Regency whose field of work relates to village funds. Whereas external informants were informants
who came from village government officials, namely the village head as the target audience in the
activity of disseminating information on village fund management.
c. Data source
The data in this study are divided into two types based on the source, namely:
Primary data which is data obtained directly by researchers from sources or informants and from
the results of observations in the field related to the main points of research.
Secondary data, namely data obtained from previous research results or from existing literature.
d. Data collection technique
Data collection tools or research instruments in qualitative methods are the researchers
themselves. So, researchers are key instruments in data collection. The researcher must actively go
directly to the field. The data collection techniques used are:
1. Interview
2. Non-participant observation
3. Library Research / Documentation
e. Data analysis technique
The data analysis technique in this study uses a technique introduced by Miles and Huberman,
where the components in data analysis (Interactive Model) are as follows:
Data Collection that is researchers looking for relevant data, meaning that data that has a direct
connection with the problem being examined and actual, meaning that the data obtained is still
warmly discussed and sought from the first person.
Data reduction is an activity summarizing, selecting and sorting out the main things, focusing on
important things, and looking for themes and patterns.

Display data, namely the presentation of data in the form of matrices, tables, graphs, and so on, so
that researchers can master the data and not mess around with too much data.
Draw conclusions and verification. Drawing conclusions is the result of research that answers the
focus of research based on the results of data analysis. Conclusions are presented in descriptive
form. Verification itself can be done briefly, namely by collecting new data.
Results
The communication pattern that occurs in the dissemination of information on village fund
management is vertical communication patterns and horizontal communication patterns. The
position of DPMD in this case is as a bridge (facilitator) between two interests, namely the interests
of state institutions as a source of information dissemination, and the interests of the audience
(client) in this case the village community.
Vertical communication is a pattern of sending and receiving messages between different levels in
a hierarchy, upward and downward. Downward communication that occurs in sending messages
from a higher level or greater power to a lower level or who have less power. Usually this
communication is in the form of instructions or explanations about how the power holders want
things to be done through sending information about rules or policies. In terms of village fund
management, this downward communication pattern occurs in sending messages from the central
government, such as the Ministry concerned as the maker of village funds rules to the village as
recipients of programs and village fund budget managers in the form of regulations or legislation in
managing funds village that must be carried out by the village.
Upward communication is a form of communication where the flow of information comes from a
lower level to a higher level or from a lower level of power to a higher level of power. Upward
communication is important because the rulers at the top level need feedback related to the
messages they send, are they understood by the parties below or what are the problems that arise
under the implementation of policies from the upper level and more importantly for find out
whether the policies delivered are really in accordance with the needs and desires of the parties
below and whether their expectations can be fulfilled.
As stated by Florangel Braid in Cangara (2013: 90) who seeks to show the important position of
agent of change which is at the central point that connects two interests. In the communication
pattern of disseminating information on village fund management, DPMD is a bridge that mediates
between Central Government institutions, such as the Ministry of Village, Development of
Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Ministry of
Finance as carriers of information and on the other hand village communities represented by village
government officials (Village Heads and Village Consultative Bodies) to Central Government
Institutions as those who provide village budget funds
Horizontal communication occurs when there is an exchange of information between parties who
have the same position. The pattern of horizontal communication itself occurs among village
government officials. Among them there was a process of exchanging information, experience,

knowledge and for coordinating activities in the management of village funds. In addition, it is also
in order to find a solution to the problems encountered by one or all of the parties who make
horizontal communication. In this communication pattern, village government officials can also
foster good relations between them.
In addition to receiving information from the DPMD, village government officials can also access
information from their fellow village officials. One source of reference for village fund management
is from the information of other village officials whose village fund management is considered good
or even in the village category of achievement in terms of managing the village finances. From here
other village heads can share, learn a lot and adopt tips that are carried out by villages that have
already had good management of their village funds. Especially with whatsApp communication
media, the flow of information, both vertically and horizontally increasingly massive and so fast,
which is expected to support the dissemination of information on village fund management to
remote villages.
The following is a picture that shows how the pattern of communication in disseminating
information on village fund management.
Communication patterns for disseminating information on village fund management

Conclusions
Based on the results of the research obtained, the conclusion is that the communication pattern of
the Community and Village Empowerment Service in disseminating information on village fund
management is a vertical communication pattern, both upward and downward and horizontal
communication patterns. Both of these communication patterns are able to accommodate and
synchronize two interests, namely the government's desire to provide village budget funds as well
as policy / regulation makers, as well as the needs of rural communities as targets of village funds
programs.
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FIELD ACTIVISM BECOMES CLICK ACTIVISM:
A Concept Review of Old Social Movements and New Social
Movements Become Online Social Movements
Ahmad Ismail
Email: ahmadismailguntur@gmail.com
Hardiyanti Munsi
Email: hardiyantimunsi@gmail.com
Introduction
Social movements in Indonesia lately are very massive (Ismail et al., 2019). Based on some research
results that I found about social movements, most researchers discussed social movements or
resistance carried out in the 1980s to 1990s have not adopted internet technology. Like social
movements which lead to peasant movements and agrarian resistance characterized by class
struggle (Scoot, 1985; Moore, 1996), the 1998 student reform movement in Indonesia (Prasisko,
2016) which was later defined as an old social movement (Signh, 2010 ; Triwibowo, 2006).
Then the New Social Movement which was defined by Signh (2010) about the value and form of the
movement has shifted from the Social Movement to the New Social Movement which has become
social phenomena of the last decade (Triwibowo, 2006). However, in the current digital era, many
social movements are carried out by adopting internet technology especially utilizing social media -
Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook and blogs - in conducting social movements. The
phenomena have not been widely studied so that it becomes interesting to study.
Referring to the research conducted by Faisal (2008) about the greenpeace online activist
movement, mass mobilization carried out by the greenpeace online activist movement is merely
symbolic resistance such as petitions and lettering to policy makers rather than giving real or direct
opposition in society. It is the same with Nugroho's (2011) research on the birth of what he called
"one click activism", which also returned "click activism" in question "... Don't think people just press
a like button on Facebook, they already feel able to 'change the world', with millions of people doing
the same thing. Even though the realization of these activities was only carried out by a handful of
people. This is what is feared in a civil activism through social media in Indonesia. The birth of a 1-
click movement, or ‘one click activism' will be in vain without real realization...”
This article aims to review the concept of social movements. The journey of this concept continues
to experience modifications in accordance with the development and phenomena of developing
social movements. Starting from old social movements, social movements, to the new ones which
were later modified into online social movements.

Methods
The method used is the study of literature with the aim to discuss the framework of the
development of the concept of social movements from the old social movements into the new social
movements that have different variations. At the same time, it also shows how strong the impact of
the social movement changes.
Results & Critical Review

Old Social Movement and New Social Movement
Social movements are often seen as a collective action to fight against the state in order to fight for
the rights of civil society. According to Sujadmiko (2006) social movements are defined as: "a form
of collective action with a clear conflictual orientation towards certain social and political opponents,
carried out in the context of a close cross-institutional network context by actors who are bound by
a sense of solidarity and collective identity that exceeds the forms in coalitions and joint campaigns".
The definition is not much different from what we encountered in the sociological literature on
social movements, there is also another definition, namely: "social movements are described as the
most collective attempts to promote change in a society or a group" (Borgotta and Borgotta, 1992).
Both of these definitions are not much different from what is expressed by Michael Useem, social
movements as collective actions of organizations, which are forced to make social changes. John
McCarthy and Mayer Zlad went more detailed, defining social movements as an organization's effort
to make changes in the distribution of any socially valuable things (Astrid, 1998).
From the explanation of the concept of social movements above, it gives an overview of how social
movements emerged and worked in carrying out the resistance to the state in the fight for their
class, but if the social movements above are seen in the current context, there are many collective
movements but not carried out by conducting a "hard" resistance in the sense of taking to the
streets and conducting a demonstration.
Based on the explanation above and labeling social movements carried out without the
characteristics of class struggle, Singh (2010; 112) then divides the concept of social movements
into two, namely 'old social movements’ and 'new social movements’. Both of these views are not
much different about the forms of movement which are conceptualized as "old social movements"
and "new social movements". The old social movement was more about bringing the ideological
discourses that chanted anti-capitalism, class revolution, and class struggle. Whereas at present, the
new social movement expresses itself with rich forms such as anti-racism, anti-nuclear,
disarmament, feminism, environmentalism, regionalism and ethnicity, freedom of civil society and
issues concerning personal freedom and peace. The new social movement, essentially, is a
development of the theory of social movements that existed before. This view is based in Western
Europe as Laclau and Mouffe consider new social movements as alternative models of "stagnation"
or "bottlenecks" from the Marxist approach to social movements.

Singh (2010) states that the paradigm of the new social movement rests on two main claims: first,
new social movements are transitional products from the industrial economy to post-industrial.
Second, new social movements are for and different from the Social Movement in the industrial era.
If the traditional movement usually emphasizes economic-material goals as well as the labor
movement, the new social movements tend to avoid these objectives and set non-economic-
material goals.
In the new social movement, there is a slogan that reads "Three are many alternatives" (Pulungan
and Abimanyu, 2005). New social movements are present as an alternative to principles, strategies,
actions and ideological choices from the views of traditional Marxist theories which are more
focused on the problem of class struggle. The new social movement was a separate movement from
the previous social movements which were colored by the traditional class of the labor movement.
The basic debate is about goals, ideology, strategy, tactics and participants. The old social
movements tend to be thick with the class dimension (Marxian) which is divided into the dichotomy
of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; move on around economic issues/economic re-distribution
that are closely related to times where the dynamics of the economy of western countries entered
a period of industrialization and thick with the aim of changing the system (overthrowing power)
radically/revolutionary. Also according to Sujatmiko (2006), old social movements and new social
movements are not differentiated based on the time of the movement, but based on what is the
activist fighting for. A movement does not have to start from 'old' then to 'new', and vice versa.
From what happened in the case of the ouster of president Husni Mubarok in Egypt, the case of the
anti-wall street movement in the United States, and the case of Prita Mulyasari and Bibit Candra, all
of these movements were carried out by adopting internet technology that was so rapidly
spreading. The movement is called an "online social movement" that is a social movement
combining information technology, namely the internet -Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook
and blogs- in carrying out their movements. Therefore, the phenomenon of civil society adopting
the internet in carrying out social movements is an interesting phenomenon.
Online Social Movement: Reality or Illusion?

This article uses the premise that the types of old social movements and new social movements that
adopt the internet can be seen as an “online social movement”. The ideology and values that it has
are different from others, and provide their own identity in an online movement. How the
organization of movements, value-building, practicing and building the views of the actors -that is
the right way- and strengthen the social movements.
The Social Movement can also be understood as a community. The community is a clear entity but
this term is a term that is highly debated in various fields of science such as anthropology, sociology,
and communication, but society is one of the focal points of anthropological investigation. A
community or a group in a society has a culture that embodies a rule in that society, a common
interest, limited membership, affective bonds, shared values, behavior and interaction based on
obligations as the important elements.

Years before the advent of the internet and the effects of globalization today, the value of affective
relationships among members of community groups seems more important to society than the
actuality of physical location. Globalization and trans-nationalism continue to show us that social
ties, responsibilities and obligations can cross national boundaries with the internet (Axel, 2004;
Bernal, 2005). Advances in technology have affected communication with exponential increases in
quality, speed, and ease of access that can be used to bind members, create convergence of
opportunities and needs. (Howard and Jones 2004).
Many opinions about how the internet eliminates the boundaries of space and time make one
virtual world transcend physical boundaries (Bromberg, 1996). Bromberg proposes that this
geographic decoupling of the core role in defining society has opened up discussion space for us to
think internet as a new space for the community. This also affects the anthropology field method.
If the internet has become a new space for the community, then how are affective relationships
between group members formed? How do actions on the internet make this connection? As an
interactive place, the internet facilitates the movement of information, money, and commodities -
that are shared, traded, exchanged and sold-, borrowed images and symbols –that is repackaged-
and crossing national and ethnic boundaries (Barber, 2001). It is an expression of the new world,
sharing personal joy and tragedy, debates about the purpose of life, and the ideology of how the
world must be formed. It impacts how we understand social capital and its role in social ties in
society, but also impacts on the importance of physical locality in building social capital and social
bonds that create society.
Conclusions
The social movements carried out on the internet are not merely click activism, but social
movements on the internet can exceed the beyond. With the requirement that they have the
context of the movement with the real world, social movements on the internet do not escape from
the 'real' offline context, so that the nuances of the movement built have validity or synchronization
between online and offline.
The Social Movement is not only done with social media alone, collaboration and a combination of
"real" and "virtual" spaces have provided context and validation in carrying out social movements.
Organizing is done through social media applications, used as their infrastructure in building
communication among fellow volunteers.
The social movements carried out by adopting internet technology have provided a new concept of
movement which I call 'Online Social Movements'. Although referred to as the keyword 'online', this
movement is not only done in the internet space, but the offline context, or real space is also a part
of online social movements in order to provide context, validation and attachment to participation
in carrying out social movements.

References
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MAPPING YOUTH RADICALISM AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS
INTOLERANCE IN SOCIAL MEDIA
Andi Ahmad Yani

Department of Administrative Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin
University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
Email: andi.ahmad.yani@gmail.com
Agussalim Burhanuddin
Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin
Email: agussalim.fisip@unhas.ac.id
Amril Hans
Department of Administrative Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin
Email: amrilhans@gmail.com
Introduction
Socio-religious intolerance and radicalism are arguably a real threat to the Indonesian people. This
threat does not only exist in the real world but also in cyberspace. At present, social media is
suspected to have become a means for the spread of radical and intolerant notions that make the
younger generation as both actors and targets in the same time. Meanwhile, youth which is the
main segment of active social media users can be described as a generation that is vulnerable to be
the subject and target of the spread of radicalism. The condition of young people vulnerability to
intolerance is supported by the Setara Institute (2017) research that detects the increasing potential
of radicalism in high school students. This study found that 50 percent of students agreed on
radicalism-based actions. Still in the same study, the potential for radicalism was detected as 25
percent of students and 21 percent of teachers stated that Pancasila was no longer relevant in
Indonesia.
The vulnerability of young people is caused by the fact that the young generation at the age of 10
to 25 years is an age group of identity seeking and formation. As part of the digital native generation,
this age group makes cyberspace as a medium for expression of personal identity formation and
community building (Postmes & Brunsting, 2002). Subsequently, this results in being vulnerable to
ideological proliferation including those categorized as radical and intolerant thoughts. Based on
these problems, it is very important to know the potential of radicalism and intolerance of the
younger generation in the use of social media.
This study aims to: (1) map aspects of radicalism and socio-religious intolerance on the use of social
media by young generation; (2) assess the degree of radicalism and intolerance in the use of social
media by young generation; (3) knowing the factors that influence the radicalism and intolerance of

the younger generation on social media; (4) formulating a model of intervention strategies
minimizing radical and intolerant youth on social media.
Methods
This research will be conducted using a combined method of quantitative and qualitative
approaches with sequential models. The quantitative approach is carried out by a survey method
using a questionnaire shared online with a focus on respondents aged 17-25 years in 34 provinces
in Indonesia. In addition, offline questionnaires using the respondent selection method are
responsive, namely high school students (class X - XII) and students in Year 1 - 3. Based on the 2010
BPS census data, the population of Indonesia aged 17-25 years is 32.192.765 people (BPS, 2012).
Then the number of respondents expected is a minimum of 666 people with a 99 percent confidence
level and a sampling error limit of 5 percent.
Whereas for qualitative data collection carried out by in-depth interviews with youth leaders,
teachers, parents, local Education figures, experts and practitioners related to research topics in 20
cities that were sampled in this region.
Quantitative and qualitative data obtained will be analyzed separately according to the type of data
respectively. Quantitative data will be analyzed using inferential statistical techniques that will
provide an overview of respondents representing a wider population. While qualitative data will be
analyzed using content analysis techniques by exploring the substance and context of the data so
that a complete picture of the potential for radicalism of the young generation on social media is
obtained.
Preliminary Results
Youth radicalism and socio-tolerance in social media can be mapped through their social
preferences in using variety of social media applications including in forms of social networking,
micro-blogging, and photo and video sharing. It is found out that the most favored social media
among the youth is social networking, followed by photo/video sharing and microblogging, and the
most common device to access those types of social media is smartphones.
Social preferences of young generation on social media are generally based on sex, race, and
religious faith. In terms of sex, young people seem having no problem in intra or inter sex social
relations, and the degree of intolerance between sexes is almost insignificant. The only interesting
findings is that they have low tolerance for people with uncommon sexual orientation or those who
are categorized as LGBT (lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual).
In terms of race, there is no significant finding of social intolerance toward different races among
young people as they have no

Conclusions
Youth radicalism and socio-tolerance in social media can be mapped through their social
preferences in using variety of social media. By measuring their social preference based on sex, race,
and religious faith, it is found that people who are categorized as LGBT has become to most targeted
group of youth intolerance in social media. The study also reveals that race group of Chinese is still
vulnerable of being victim of intolerance in social media, but only in particular situations.
References
1. Guibet, E & Lafaye, C. (2016). Approche critique des sociologies de la radicalisation. Forum de
la DAP « Radicalisation violente, engagement et désengagement », Oct 2016, Paris, France.
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3. Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Lee, N., & Feezell, J. T. (2011). “Youth online activity and exposure to
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doi: 10.1177/1461444811420271
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Indigenous terrorism: Understanding and addressing the root causes of radicalisation among
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6. Meeus, W. (2011). “The study of adolescent identity formation 2000–2010: A review of
longitudinal research.” Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 75-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-
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Communication and Online Mobilization.” Social Science Computer Review, 20 (3), 290-301.
8. Wojcieszak, M. E. (2011). “Computer-mediated false consensus: Radical online groups, social
networks and news media.” Mass Communication & Society, 14(4), 527-546.

VILLAGE WEBSITE TRAINING IN OUR GLOBAL VILLAGE
Andi Alimuddin Unde

Communication Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, Indonesia
Seniwati
International Relations Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University,
Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, Indonesia
Pusparida Syahdan
Nurjannah Abdullah
International Relations, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Introduction
The process of disseminating information through online media does not only occur in urban
communities but also occurs in rural communities so that it is then known as a global village. This
condition has been predicted by McLuhan who gives an overview of the global village. McLuhan said
that the global village can occur through greater communication that reinforces cultural, religious
and nationalistic boundaries by not approving traditional structures (Gutiérrez, Santiago, and Soska
2016). The greater communication in this study is a combination of hardware and software in
providing information about social, economic, educational, and other social issues. This condition
illustrates the existence of a global community formed due to the advancement of information
technology, telecommunications and communication. Global villages also illustrate the existence of
changes in traditional culture into global culture. This condition occurs because of the process of
disseminating new information through online social media that knows no boundaries of space and
time.
One form of online social media in this activity is the website. The web is very important in business
development as a marketing media in this digital era so that it is known as e-commerce (Vaughan,
Gao, and Kipp 2006). Meanwhile, the benefits of websites for the government sector, village
websites have a role as village information management and media for public services. Villagers can
find out the latest news about the development of information in the village, the use of transparency
in village funds in various sectors and activities that can be useful for village and youth women's
groups.
Methods
This activity was carried out in Cenrana Village, Kahu Subdistrict, Bone Regency from July to October
2019. In this activity a three-day workshop was held which provided material on how to make village

websites. The target audience in this activity is village employees who are directly related to the use
of information and technology, the younger generation, and stakeholders.
Results
Training activities on the use of information technology have often been carried out by several
researchers as Sulistiyanti et.al. in providing training on the use of IoT (Internet of Things) as a
system of control and monitoring (Sulistiyanti et al. 2019). Their research emphasizes on setting
lights, monitoring using cameras and kitchen security. In this paper, the researcher focuses on
training in making village websites. The village website functions as an official village information
system. This information system is designed to serve village budget management, population
administration, reporting, village office asset inventory, public services, planning, and infrastructure
inventory in the village.
How to Make a Village Website

The village website was developed by the central government and managed by village officials. The
village website system is expected to develop rural areas to be more advanced. The government
facilitates the creation of this website without payment. The researcher provided information on
how to create a village website during the workshop and also mentoring activities for village and
youth officials. For making this village website, the person in charge of the website is needed. This
person will monitor the data that will be uploaded and update the data if needed. The village head
should give a decree to the person in charge of the website. This decree will be one of the
requirements in making a website.
Other documents needed for the creation of village websites such as the history of Cenrana village
formation, village contact numbers, police contact numbers in the village, hospital contact numbers,
contact numbers of religious affairs offices, contact numbers of village officials such as BPD (village
empowerment agency) and heads village and map of access to the village. Important information
must be provided such as tourist sites (easy way to get to that location), lodging, restaurants,
souvenir shops, routine exhibitions held by the village government, superior products from Cenrana
village (banana chips mixed with collagen, jackfruit flavored fish with cork), the technology for
managing cow waste becomes organic fertilizer. Village officials should also create discussion
forums for youth and women's groups. Discussion forums for youth are useful because they can
share skills especially in using information technology to the community. Discussion forums for
women's groups are useful because they can promote the natural resources products that they have
and are ready to be marketed online.
The next step is the creation of desa.id domain. This domain is needed for villages that want to
create a village website. Some of the documents needed for the creation of this domain such as
village head decrees and other village officials' decrees are still valid. Another document required
based on the Minister of Communication and Information Regulation is a letter of request from the
village head addressed to the central government. The letter was made a copy addressed to the
Regent of Bone Regency or the Secretariat of Bone Regency. A power of attorney from the Village
Head of Cenrana is also needed that is addressed to officials appointed as village domain managers.

This study uses the WordPress CMS in training website creation. This system is provided free of
charge. This system provides convenience to village officials in publishing text documents such as
the history of the formation of Cenrana Village. Village officials can also publish photos of the
village's natural resources processing activities and youth activities in developing the village. Then
village officials also uploaded video content about village infrastructure improvement activities and
other activities related to the use of village funds using a page editor. This system attaches village
features in detail.
Benefits of Village Websites

Village websites are a form of social network because this computer network system can connect
people, organizations and knowledge (Wellman 2001). One of the benefits of village websites is as
a medium of public service. Media public services focus on village administrative services related to
village documents and village data processing. Village communities can also make complaints
through the website, namely through community media, SMS gateway or through online forms that
have been provided on the village website. Village officials can manage information related to
community skills development especially for women. In addition, the village head can educate the
community about the use of natural resources. The extension activities carried out by the village
head were the utilization of bananas and jackfruit into export products. Banana and jackfruit are
superior products in Cenrana village but the management of these two products is only for
households. People can find out how to manage these two products into products that can be
marketed through the village website.
The government recommends creating a village website because it can be used as a village official
media service that is quick and easy. The management of village websites is carried out by village
officials, making it easier to update the latest data. One of the tourist attractions in Kahu District is
Ponre-Ponre Dam. Village officials promote this dam as one of the attractions that can be visited in
Kahu District.
The benefits that can be obtained from the establishment of village websites such as village
governments can be easier in finding population data in their area. This situation is supported by a
validation feature that can provide information to users if there is data that is problematic or empty.
This system will also present more detailed data such as gender, marital status, education level,
number of family heads, occupation, and age of the population. This system also provides
convenience to the village head and his officials in making reports on the use of village funds.
Reports on the use of village funds online will create budget transparency. The public can find out
more about the use of the budget and they can submit appropriate activities in allocating the village
budget. This system is also a means of reporting to village officials and chiefs to the village
community.
Conclusions
The activity of creating a village website is very beneficial for the village community. Village officials
who initially did not have the knowledge and skills in making websites, they could have skills in
making village websites after the workshop. Villagers or other people who visit the village website

can find out the advantages and disadvantages of the village. In addition, village officials can
promote superior products from the village, tourist objects that can be visited by domestic and
international tourists, and UKM (Community Activity Units) in the village.
Limitation of Study and Future Research

This research is limited to only one village so that the use of village websites is very limited. For
further research, it is better to use this website in a wider location with more village numbers. This
research does not in detail provide an overview of official village website creation from the ministry
of communication and informatics. This research only presents in general. For further research,
researchers can display the results of the domain that has been created and present in detail the
official village website creation.
Acknowledgments
We want to say thank you to the village head and the Cenrana village officials in Kahu District, Bone
District who have provided facilities during the workshop process. Funding activities from
Hasanuddin University in the community service program of the University of Hasanuddin-
Community Partnership Program (PPMU-PKM) for the 2019 budget.
References
Gutiérrez, Lorraine M., Anna M. Santiago, and Tracy M. Soska. 2016. ‘Community Practice in Our
Global Village’. Journal of Community Practice 24 (1): 1–3.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2016.1151757.
Sulistiyanti, Sri Ratna, F.X. Arinto Setyawan, M. Komarudin, and Warsono Warsono. 2019.
‘Introducing Internet of Things (Iot) for a Community Village Based on Industrial Revolution
4.0’. Journal of Community Research and Service 2 (2): 210.
https://doi.org/10.24114/jcrs.v2i2.13148.
Vaughan, Liwen, Yijun Gao, and Margaret Kipp. 2006. ‘Why Are Hyperlinks to Business Websites
Created? A Content Analysis’. Scientometrics 67 (2): 291–300.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0100-6.
Wellman, B. 2001. ‘Computer Networks as Social Networks’. Science 293 (5537): 2031–34.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065547.

TRADITION IN THE MILLENNIALS OF THE KONJO TRIBE, INDONESIA
Andi Irpan Badawi

Department of Politics and Government, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Hikmawati
Department of Anthropology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Nusril Muchtadi
Haryanto
Introduction
Among the tribes in Indonesia, the Konjo tribe is one of the tribes that is widely known to the
broader community because it maintains its customs and culture. The Konjo tribe is spread in several
regions in the southeast in the province of South Sulawesi. The Konjo tribe is divided into two
groups, namely the Konjo Mountains tribe and the Konjo Coastal tribe. These two tribes have their
uniqueness, especially in terms of customs and culture. The Konjo isolated tribe is spread in Gowa
Regency and Sinjai Regency, while the Konjo coastal tribe inhabits several areas in Bulukumba
district (Akbar, 2014). The Konjo coastal tribe community that is spread in the district is more
modern, but some people still adhere to the practice of animism. These ritual activities become
activities from generation to generation to become a tradition. One of the traditions of the Konjo
tribe is attasara.
Attasara is a tradition of flattening the upper teeth by rubbing them with stone. The attasara
tradition is one of a series of customs in the juvenile procession for the millennial generation of the
Konjo tribe. However, because of the development of civilisation in the era of modernisation, which
every day is increasingly advanced, it influences the cultural life of the Konjo tribe. This causes the
tradition of attasara to fade in the community, especially in the millennial generation. Many people
have eliminated the tradition of attitudes in the traditional procession series. This phenomenon of
cultural change indeed characterises a democratic and massive development country (Inglehart &
Welzel, 2005; Inglehart & Baker, 2000; Gusfield, 1967). Therefore, this article aims to explain the
series of tradition processes in the millennial generation of indigenous people, the value and
meaning of their traditions, and the factors that caused the fading of the tradition in their
generation.
Methods
This research is a case study of the tradition of the Konjo tribe. The research was conducted in
Tanuntung Village, Gunturu Village, Pataro Village, and Singa Village in Bulukumba district, South
Sulawesi province. The research was conducted from April to June 2019. Informants in this study
were determined by purposive sampling technique, namely the determination of informants who

were intentionally conducted by setting specific criteria on the informants. The key informants of
this study were the parents of the Konjo tribe who carried out the tradition of attarasa and people
who did not implement it. The consideration of the authors in determining the informants is people
who play a role in social institutions, are knowledgeable and understand about the tradition of
attarasa, have adequate time and are willing to be asked for information, communicative and
honest, and objective. Other informants in this study were traditional leaders, community leaders,
and religious leaders. Meanwhile, the technique of data collection was carried out using an
interview, observation, and documentation.
Results
Bird of attarasa tradition
Based on historical records that developed in the Konjo tribe community, Bulukumba Regency. The
tradition of attarasa has emerged since the Konjo tribe inhabited Hero Lange-Lange Sub-district and
has been hereditary as a tradition. The tradition of attarasa is present because the people of the
Konjo tribe want to show the identity of their community to other tribes outside. The attarasa
tradition began to transform with the emergence of Islam around the 17th century resulting in the
acculturation of culture to the people of the Konjo tribe. This makes the attarasa tradition one of a
series of customs in the procession of adolescents that is before the child experiences a period of
transition to adulthood.
Procession of attarasa
The procession of the attarasa tradition is divided into three stages. First, it starts with determining
the good day (allo haji’) by traditional leaders. After that, if the parents agree, the time for
implementation is determined. Second, organizing six rituals: 1) akkeo tumacca or visiting
traditional leaders; 2) aburitta or invites, this ritual is carried out by parents by visiting the homes
of relatives and neighbors; 3) appalele or dissemination of invitations, usually delivered to homes
of families and relatives who are far away in this case that had not been visited during the aburitta
process; 4) akkeo jannang, which is asking for the blessing of community leaders who are believed
to have specific spiritual abilities or expertise; 5) akkeo padawa-dawa or cooks, which is to find
cooks who are usually people whose services are often used when a traditional ceremony is held in
the Konjo tribe community; 6) appakatasa or cooking process, this ritual is carried out one to two
days before the day of the ceremony. The third stage includes the process carried out on the day of
the ceremony. The process is made in five rituals: celebrations, preparing places for performance,
preparing offerings, sharpening teeth, and assolo or donations.
The celebration of the tradition of attasara takes place within one day, starting from morning to
night. The community is entertained with various foods prepared by the family. Usually, the family
will provide entertainment in the form of lettong (music and singing performances). When the
celebration has taken place, the traditional leaders will begin the customary series by wearing
traditional clothes to the child and then carrying out the assalamatan. Assalamatan is a traditional

ceremony by reading good prayers, which are usually in the form of salvation, sustenance or given
convenience for children to live their lives later. These prayers are a form of love for the Prophet
(Islam). After that, the tradition of attitudes was then carried out.
The place of execution is usually done in the living room of the house or in the room, where it is
placed a mattress or carpet and pillows. The mattress will be used by children who will be attasara
to lie down when grinding teeth is done. Jajjakang is an offering in the form of one chicken, one
coconut, one-grain sack, one comb of bananas, yellow rice and ten litres of rice. After the ceremony
is finished, the offerings are under the Tu Macca.
In the teeth sharpening stage, this is the highlight of the event, Tu Macca, who is the leader of the
ceremony, will sit at the place prepared to carry out the grinding of teeth. The Tu Macca comes with
a stone that he will use to sharpen a child’s teeth. The stone was prepared by Tu Macca himself
because in this process it is not permissible to use loose stones. For boys, they are only wearing
sarongs, koko and peci clothes, while girls are encouraged to wear bodo clothes before grinding
teeth. The bodo clothes used in this ceremony are as many as five pieces which are used in layers
with different colours of clothes, namely: yellow, red, brown, purple, and black. Before carrying out
the teeth grinding process, Tu Macca will slaughter the chicken provided. The chickens that were
bought were cooked by the family and then divided into two parts, one part to be eaten by all parties
implementing attasara ceremonies (parents and children) and one other part specifically for the Tu
Macca to eat.
After the series of traditions ends, the parents will pay Tu Macca a form of gratitude for helping in
the implementation of the tradition of attitudes. Usually, family, neighbours, relatives and guests to
give donations (assolo) to children in the form of money or kind. If in the form of money, usually
with different amounts ranging from 50,000 to millions of rupiah. If in the form of goods, usually in
the form of donations of sarong and rice, which usually starts from ten litres to hundreds of litres of
rice. After the assolo process is complete, then the ceremony is over.
Value and meaning
Attasara tradition is a form of actualisation of religious teachings which contain life values such as
religious values that regulate life in society. Different activities carried out in the tradition of
attasara as described above are a reflection that the people of Konjo Tribe are religious people.
They believe that the tradition of attasara is a way to get protection and blessing, especially for their
children in living their lives towards adulthood. In addition to religious values, the social values that
appear in the tradition of attentiveness can be seen in the activities of mutual help between
communities in assisting the implementing parties in preparing for the implementation of tradition.
Meanwhile, in the attarasa tradition, there are also symbolic meanings, especially when viewed
from the procedures of execution, objects, and offerings used. The offerings used in the attarasa
tradition, namely: 1) rice, is a symbol of well-being in life and is a symbol of humility; 2) red rice is a
symbol of hope that children have abundant sustenance; 3) yellow rice is a symbol of happiness; 4)
coconut is a symbol of hope that children can be useful for both parents and community members;

5) ketan rice is a symbol of strength; 6) banana is a symbol of prosperity in society and means
togetherness in the family.
Fading Tradition
Several factors cause the fading of the attarasa tradition, which can be summed up in two factors,
namely internal factors and external factors. The internal factors in question are factors that come
from the family (parents) and Tu Macca. At present, many parents who do not conduct ceremonies
feel that this tradition is not too important to do. The tradition of attarasa if implemented requires
funding, so parents feel that rather than the funds used for the tradition, it will be better if it is used
for other purposes that are more important and urgent. The implementation of this tradition is also
enough to take time so that parents feel they have much activity and feel disturbing work time.
Another factor, nowadays, is challenging to find people who can do rituals or who are usually called
Tu Macca. The Konjo tribe has very less cultivated livelihood as Tu Macca. There are a future
orientation for the community, especially young people, not to undergo the profession as a Tu
Macca.
The external factors that caused the fading of the attarasa tradition are also very diverse. The
development of knowledge and technology has caused the community to abandon the tradition of
attarasa because the community considers that other medical methods can be used to replace the
attarasa tradition. The implementation of the attarasa tradition is also considered to require
considerable costs even though their own abilities can hold the tradition. However, the community
will feel embarrassed and proud if they do not carry out the tradition on a large scale so that they
think not to carry out the tradition. Attributes that are carried out lively then guests who come will
bring money, so people assume that compensation must come back to the person who gave the
same amount, even more, when the giver also carried out the celebration. In addition to the
economic problems, many Konjo tribes have married with people outside the Konjo tribe, resulting
in disagreements to carry out the attarasa tradition.
Conclusions
The attarasa tradition is a symbol of maturity and beauty, which means that the child is ready for
the next phase of life. The tradition of attarasa emerged as the identity of the Konjo tribe and had
transformed the entry of Islam and development. In the end, the tradition of attarasa as one of a
series of customary processions in the millennial generation faded away. Knowledge and technology
seem to be a key factor, as fewer indigenous people continue their traditions. This phenomenon
seems to be a trend of cultural change in many tribes in Indonesia (Mangundjaya, 2013). With the
decline of the millennial generation carrying out various customary processions, the next generation
will likely abandon all traditions in many tribes in Indonesia, including in other countries in the world.

Reference
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Psychology. Melbourne: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.

THE FORM OF BUREAUCRACY REFORMATION
UNDER THE STRONG REGIONAL HEAD IN INDONESIA
Andi Rusli
Faculty of Social and Political Science, Hasanuddin University,
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: andirusli2707@gmail.com
Sukri
Email: sukripolitik@gmail.com
Ashar Prawitno
Email: asharprawitno@gmail.com
Introduction/Background
Bureaucratic reformation is an idea based on the desire to organize bureaucratic system under the
weberian perspective. This thinking places the bureaucracy as a professional figure that regardless
of influence of the political power of its rulers. Through bureaucracy, it is expected that the
bureaucracy could carried out its public services maximal and professionally. This is important due
to bureaucracy is a solid structural system which is providing public services on various aspects of
people's lives as part government institution. It puts the bureaucracy as a important structure to
support the dynamics of people's lives and their development.
However, in some cases, it is often where bureaucratic reform efforts does not success as it
expected. It is usually related to various things. The existence of regulations in the regional context,
leadership and the carrying capacity of the system are usually as things that influence the efforts for
bureaucratic reform in various government level. If there are parts that do not provide maximum
support the effort potentially will fail. In the context of regional government, one important aspect
that important for the bureaucracy reform effort is the regional leader.
Based on this picture, this paper aims to analyze several factors that influence efforts of bureaucratic
reform. Based on the field research was in the Central Mamuju Regency (Kabupaten Mamuju
Tengah), West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This regency is one of the interesting areas to analyse
the bureaucratic reform related to its context of the strong leadership tendency. This aspect indicate
a unique condition due to the regional head with his strong political and formal authority that
basically tends to produce a binary position of the reform effort. The strong authority potentially

results good effort to create professional bureaucracy. But, in the same time it is also potentially
made a bureaucracy structure that focus to serve the leader political agenda.
Methods
This paper is based on the results of field research conducted in the Mamuju Tengah regency,
Province of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Based on the qualitative study emphasizing in the
case studies, this study intends to show how the strong and centralistic leadership in the regional
government influences dynamics of reform and at the end the forms of bureaucracy in this socitey
context.
Results/preliminary result/critical review

In this paper, the bureaucracy in the Mamuju Tengah should be subject to the central government
reform agenda where seemly under the Wegerian perspective. But due to the unique context of the
region especially the local government leadership, it is possible that the reform as desired by the
central government will deal with the interests of the regional leader about how the form of the
bureaucracy should be. It tends to confront the bureaucracy in this region a dilemmatic situation.
Due to the bureaucracy reform is related to many processes wher usually overlaping with many
government functions, this effort then requires a good will of all aspect including the regional heads.
Thus for the regional head, the reform places bureaucracy in two dilematic situations, a subject of
central bureaucratic reform scheme that leads to the professionalism or became as the tool of the
regional political interests.
With the great power based on constitution and his social context, the regent of Mamuju Tengah
became a central figure. He sholud bridging the efforts of bureaucratic reform from of the central
government in Central Mamuju district. It means, formally his authority could allows the succeed of
the efforts. Due to his prominent position in social and political aspect, it can be said that reform in
his area relies heavily on his vision, mission and goodwill as the head of the regional government. it
means the bureaucratic reform will depend deeply on the interests him as the regent as well as the
important social and political actor.
By viewing the socio-political context in the Mamuju Tengah, then as the regent, Aras Tammauni
has opportunity to direct the bureaucratic system to his interests. As an institution that regulates
various aspects of people's lives, ability to control it will provide opportunity to use it in shaping the
social and political systems in the region based on his interests. At the end, the form of bureaucracy
under the reform concept potentially produce a marxian bureaucracy that for the leader interest.
Conclusions
As the conclussion, the bureaucratic reform in the context of regional government authority such
as in the Mamuju Tengah is very likely to lead efforts to establish supporting tool for the ruler interst.
The magnitude of the influence of bureaucracy in the community makes it as an important structure
for the regional authorities to ensure the existence and sustainability of its power. Thus, the

bureaucratic reform in Indonesia, which is as a national agenda, could basically switched to form of
political servant for the regional government leader political interest.
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WASTE BANK GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA:
POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONAND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Andi Samsu Alam

Department of Government, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: andi.samsu@unhas.ac.id
A. M. Rusli
Rahmatullah
Waste for developing countries such as Indonesia is one of the many social problems that require
serious attention (Abas and Wee, 2016; Alfath and Hadiguna, 2015; Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata,
2012; Troschinetz and Mihelcic, 2009; Wijayanti and Suryani, 2015). Moreover, poor waste
management has fatal consequences for the human environment (Purba et al., 2014). So far, the
problem of solid waste in Indonesia has permeated many aspects. Among other things, improper
handling of waste will not only damage the beauty of the city and cause various health problems,
but in another aspect, as a practical manifestation of the more severe root of the problem is an
indication of government waste management failure: failure of solid waste policy implementation
(Abas and Wee, 2016; Bhuiyan, 2010).
In Indonesia, over the past five years, the problem of waste has become a national problem. Almost
all big cities are preoccupied with one problem with waste management whose volume is getting
bigger every day (Alfath and Hadiguna, 2015; Haerul et al., 2016). The waste problem in Indonesia
had become one of the big problems with the volume of waste reaching 66.5 million tons per day
and reaching 187.2 million tons per year. Of these, 24% have not appropriately managed. This figure
is still in a very rough matter, not including waste which comes from household waste. If we look at
the condition of Indonesia, with a population of around 250 million, there is at least a potential
volume of waste far more significant than the existing data. Various ways have been carried out by
the government to unravel the various problems of solid waste. One of them begins with a policy
product, namely Law Number 18 of 2008 as the basis and guidelines for waste management. The
regulation explains that waste has become a national problem, so its management needs to be
carried out comprehensively and integrated from upstream to downstream to provide economic
benefits, be healthy for the community, and safe for the environment, and can change people's
behaviour. This policy is a national guide for every city and district in Indonesia to deal with waste.
Therefore, this article aims to analyse various models of waste bank governance in Indonesia. This
article uses governance of policy implementation to see the various ways that the local government
has done regarding waste banks. Two regions that have different ways are part of the analysis to
find a waste bank governance model in Indonesia.

Methods
This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis that describes and analyses the
waste bank governance in local government. This research conducted in the cities of Parepare and
Wajo District. Sources of data obtained from informants and documentaries by conducting data
collection techniques through interviews, direct observation, and documentation. The data testing
was carried out by conducting a comparative study of studies with similar themes to get a complete
picture. Both regions represent the management model of waste banks in South Sulawesi. Parepare
as one of the regions that are quite successful regarding managing waste banks while Wajo is an
area that has not been maximally managed by waste banks. The research question posed was how
the waste bank governance model in the two regions was successful and failed.

Through law number 18 of 2008 concerning waste management can be said as a policy that brings
a new face to solid waste management in Indonesia. With the main actors in the central
government. If previously, solid waste management rested more on the local government, now the
problem must be dealt with together on time together with the same principle, namely 3R. This
principle is present as a solution to the problem of solid waste, which is then clarified by the Ministry
of Environment Regulation No. 13 of 2012 concerning guidelines for implementing 3R through the
Waste Bank. Further detailed regulation is through the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 13
of 2013 as a more detailed description of the guidelines for the implementation of 3R through the
Waste Bank as a policy.
Although in practice various interpretations of the 3R method in handling carried out by each region
depend on the context of the policy environment and regional needs. However, indeed, all the
technical methods carried out by the regions in Indonesia are not out of the basic logic of the central
government policy. In South Sulawesi Province itself, this Waste Bank policy has implemented in
several districts/cities such as Makassar, Parepare, and Wajo. A waste bank is a concept of the waste
collection that has been sorted out and has management like a bank, but the one in the tube is not
money but waste. The waste bank appears as an initiative of the local community in the effort to
participate in handling the waste problems that have existed so far. With the community-based 3R
waste management strategy, it can change the imagination of many people towards the waste that
has no economic value.
Both research locations, Parepare and Wajo, have different social characteristics. At a further level
when confronted with the Law 18 of 2008 the same legal law. However, when it comes to talking
about policy implementation strategies, there will be many differences. Both regions are
representative of two socio-economic conditions in South Sulawesi. Parepare represents urban
areas with a more established social system with a better level of economic activity.
Meanwhile, Wajo is a characteristic of the district area with a level of economic activity that is still
sluggish. The difference between these two characteristics greatly determines the treatment policy
of Law 18 of 2008. Because this is about the target communities and actors, who will later be
involved in the waste bank. In Parepare or this case, for the waste bank area of regulation, it tends

to be better than the area in Wajo or this case the area with the characteristics of the district. The
reason is, in addition to cultural reasons that make people consider dealing with garbage is
something that underestimated, the level and activity of the economy is also a very determining
driver.
In urban areas where economic activity is so dense, it forces every individual to earn a living. While
in other circumstances, not all economic activities can absorb society. The choice as a gatherer is
the same for those with low education and below is a rational choice for just being able to survive.
It is not difficult for that; unusually high economic activities will be directly proportional to the level
of public consumption. When the level of consumption increases, indirectly the volume of waste
will also increase. Moreover, the conditions that become opportunities for urban areas to make a
waste bank as an alternative work.
The results of this study intend to generalise all the problems of implementing the policy of Law 18
of 2008 concerning waste management because there are almost the same trends occurring in
many places. When the location of the policy implementation target of Law 18 of 2008 is an urban
area, the potential for policy implementation will be better than the implementation of the policy
for areas with characteristics of low economic activity.
Apart from the second difference in the characteristics of the implementation model, there are
similar slices between the two regional characteristics, namely the potential failure of solid waste
policy implementation. Both regions have difficulty developing further the management of the
waste bank especially for the process further away from the 3R principle. Both regions, Wajo and
Parepare only stopped at the sub-district level process. The processing of the main waste bank in
the district has not been optimal. The logic of 3R in the garbage bank scheme that is amended by
the Law of the Year 18. Therefore, in the two locations that became the location of the research on
the processing of the main waste, it was carried out by the private sector.
Conclusion
Waste bank policies carried out in a top-down manner determine various organisational problems
at the regional level, which have an impact on policy implementation practices. This situation is
because the region must respond to the policy by boosting in three aspects, first regional resources,
organisational communication, and organisational structure. These three aspects ultimately
determine the reach of policy implementation. Aspects of regional resources about the readiness
of human resources in the local apparatus translate national regulatory instruments into policy
instruments that are practically in the field. Also, resources also relate to the readiness of regional
budget allocations to support the policy financing process. In this situation, it is clear that the
implementation of policies at the practical level must place human resources and financial resources
as a very decisive part of policy implementation.
The second aspect that determines policy implementation is organisational communication. This
research shows that organisational communication determines the policy implementation process.
Organisational communication takes place in two areas; the first is organisational communication
that takes place in the private arena, namely organisational communication in the internal
organisation. This section determines the direction of the implementation of solid waste policies.

The direction and future of policy implementation depend heavily on the extent to which the level
of coordination built up in the implementation organisation. While the second part of organisational
communication took place in the external field, communication that takes place is external about
the ability of the implementing organisation to build relationships with other organisations as a
support so that implementation can be achieved.
The last aspect that supports the implementation of solid waste policy is the organisational
structure. In this aspect, this aspect has a huge effect on the policy implementation process.
Organisational structures that tend to be more rigid, will have difficulty implementing solid waste
policies, especially the policy is a policy issued by the central government, on the contrary, when
the organisational structure is more flexible, the policy implementation process will also be very
easily implemented in the field. This explanation confirms the organisational structure as one of the
efforts that must be considered in the implementation study. Because, the bureaucratic structure
about organisational responsiveness to changes in the policy environment, including one in the
context of policy.
Reference
Abas, M.A. and Wee, S. (2016), Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: An Insight Towards
Sustainability, SSRN, available at:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2714755.
Alfath, S. and Hadiguna, R.A. (2015), “Usulan Kebijakan Logistik Pengelolaan Sampah di Kota Padang:
Lessons Learnt Penentuan Lokasi dan Rute Pengangkutan Sampah”, Jurnal Sains, Teknologi
Dan Industri.
Bhuiyan, S.H. (2010), “A crisis in governance: Urban solid waste management in Bangladesh”,
Habitat International, available at:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.08.002.
Haerul, Akib, H. and Hamdan. (2016), “IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PROGRAM MAKASSAR TIDAK
RANTASA (MTR) DI KOTA MAKASSAR”, Jurnal Administrasi Publik.
Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P. (2012), A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, Urban
Development Series Knowledge Papers, Washington DC, available
at:https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13058.
Purba, H.D., Meidiana, C. and Adrianto, D.W. (2014), “Waste Management Scenario through
Community Based Waste Bank: A Case Study of Kepanjen District, Malang Regency,
Indonesia”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5 No. 2,
pp. 212–216.
Troschinetz, A.M. and Mihelcic, J.R. (2009), “Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in
developing countries”, Waste Management, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 915–923.
Wijayanti, D.R. and Suryani, S. (2015), “Waste Bank as Community-based Environmental
Governance: A Lesson Learned from Surabaya”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,
Elsevier B.V., Vol. 184 No. August 2014, pp. 171–179.

THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE POTENTIAL THROUGH
BUMDES (STUDY ON MANAGEMENT OF MATDUJU BUMDES VILLAGE PITUE VILLAGE,
MA'RANG DISTRICT, PANGKAJENE AND ISLANDS DISTRICT)
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE POTENTIALS THROUGH BUMDES
(STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MATTUJU BUMDES VILLAGE PITUE, MA'RANG, PANGKAJENE
AND ACHIPELAGO REGENCY)
Andi Samsu Alam 1, Khairina Almirah Rivai 2 , Andi Lukman Irwan 3

1 Governmental Science Section , Faculty of Social and Political Sciences , Hasanuddin University
(email: alamandi@rocketmail.com )
2 Section Regional Development Planning / Management of Youth Leadership,
Postgraduate School, Hasanuddin University

(email: khairinaalmirah@gmail.com )
3 Government Science Section , Faculty of Social and Political Sciences , Hasanuddin University
(email: l ukman97.polpem@gmail.com )
PRELIMINARY
Poverty is still a major problem for the Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency Governments, especially
in poverty which takes place in the village. In fact, since the last few years efforts to reduce poverty
have continued . However, this has not released villages in the circle of poverty. One of them, the
effort to reduce poverty is reflected in the development vision and mission of the Pangkajene and
Kepulauan Regency, namely the Independent Village Program. This program aims to reduce the
poor population, reduce unemployment, and increase income and create jobs; improving human
resources; and wants the village to be more productive by increasing creativity and innovation
in managing the village's superior potential .
The problem of the nation must be touched by social policies from various dimensions, one of the
most important is from the point of social policy (Nature, 2010 ) . In terms ofbudget policies , the
Pangkajene and Kepaulaun District Governments have long prioritized budgeting for poverty
alleviation through poverty alleviation programs. The amount of budget allocation is solely to
reduce the poverty rate found in Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency.
For poverty alleviation through the BUMDes program , such as the Mattuju
BUMDes. B UMDes Mattuju is a village-owned enterprise located in Pitue Village, Ma'rang
Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, which is managed by a young man as a forum for
youth to be given the opportunity to develop themselves, encourage creativity, innovation, and the
courage to make breakthroughs by bringing together units business units based on village potential
development so as to produce processed products of raw materials from village potential in the
hope of creating economic resources in an effort to encourage increased economic independence
of the village.

In Pitue Village, the development of BUMDes is carried out to alleviate poverty by relying on two
main aspects. First, aspects of local potential physically and non-physically owned by the
village. Broadly speaking, physical potential in the form of land, water, climate, geographical
environment, livestock, and human resources. Non-physical potential in the form of society with
its patterns and interactions, social institutions , educational institutions , and village social
organizations, as well as village officials and officials (Abdurokhman, 2017 ) .
Second, the aspect of village development by moving youth as the economic drivers that take place
in the village, this is based on the needs of the village, which is to improve the
economic situation. The role of youth is very important because it is considered to be in a productive
age to support various development activities in various sectors. Youth can determine the direction
of the nation's progress going forward so that various policies must be able to support youth
empowerment to be more productive in various fields (Senna, 2016 in Suriani, 2017) .
Every human being, every society, has the potential power that can be developed. That is, that there
is no society that is completely helpless, because if so it will become extinct.Empowerment is an
effort to build the power itself, by encouraging, motivating and raising awareness of its potential
and striving to develop it ( Nature & Faried, 2012) .
Pemuda of Pitue Village in Ma'rang Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency which are
considered to have strategic positions in terms of age are productive groups who have the
opportunity to play an important role in developing economic resources and assist government
efforts in developing independent villages by managing BUMDes through creativity, innovation and
able to take advantage of opportunities in developing local potential in the Pitue Village, Ma'rang
District, Pangkajene Regency and the Islands.
It's just that, from the various efforts that have been made both by the regional government and by
the village government through earthing BUMDes to the community, in fact, the poverty rate in
Pitu'e Village has not dropped significantly. This is illustrated by the Statistics Office of Pangakajene
and Kepulauan Regency, the number of poor people in Pangkajene and Kepulauan District in 2017
amounted to 45,866. More specifically in Pitue Village, Ma'rang Subdistrict, a village that has
characteristics of a coastal area with a population of poor people reaching 434 inhabitants.
Thus, this condition is important for writers to write. About the existence of probelamtis between
the disbursement of funds for bumdes and various activities that took place in the village in an effort
to alleviate poverty in the village, but in reality the poverty rates that took place in Pangkajene and
Kepulauan Regency, especially in the villages have not shown significant changes. Based on the
data , information, and the results of the above thoughts, the authors are interested in conducting
research on "The Role of Youth in the Development of Village Potentials through BUMDes (Study of
Mattuju BUMDes Management in Ma'rang District, Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency)".

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Location and Design
This research was conducted in Pitue Village, Ma'rang Subdistrict , Pangkajene Regency and the
Islands. Aimed at analyzing the role of youth in BUMDes activities in the village by focusing on the
participation and empowerment of village communities. The main purpose of analyzing the form of
youth involvement in encouraging participation and empowerment activities in the village.
Method Data Collection
To get accurate information related to the role of youth in encouraging civic party activities and
empowerment in the village . Data collection techniques include intensive interviews and direct
observation. Interviews took place with several parties involved in Bumdes activities in the
village. Among them, the Director of BUMDes, the Head of Pitue Village, the Village Secretary, and
several village communities involved in empowerment activities, namely the group of women who
are part of the target group . In addition, secondary data is carried out by tracing data through
books, the internet, journals and other documents related to research object.
Data analysis
This research will use qualitative methods . The activity in qualitative data analysis is carried out
interactively and continues continuously until completion, so that the data is saturated. The size of
data saturation is characterized by no longer obtaining new data or information. Activities in data
analysis include data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing and verification ( Miles &
Huberman, 1992 in S ugiyono , 2014). The results of the interview are then reduced to several pieces
of information, then the results of the interview reduction are analyzed through a confrontation
process with some secondary data in the form of official government data and reports, BPS official
reports and documents, and some field notes found.
RESEARCH RESULT
The Role of Youth in Developing Village Potentials through BUMDes Management
The role of youth in managing BUMDes is able to encourage community participation and empower
communities through the activities of Mattuju's BUMDes target group. Thefirst role is to encourage
community participation in the implementation of the BUMDes program. In this case the direct
participation of village communities driven by youth in activities carried out by BUMDes based on
local potential, needs to be balanced with the quality and ability of human resources in
implementing BUMDes program activities. So given the activities to improve the quality of human
resources through coastal schools.
The role of youth with the form above is also called the role of youth as an agent of change , which
is a role model of youth that makes changes in society for the better. The form of the role of youth
can be seen from the youth's concern for the village community through the encouragement of

youth so that the village community has increased capacity to later participate in the activities of
the Mattuju BUMDes business group.
BUMDes produces business products that result from processing village potential by empowering
the people in the village. By creating business groups and inviting people to get involved. The
business unit groups managed by BUMDes Mattuju include Cahaya Desa, Mutiara Desa, Soreang
Bersinar, Massingereng, Resky, Cahaya Mentari, Forward Together, Pesisir Jaya. Then, open
entrepreneurship classes for the village community of housewives who want to open a business in
the village.
Second , community empowerment. Providing skills training in developing village potential to
participating communities to improve their knowledge and skills in implementing BUMDes program
activities, namely in managing village-based BUMDes Mattuju-based business groups.
The community empowered by the youth who manages the Mattuju BUMDes is the Pitue Village
community group namely housewives. The form of community empowerment activities carried out
by youths who act as BUMDes directors is to provide entrepreneurship classes for community
groups, namely housewives who participate in Mattuju BUMDes business groups such as milkfish,
shrimp and crab fish processing production training, namely cracker making training, training shrimp
processing production, namely training in making shrimp paste, training in milkfish and crab
processing, namely training in shredded making, training in seaweed processing production, namely
training in making noodles, training in coconut processing production, namely training in making
packaging oil and pure oil vco. Then, producing a product based on the processing of raw
materials based on the potential of Pitue Village.
Mattuju BUMDes facilitates business groups in Desa Titi. In this case, BUMDes is not only a forum
that helps in providing training but also helps in matters such as packaging and marketing assistance
for the communities participating in BUMDes-assisted business groups whose funds
are jointly borne by each of the fostered business groups. With the participation of the community
balanced with the capacity and skills of human resources that produce products from the processing
potential of the village based on the empowerment of the village community, thus creating the
economic resources of the pitue villagers who participate in the BUMuju Village business group
Mattuju. And the BUMDes program has many aspirations and will be felt by all levels of society.
Factors Affecting the Role of Youth in Developing Village Potentials through BUMDes
Management
These factors are a means of mobilizing youth to wish to develop village potential through the
management of BUMDes. There are 2 factors that encourage young people to move in developing
the potential of the village through a program of potential based BUMDes management activities in
the village. These two factors are internal factors and external factors.
Internal factors are factors that originate from within youth. There is a spirit based on awareness
and responsibility towards the community and the surrounding environment as well as from the
initiative and desire of the young man himself in developing his concern for the village community so

that the thoughts emitted or ideas that arise from the results of thought to develop the
potential that exists in the village , encourage the desire of young people to take a role in managing
BUMDe s through developing the potential that exists in villages based on community
empowerment .
The difficulty of employment in the village and the problems faced in general are problems of
improving living standards. While there is a lot of village potential . Youth have adream of how
to have activities to develop the potential of villages that are self-managed through BUMDes by
empowering village women namely mothers so that they have activities.Used to be have a job now
already have a job, once wandered now no longer wander so that the impact of the innovation
activities undertaken from the BUMDes is able to increase their capacity or ability and community
economic income . Youth have potential and have innovations and good ideas. Also, having broad
insight, competent, active in every activity in the village. The response of the community saw that
the current youth director of BUMDes who praised it saw it in terms of the innovation program
activities carried out by BUMDes .
External factors are factors that originate from outside the youth or factors that arise because of
the surrounding environment. The network or access to expand the opportunities provided is due
to interaction and communication carried out by the external environment of the youth caused by
the growth of trust in the environment around the youth to be able to manage BUMDes. With the
potential of youth who is able to move, so given the trust of the surrounding environment to get a
position as Director of BUMDes .
However, in practice there are also many obstacles faced. Among others: First , the Capital which is
still considered lacking in managing Mattuju BUMDes business groups.Because, the capital of the
activities of the fostered groups in carrying out the production process is borne alone by each of the
fostered groups. Thus, the absence of sufficient capital makes production processing activities
potential in the village very limited; Second , BUMDes operational facilities are still limited as
production equipment. Everything needed in the production process such as tools is only borrowed
by each group member. So that the means of production that are not sufficiently supportive make
the production results are often constrained.
Geographically, Pitue Village is a village located in a coastal area. Supported by the condition of
access to the area easily accessible, either by land, sea and air. So that these conditions are relatively
good enough to provide opportunities for developing enormous potential. So there is still a lot of
potential that can be developed to drive the village economy.One of them is by looking at the
potential of the village in terms of the region that is located in the coastal region, the potential can
be developed by making the Pit ue Village a tourist village area.
DISCUSSION
This research shows the social role of how later the existence of youth in managing BUMDes is able
to encourage community participation and empower the community through the activities of

Mattuju BUMDes target groups. Issues that arise related to the economic problems of rural
communities are, not yet the maximum role of economic institutions in the village in improving the
welfare of society, the lack of quality human resources in rural areas, especially the ability to
develop the village economy, and the low level of community participation in the framework of
development village economy ( Dwipayana, 2003) .
The role is a dynamic process of status (status). If a person carries out his rights and obligations
according to his position, then he plays a role ( Soekanto, 2009) . Youth are more seen in the
souls owned by someone. If the person has a rebellious soul , full of initiative, creative, and there is
a goal to build a personality, then that person can be said to be a youth.This reference is used in the
past so that at that time it was seen that the youth organization was more controlled by people who
were not young anymore, but had a youth spirit (Mulyana, 2011).
The first role is to encourage community participation in the implementation of the BUMDes
program. Webster (1976) participation is defined as an action to "take part" ie an activity
or statement to take part of an activity with the intention of obtaining benefits ( Mardikanto
& Soebianto, 2015) . In this case the direct participation of village communities totake part in
activities carried out by BUMDes based on local potential is encouraged by youth. Villagers who are
encouraged to be directly involved need to be balanced with the quality and capability of human
resources in implementing BUMDes program activities. So, initially given activities so that people
get an increase in the quality of human resources through Coastal Process. The activity is the
initiation of one of the village youths by encouraging the village community, namely housewives, to
get out of illiteracy and have the ability to later be able to take part in activities that will be carried
out by BUMDes.
The second role , village community empowerment. Empowerment of rural communities is an
effort to develop independence and prosperity of the community by increasing knowledge,
attitudes, skills, behavior, abilities, awareness, and utilizing resources through the determination of
policies, programs, activities and assistance in accordance with the essence of the problems and
priority needs of rural communities (Yustika in Sur iani, 2017 ). Related to this concept, the results
of research conducted by the role of youth are several empowerment activities initiated by young
people in the village, such as the initiation of the formation of a target group in the village. The
fostered groups formed are Cahaya Desa, Mutiara Desa, Soreang Bersinar, Massingereng, Resky,
Cahaya Mentari, Forward Together, Pesisir Jaya which have a major impact on community
empowerment in the village.
In addition, the form of empowerment activities taking place in the village in the form of
entrepreneurship classes. Entrepreneurship class is one form of empowerment in the village that
focuses on developing village potential. Some activities include training on village-based product
processing. Form community empowerment by providing skills training in developing village
potential to participating communities to improve their knowledge and skills in implementing
BUMDes program activities, namely in managing village-based BUMDes Mattuju-based business
groups. The empowerment activities in the form of training in the form of entrepreneurship classes

provided are training in making crackers, shredded shrimp, shrimp paste, packaged coconut oil, pure
coconut oil, and noodles which are activities based on the empowerment of the village community.
The community empowered by the youth who manages the Mattuju BUMDes is the Pitue Village
community group namely housewives. The form of community empowerment activities carried out
by youths who act as BUMDes directors is to provide entrepreneurship classes for community
groups, namely housewives who participate in Mattuju BUMDes business groups through the
implementation of productive activities that will later produce a product based on the processing
of raw materials based on potential Pitue Village.
In this case, BUMDes is not only a place to encourage the village community to be more productive
in spending time in the village by providing training in the manufacture of business products but can
also help in many ways such as facilitating the packaging and marketing of products produced by
business group actors whose production funds jointly borne.
The factors that have an impact on this study are seen from two aspects. The first aspect, internal
factors are factors that originate from within the youth. Internal factors from the results of research
in which there is a spirit of youth and concern for the community who lack the competence and
skills to develop the potential of the village and see the potential of the Pitue Village is quite a lot to
be developed so that it encourages young people to act in order to embrace the community of the
Village of Pitue namely mothers women by utilizing the potential that exists in the village so that
from the ideas emitted or ideas that emerge from the results of thought to develop the
potential that exists in the village , encourage the desire of youth to take a role in managing BUMDes
through the development of village potential based on community empowerment . Thus, the
community has the capacity and skills to participate in the program that was initiated through the
development of the potential of the D esa Pitue in the management of Mattuju BUMDes business
groups.
The second aspect, external factors are factors that originate from outside the youth or factors that
arise due to the environment. The network or access to expand the opportunities provided is due
to interaction and communication carried out by the external environment of the youth caused by
the growth of trust in the environment around the youth to be able to manage BUMDes.
In addition, the management of the Mattuju BUMDes in developing the existing potential of the
village through community participation which then empowers the village community through the
village based potential business groups is caused by several factors, but in its implementation there
are also many obstacles encountered. Among others: First, theCapital which was felt was still lacking
in managing Mattuju BUMDes business group; Second, BUMDes operational facilities are still
limited as production equipment.
There is still a lot of potential that can be developed to drive the village economy. One of them is by
looking at the potential of the village in terms of the region, which is located in the coastal region,
the potential can be developed by making Pitue Village a tourist village that can create economic
resources .

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The potential of the Pitue Village in Ma'rang District is inseparable from the involvement of
youth. Seen in two aspects. First , related to the participation of the village community which was
initially initiated by youth in encouraging community participation in the form of coastal
schools. Second, in terms of realizing empowerment activities. Seen in several empowerment
activities initiated by youth in the village, such as the formation of foster groups, especially
involving mothers in the village. In addition, the form of empowerment activities in the form of
entrepreneurship classes focuses on developing village potential activities. Some of the product
processing training activities are based on village potential, packaging, to distribution. The factors
are seen from two aspects. First , internal factors are factors that originate from within youth. The
existence of concern for the community and the surrounding environment and initiative to
act with knowledge and skills, so that they appear the idea of innovative creativity i to develop the
potential that exists in the village . Second , external factors are factors that originate from outside
the youth which arises because of the surrounding environment. The existence of networks or
access to the expansion of opportunities provided is due to interactions and communication carried
out by the external environment of young people so that the growth of trust in the environment
around youth to be able to manage BUMDes. The need for village government efforts to provide
special venture capital assistance for village communities participating in the Mattuju BUMDes
fostered business group so as to foster enthusiasm for cultivating businesses based on village
potential development and providing support facilities in the management of fostered business
groups to support the production activities of village potential processing and support the village
youth to further enhance capacity and creativity and take a role in seeing the potential that has not
yet been developed so that it can be a great opportunity to realize village independence.
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LOCAL POLITICAL DYNAMICS:
Bugis Ethnic Perception of the Urgency of Decentralization Politics in Indonesia
Andi Yakub
Departemen Ilmu Politik Fisip Universitas Hasanuddin
Jamaruddin Suro, Ph.D
Staff Pemda Kabupaten Takalar
e-mail: andyakub@gmail.com
Introduction
Decentralized politics has become the policy choice of many developing countries. The idea that
decentralized politics is an instrument for creating effective, efficient, accountable government has
been a powerful stimulus for many countries to adopt decentralized policing. Nevertheless, both
theoretically and empirically decentralized politics is still a pro-con whether it is positive or negative.
The concept of decentralization itself is often understood in part and not holistically.
In principle, the emergence of various responses to decentralized political ideas is a synthesis of a
centralized political system structure or of a political structure that tends to centralize (centripetal)
political power over the central government, rather than decentralize the idea of diversity or
distribution (centrifugal) power and or authority between the central and regional governments. So,
what is the reality of decentralized political urgency?.
Various views on decentralized politics and regional autonomy explain that issues of decentralized
politics and regional autonomy are associated with empowerment in the sense of empowering the
local people to initiate and make decisions in the interests of the people. With empowerment, local
government institutions and the public will be able to provide access not only to decision-making at
the local level but also at the central level in relation to community and regional interests.
This article will discuss regional political decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia: local
perspectives, in terms of treating diversity, strengthening unity, maintaining national stability, social
harmonization, while maintaining central and regional government relations in the direction of
police from the outskirts: From the region for Indonesia to create social justice for the local people.
A. WHAT IS THE URGENCY OF POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION AND REGIONAL AUTONOMY?

Generally, urgency of political decentralization can be differentiated based on the researcher’s
point of view. Some of researchers perceived it from political, economic, macro-micro, and even
socio-culture development perspectives.
Political decentralization in terms of economical dimension is to amplify the ability of local
government in providing public good and services, as well as enhancing the efficiency and
effectiveness of economic development in a region (Rondinelli, 1983). This view implies that
political decentralization functioned as an instrument to widen public space for people who make

choices on public goods and services where would eventually towards contribute existence of
balancing between individual rights and collective harmony. Aligned with Ruland, (1992), Hidayat,
(2007), political decentralization where consequent will necessarily release regional autonomy
necessity as it will increase people political participation in turn to support development of social,
economy and political aspects.
Thus, Kimlicka (1995, 2002) mentioned that there are six main aspects related to principal value of
political decentralization urgency. Those are: (i) Trust towards equality and justice, (ii) Trust towards
consultation and dialogue, (iii) Importance of adaptation and toleration, (iv) Participation in unity
in diversity, (v) Empathy, which is love and generosity, commitment towards freedom and peace,
and (vi) Changes without violence.
Moreover according to Smith (1995), political decentralization from macro aspect or the aspect of
importance central government has three urgency’s which are: (i) Political education, (ii) Leadership
training, and (iii) Forming of political stability. In micro or regional importance, those three
urgencies are: (i) Political decentralization, ii) Local government’s responsibility towards the people,
and (iii) Response from the local government towards various concerns. The politics of
decentralization and regional autonomy, in terms of social development according to Briant and
White (1989) is an effort to enhance human capacity to influence its future ”, with the main
implications of social development: capacity, justice, empowerment, sustainability, freedom and
independence.
The increasing attention to political decentralization and administrative decentralization is not only
a symbol of the perceived weaknesses of centralized administration planning, but also a shift in
policy that emphasizes growth strategies that should be accompanied by strategic planning. In
addition, it is generally acknowledged that development is a complex and uncertain process, which
cannot be easily planned and controlled from the center. The politics of decentralization and full
autonomy of the region that were extinguished by the central government were impossible.
However, by looking at the opinions of Indonesian founders, there are (subtantive) ideas in
decentralized political concepts and regional autonomy reflected in the views and consensus of
Soekarno, Muhammad Hatta, Muhammad Yamin, and Soepomo on the need for decentralization
and regional autonomy. Mohammad Hatta's statements, in Hoessenni (2001) and Pane (2015),
present ideas on decentralized politics and regional autonomy such as: “Providing regional
autonomy does not mean implementation of democracy, but encouraging the growth of auto-
activiteit. Auto-activiteit means moving alone, self-executing what is deemed important within one’s
surrounding. With the growth of auto-activiteit, what is meant by democracy will be achieved that
is governing by the people and for the people. The people not only determine their destiny, but
improve their destiny”. (Mohammad Hatta Speech, 1957).
The content of speech, proposal, and debate of Indonesian founding fathers emphasize that they
were viewing political decentralization in Indonesia as a fundament that could be accepted. In the
end, they concluded that a decentralized united nation system is the most suitable state system for

people of Indonesia that are diverse in terms of geography, tribe, religion, ethnicity, and groups
(political, economic and cultural interests).
The different thoughts mentioned concluded that a more decentralized autonomy system benefits
in terms of (i) wider chance of equal distribution of power among local communities, (ii) better
inclusiveness of society’s political education, (iii) stronger stability of political system, and (iv)
closencess of the nation to its people.
B. The Perceptions of the Bugis Elite on decentralized political urgency in South Sulawesi
Perceptions are what are known through facts, representations, figures, examples and more.
perception without concept is empty, and concept without perception is blindness, Immanuel Kant
in (Roskin, 2016). According to Sparinga (1997) and Goddess Fortuna Anwar (2009) that
theoretically, perceptions can be categorized into four patterns. First, the oppositionist is a group
of elite actors who want a fast, radical and fundamental political change in decentralized political
models and regional autonomy. Second, revisionists, a group of local elite actors believe that model
change needs to be done gradually to avoid turmoil that can endanger political stability and political
life. Third, conservative or orthodox, a group of local elite actors who oppose any change in
decentralized political models and regional autonomy towards competitive democracy. Fourth,
pragmatic, a group of local elite actors do not care as long as their political economic interests
remain.
This article will discuss how the Bugis ethnic perception of decentralized political urgency in the
concept of Bhineka Tunggal Ika, establishing national stability in the concept of Central and Regional
relations, and the concept of decentralized political meaning, Build from the fringes: From region to
Indonesia.
B.1 Bhineka Tunggal Ika: Create Unity and Harmony
Fundamentally, it can be said that issues that emerge in the process of national unity was due to the
occurrence of tensions in power structure that was caused by the establishment of nation state.
Therefore, national unity involves sovereignty issue, especially related to the process of power
shifting within community groups and the process of dividing, utilizing and distributing power
among them. From the authority perspective, national unity basically comprises of two main issues
which are: (i) Ways to ensure the people conform and obey towards the nation’s demands or
acknowledgment/legitimacy issue, (ii) Ways to increase normative/concessional consensus that
arrange the community’s political attitude or participating individual.
In order to curb these issues within a heterogeneous community, Weiner (1994) proposed two
strategies. First is assimilation. Second is unity in diversity (for Indonesian is Bhineka Tunggal Ika).
Assimilation that was mentioned by Weiner is the achievement of national unity by appointing the
dominant ethnic culture in a country as national culture. This method can be accomplished by
subjugating the ideas of entities or minority group into dominant cultural ethnic.

Second, strategi Bhineka Tunggal Ika diartikan sebagai usaha untuk membentuk kesetiaan Besides,
Bhineka Tunggal Ika strategy is defined as an effort to create national loyalty without vanquishing
the minority groups’ culture. Unity in diversity strategy or Bhineka Tunggal Ika is widely viewed as
an accentuation on unity (tunggal ika) without sacrificing diversity (bhineka). Many Bugis local elites
believed that in practice, unity has become a central part of hegemonic discourse of the new order
era, and nullified acknowledgement regarding the need of socio-cultural diversity (pluralism) in the
form of local wisdom among people of Indonesia until the reformation order regime.
The majority of the Bugis elite considered that the principle of diversity from the era of the "orde
baru" to the "orde reformasi" era had been sacrificed for national integration and economic
development. They consider that the interpretation of the Bhineka Tunggal Ika” is different from its
original meaning and purpose.
Interviews with "BS" as religious / NU leaders, understand the concept of national unity as a political
and cultural concept. Unity is our hope, ethnic diversity is reality. “Bhineka Tunggal Ika” in society,
not just unity, but local ethnic groups can express their values, traditions and beliefs by giving them
space to express themselves freely. It is in line with the "AN" (Leader of the PPP faction of the South
Sulawesi Parliament) that from the era of the "new order" to the "reform order", defining unity is
the same as centralization, when we want unity that is really one that we should build in a spirit of
diversity (Bhineka).
Consequently, the union emerged from the consensus of the people of various ethnic groups and
was not enforced by the central government. However, some Bugis elites understand that the
interpretation and application of the “Bhineka Tunggal Ika” is a mere political slogan. They consider
that Bhineka as a refreshing national unity beyond the patron-client culture, Jakarta's hegemony
towards the local community. The domestic practices and the bureaucratic culture are presented as
illustrations of the tendencies on the basis of these practices of most of the patron-client tradition
and culture.
Interviews with "AMR" as Social and political Lecturers say that the union is nothing more than a
patron-client cultural tradition. This is a serious problem that we are facing regarding national unity.
Our bureaucracy has been developed based on client-client culture values, such as seeking guidance
from superiors in every decision-making, compared to Weber's (1978) rational bureaucracy that
describes the modern bureaucracy.
Meanwhile, an interview with the "MTP" University of Hasanuddin (Unhas) Lecturer on political
theory argues that the unity we have and temporarily develop is rooted in Supomo's idea of
'integralism'. The country has adopted Supomo's integralism to formulate what is meant by unity.
Integristic countries are more about family (father and children). In the concept of family, the father
(country) always wants to be respected and always right, while the children (society), must obey
and follow the will of the "father".
Many local elites have expressed dissatisfaction with what they see as deviating local interests from
Indonesian politics. One of the most common issues has to do with the definition of "orde baru"
until the era of "orde reformasi" in national interest and its relation to social justice.

Since the era of the "orde baru" to date has defined the importance of economic development as
the only legitimate and more profitable conglomerate / businessman than the local and ethnic Bugis
interests that are often different from the interests of economic development. Resistance of local
people to the government's approach to compensation along with anti-development labels.
Examples of land acquisitions for Losari and Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) coastal development on
the island of Lae-Lae are being intimidated by low land prices. The provincial government of South
Sulawesi has consistently sacrificed and abused the social justice of the local community "in the
name of" development interests.
One of the local elites warned that the ideological practice of unity had given place to pluralism as a
major threat to national unity. Although unity is important and relevant to Indonesian nationalism
but it rejects the sense of unity as it is today. Both the central government and the local government
should treat local culture more respectfully.
unity does not mean Bugis ethnicity is second class ethnicity compared to Javanese ethnicity, for
example, because Bugis ethnicity also has its own dignity, pride and culture, according to (Mattulada,
1995) the values of the siri’ na' pesse (self-esteem; dignity, and empathy) in Bugis culture should be
maintained as a work ethic. In order to maintain unity, there must be a balanced treatment between
Bugis and Javanese ethnic groups, including eliminating the view that one ethnic group is a threat to
another. We must understand that all are national assets that can contribute to Indonesian pluralism
(interview with "BS" Manager Nahdatul Ulama Makassar City).
However, some Bugis people consider ethnic diversity to be one of the triggers of the disintegration
of the Indonesian nation both vertically and horizontally, as Indonesia has thousands of islands,
hundreds of ethnicities, traditions and cultures and some religions and beliefs. From the point of
view of Indonesia's diversity as a complex society, we have come up with quite a lot of problems
caused by diversity such as sparatism underpinned by religious sentiment and justice (PRRI and
Permesta rebellion) and religious sentiment (DI / TII rebellion). Therefore, unity is very important to
the Indonesian nation, nationalism and ethnicity must be integrated with the spirit of unity,
Indonesia's unity will be maintained. We are fortunate that despite being of different ethnicities and
religions but have a strong spirit of unity, such as inter-religious solidarity. To me the spirit of unity
must be nurtured and preserved for the success and harmony of this country that we all love
(interview with "AFP" Regent Bone).
Looking at the various local elite responses, it shows us that the response to Bhineka Tunggal Ika
are very diverse. On the one hand, the focus is on unity but on the other is the importance of
diversity. This means that the local elites want a more equitable balance between the needs of unity
and diversity (diversity). In line with Fukuyama's (2005) view that treating diversity to strengthen
unity is one of the strongest forms of governance in good governance management.
B.2 National Stability: Arrangement of Central and Regional Relationship
Central and regional relationship stresses on equalization in development and its sources, together
with healthy and dynamic economic growth and political stability.

In studying central and regional relationship in Indonesia, various points are found that would
encourage fragmentation instead of unity. Indonesia has an area of almost 4.8 million km 2 and 1.9
million km2 of the area comprised of scattered lands (13 667 islands that stretches from 5110 km
from east to west and 1880 from north to south) and these have given birth to various prominent
bhinneka or diversity (BPS, 2017).
From social perspective, Indonesia is a country that has been marked by many contrasting issues.
For regional people, central people (Java) are the socially dominant group that is viewed as the
representative of Indonesia. Nonetheless, it is a fact that there are 300 ethnic groups that are widely
spread all over Indonesia considering its geographical location as an archipelago. The archipelago
characteristic of Indonesia has become an obstacle for the development of communication between
various different regions that is deemed vital to infiltrate the existing isolation and differences. Only
after the new order extend its highway system, sea navigation and air navigation to all regions that
the communication becomes smoother and regional isolation is curbed.
Economically, Java is dependent towards regions outside of Java that conquers almost 50% of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Thus, regions outside of Java such as Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua are
rich with natural resources such as gold mines, nickels, coals, cements, rattan and other sources
which are part of Indonesia’s main export. Profit gained from outside of Java Island region is directly
channelled to central in which causes disappointment of the regions towards central in the past
(BPS, 2017).
Due to this disparity policy, it is not unusual that a number of changes in the pattern of relationship
between central and regional occurred throughout Indonesia’s history. Nevertheless, there is one
condition that never changes since the beginning which is the domination of Java; central
government is given centrifugal power in terms of political and administrative authority.
Many subjects claimed that unfair relationship between central and regional is unaccepted. They
view this inequality as one of the factors that enable the forming of disintegration of Indonesian
people if, there are no correct measures taken. Many feel that central receives disproportionate
portion from “kue pembangunan nasional or national development proportion” and they are
concern of the rampant of collusion, corruption and nepotism in central as well as regional that in
turn spreads discontentment in the regions including South Sulawesi. Unfair development between
Eastern Indonesia and Western Indonesia or centre-periphery is regarded as a source of threat
towards national integration.
The fact that many provinces are rich with natural resources but are still poor and backward is the
basis for local community’s resistance, causing many criticisms towards central government. Over
centralization is regarded as the cause of unawareness/non empathetic of central government and
isolation feeling from local community on the relationship of overall development.
As long as the center practices a centralized approach, everything in the center and Java in general,
we will always be faced with the problem of national unity. Excessive centralization is the most
serious issue related to the problem of "unity". We must realize that Indonesia is not only Jakarta

and Java, but is an integral part of the Indonesian nation from Sabang to Merauke and from Miagas
to Rote.
The results of an interview with the local elite "SM" (FISIP Unhas Lecturer) say that the position of
the local government is not local, meaning it does not represent the local interest, but rather is
police-oriented. We cannot blame it, because it is a natural reaction to the structure, the
bureaucratic power pattern of the "new order" regime "Jakarta centric". Central and regional
inequalities in the face of discriminatory policies, the profitability is central (Jakarta) and the
disadvantages are regional, such as large-scale urban-based industrial strategy policies and ignoring
rural areas. Includes economic growth that ignores the bureaucratic developmental aspects of
development and its elements include conglomerates that form political and economic oligarchs.
The bureaucrats used state power for their benefit and accumulated family wealth, which eventually
concentrated the national income on the few.
Next, one of the informants explained the existence of economic inequality, which required policy
regarding fiscal decentralization. He explained: “Actually South Sulawesi is rich in natural resources,
such as Pangkep and Maros districts as cement producers and East Luwu district Nickel producers
but the people around the cement and nickel mines are still poor farmers, as more income goes to
the center (Jakarta) compared to the district (regional tax) and then the district is given a balance of
budget which is the general allocation budget (DAU) and the special allocation budget (DAK), the
autonomy budget other regional income. This gap causes the social and economic jealousy of the
locals to cause disintegration of the nation and social harmony. This is where the importance of
regional autonomy is concerned, especially with regard to central financial and regional justice
(interview with “TFY”: Vice Regent Bulukumba).
Economic injustices are wrapped up in “sara” issue like an iceberg, more hidden (latent) than they
seem. We will never know what is behind the problems that appear, but the concern is how
unhealthy the social-political system is for a pluralistic society such as in South Sulawesi. When
issues of economic injustice arise along with ethnic and religious issues, then we face a much more
serious problem that can damage the social harmony of South Sulawesi. If the economic inequality
continues and does not resolve well, then the public is not surprised, in the foreseeable future for
Indonesia to be broken, such as past events, especially South Sulawesi (separatist: "Permesta"
rebellion, "DI / TII ") due to regional dissatisfaction with the center of economic and political life.
However, different perceptions by the local elite are closely linked to the fact that the government
recognizes the problem, and does not worry about it because it believes that national unity is now
more "orde reformasi" than before ("orde baru").
Regional autonomy policy should not be located in the western and eastern region, Java and outside
Java, but should be studied on a case-by-case basis according to the local character, so that the
kotomi is no longer in regional development. It is understandable that Jakarta is more advanced
than other regions, because Jakarta is the gateway to the state or capital of the country with priority
as a center of power, bureaucracy, government administration, and finance compared to other
provinces. Jakarta has been around since the Belanda colonialism such as roads, bridges, railroads,

and industrialization centers, including a large number of skilled labor and local people coming to
Jakarta.
Therefore, various responses from the local elite show that the “orde reformasi” regime is more
united than the "orde baru", and creates a patriotism for the sake of Indonesia's unity "to develop
Indonesia from the periphery", by carrying out gradual development into the regions.
Meanwhile, other Bugis elites consider that there is a mistake in managing the development of
local communities, because the centralism of development is generally in Jakarta.
B.3 Membangun Dari Pinggiran: Dari Daerah Untuk Indonesia
Issues regarding the domination of Jakarta as central power and regional’s centre of economic
activity still remains as a fundamental reasoning that are faced by the regions. The issues mentioned
will offend the discussion of urgency of political decentralization and regional autonomy policy in
Indonesia.
In developing countries, dilemma regarding centralization and decentralization is a prominent issue
particularly related to efficient utilization of limited natural resources. Centralization and
decentralization leads to introduction of excavation of natural resources and returned distribution
and allocation of natural resources and extractive capability. The phenomenon in which a region
that is rich with natural resources and contributed more gain the lowest allocation of economic
asset causes raises discontentment. Eventually, separatism movement erupted such as Gerakan
Aceh Merdeka (GAM) or Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM).
In Indonesia itself, discourse about decentralization and regional autonomy becomes prominent
when the execution of economic development that is implemented by new order regime encounter
problems, that causes formation of structure inequality between sectors or between regions. The
occurrence of the inequality pattern in the future could be a strong back wash in order to continue
the development of nation.
Besides, re-emergence of political decentralization and regional autonomy policy means that the
central government cannot escape from reduction of fund whether from crude oil or foreign
revenue (export products). The reduction of crude oil income and foreign revenue causes the
shifting in the structure of state revenue as well as increase in tax revenue as a force and stabilizer
of economic growth. This tendency has been happening throughout the years within the
government whether in central Jakarta or local government outside of Java Island. Autonomy is
perceived solely from economic perception that is in terms of its efficiency and effectivity. At the
same time, there is “phobia” towards past political decentralization without observing
democratization and political dynamic aspects of the local community and regional government that
would occur. This might be due to the strong effect of planned paradigm development that has
central characteristic (top down) until the central government believes that they are fully
responsible towards national development. In terms of finance, it is clear the region is at the end
position and is very dependent while dynamic regional development is difficult to be performed
without sufficient fund (presence of fiscal decentralization). Local government becomes slow in

handling problems that arise in their region such as poverty, city-country inequality, and small
locally-generated revenue as they are ripped of all attributes of regional autonomy in Indonesia as
political decentralization.
Hence, in order to create economic justice or economic democracy, Mubyarto (1988, 1990) stated
that ethical rules of games must be obeyed in economic relationship. In regards to relationship of
central and regional, economic justice must become the moral foundation in which the central
government must make effort to understand and fulfil it. Strengthening of regional economic
structure that is based on local wisdom; Bugis community is known for the concept mutual
cooperation/helping each other and national economic system that is not too centralistic. This
clearly will lift up the region to be more active and independent without depending on central in
the form of “cooperation” which means economic democracy. Economic democracy will exist by
expanding decentralization and regional autonomy. Regions that have high potential must quickly
achieve independent in organizing regional finance (fiscal decentralization) so that economic, politic
and social gap can be overcome at its own region as well as reducing poverty and dependency
towards central with the designation of development from outskirts: from region to Indonesia, with
the framework to create social justice for local community.
Interviews with "SM" indicate that the process of delegating authority in the context of
decentralization, on the whole is not significant because it is not followed by regional financial
balance reforms that give the region more time to manage its financial potential due to large
centralized revenue sources, while the smaller ones are allocated to the regions. Regional autonomy
is a political dynamic, in which the local government is empowered to decide what is best for the
people of South Sulawesi and centralization is defined as political stagnation. They blamed
centralism for the fact that according to the Bugis elite that South Sulawesi was rich in natural
resources but the people were still poor, this was supported by BPS poverty data that the number
of poor people increased from 787,670 people (2013) to 864,300 people (2014) and 864,510 people
in 2015 (BPS, 2016).
Some criticisms of local elites such as an interview with "AA", Bugis regional cultural observer, say
that Jakarta is not sensitive to local needs, the central government (Jakarta) is too afraid of regional
autonomy that will result in disintegration, as has been the case in South Sulawesi in the past. This
criticism is supported by a "Mul" (Bugis culture researcher) interview that considers
authoritarianism and oligarchy as the cause of centralization of power. Therefore, it is inevitable
that we have a centralized government, these systems work together. The result is clear that the
central domination of every aspect of people's lives in the region.
Meanwhile, an interview with "AH" Manager of Islamic Shariah Enforcement Preparation
Committee (KPPSI) said that the central government was involved only in security, monetary, and
international relations, the rest of which had to be taken care of by the local government. Thus,
central and regional relations would be more equitable, if the concept of federation was
unacceptable. According to (Roskin, 2016) Governance systems with the united states control local
authority and life more strictly than the federal system. Contrary to the perception of local

politicians "AN" members of the PPP DPRD Frakri say that autonomy should be evaluated as each
district has different characteristics and natural resources, for example Jeneponto and Makassar
districts have different natural resources and regional income. This means that the central
government must protect the interests of weak areas from natural resources and income.
Therefore, the power to first be granted to the Regency is not in the Province. The province plays
the role of coordinator but does not directly govern the district, because of real problems or
community activities at the district level. Therefore, the power given at the State level is a form of
re-centralization. I do not think we would like to repeat these misunderstandings (interview with
local political elite: “AFP”: Regent Bone).
However, it is slightly different from the perception of the "AMR head of Galung village" of Soppeng
South Sulawesi. He said that the autonomy of the area is now good. The idea of decentralized politics
and regional autonomy would greatly disrupt unity and unity, if the region demanded greater
autonomy from the center. For all this time, we have enjoyed the development of electricity such
as the lighting of the village. Therefore, the present system of government must be maintained
because decentralized ideas and regional autonomy are largely inadequate with the spirit of unity.
However, an explicit view emphasizes that decentralized policing and regional autonomy do not
necessarily change the state of the united states into a federal state. In an interview with the local
political elite "AFP" / Regent Bone said “Larger autonomy should not make Indonesia a divided
nation in any sense." Although, we are promoting decentralization or greater autonomy but must
maintain the country unity. ”Therefore, decentralization must occur gradually, not at the expense
of unity for decentralized politics and regional autonomous police for whatever reason.
The "AP" cultural leaders say that the political agenda / motivation of regional decentralization and
autonomy is: first, limiting the power of the central government to avoid absolute power and tend
to be despotic, thus necessitating a (centripetal) distribution of power / governance evenly from
region to village. Second, economic growth is fair and equitable to the village. Third, the function of
government management is to serve the people throughout Indonesia to the maximum.
Intellectuals “ST” (Hasanuddin University lecturer) explains that decentralization of regional politics
and regional autonomy has been effective in Indonesia since January 1, 2001, providing valuable
learning processes, especially in the life of democracy, togetherness, justice, and regional diversity
in unity through the support of the government to grow and develop early initiatives (districts and
communities) towards community well-being. The basic principles of decentralized politics and
regional autonomy are conceptualized implementation of regional governance: delegation of
authority, revenue sharing, power, diversity in unity, local independence, regional capacity
development.
The second view is represented by those who are more sympathetic to federalism without explicitly
supporting the transition from the union system to the federal system. The unity system is not a bad
idea as long as there is a fundamental freedom given to the region to implement local government
based on their own concepts. Local expressions will have the opportunity to be expressed without
fear of interfering with national unity and within the united states still allow for community

pluralsime, as long as there is autonomy in the region. (interview with local political elite “TAY”: Vice
Regent of Bulukumba).
From some responses, it was generally agreed that autonomy should be taken in the broadest sense,
so that local affairs could be freed from the interference of other institutions. The central
government will only be involved in defense and national security, monetary and international
relations. This version of autonomy is very similar to a state-based federation and its supporters are
considered federalists.
Although not all Bugis elites explain the level of autonomy they must give, some of them point out
that the level of district government should be given greater priority than the provincial level. Their
views are revisionist, because they focus on the real problem areas. At the district level, the
implementation of governance and decision making directly interact with the community. They
propose that the provincial government perform the functions of a coordinator, not regulate
districts like the “orde baru”. The reason for decentralization is being directed to the district because
it covers relatively small regions and populations, so the problem of separatism is unlikely.
Separatism has always been feared by the central government as a potential threat to the region
However, not all Bugis elites were enthusiastic about the larger decentralized political ideas of the
region. A small part of the Bugis elite opposed these ideas. They think that decentralized politics will
create problems rather than solve problems and undermine the spirit of national unity. According
to them the feeling of being a large Indonesian family represented in the idea of unity and unity is
threatened. The second hand, decentralized politics goes against the spirit of national unity in the
United States of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), the jargon NKRI is a fixed price.
D. Conclusion
Interviews of various Bugis elites of formal and informal elites indicate that their perceptions differ
from decentralized political urgency and regional autonomy policies conducted in Indonesia,
especially in South Sulawesi. For formal local elites, politicians and bureaucrats support
decentralization and regional autonomy, but there needs to be a balance of power and authority
between central and regional, provincial and district, while non-formal local elites are increasingly
looking at regional (centrifetal) power, not the central government (Jakarta) is centrifugal, so the
region's natural resources can be managed including its finances by remaining a united state and
appreciating ethnic diversity.
Therefore, among Bugis elite actors there is a difference in perception in responding to the
discourse of political reform, especially decentralized politics and regional autonomous police in
South Sulawesi, it can be concluded that: most of the local Bugis elites have a reviosionist response
to the gradual change to decentralized model and regional autonomy. Large and broad authority
should be given to the region gradually to accelerate the well-being of the community based on
local values and local wisdom. While only a small part of the Bugis elite whose ideology was
conservative or orthodox.

Conservative / orthodox Bugis elites prefer national stability to maintain unity in diversity, so they
view existing decentralization as good enough to govern people's lives. Pragmatic local elites only
care about their particular economic interests, they do not care how decentralized and autonomous
the regional government gives the region.
Urgency of political decentralization and regional autonomy is hoped to create: (i) efficiency and
effectiveness of government management that leads to public harmony, (ii) regional administration
that is responsible in various aspects of local community’s life, (iii) local government that is
responsive towards various issues that are encountered by local community, and (iv) an increase
role of community in democracy administration process as in there is an opening for the people to
participate in various political activities at the local level. Therefore, political decentralization must
be able to enhance the welfare and quality of life of the local community: First, maintain Bhineka
Tunggal Ika. Second, protect national stability and third, strengthen local community based on local
wisdom and local values, and move forward towards the policy of development from outskirts: from
region to Indonesia, with the framework to create social justice for local community.
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INFORMAL LEARNING IN CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY OF ETHNIC
DIFFERENT PARENTS IN SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE
Arianto, Tuti Bahfiarti, Muhammad Iqbal Sultan

Departement of Communication
Faculty Social and Political Science
Methods
This study uses qualitative research. Qualitative research is a method that focuses on interpretive,
constructive, naturalistic approaches to the subject. The subjects of this study are children who are
born, grow, and learn informal learning including multicultural attitudes and behavior in different
ethnic family life. The type of phenomenological research is to uncover and study behaviors and
events that systematically seek explanations for the meaning and essence of a phenomenon and
are designed to gain knowledge through human life experiences (Creswell, 2014).
This approach seeks to express the meaning of one's experience. The meaning of something
someone experiences. Knowledge comes from conscious experience, in perception. In this case,
phenomenology means to let something come to manifest itself as it really is. Case studies are also
used for regional limitations because they examine behavior at the individual and group level. The
restrictions in Wotu sub-district as Wotu sub-district in East Luwu Regency have children from
parents who are ethnically different (Balinese ethnic and local ethnicity). In addition to in-depth
interviews, the collection techniques are indirect documentation and observation. Furthermore,
data analysis is to provide inductive categorization of meaning.
The primary data source is the source of data obtained directly through interviews with informants.
The informants in this study were 3 mixed marriage couples namely Tarsisius Sutedi's family and
Nina's mother, Mr. Franky and Cristiana's family, and finally Mr. Jumpa Lorentius's family and Cecilia
Melly's mother . Informants were chosen purposively with consideration, having school-age children
and marriage age above 10 years and couples mingling well without differences.
Results
Informal learning of parents of children of different ethnicities is a form of multicultural education,
an educational process that gives no distinction to treatment because of ethnic, cultural and
religious differences. Children of couples of ethnic Balinese parents and ethnic Bugis / Wotu accept
ethnic differences between their parents, and have a sense of empathy, tolerance for others
regardless of differences. Everyday life of a person always associates with other people who have
different backgrounds, even though in the kinship system of each child the couple follows ethnicity
from the parents of men (father), the custom of marriage depends on the agreement of the

intermarried couple. The language aspect of mixed marriages is no longer using their respective
ethnic languages.
Based on the results of interviews and observations made by researchers, it can be seen that
informal learning in ethnic families between ethnic Balinese and Bugis/Wotu is carried out in a
family environment to change lives (especially the development of children). Informal learning of
children includes: first, parents' initiative in providing learning of understanding and exemplary to
their children. Learning is obtained by children from the parents of the daily family environment
consciously or unconsciously. Generally unconscious, irregular and unsystematic, including:
respecting and accepting the differences and opinions of others with different ethnicities, teaching
and the use of Indonesian language, and free stereotyping and prejudice in other ethnicities.
Secondly, it is not the parents' initiative or intervention from certain parties (teachers and peers) to
participate in providing learning about understanding and example to parents of different ethnic
groups. This learning is also obtained consciously through instructional teaching in schools and the
environment of associate friends. Generally conscious, irregular and unsystematic include
respecting and accepting the differences and opinions of others and free stereotyping and prejudice
in other ethnicities. Elements of language culture can be seen intermingling between mixed
marriages, occasionally parents teach Balinese and Bugis languages to their children. Language is
the most important component of culture because generally the transmission of culture takes place.
Teaching their children by speaking, speaking in Indonesian with a little mixture of Balinese or
Bugis/Wotu languages.
Conclusions
Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that informal learning of
children includes: first, parents' initiative in providing learning of understanding and exemplary to
their children, this learning is obtained by parents from the daily family environment consciously or
unconsciously. Generally unconscious, irregular and unsystematic, including: respecting and
accepting the differences and opinions of others with different ethnicities, teaching and the use of
Indonesian language, and free stereotyping and prejudice in other ethnicities.
Secondly, it is not the parents' initiative or intervention from certain parties (teachers and peers) to
participate in providing learning about understanding and example to parents of different ethnic
groups. This learning is also obtained consciously through instructional teaching in schools and the
environment of associate friends. Generally conscious, irregular and unsystematic include
respecting and accepting the differences and opinions of others and free stereotyping and prejudice
in other ethnicities.

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ENFORCEMENT OF SANCTIONS IN REGIONAL REGULATION CONCERNING
THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL IN WATAMPONE
1Asdi Sutriadi Sadar, 2H.Andi Samsu Alam, 3H. Suhardiman Syamsu

Public Administration, Social and Political Science, Post Graduate University,
Hasanuddin University of Makassar
1
Email: asdi.sutriadi@gmail.com
2
Email: alamandi@rocketmail.com
3
Email: suhardimansyamsu@gmail.com
Introduction
The implementation of regional government in order to harmonize the development and dynamics
of globalization era and regional autonomy is a main priority in the implementation of a regional
government in which a more conducive condition in peace condition and regional public order is a
basic requirement for all people to improve their quality life.
The existence of local regulation concerning an animal control aims to make the area of Watampone
town clean, beautiful, and orderly. It is suitable with the part of the Bone district vision, namely Bone
society that is self-sufficient, competitive, and prosperous. To maintain the harmony of surrounding
ecosystem and nature, it is necessary to arrange, maintain, and control in all aspects of people’s lives
by controlling livestock that can interfere or influence the life activities of the community itself.
As the restoration of the damaged natural-ecosystems through reforestation and cultivation needs
large funds, livestock that roams everywhere that disrupts the beauty of the town and order traffic
that can harm road users must be controlled.
Methods
The method used in this research is qualitative research. The data have been collected via doing
interview, observation, and literature review. The focus of this research is municipal police of Bone
district.
Discussion
The forms of imposition of sanctions relating to control, namely :
1. Administrative sanction is used for a spatial violation which resulted in the implementation of
the spatial utilization program being hampered. The sanction can be in the form of cancellation
of permits or revocation of rights.
2. Civil sanction is used for a spatial violation that makes someone’s, group of people’s, legal
entity’s interest disturbed. The sanction can be in the form of a fine or compensation.
3. Criminal sanction is used for a spatial violation that makes public interest disturbed. The sanction
can be in the form of imprisonment.

The regional regulation number 1/2016 concerning the animal control explains the imposition of
sanction for the violation of regional regulation, an administrative and criminal sanction.
The chapter VII in article 15 related to an administrative sanction explains that :

(1) Every livestock owner or a rowdy person who breaks the provision as related to chapter 4 is
given an administrative sanction, namely fine.
(2) The amount of fine for every livestock as related to paragraph 1 is 2% of the livestock price
which is stipulated by the regent.
(3) The fine as related to paragraph 1 and the result of a livestock auction sale which is unknown
to the owner in article 8 are paid to the regional treasury.
Chapter VIII in article 16 concerning the criminal provision explains that :

(1) Every person who breaks the regulation as related to article 4 is punished with imprisonment
for 3 months or a fine of five millions (Rp5.000.000.00)
(2) The criminal offense referred to paragraph 1 is a violation.
So far the imposition of sanctions on the implementation of enforcement of regional regulation on animal
control in Watampone is only to arrest and confiscate livestock. Not until the municipal police during the
process of enforcing regional regulations regarding the control of livestock uses and administrative or
criminal sanction, can they only take action to arrest and confiscate roaming livestock. It is caused by no
human resource or the member of municipal police to do an investigation into a livestock owner who breaks
the regulation.
The result of the investigation and inspection that is conducted by civil servant investigation (abbreviated as
PPNS) will be the base to use the administration and criminal sanction. The imposition of administrative and
criminal sanction, namely collection of a fine without an investigation can be called an illegal levy that can
harm farmers and especially disfigure the government’s image in the eyes of the public.
An action that is taken by municipal police in addition to confiscating livestock in order to provide a deterrent
effect on breeders who violate, namely by issuing a statement that includes the agreement that states not
to repeat the violation and ready to accept the sanction in the form of auction and slaughter of the livestock.
The statement is signed by the breeders, the investigation team of municipal police after doing an
investigation and a head of municipal police. Based on the observation in the field, there are still many
violations found with the large number of livestock roaming in Watampone town. It is caused by the lack of
firmness and supervision from regional official organizations, namely municipal police and animal husbandry
department of Bone as an actor in implementing a process of enforcing regional regulations related to animal
control.
The control here is a direct and periodic supervision. Direct supervision towards the enforcement of regional
regulation is done to aim no repetition errors, so the result is suitable with what they want. The direct
supervision is done after an action is done by comparing what has happened with what should be happened.
While the periodic observation is an action that is done periodically by an enforcer of regional regulation in

which its implementation is truly realized in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the regional
regulations on an animal control.
Conclusion
In the imposition of sanctions related to the enforcement of regional regulations concerning an
animal control, the actions of municipal police are arresting and confiscating livestock in order to
provide a deterrent effect on breeders who violate and issue a statement that includes an
agreement not to repeat the violation and to accept the sanctions namely the action of auction and
slaughter of the livestock. The lack of the human resource – no civil servant investigator – becomes
the main factor of administrative and criminal sanction not to be able to be carried out.
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THE FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AMON
LOCAL LITERACY GROUPS AND TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS
Aswin Baharuddin
Department of International Relation Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: sawingbahar@gmail.com
Adelita Lubis
Email: adelitalubis@gmail.com
International Relations as a multidisciplinary study is strongly influenced by changing global
contexts. The high intensity of transnational interaction makes this study experience an expansion
of issues, actors and methodologies. This can be traced through the dichotomy of high politics and
low politics after the cold war ended. High politics issues including international security and
sovereignty dominated by state actors are no longer the only option in the study of International
Relations. Low politics topics such as economics, environment, culture, and education then become
a concern for HI researchers. One interesting issue for further elaboration is the issue of education.
Education becomes very crucial because the quality of education in a country is considered to
determine how the quality of the country. In that sense, the ability and intelligence of the people
can contribute to the achievement of the goals of the state, so that everyone has the right to receive
education and to grow and develop their qualities. Therefore, the state should facilitate educational
facilities and infrastructure so that its citizens can get a good education. According to UNESCO's
report on education delivered in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, the condition of education in
the world is so alarming. In the report, UNESCO stated that 57 million children worldwide did not
go to school, while 774 million adults worldwide were illiterate.
If we look at the quality of education in Indonesia, at present, Indonesia is included in a category

that is not yet good. According to the 2012 Education For All Global Monitoring Report issued by
UNESCO each year, Indonesia's education is ranked 64th for education worldwide from a total of
120 countries (Harahap, 2013). According to statistics from UNESCO, from a total of 61 countries,
Indonesia is ranked 60th with a low literacy level. 59th place is filled by Thailand and last place is
filled by Botswana. While Finland is ranked first with a high literacy level, almost reaching 100%.
This data clearly shows that the high reading interest in Indonesia is still far behind Singapore and
Malaysia. Other research data conducted by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the
level of education based on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia is still relatively low,
which is 14.6%. This percentage is much lower than Malaysia which reached 28% and Singapore
which reached 33%. In fact, Indonesia has invested a lot of resources in the field of education.
Education dominates Indonesia's social spending and 20% of Indonesia's budget is allocated in the

education sector. However, this does not mean that all schools in Indonesia have everything they
need because schools in some areas have not been adequately facilitated.
The data above shows that Indonesia is in a big problem, and the above problems are not enough
to be responded to by the Government alone, but by all parties. The big problem above seems to
be important for the literacy community in Makassar. Based on this background it is important to
research more about the activities of the international network development by the literacy
community. The research focuses on identifying and analyzing the international network of the local
Makassar literacy community in response to the problem of Education.
Methods
This research uses qualitative research. According to John W. Cresswell, qualitative research is an
approach to explore and understand the meaning (meaning) which by a number of individuals or
groups of people ascribed to social and humanitarian problems. The data in this study are classified
into 2 namely primary data and secondary data Primary Data is data obtained from informants or
research objects. Primary data in this study were obtained through direct interviews or by
observation methods. Secondary Data is data obtained through data collection techniques that
support primary data or by intermediaries and not directly. Secondary data in this study are books,
journals, research reports or archives, both published and unpublished.
Data processing begins with the process of selecting data related to research, compilation of data,
classification of data in an effort to classify, classify, and sort data based on certain classifications
determined by researchers. Next is the processing of data that has been classified and then the data
is analyzed and continued with the preparation of written words based on data that has been
prepared logically and systematically. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive
argumentative which sees social traditions which are realized in the perspective of research. The
next step the researcher draws a conclusion that contains the essence of the whole set of research
activities
Preliminary Result
In our preliminary study conducted in 2018 there were at least 25 literacy communities that were
active in Makassar City. These communities were initially founded on their own initiative and capital
without relying on the government or other private parties. On May 26, 2016, Kompas covered the
phenomenon in a full page, the coverage was titled "Literacy Guerrilla". In this coverage,
information was obtained that this community tried to present alternative spaces to bring literacy
closer to audiences from various work backgrounds and ages. In its journey these literacy
communities were identified as being able to build networks on a global scale. This is certainly
interesting considering that these communities are self-supporting and voluntary based, but they

are able to contribute and even have access to build and bind international networks to contribute
to improving the quality of education and literacy in Indonesia, especially in Makassar.
In this study 5 respondents were interviewed who were representatives of 5 literacy communities
in the city of Makassar. The literacy community includes Kampung Buku, Kedai Buku Jenny,
Philosophia, Kata Kerja and Rumata ’Art Space. Today, Makassar's public awareness of literacy is
increasing. This was marked by the presence of various literacy communities in Makassar whose aim
was to accelerate public interest in literacy through the work programs of these communities. Some
of these communities have even survived for more than 5 years, such as Jenny's Bookshop,
Philosophia, Kata Kerja, Rumata Art Space, and Kampung Buku.
This research found that in the implementation of the program the local literacy community has
moved to build an international network. Of the five communities that we interviewed, four of them
had international networks. At present, Kampung Buku has been connected to a network of cultural
programs in southeast Asia through the Mekong Cultural Hub. In addition, Rumata 'Art Space also
has an international collaboration network in the Makassar International Writers Festival.
Furthermore, Kedai Buku Jenny became part of a global community based in Japan, "Pecha Kucha
Night". While the Kata Kerja Community has developed cooperation with Mars International for the
development of literacy in Makassar.
Local literacy communities can succeed in building international networks because of their ability to
build narratives to form a collective identity. One explanation was explained by Alberto Melucci who
argues that collective identity is the process of forming a system of action. This collective identity is
the result of interactions and shared ideas carried out by several individuals or groups about the
orientation of an action and the opportunities and challenges of implementing that action.
Interacting and sharing is what makes Melucci define collective identity as a process. Because
through this the identity is then constructed and negotiated.1 This collective identity that builds
engagement between the local community and its international network
Conclusions
This research concludes that in its efforts to respond to educational problems, the Local Literacy
Community is able to build and mobilize resources through international networks. Local literacy
communities can succeed in building international networks because of their ability to build
narratives to form a collective identity. This collective identity that builds coherence between the
local community and its international network.
1
Hank Johnston dan Bert Klandermans (ed.). Social Movements and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Hal. 44-45

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of Minnesota Press.

DEVELOPMENT OF BUREAUCRACY IN EXCELLENT SERVICE
(CASE STUDY: LICENSING SERVICES IN PINRANG DISTRICT)
Badu Ahmad
Department of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar -Indonesia
Emal: badu@unhas.ac.id
Adnan Nasution
Department of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar -Indonesia
Emal: adnan_ugm@yahoo.com
Introduction
The development of human resources in the public sector is the key to the success of the goals of
government and development. In the context of regional autonomy, improving performance is the
benchmark of any government apparatus in carrying out its authority. According to Enceng,
Lestyyodono (2008) Local government officials should adhere to the customer-driven paradigm,
namely as a community service. In realizing excellent service coveted by the people of a nation, it is
strongly influenced by the competent and professional apparatus resources in carrying out their
main tasks and functions. The problem faced by local governments is the limitations of the
apparatus from the quality aspect in carrying out their main tasks and functions. Efforts to address
this problem the Pinrang District Government is required to develop apparatus competencies as
part of bureaucratic reform, especially to optimize the utilization of local government apparatus in
serving and meeting various community needs.
The requirement to improve the competency of government officials is to provide opportunities and
opportunities to improve education to a higher level and develop skills and expertise according to
the development of science and technology and the demands of work. This is in line with Gibson's
view, (1996), Thoha (1988) that one's ability, the maturity of the government apparatus is related
to the knowledge and skills obtained from education, training, and experience.
Methods
In this study, using a qualitative approach to describe the development of apparatus competencies
in realizing excellent service. The research locus is the Office of Investment and Integrated One-Stop
Services of Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Determination of informants in the study was
carried out by purposive sampling in the field with the criteria that the informants were believed to
have sufficient and valid data and information. The data collection techniques in this study are (1)
Observation; (2) Independent interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), (3) Documentation. The
data analysis technique used in this study is an interactive model from Miles and Huberman (2014),

which includes three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion or data
verification.
Results
Competency Perspective
Enceng (2008) competence is defined as knowledge, skills and abilities that are mastered by
someone who has become a part of him so that he can perform cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor behaviours as well as possible. Whereas Sofo (1999) suggests that competency does
not only content knowledge, skills and attitudes but most importantly is the application of
knowledge and skills and attitudes needed by the job. Furthermore, Harmon and Mayer (1986)
suggest that the capacity of the government apparatus is used to support the democratic and
accountable governance management process.
Spancer and Spancer (1993) competency Apparatus resources are formed by five things, namely l
motives, character, self-concept (central competence), knowledge, and skills (individual
competencies are the intent). Central competencies that encourage the use of knowledge and skills
possessed. Furthermore, Robbins (1998) revealed that one's competence is closely related to
intelligence possessed. There are two competencies, namely personal competence, including self-
regulation, self-awareness, and motivation. While social competence includes empathy and social
skills. Intellectual competence and physical abilities are individual capacities in carrying out their
work. According to Enceng (2008) the acquisition of employee mentality or regional officials with
behavioural standards that can bring bureaucratic capability, not only proactive, cooperative but
expected to be adaptive and responsive so that public organizations can follow changes and
demands of society.
Competence Development of Bureaucratic Apparatus Towards Excellent Service

Increasing the competency of local government apparatus as an effort to improve the quality of
public service delivery as the main condition in realizing excellent service is a key indicator of the
successful implementation of local government activities. Every local government apparatus has
sincerity, openness, discipline, ethics and morality, thinking modern, professional, and superior
work culture. According to Sulistiyani and Keban (2004), the development of apparatus resources
that are relevant to good governance and improved service performance include mental-spiritual
development to strengthen personality, honesty, sense of responsibility, friendship, and loyalty.
Development of employee behaviour includes the enforcement of discipline, high responsiveness
to change. While the development of capabilities, skills and skills is intended to achieve
professionalism, work efficiency, work effectiveness, and productivity. This is in line with Wodruffe's
(1993) view of the competency dimension to realize excellent service including communication
skills, sensitivity and awareness outside the organization, tenacity, creativity, risk-taking, initiative,
tolerance to stress, adaptability.

According to Sudarmanto (2009), individual competencies can boost employee performance in
carrying out tasks that ultimately encourage organizational performance. Competencies that must
be possessed by individuals include integrity and honesty, control and self-awareness, self-
development, achievement orientation, self-confidence, organizational commitment, initiative and
proactive, creative and innovation, cognitive abilities, ability to manage change, excellent service
orientation, leadership, ability managerial, building cooperation, managing conflict. According to
Covey, (1997) Cooper & Sawaf (2001), Zwell, M (2000) integrity and honesty competencies are the
necessary capital in climbing career ladders, producing collaborative activities and high levels of
achievement, unifying words with actions and obeying actions against what promised. To be a
successful leader, integrity and honesty are one of the important prerequisites that must be owned.
According to Ress, D. & McBain, R. (2007) Future leaders' success is determined by emotional
intelligence, including self-awareness, self-motivation, and empathy and interpersonal sensitivity.
Emotional intelligence gives birth to the ability to manage feelings and emotions, be sensitive to the
needs of others, the balance between motives and ethical behaviour and responsibility.
Competency development Human resources such as (a) input-based competencies, emphasize
manager-fit strategies through the appointment of employees for the organization as a whole in the
form of human resource integration. (b) transformational competence; emphasizing innovation and
utilization of entrepreneurship through the process of forming and disseminating employee
behaviour based on creativity, cooperation and mutual trust. (c) Output-based competencies; more
emphasis on higher involvement of employees through a positive learning process, building a good
reputation and positive relationships with stakeholders.
Service-oriented human resource competencies have an impact on increasing employee and
community job satisfaction. Human resources who are satisfied with their performance will always
try their best to provide services that satisfy the needs and desires of the community. Competence
and Professionalism Government apparatus emphasizes the ability, expertise and skills of
government officials in providing public services that are democratic, responsive, transparent,
accountable, efficient and effective. The professionalism of the government apparatus includes the
commitment and innovation carried out by employees in supporting the implementation of work
efficiently and effectively.
Excellent service
According to Adisasmita, Raharjo (2011), the mission and purpose of public sector organizations are
to strive to give satisfaction to the public in interest through excellent public services and maintain
public trust / c. In line with Rahmayanti's opinion (2010), excellent service is an excellent service and
exceeding customer expectations. Whereas Wiranta, Dayat (2015) said that the impression of the
Indonesian people is less satisfied with public services that are complicated, old, expensive, less
accurate. Today the community demands excellent service, which is quick-easy-cheap-accurate.
Excellent public service requires a competent and professional government apparatus in carrying
out their primary duties and functions. H.A.S. Munir (2006) emphasized that every employee should

have adequate abilities and skills in carrying out work well and quickly in meeting the needs of the
community. The regional government apparatus is competent in its field of duty, an appropriate
condition for the implementation of an efficient and effective government. The resources of the
government apparatus must have a work ethic such as diligence, hard work, high discipline,
restraint, perseverance, resilience, which is very supportive for the realization of the ministry of
rhyme. Ahmad, Badu (2017) argued that apparatus competence and professionalism were not the
only way to create excellent service because other alternatives were creating systems and
simplifying efficient work procedures, clarity and certainty of costs and times of service, security
and comfort, openness, fairness, accuracy of results, ease of access, complete facilities and
infrastructure, and responsiveness to complaints and needs of the community.
Law Number 25 the Year 2009, the essence of public service is the provision of excellent service to
the community as a manifestation of the obligation of government officials as servants of the state
and society. This, confirmed by Ahmad, Badu (2018) excellent service is an excellent service in
fulfilling needs by the sense and subjective values of the community concerned. In the Decree of
the Minister of Administrative Reform Number 63 of 2004, it is stated that service providers must
fulfil several principles and operational standards of service procedures and be published as a
guarantee of certainty for service recipients. The service standard is a measure that is standardized
in the implementation of public services and must be adhered to by the service provider and
recipient.
Competence as part of the professionalism of government officials as a condition for realizing good
governance in public services (Tjokrowinoto, (1996). Competence emphasizes intellectual
competence including the ability, skills and expertise of government officials in providing
responsive, transparent, effective and efficient services. Competent and professional local
government apparatus can work effectively if supported by the suitability of the educational
background with the workload that is their responsibility. The self-potential and ability of the
regional government apparatus are reflected in loyalty, discipline, innovation, productivity, and
creativity. The regional government is upholding the values of honesty, ethics, and openness in
carrying out the duties and functions of services that are free from nuances of corruption, collusion
and hassle. The standard of competence and professionalism of the government apparatus is
accountability in serving the community. Also, regulation is needed as a standard that regulates the
behaviour of service personnel to act professionally in carrying out their main tasks and functions.
Based on secondary data on the condition of the state civil apparatus based on the level of education
in the Pinrang District One-Stop Investment Service and Integrated Services Office, of 33 state civil
apparatus 28 (84.84% have high education, and only 5 people (15.16%). School Education Above
and equivalent, the data shows that the level of master, bachelor and diploma education possessed
by the government apparatus is quite potential to develop competence and professionalism
according to the demands and needs of the work, supported by interviews with AM as the head of
office "that the level of Masters education, bachelor, and diploma owned by licensing service
officers contribute to the development of competencies and professionalism in carrying out the
main tasks and functions of licensing services. As the leader of the organization, always encourages

and encourages employees to learn according to the development of science and technology
information. Only employees who have talent, enthusiasm for learning to develop their
competencies can follow any changes in policies, work systems, and procedures, as well as
community demands ”(interview, 9 July 2019). This is in Senge's (1990) view that employees who
are learners play an urgent, vital, and strategic role in increasing the capacity of government
organizations so that the apparatus within them has equitable abilities by the demands of change
and work systems in a sustainable manner.
Whereas the results of the H.N interview in relation to employee competency in the licensing service
section said "employees placed in service units are carried out selectively and based on criteria;
applications that are on the computer, have social intelligence in the form, friendly, and caring
attitude to the community, time and work discipline. Also, to create comfort for service and visitor
officers, service units are equipped with air conditioning, bureau seats, dispensers, waiting rooms,
reading materials, TV, breastfeeding rooms for mothers who have babies, wheelchairs for those in
need. " Furthermore, the results of the M.N interview showed that the complete facilities and
infrastructure of services we're able to improve the professionalism and performance of licensing
services. Even the one-stop integrated service unit gets rank III National in excellent service in the
licensing field." (Interview, 10 July 2019).
The strategy carried out by the Regional Government of Pinrang Regency in South Sulawesi in
improving the competency of regional government officials contained in the policy of developing
regional apparatus refers to the dimensions of competence according to Spancer and Spencer
(1993) that competence is formed by (1) motives ) namely the encouragement or desire of the
government apparatus to improve competencies according to job requirements, (2) traits, namely
talent and self potential of an employee developed through teamwork, (3) self concept, namely the
ability of the apparatus to channel ideas, ideas brilliant to realize excellent service, (4) knowledge,
namely competence development through the development of education to a higher level, (5) skills
(skills) that are prominent individual competencies so that in carrying out the main tasks the service
function is more effective and efficient. Based on the results of A.Y.R's interview that the Pinrang
District Government's policy on the development of apparatus from various dimensions was
mentioned "that the development of apparatus competencies from the dimensions of knowledge
and skills is carried out through education and training according to job requirements, technical
guidance on licensing services and investment. While the dimensions of motives, character, self-
concept, it is challenging to develop the programmatically because it collides with the standard and
rigid aspects of the rules. Besides that, employee rotation tends to pay less attention to the
suitability between the competencies possessed and the main tasks and functions so that it
influences the decline in employee performance. Also, the Regional Government develops
competence through strengthening spiritual, social, and emotional intelligence, so that service
personnel are protected from extortion, corruption, collusion and nepotism. (interview, 11 July
2019. While the results of the D.M interview that one of the factors inhibiting the development of
the competency of government officials in the Investment and Integrated One-Stop Service Office
is budget constraints.

Conclusions
The results of the study show that the distribution of employees based on competency to parts and
sub-sections in the Investment Office and the One-Stop Integrated Service Environment is not by
the results of evaluation and job analysis. This is one of the inhibiting factors in realizing excellent
service in the field of licensing. The dimensions of competency, according to Spancer and Spencer
(1993) cannot be fully developed to improve the competence of local government officials. The
Pinrang District Government makes a policy to develop the competency of state civil servants and
regional honorary employees in the form of Education and training after work needs, functional
technical guidance in the field of investment and licensing services, human relations technical
guidance, online service technical guidance, guidance for strengthening spiritual intelligence , social,
and emotional so that service personnel avoid abuse of authority and responsibility as community
service. However, there are several obstacles in developing the competency of regional government
officials, among others; limitations of the Regional Budget, the low incentive of temporary
employees who have excellent morale.
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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WATER DRINKING COMPANIES BASED ON BALANCED
SCORECARD (BS) IN MAKASSAR CITY
1Badu
Ahmad
Teaching Staff, Department of Administration Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Emal: badu@unhas.ac.id
2Baharuddin
2Rakhmat
Emal:
4Adnan
Nasution
Emal: adnan_ugm@yahoo.com
Introduction
Various highlights have emerged regarding the performance of the Makassar Regional Drinking
Water Company, because customers in the Sub-District of Tamalanrea, East Manggala, Biringkanaya
found that many customers did not enjoy drinking water despite the rainy season. The lack of water
flowing into people's homes is caused by: (a) there is a pipe leak resulting in waste of water disposal
that is not on target, (b) difficulty in getting raw water, (c) employees who are not yet competent,
d) limited infrastructure, (e) weak monitoring and supervision in the field, (f) high operational costs.
Based on the results of preliminary observations made that drinking water services are not
maximized in Makassar City, it is important to analyze the performance of regional drinking water
companies from a balanced scorecard perspective covering aspects: finance, customers, internal
business operations and growth and learning. Based on the above phenomenon, the research aims
to describe and analyze the performance of Regional Drinking Water Companies from the Balance
Scorecard Perspective covering aspects of Finance, Customers, Internal Operations of the company;
and Growth and learning.

Performance Concept
If the management of the organization has employees who are competent, respect and treat it well
it will influence attitudes and behaviors in performance shows. Through evaluation and monitoring
performance periodically aims to determine the achievement of performance progress. The results
of the assessment became feedback between superiors and subordinates to improve and maintain
Wibowo's performance (2011). The results of individual performance evaluations are used to assess
the ability of employees, the level of employee performance, payroll, rewards, transfers, and
promotions in office. On the other hand as a basis for improving the ability and expertise of
employees through education and training.
According to Chaizi N (2004), organizational performance is the overall effectiveness of the

organization to meet the defined needs of each group with regard to systemic business ventures.
The success of individual performance is very influential on organizational performance.
Assessment of the performance of organizations in the public sector as a government must be done
as part of the accountability accountability of the institution to the community (Mohamad Mahsun,
2006). This is very necessary considering that the financing used by public sector institutions comes
from taxes, levies, and other state revenues. which is regulated by law. The existence of regional
drinking water companies in Makassar City is a public good managed by the government in order to
obtain profits as part of the regional income source. For this reason, the regional water company is
controlled, monitored by the Makassar City Government. Periodically the Mayor of Makassar
requests a report on the company's performance as part of the supervisory function.
Performance Measurement
According to Sinambela (2012), the main aspects of the important aspects of obtaining
considerations in measuring organizational performance include: (1) Resources, (2) Output, seen
profit and Return On Investment (ROI), (3) provision of time to serve customers, ( 4) Flexibility,
management responds to changes and the ability to serve various types of requests Whereas
Mohamad Mahsun, (2006: 31) Measuring the performance of public sector organizations includes
six aspects, namely: (1) Input groups (2) Process groups (3) Output groups (4) Result groups (5)
Benefit groups (6) Impact groups. Furthermore, the Development Audit Board (2000), there are six
scopes of public sector performance measurement, namely: (1) Policy, (2) Planning and budgeting,
(3) Quality, (4) Savings, (5) Justice, (6) Accountability. Dwiyanto (1995: 48) indicator of measuring
bureaucratic performance is productivity. Productivity in general is understood as a ratio between
input and output. Whereas Wibowo, (20011) Performance measurement is related to results that
can be quantified and seek data after the event. Meanwhile, performance indicators are used for
activities that can only be determined more qualitatively on the basis of observable behavior.
Performance indicators also suggest a prospective perspective (future expectations) rather than
retrospectively (looking back). Furthermore Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson in Wibowo (2011)

suggested that the main indicators of performance measurement were goal (goalas) and motives
(motive).
Performance Management in the Balanced Scorecard (BS) Perspective
Financial performance can be seen in the organization's ability to produce products that can
increase company profits. The company still exists if it is able to provide customer satisfaction. The
internal performance of the organization is characterized by the ability to increase productivity and
employee satisfaction which has an impact on increasing company profits. For high productivity and
quality products must be supported by the formation of good performance management, namely
employees must be given training as appropriate learning and development so as to encourage
increased organizational performance.
Measurements to Perspectives Based on the Balanced Scorecard (BS) are long-term, as follows:
Financial data
Description
2014 (Rp) 2015 (Rp) 2016 (Rp) 2017 (Rp) 2018 (Rp)
Operating 124.222.699.900 130.600.977.562 154.764.848.618 137.529.684.469 125.008.486.099

Income
Operating 91.386.443.088 66.178.252.440 69.429.619.181 70.263.808.960 71.132.880.651

Expenses
Net Income 24.020.184.562 47.622.973.849 64.043.873.437 75.620.119.370 40.490.733.785

after Taxes
Total Assets 286.019.495.664 317.078.695.924 377.825.129.281 431.244.514.860 417.526.451.681
Based on the calculation of the ROI formula, it can be explained that the financial performance of
PDAM Kota Makassar has fluctuated. The lowest ROI value occurred in 2014 and 2018, namely only
8.40% and 9.70%. The decline occurred because the increase in total assets was not proportional to
the increase in the company's net profit. Another thing is caused by: (1) the large amount of arrears
in payment of water levies, (2) many pipes are leaking so that water distribution is not optimal. (3)
inaccurate customer water meters, (4) use of water without an account. Even though the ROI value
is lower than that
Even though the ROI value is lower than in 2017 it does not mean that the PDAM's performance is
very low because PDAM management continues to strive to maximize water discharge from the
three water sources, namely Bili Bili, Jeneberang, and Lekopaccing. Financial performance was quite
significant in 2015 (15.02%), 2016 (16.95%) and 2017 amounting to 17.54%. The increase in ROI was

caused by: (1) an increase in assets in proportion to the income received in the current year, (2)
replacement of old distribution pipes, (3) making a distribution area, (4) availability of raw water
with pumping systems with a discharge of 2.984 18 liters / second.
Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) is used to measure the turnover of all assets owned by the company
and measure the amount of sales obtained from each asset rupture. Based on the calculation of the
TATO formula above, it can be explained that fluctuations in total assets turn over in the Municipal
Water Company Makassar. The highest TATO was obtained in 2014, amounting to 43.43%, a
decrease in 2017 of 31.89% and 2018 of 29.94%. The decline occurred due to a high increase in total
assets, which amounted to IDR 431,244,514,860 in 2017 and IDR 417,526,451,681 in 2018.
Company Performance from the Customer Perspective
Based on the results of the calculation of customer satisfaction positions obtained a score of 5600
is in the interval 4648 5824 which means that most customers in the category are satisfied with the
service received from the officer.
Company Performance from the Internal Operations Perspective
Based on the results of calculations using EMR obtained values of 0.79 in 2014, 0.74 in 2015, 078 in
2016, 0.70 in 2017, and 078 in 2018. All ratios resulting from these calculations are in the good
category means Regional Municipal Water Companies Makassar has worked effectively and
efficiently.
Company Performance from the Learning and Growth Perspective
The employee satisfaction index aims to determine the level of employee satisfaction. The sum of
all respondents totaling 50 employees got a score of 1900 which was in the range of 1700 2100
categorized as satisfied. This means that the management and staff of the Makassar City Drinking
Water Company are satisfied with the salaries earned, promotions and jobs faced every day.
The level of productivity shows that based on the results of the calculation of the level of employee
productivity of the Regional Water Company experienced fluctuations due to an imbalance between
operating income and the number of employees working. But there is a significant relationship
between employee satisfaction and work productivity. In line with the results of the study by
Haeruddin, Maulana (2018) that measuring employee performance with a persuasive learning and
growth can be used as a strategic reference to develop regional companies. Contributions to the
development of employees in the form of education and training, technical guidance has
significantly increased to increase job satisfaction and employee productivity. This is in line with the
results of Mayasari's research (2015) that if employees receive sufficient hours of training according
to their job needs, they will improve the performance of their learning and growth perspective
better.

Conclusion
The measurement results of the performance of the Makassar City Water Supply Company based
on the Balanced Scorecard are in good category, but the Makassar City Government and company
management need to make improvements to achieve maximum performance. The company's
performance from a financial perspective has fluctuated over the past five years due to the increase
in total assets not proportional to the increase in net income. As for the suggestions submitted
based on the results of the research, the management of the Makassar City Drinking Water
Company seeks to increase profit after tax so that the value of Return on Investment (ROI) will no
longer decrease in the year that will come. The strategies that can be carried out include: (1) adding
water sources, (2) adding pipelines to meet community needs, (3) overcoming pipe leaks, (4)
replacing damaged customer water meters, (5) recording correct water . Likewise, Total Assets Turn
Over (TATO) will be more stable if PDAM management increases revenue from clean water services
from customers. Company performance from the customer's perspective is in the category of being
quite satisfied. However, the management of the company continues its efforts to increase
customer satisfaction so that the payment of the account is on time, avoiding the use of clean water
that is not billed. Although the level of employee satisfaction is related to salary, promotion, and
the work itself is in a good category. However, it should be considered to accept employees for the
next five years because employee productivity has experienced fluctuations over the past five years,
even though training and technical guidance have been carried out.
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Wibowo, 2011. Manajemen Kinerja, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITIME SECURITY GEO-STRATEGIC
LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA TOWARDS INDONESIA’S
“JOKOWI” CONTEMPORARY FOREIGN POLICY
Darwis Beddu
Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: dbundhy@yahoo.com
Abdul Razaq Cangara (Corresponding Author)

Email: acacangara@unhas.ac.id
Bama Andika Putra

Email: bama@unhas.ac.id
1. Introduction
Southeast Asia always becomes the avenue for geostrategic competitions among the major powers. During
the cold war, the competition was between the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR), exposing a geostrategic competition in Southeast Asian region, competing for the ideological sphere
of influence expansion. The US expanded the ideology of liberal capitalism, and meanwhile, USSR extended
its communist ideology to the region. For the sake of it, both countries balanced its other by extending
strategic alliance in the region, that caused several proxy wars, including Vietnam war, and Indonesia’s
assault in East Timor (Blackwill and Tellis 2015).
After the cold war ended in 1991 where the USSR had fallen apart and made the triumph of the US and liberal
capitalism ideology, the US then turned as a superpower dominating world order. However, despite enjoying
the preponderance of power and global domination, along with it, other major powers have begun to
emerge, both in terms of economic and political power. One of them is China. It has been growing
economically, politically, and militarily powerful since its economic opening in 1980s. To date, it has become
the apparent rival of the US, competing for dominance in the Asia-Pacific, including the Southeast Asian
region (Mearsheimer 2006). Both countries mostly have immense interests in Southeast Asia. The US, for
instance, besides the need to assure its security alliance system in Southeast Asia, it also needs to assure and
safeguards the freedom of commercial navigation in the South China Sea (SCS), in order to give security to
its and trade counterpart’s commercial ship doing export and import. To do so, it maintains its military
presence in the region concurrently with ensuring the peaceful settlement of maritime disputes between
China and other claimants in the SCS (including Southeast Asian claimant states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei,
Vietnam, and the Philippines) (Art 2010). On the other hand, China’s rising as a foremost economic power
have been followed by the extended interest of becoming a regional hegemon. It has continued to enhance
its strategic-military capabilities, aligning it with the expansion of its political-economic influence over
Southeast Asian region, including to back up its assertive territorial claims in the SCS. Accordingly, as said by
former Ambassador of US to China Robert Blackwill (2015) that China has an intention to erode the US

influence in Asia. It is critical for China, since to become a regional hegemon, it must supersede the US
dominance and tear apart its alliance system in the region (Blackwill and Tellis 2015; Xu 2014).
Having the above mentioned conflicting interests, they have brought both the US and China in a great
maritime rivalry in Southeast Asia. It is apparent in their recent maritime geostrategic moves in it. The US per
se, since Obama administration, has extended foreign policy of US pivot/rebalance in Asia in 2009
emphasizing the enhancement of military presence in Asia, including in Southeast Asia, such as adding more
military personnel in Singapore and the Philippines, stationing four littoral combat ships in Singapore, and
extending military cooperation with other Southeast Asian countries (Manyin et al. 2012). Balancing against
the US, China consistently modernizes its military, increasing its military expenditure with ten times increase
every year to support its interests. Even further, China has initiated an ambitious mega project of Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), including its subset of land reclamation in the SCS, emphasizing land and maritime
infrastructure connectivity that will connect its economy with Asia and Europe. All these moves have recently
incurred a new reality of changing dynamics of geostrategic maritime security in the Southeast Asian region.
Nevertheless, these geostrategic maritime rivalries appear different from the previous rivalries of the US and
USSR, where the geostrategic competition was for the sake of ideological expansion. Meanwhile, the US and
China geostrategic “maritime” rivalries put them more onto geo-economic competition, aiming for ensuring
the market for their exports and other economic benefits(Damuri et al. 2019; Wang and Yin 2014; Wong, E.,
and Buckley 2015).
For Southeast Asian countries, there is a necessity to recalibrate their foreign policy amid the rivalries
between the US and China. This situation is also not exclusive to Indonesia. As a leading country both
regionally of Southeast Asia and institutionally of ASEAN, Indonesia's international behavior, for sure, will
also determine the geostrategic power play in it. Therefore, this research is interested in investigating
Indonesia's foreign policy under Joko Widodo first term presidentship amidst the changing dynamics of
maritime security geostrategic landscape, caused by US-China rivalries in the region (Damuri et al. 2019; Walt
2015). Therefore, this research raises a question to answer, encompassing “how does Indonesia respond
towards such changing maritime security geostrategic landscape”?
2. Methods
2.1 Type of research
The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. This method explains Indonesia’s foreign policy response
under Joko Widodo administration towards the changing maritime security geo-strategic landscape of
Southeast Asia.
2.2 Data collection and analysis technique
The data collection technique used to acquire the necessary data for this research is literature review. The
method covers the examination of various literatures related to the problems studied, encompassing books,
journals, documents, papers, reports, magazines, newspapers, and articles related to research problems.
Also, the data analysis technique used the by authors is qualitative analysis techniques.

2.4 Writing methodology
The writing method used is a deductive method, by describing the problem in general first, then narrowing
its scope of discussion specifically, and drawing specific conclusions in analyzing the data afterwards.
3. Preliminary Results: The Changing Maritime Geostrategic Landscape of Southeast Asia: Impact towards
Indonesia’s Foreign Policy
Responding to the geostrategic dynamics in Southeast Asia, President Joko Widodo envisions Indonesia to
take advantages from such changing regional constellation. He decides to advance Indonesia as a maritime
power that has a central position in the dynamics of the international relations in Asia-Pacific. For this sake,
in East Asia Summit 2014 in Myanmar, he announced Indonesia’s foreign policy agenda of Global Maritime
Fulcrum, envisioning Indonesia not just as an archipelagic but also a maritime country. Through Global
Maritime Fulcrum foreign policy doctrine, he wants to make Indonesia as a great and prosper maritime power
by reinventing its maritime identity, safeguarding its maritime interest, security, and territorial integrity,
empowering maritime potentiality (including shipping and fishing industries), enhancing maritime
infrastructure connectivity, and facility to realize balance economic distribution across Indonesia (Damuri et
al. 2019; Xu 2014).
The most important thing about Global Maritime Fulcrum then is about its inward-looking pragmatic
approach, where any kinds of Indonesia’s international endeavors are directed to secure its national
interests. At this point, this research would analyze the Global Maritime Fulcrum implementation in the
perspective of hedging strategy. The hedging strategy per se is a combination of balancing (competition) and
engagement (cooperation) in dealing with other countries. Accordingly, this research further argues that
there is a dichotomy of interest that Jokowi administration pursues in the Global Maritime Fulcrum doctrines,
encompassing security, and economic interests. In the context of achieving security interests, Indonesia still
carefully behaves and even strategically balances against China. In this case, Indonesia still needs the US
military presence as a strategic partner to tame China’s assertive maritime behavior in the region. It is critical,
as the element of Global Maritime Fulcrum is about ensuring maritime territorial integrity and security. To
this regard, Indonesia realizes that the territorial conflict in the SCS potentially increases the insecurity of the
region bordering to Indonesia. It is evident in the potential China's encroachment and claims over Natuna
sea that directly borders with SCS. The upmost concern to protect Natuna sea is on its richness over natural
gas reserves, which are vital towards Indonesia’s energy security (Damuri et al. 2019; Detik.com 2016;
Holmes 2015; Krepinevich, Jr 2019).
In the context of achieving economic interest, this research argues that Indonesia engages with China
cooperatively, as it provides financial assistance opportunity for Indonesia to succeed its Global Maritime
Fulcrum ambition to realize maritime infrastructure development and connectivity that would reinforce its
position in the global market. Indonesia recognizes its identity as the largest archipelagic states, strategically
linking the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to use and elevate this identity
for the advantages of Indonesia. Still, the lack of quality infrastructure poses stumbling blocks to elevate the
value of such identity. The main problem that the Indonesian government faces is a budget constraint to
finance and fund the infrastructure projects. In the National Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-
2019, it needs at least USD 460 billion or around IDR 5.500 trillion during 2015-2019 to realize its
infrastructure development objectives. Therefore, China’s BRI is expected to help Indonesia out from this

budget constraint, by investing and giving loan to Indonesian government so that it could realize
infrastructure objectives of Global Maritime Fulcrum (Art 2010; Damuri et al. 2019; Ye 2014).
4. Conclusions
As a conclusion, the changing dynamics of the maritime geostrategic landscape of Southeast Asian region
following the declining trend of US military presence and the rise of assertive China do not dictate Indonesia's
foreign policy conduct. Observing the regional dynamics, Indonesia autonomously decided to launch Global
Maritime Fulcrum as its foreign policy doctrines to adapt with such changing regional dynamics. In its
essence, this policy is more inward-looking and pragmatic as it prioritizes the achievement of Indonesia’s
national interest, both in security and economic realms. With this emphasis, Indonesia’s government
cultivate hedging strategy, exposing balancing and engagement strategy to deal with China’s international
behavior in the region.
Reference
Art, Robert J. 2010. “The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul.” Political Science
Quarterly 25(3): 359–91.
Blackwill, Robert D, and Ashley J Tellis. 2015. Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China. Washington, DC.
http://www.cfr.org/china/revising-us-grand-strategy-toward-china/p36371.
Damuri, Yose Rizal, Vidhyandika Perkasa Perkasa, Raymond Atje, and Fajar Hirawan. 2019. Perceptions and
Readiness of Indonesia Towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Jakarta.
Detik.com. 2016. “Tiba Di Natuna, Jokowi Gelar Rapat Di KRI Yang Tembak Kapal Cina.” Detik.com.
Holmes, J. 2015. “The Two Words That Explain China’s Assertive Naval Strategy.” Foreign Policy.
http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/03/the-two-words-that-explain-chinas-naval-strategy-active-
defense/.
Krepinevich, Jr, AF. 2019. “How to Deter China: The Case for Archipelagic Defense.” Foreign Affairs 94(2): 78–
86.
Manyin, ME. et al. 2012. Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Admnistration’s “Rebalancing” Toward Asia.
Washington DC. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2006. “China’s Unpeaceful Rise.” Current History 105(690): 160–62.
http://johnmearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0051.pdf.
Walt, Steven M. 2015. “Where Do We Draw the Line on Balancing China.” Foreign Policy.
http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/27/where-do-we-draw-the-line-on-balancing-china/.
Wang, D, and C Yin. 2014. “Mainland China Debates U.S. Pivot/Rebalancing to Asia.” Issues & Studies 50(3):
57–101.
Wong, E., and Buckley, C. 2015. “China’s Military Budget Increasing 10% for 2015, Official Says.” New York T.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/world/asia/chinas-military-budget-increasing-10-for-2015-
official-says.html?_r=2.
Xu, B. 2014. “South China Sea Tensions.” Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/china/south-
china-sea-tensions/p29790 (May 14, 2014).
Ye, M. 2014. “China’s Silk Road Strategy: Xi Jinping’s Real Answer to the Trans-Pacific Partnership.” Foreign
Policy. http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/10/chinas-silk-road-strategy/ (November 2, 2015).

MAPPING SOCIAL SOLIDARITY OF AN INDONESIA’S POST CONFLICT SOCIETY
Dwia Aries Tina Pulubuhu

Department of Sociology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan,
Makassar, Indonesia
Email: dwiatn@yahoo.com
Andi Ahmad Yani

Department of Administrative Science, Universitas Hasanuddin,
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: aayani@unhas.ac.id
Muhammad Ramli AT
Department of Sociology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan,
Makassar, Indonesia
Email: mramliat@yahoo.com
Muhammad Arsyad
Department of Social and Economic of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin,
Email: arsyad_uh@yahoo.com
Amril Hans
Department of Administrative Sci ence, Universitas Hasanuddin,
Email: amrilhans@unhas.ac.id
Background
Indonesia after the fall of the Soeharto’s military government was marked by increasing ethnic and
religious conflicts and communal violence in several areas such as Ambon (Maluku Province), Poso
(Central Sulawesi), North Luwu (South Sulawesi Province), Sampit (West Kalimantan Province) and
Mamasa (Province West Sulawesi). Likewise, with some conflict-prone areas because of rebels, such
as Aceh and Irian Jaya (Papua), which also experienced high escalation in 1998. This communal
conflict resulted in 10,000 deaths from 1997 to 2001 (Bertrand, 2004) and around 1, 3 million people
have to flee to avoid becoming victims of this bloody conflict (Shewfelt, 2007).
The intensity of this communal conflict gradually declined after the government succeeded in
breaking down the conflict since 2002 through enhancing public security and insisting conflict
groups to halted the conflict with peace talks. For example, peaceful meetings of Malino 1 and 2 for
terminating ethno-religious conflicts in Maluku and Poso. Likewise, the Helsinki MoU to end the
three-decade of conflict with the Free Aceh movement in 2004. In addition, beside peace meeting,
the government also applied decentralization policy to enhance quality of public services and
capacity of local government that contribute to violent conflict mitigation (Yani, 2013; Rusyiana et
al., 2017).

Although this conflict has subsided, it does not rule out the possibility of reappearing in a different
form. This is supported by study of the World Bank (2010) which indicates that there was a
transformation of the type of violence after communal violence in the previous decade. According
to World Bank’s (ibid) data that communal violence transforms from massive violence to routine
violence which can be categorized into five types of violence as following.
First, violence relates to the decentralization of democracy in terms of the implementation of
elections or political succession at the local level (province and district levels). Moreover, the split
of regions (province or district) which was tended to involve feuds between ethnic or religious
groups. The second type of violence is related to control of resources issues. Violence in this
category can be in the form of 3 types of conflicts, namely: conflicts between farmer groups,
conflicts between farmers and companies or industries, and conflicts between farmers and the
government involving security forces. The third conflict category refers to violence that occurs as a
result of weak law enforcement. This type of violence refers to vigilante actions for criminal acts.
And the last type of violence is related to identity which is a type of violent conflict prevalent in the
past decade (World Bank, 2010).
The four types of violence are vulnerable to occur in post-conflict communities. The vulnerability of
the post-conflict community over the recurrence of conflict is partly due to lack of social trust and
social solidarity (Mitton, 2009). Concept of social solidarity was firstly proposed by Durkheim (1947)
and argued that social solidarity is essential element of society (Evans (1977). Durkheim identified
two types of social solidarity, first is mechanical which refers to society governed by collective
consciousness and solidarity is built upon likeness and uniform, such as religious groups. The second
is organic solidarity that occurs in an organization which characterized with specialization and
interdependence. This type of solidarity is developed based on sharing collective understanding and
social exchange (Alfirdaus et al., 2015)
Methods
This study was conducted in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, because it is a post-conflict
area and is prone to have re-emergence of conflict. Poso Regency consists of 18 sub-districts with
an area of 8,712.25 km² and has a population of 225,379 inhabitants (Poso Statistics Bureau, 2013).
The research was conducted in August 2017.
This study employs quantitative method by distributing questionnaires in sub-districts in Poso
randomly. There were 450 questionnaires were distributed and 373 respondents or 83 percent were
returned. The results of the questionnaire data were analyzed by descriptive statistical method with
frequency and percentage to analyze trend of respondents' tendency to their degree of social
solidarity.

Results
Table 1: It is very difficult to find friends in this community
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly
93 24.9 24.9 24.9
disagree
Disagree 183 49.1 49.1 74.0
Agree 71 19.0 19.0 93.0
Strongly
26 7.0 7.0 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 2: Our schools do not work optimally to prepare their students to be able
to live more independently later
Valid Cumulative
Valid Strongly
122 32.7 32.7 32.7
disagree
Disagree 194 52.0 52.0 84.7
Agree 54 14.5 14.5 99.2
Strongly
3 .8 .8 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 3: The government has been working well and fairly for all citizens
Valid Cumulative
Strongly
21 5.6 5.6 5.9
disagree
Disagree 87 23.3 23.3 29.2
Valid Agree 226 60.6 60.6 89.8
Strongly
38 10.2 10.2 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0

Table 4: The condition of our community is very peaceful
Valid Cumulative
Valid Strongly
22 5.9 5.9 5.9
disagree
Disagree 106 28.4 28.4 34.3
Agree 198 53.1 53.1 87.4
Strongly
47 12.6 12.6 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 5: Most people here are very friendly to me
Valid Cumulative
Strongly
18 4.8 4.8 5.4
disagree
Disagree 152 40.8 40.8 46.1
Valid Agree 182 48.8 48.8 94.9
Strongly
19 5.1 5.1 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 6: Families in this community always maintain

and control their children properly
Valid Cumulative
Valid Strongly
21 5.6 5.6 5.6
disagree
Disagree 94 25.2 25.2 30.8
Agree 174 46.6 46.6 77.5
Strongly
83 22.3 22.3 99.7
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0

Table 7: All worship houses in my community work together
Valid Cumulative
Valid Strongly
18 4.8 4.8 4.8
disagree
Disagree 68 18.2 18.2 23.1
Agree 197 52.8 52.8 75.9
Strongly
90 24.1 24.1 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 8: Almost everyone is polite and friendly to me
Valid Cumulative
Strongly
17 4.6 4.6 4.8
disagree
Disagree 151 40.5 40.5 45.3
Valid Agree 184 49.3 49.3 94.6
Strongly
20 5.4 5.4 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0
Table 9: Our school prepares their students to continue their studies in college
Valid Cumulative
Strongly
10 2.7 2.7 2.9
disagree
Disagree 38 10.2 10.2 13.1
Valid Agree 196 52.5 52.5 65.7
Strongly
128 34.3 34.3 100.0
agree
Total 373 100.0 100.0

Conclusions
this study indicates that the Poso people still tend to identify themselves with religion compared to
other identities. In addition, their social solidarity is still quite low with family relations and fellow
religions still taking precedence. Nevertheless, some respondents acknowledged that Poso is now
safer and cooperation between religions must always be prioritized. In addition, they also greatly
appreciated the efforts of the local government to maintain security and peace in Poso post-conflict.
Reference
Alfirdaus, L K; E. Hiariej, and F Adeney-Risakotta (2015) Theories of Social Solidarity in The Situations
of (Natural) Disasters, Politika, Vol. 6 (1)
Bertrand, Jacques. (2004). Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia, Cambridge University Press.
Durkheim, Emile (1947) The Division of Labor in Society; The Free Press; Glencoe
Evans, Art (1977) An Examination of the Concept "Social Solidarity" Mid-American Review of
Sociology, Vol 2 (1), pp. 29-46
Kieran Mitton (2009) Reconstructing Trust in Sierra Leone, The Round Table: The Commonwealth
Journal of International Affairs, 98:403, 461-471
Shewfelt, Steve (2007) Rebuilding Community After Conflict, a paper in Annual Meeting of the
American Political Science Association, August 30th – September 2nd, 2007
The World Bank (2010) New Patterns of Violence in Indonesia: Preliminary Evidence from Six ‘High
Conflict’ Provinces, Conflict and Development Program, Edition III, the World Bank
Yani, Andi Ahmad (2013) The Local Government and Violent Conflicts Mitigation in The Post Conflict
Areas in Indonesia; a Case Study in the Regency of North Luwu, Master's thesis of Utrecht
School of Governance, Utrecht University. unpublished
Rusyiana, Aris, MR. K. Muluk, Sujarwoto (2017) Radical Decentralization Reform and Communal
Conflict in Indonesia, 2003-2014, Proceedings of International Conference on Administrative
Science (ICAS 2017)

WOMEN AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY

Sociology Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Seniwati
Husain Abdullah
Introduction
There are several reasons why women want to be an entrepreneur such as women want to have
their own business so they can be independent; women can produce a better economy so that they
can support the family economy, have more creative thoughts in providing solutions to problems
faced, have high self-confidence, have leadership skills, think more efficiently and effectively in
planning, more flexible in managing time, having skills in balancing business and personal affairs,
having better knowledge of business and entrepreneurship (Xavier, et.al., 2012). Women
entrepreneurs will be able to manage to have plenty of time for their families because they have
flexible time. They can also schedule meetings for meetings, surveys, serving customers or dropping
customer orders.
This study aims to share information with rural communities, especially women, about the
importance of entrepreneurs. The research team also taught the public about the use of technology
as a form of innovation that is important in facilitating processing work. The concept of innovation
is closely related to entrepreneurship to create a new product that is ready to be marketed (Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2018: 322). Innovation in entrepreneurship can make a company survive
and sustainable. Entrepreneurs who have innovation will have the ability to look for opportunities,
connect with other parties and can take advantage (Bessant and Tidd,2013:4).
This research identifies natural resources owned by the Cenrana Village area, especially those that
have great potential to be brought to other areas to be marketed. This study also identified the
problems faced by women entrepreneurs. There are a lot of natural resources in Cenrana Village
but they are not processed properly because the community does not have the creativity, ideas,
skills and work models. Research is useful for governments, non-governmental organizations and
development agencies in making policies and strategies related to food security strategies because
women 's empowerment interventions can support the family economy so that households
vulnerable to food insecurity can decrease (Sharaunga, et.al.,2015:195).

Methods
This research was conducted in Cenrana Village, Kahu Subdistrict, Bone Regency in July to November
2019. The method was carried out in the form of a field survey, interviews, Focus Group Discussion,
three-day workshops and assistance to women. Cenrana village was chosen as a research site
because many villages have natural resources that are not properly treated. The village has created
women's groups. Village funds from the central government are not well managed due to lack of
community skills, especially women in processing natural products.
Results
The most natural resources in Cenrana Village are bananas, jackfruit and rice. Cenrana Village is
located in Kahu District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Bone Regency has a
strategic position in the economy, especially trade and services because it is located on the East
coast of South Sulawesi. Administratively Bone District has 27 sub-districts, 333 villages and 39 sub-
districts. The area of Bone Regency is around 4,559 km2. The district is bordered by Wajo and
Soppeng Regencies in the North, Bone Bay in the West, Sinjai and Gowa Districts in the South, and
Maros, Pangkep and Barru Districts in the East (Bone Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). This district
consists of lowlands, beaches and mountainous regions. This condition makes banana and jackfruit
plants thrive.
The research team taught women's groups about processing bananas and jackfruit. Processing of
banana and jackfruit plants also supports food diversification which is nationally triggered by the
Head of the Food Security Agency (BKP) of the Ministry of Agriculture Hendridi. Food diversification
is also known as from farm to table (Putri, 2017). Food diversification motivates people to process
food ingredients into processed products that are ready for sale. The role of women is very large in
food processing, especially in the process of production, handling and preparation of food. This
condition occurs a lot in rural areas whose main livelihood is subsistence agriculture (Bob, 2002;
Galie, 2013). Cenrana Village is one of the subsistence areas of agriculture.
The banana plant is one of the plants that can thrive in tropical regions with low and high levels.
Residents in Cenrana Village plant bananas in the yard, gardens and fields that are no longer used.
The roots of a banana plant cannot be submerged in water because it will rot, so this plant cannot
grow where there is a lot of water. People plant bananas because bananas can grow in all seasons,
both wet and hot. Banana has a lot of fiber, so it is good for people who are on a strict diet. Before
this research was conducted, bananas were generally processed by frying or making traditional food
"pallu butung or pallu golla". Food is only consumed at the level of the home date.
This research provides motivation to the community in conducting entrepreneurs through the use
of bananas. Banana has a source of complete nutrition and high vitamin content. Processing
bananas to the maximum, the results can be sold and bring benefits to the family economy. Banana
will undergo a process of maturation. During the ripening process, the sugar content in the fruit will
increase the water content and will produce a distinctive aroma. This condition will cause bananas

to break quickly if they are not immediately processed (Eriyana, et. Al., 2017: 35). One of the uses
of bananas is dodol.
Banana Dodol can be used as an entrepreneurial effort by women's groups. Banana Dodol is one
way to extend the shelf life of the fruit. During the workshop and mentoring, the research team
taught how to make banana dodol. The processing of dodol banana will affect the products
produced. In addition, the packaging process is also very influential in the processing of banana
dodol because it will provide a neat and unique appearance. One promotion carried out by the
community is by offering friends, food stores in the area of Cenrana Village and Kahu District, and
families.
The research team also taught women's groups to process jackfruit into dodol. Jackfruit Dodol is
made from ripe jackfruit so the aroma of the fruit will be necessary. One way to fertilize jackfruit
dodol is to use brown sugar or granulated sugar which is then processed traditionally by using a
large stove and also modernly by using a non-stick pan. Jackfruit Dodol is one of the businesses that
has good prospects to be developed by women's groups in Cenrana Village because jackfruit is
widely planted by residents in this region.
The involvement of women in entrepreneurs, especially the processing of jackfruit and banana is
one form of empowerment of women. Empowerment is one of way to develop agriculture because
the population can become agro-biodiversity. Empowering women's groups is one of the means to
support rural development and agriculture, especially in maintaining food security.
Conclusions
After the workshop was completed, the community, especially the women's group, had great
motivation in making dodol of jackfruit banana. They also have a brand for the product. The skills
and knowledge possessed by women's groups can support their entrepreneurial activities. The
involvement of women in entrepreneurial activities will support the economy of their families
through local food utilization. The use of bananas and jackfruit will make people not consume
carbohydrates continuously but also other foods that have a source of protein and vitamins.
Limitation Study and Future Research

This research is only limited to one village. For future research, researchers can do it in a wider area.
Future research needs to examine the challenges and problems faced by women during their
entrepreneurial activities. It is also necessary for the entrepreneurial characteristics to be examined
for more detail in sharing information with stakeholders and women's groups.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the village head and staff of the Cenrana Village office who provided the
facilities during the workshop in the form of rooms and consumption. Thanks also to groups of
women who enthusiastically participated in the workshop. This research received funding from
Hasanuddin University in the Community Service Program (PKM) for the 2019 budget.
References
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bone, 2018, Sosial dan Kependudukan (Social and Population).
Sulawesi Selatan: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Bessant, John and Tidd, Joe. 2013. Managing Innovation. UK: John Willey.
Eriyana, Elvis, Syam, Husain and Jamaluddin. 2017. “Mutu Dodol Pisang Berdasarkan Substitusi
Berbagai Jenis Pisang (Musa Paradisiaca) (Quality of Banana Dodol Based on Substitution
of Various Types of Banana).” Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Pertanian. 3: 34-41.
file:///Users/seniwati/Downloads/5195-12473-1-SM.pdf
Galiè, Alessandra, 2013, “Empowering Women Farmers: The Case of Participatory Plant Breeding in
Ten Syrian Households.” Journal of Women Studies. 34(1): 58-92.
DOI: 10.5250/fronjwomestud.34.1.0058.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259735876_Empowering_Women_Farmers_T
he_Case_of_Participatory_Plant_Breeding_in_Ten_Syrian_Households
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). 2018. Global Report 2017/18. The Global
Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA).
Putri, Melisa Riska. 15 November 2017. Diversfikasi Pangan di Sulawesi Selatan Diperluas (Food
Diversification in South Sulawesi is Expanded).” Republika.co.id. Retrieved from
https://www.republika.co.id/berita/ekonomi/makro/17/11/15/ozg9rc382-diversifikasi-
pangan-di-sulawesi-selatan-diperluas on 31 July 2019.
Sharaunga, Stanley, Mudhara, Maxwell, and Bogale, Ayalneh. 2015. “The Impact of ‘Women’s
Empowerment in Agriculture’ on Household Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in the
KwaZulu-Natal Province.” Forum for Development Studies. 42(2): 195:223. DOI:
10.1080/08039410.2014.997792
Xavier, Siri Roland, Ahmad, Syed Zamberi, Mohd Nor, Leilanie, Yusof, Mohar. 2012. “Women
Entrepreneurs: Making A Change from Employment to Small and Medium Business
Ownership.” Economic and Finance.” 4. 321-334. Doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00347-4.
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2212567112003474?token=D02255E935FFF4
68DAD20B840DCF3F84508ED7147A4708EE37B1A9EA80716C0BBC23B90E1ACE129681F0
B74DD50155ED

SOCIAL SENSITIVITY IN THE INTERACTION OF THE ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING
PROFESSION COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA
Edhy Rustan
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palopo,
Jl. Agatis Balandai, Palopo, Indonesia
Email: edhy_rustan@iainpalopo.ac.id
Muh Irfan Hasanuddin

Email: irfanajih@gmail.com
Andi Muhammad Ajiegoena

Email: ajiegoena@iainpalopo.ac.id
The 5th Industrial revolution’s era is basically a continuation of the previous 4th industrial revolution
which have always changed the world significantly. This era promotes convenience for humans
through the use of technology. The term of industrial revolution may refer to the sophisticated use
of machinery to make the work of humans easier and faster, including robotics, machine learning,
and artificial intelligence that nobody could think would become a part of the industrial revolution
in the future. This development certainly has an impact on all fields including education. Online
learning is one of the uses of technology in the field of education, such as Teacher Professional
Education Training Program (PPG). The implementation of PPG is the implication of Government
Regulation Number 74 of 2008 concerning about the teachers’ obligation to have academic
qualifications, competencies, and educator certificates. This teacher professional program is held
for a year through an online education.
Online learning comes with a number of advantages, including the ease of information access by
students that can be done anywhere and anytime (Ke & Hoadley, 2009), freedom of sharing opinion
and students are required to be more active and think critically (Auyeung, 2004). Online learning is
individual so it requires students to be able to be independent and disciplined (A. P. Rovai & Jordan,
2004). However, behind these advantages, there are also some negative impacts that occur due to
online learning, namely the difficulty of accessing learning for students in areas without networks
and the shifting of a character learning which should be one aspect of learning such as social
sensitivity.
Social sensitivity is the condition of a student in a community group who understands, understands,
feels and provides solutions to various social problems and phenomena that exist around him
(Chandra & Anggraini, 2015). Various factors influence the social context in online learning,

including effective dialogue, well-structured interaction, ease of use, and transparency in computer-
mediated interactions (Dow, 2008). Various forms of social sensitivity such as empathy, tolerance,
social care, etc. are beginning to erode and dim in the context of online learning. Empathy refers to
the ability to deduce a person's feelings and to feel what someone feels. Empathy relies heavily on
verbal cues in face to face so that empathy in online interactions has shifted to different contexts
(Feng, Lazar, & Preece, 2007). Social care is influenced by a sense of togetherness between students
(Oztok & Brett, 2011). The lack of a sense of togetherness among students is due to no direct
interaction (Finch, 2010; A. P. Rovai & Jordan, 2004).
Social care that occurs in online learning is difficult to describe (Plante & Asselin, 2010). since the
concern leads more focus to technical problems, such as using devices, features, networks and
others. Another aspect that also changes is about tolerance. While, students who get ill or
permission in the conventional system will get a time extension and tolerance in collecting their
assignments, such condition is different in the online learning system. For instance, if the students
are late to submit the assignment exceeding the deadline , they will get a penalty and reduction in
academic score. This causes social sensitivity, especially the nature of tolerance, which is no longer
present and tolerated anymore in this learning model, affecting students who have low ability to
feel isolated (A. P. Rovai & Jordan, 2004).
In order to respond to various weaknesses related to social sensitivity in online learning, the need
for learning quality and continual development is remarkably indispensable. The teacher, for
example is required to begin with an introduction of each member at the beginning in the meeting,
conduct online discussions in groups, appropriate changes in teaching styles and learning
development stages (Auyeung, 2004; Plante & Asselin, 2010; A. Rovai, 2002). The use of social
communication strategies also plays an important role in building an interactive communication
that can foster a desire to share awareness among online learners (Plante & Asselin, 2010; Tu &
Mcisaac, 2002). In addition, giving enthusiasm, motivation, a conducive discussion environment,
building trust, timely feedback and responding to questions and remaining respectful are also able
to present a side of social awareness in online learning (Plante & Asselin, 2010). Furthermore, in
order to instill empathy in the learner, good deeds and empathy have to integrated to a curriculum
design so that students can still learn how to be able to empathize others even though only through
online learning (Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, & Taylor, 2011; Hall, 2008).
The purpose of this study is to explore the advantages and challenges of PPG online learning at IAIN
Palopo, the relevance of online learning in era 5.0, and the online instructional design system
needed to stimulate social sensitivity in the era of industrial revolution 5.0.
Methods
The subject of this study was the PAI teacher education professional online learning community in
Indonesia in 2019. Respondents were randomly selected from a total of 2995 students and 1369
lecturers held by 36 high teacher training institutions within the Ministry of Religion in Indonesia.
Data collection is done through the deepening of the virtual response to the online learning

community teaching profession program in Indonesia at https://ppg.siagapendis.com/. To get the
reliable maximum response, implied questions are internalized in the discussion forum at the last
meeting of learning. This research used pedagogic, psychological, and social theoretical approaches.
The data analysis technique uses the interactive model Miles and Huberman which consists of four
stages; data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion plus verification.
Results
The challenge of the online PPG learning community in Indonesia
The idea of renewal carried by the concept of the 5th industrial revolution as its criticism of the
concept of 4.0 is the value of humanism or in other words revitalizing the role of humans in the
digital ecosystem. This idea has become a widespread criticism of the PPG online learning
community. As data shows, of the 45 students who expressed their opinions, there were 97% who
experienced problems as a result of an internet connection that was less stable and tended to be
slow. Such related problems for internet connection networks were discussed 67 times. This reflects
significantly the main problem in online learning, especially in Indonesia.
Online learning is created to facilitate program participants to follow the learning process wherever
they are. This can save time, space, accommodation and transportation costs, and energy. In
addition, participants can obtain knowledge from reliable instructors from various places. Even so,
learning with this model is very dependent on the system contained on the server. When there is
problem with the internet network and server, the learning process cannot work at all.
Uneven access to the internet networks in every place forces the participants to struggle hard to
attend every online learning session every day. More importantly for the participants who live in
rural areas, or even assigned as teachers in remote areas without any access to the internet and
electricity networks, this situation may exacerbate the learning process. As a result, the participants
attending online learning should leave their hometown, students' assignments are possibly slower
than scheduled, there are even students who do not have time to take formative tests. This
condition was experienced by several other participants, "if I am given a choice, then I chose full
face-to-face learning, so I do not need to catch up with the internet network and the time that took
a considerable distance" (Mohamad Edi Purnomo).
In addition to the internet network, time and opportunity are the second most conversation after
the network. The content reached 28 times in the discussion. For example, the expressions of "no
time off", "No permit, sickness or other reasons reflect how time become an issue in online
education. In addition, based on respondents response, there was no time to take a nap and could
not compromise with time. That is a lack of feeling forced, but at the same times an advantage,
because with these conditions, students are educated to be more disciplined. While such condition
might be considered as a difficult challenge, they are active disciplines in doing self study because
of scheduled tasks in the use of time.

Another positive effect that arise in online learning is creativity and ability of students to operate IT
better than before by actively following the learning process. They become more proficient in
operating a Laptop. "We are forced to know ICT" (Andi Minarni). So, it can be said that online
learning provides new knowledge about the optimal use of media. They feel that they have different
experiences since they were usually taught and learned in the ways of face-to-face education.
Complete features are very influential on optimal interaction. Based on the results of the response,
information was obtained that students were more flexible in asking through the features provided
(Andi Minarni). However, based on the results of observations on the system used, the results
obtained are that it is necessary to add features that can facilitate and present the social presence
of the interactions produced. The online learning system used is not equipped with communication
features with lecturers with sound or video. So, the Lecturer does not know what is happening to
the participants in the learning process.
Social sensitivity in Online Learning IR 5.0

The implementation of online learning can form new communities, add new friends and relatives,
and make it easier to establish more intimate friendships. Creating social interactions with friends,
colleagues who have long distances, explore creativity are documented and flexible. Nevertheless,
the absence of face to face communication in understanding the character among them experiences
difficulties. Other things can also happen such as the possibility of identity falsification due to the
ease access for those who IT’s practitioner and the misuse of IT (Mohamad Edi Purnomo). The
problem was regarded as a result of the interactions between the lecturers and participants of the
PPG and among other participants. So, the familiarity created was less than perfect (Jamaluddin).
Further, even though the participants could communicate with lecturers or friends from other
regions, even so they could not understand each other's character either from friends or lecturers.
As a result of this, social sensitivity is reduced (Hatoy).
Each participant has his own conditions, responsibility, social burden and culture where each of
them also requires a friendly system to social problems. Just take an example, Martin with her
pregnancy has to attend in PPG online at the same time has to teach at school. Such conditions can
engender participants become vulnerable to a range of stress and personal range.
The previous presentation reviews various critics of online learning along with some input as a
support to improve material especially in the online PPG learning model. Apart from that of course,
online learning of the PPG program model also has several advantages including the objectivity of
learning outcomes assessment. As expressed by one of the respondents, "this program facilitates
the process of receiving material much easier and the assessment is more transparent" (Ismawati
Jabir).The value of transparency and objectivity is very relevant for the PPG online learning model
considering that the context of this learning program is basically training. The transparency and
objective assessment are the translation of the PAP assessment system or benchmark reference
assessment. The PAP principle is to compare the learning outcomes of a student with absolute
standards; the graduation threshold. So, the assessment of the learning achievement of a PPG
participant depends on how much the benchmark score is. This perspective provides an overview

of the graduation standards of a teacher who has followed the PPG and who has not participated in
it. Through the online learning model, the objectivity in assessment is supported by the use of IT
media.
In online learning on the PPG program, community interaction is well-documented. Here, students
can look back on the interactions carried out in the system. Likewise, learning materials are stored
well in the system which enable them reading learning material repeatedly and store it on a
computer. Good learning documentation influences student learning outcomes. The principle of
online learning with learning independence, flexibility of time and virtual place requires
documentation of good learning. Because of these two principles, each student basically can
regulate the speed and rhythm of their learning according to their conditions, potential and learning
style. Therefore, online learning can be considered to respond to their differences characters in
different ways more importantly in the dimensions of learning independence primarily at the speed
of learning.
Online System Instructional Design Required

The analysis and identification of students' learning character are one of the development stages of
learning design which are also an integral part of developing online learning system. At this stage, a
learning designer is required to understand the learning character of learning target. This is
necessary considering that each individual has the potential and diversity related to students’
learning interest and styles, and intelligence. In turn, the urgency about analyzing student characters
is an assumption to determine learning objectives, types of activities, learning materials to
evaluation techniques. If so, similar to face-to-face learning models, the online learning model in
such a way should reflect the principle of accommodating students' differences in character which
contribute to differences in learning needs. But once again, the limitations of virtual space have
become a barrier. As the respondent said, "I am a person who is easy to understand something with
a direct explanation compared to reading material, so that in understanding the subjects I
sometimes still need an explanation from a competent person.meaning that learning for me will be
meaningful in face-to-face activities" (Hajrah, MZ,). The important point raised by the respondents
is not about the difficulty of learning difficulties in online models that do present information in
writing and not verbal / face-to-face but rather reflect the fact that there are learning style needs
that have not been met by online learning models. So, innovation of various types is needed to
accommodate a variety of learning activities. For example, the use of features and icons that can
improve the social presence of students. Humanistic and social interaction are transformed in the
form of more meaningful semiotic symbols.
On the other hand, this fact shows the lack of interaction of humanism during the online learning
process where in face-to-face learning such obstacles will be immediately responded by the learner
and teacher. The crucial point is the need for a formative evaluation space during the learning
process. During this period of this research, the researchers followed some online learning
applications including PPG online learning applications. The online website generally consisted of

attendance features, messages, material-content, material discussion space, assignments to
summative tests. These features also limit the types of learning activities that specifically have not
provided communication space in the formative evaluation function. Thus, to provide a deeper
nuance of humanism in the online learning system, a special discussion room is needed to give a
roar to learn and teachers in diagnosing learning difficulties and obstacles that may be experienced
by students during the learning process.
In addition to the addition of features, the characterization of more humanistic online learning can
also be realized through the development of content and learning material based on an analysis and
case studies. Such content can provide a more contextual learning experience than just exposure to
material that tends to be conceptual. Through content analysis of cases that integrated social
experience in everyday life, learning can be directed to the learning model of transfer of value rather
than the transfer of knowledge.
The character of online learning that emphasizes learning independence is on the other hand related
to learning honesty. With the initial intention of providing learning facilities without depending on
time and place, the independence of students always to regulate the rhythm of their learning
activities is a significant factor. But with this nature, the control by admin along with tutors on
student learning activities is low. It is not impossible that the online learning model is actually
counterproductive, especially if learning independence is not supported by responsiveness and
honesty. As the respondent's comment stated "the weakness of this learning model is the large
number of data falsification, the absence of non-verbal communication, no direct physical contact
and communication (Sitti Aisyah)". Verification and validation toward student activities in online
PPG learning is felt to be still low. Whereas, the output of the PPG program is increasing the capacity
and competence of teachers which may be achieved if the online learning activities are actually
dealt with by participants using substitute participants (jockeys). In addition, dishonesty can also be
seen in the quality of discussion and student resume assignments that do show the similarities with
one another. This is including the use of online learning resources without mentioning the source.
Dishonesty in the terms of misusing jockey is a form of violation that cannot be tolerated. There is
no room for debate regarding the validity of the form of this lack. But the use of online learning
resources and plagiarism behavior for some online learning practitioners and experts is debatable.
For example, about the limitation of the online learning sources quote, whether it can be used in its
entirety by including the source or even the most important thing is the originality of comments,
answers to the task of learning which is the most important. Apart from the theme of the debate,
fraudulent practices in online learning can be reduced and alleviate by maximizing the verification
and validation process for each participant, both students and learners. Because it is possible that
cheating and dishonesty practices can be carried out by learners. Every fraud and dishonesty during
the learning process will have an impact on the accumulation of learning outcomes leading to the
decrease of graduates' quality.
The response to learners' interest in the overall PPG online learning activities is quite low. This has
been influenced by at least two things; a long time/duration and a monotonous learning activity. As

quoted by a respondent's suggestion "... We only recommend here that the period of PPG not last
too long more than 3 months (Mustaming). The response indicates that the student was not
comfortable in the learning community. This was explicitly reinforced by respondents (M. Akram
Achyar) who argued that PPG learning was quite saturating. The two comments at least represented
the response of most respondents to the regulation of learning burdens in the PPG curriculum. This
curriculum was considered too heavy and the packaging of learning activities tended to be
monotonous. Ideally, good learning may refer to learning with the ability to provide a positive
experience for students. Positive learning experiences to support the process of internalizing new
values, knowledge, and skills in accordance with the students 'initial conditions or students' needs.
In other words, good learning through positive experiences will support optimal learning outcomes.
The meaning of positive experience is the learning process that must be fun, activate and to
encourage students to be actively involved during the learning process, and not vice versa to
become passive learners, less interested to be indifferent. The condition of learning with a positive
learning experience is known as meaningful learning.
Online learning models should create meaningful learning for students. Moreover, there is a
considering fact that the burden of the PPG curriculum must meet certain standards of load in
accordance with the rules and policies of teacher professional development. This causes the
duration of online learning to be sufficient for 3 months out of the 6 months of the overall PPG
activities. To continue maintaining the attention and an interest of the student participants, a more
diverse variety of learning are needed, at least starting with a more diverse and flexible schedule.
Conclusions
The obtained results show that there are new social spaces in the interaction of the learning
community. Social sensitivity such as empathy, respect feelings, tolerance, and social care formed
from togetherness in conventional learning are changing. The interactions created by online
learning have brought about a feeling of sensitivity to the technical use of software, features, and
applications. In addition, this interaction breeds an independence and discipline. It is better for the
teachers to provide an instructional content integrated with a social experience in everyday life.
Consequently, it is necessary to pay attention to the character of students, the use of features and
icons that can increase the attractiveness and social presence of the students.
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OPEN GOVERNMENT IN DISASTER INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN REGIONAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY OF SOUTH SULAWESI
Erwin Musdah
STIA LAN Makassar, Sudiang, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: erwinmusdah@stialanmakassar.ac.id
Anhar Dana Putra

STIA LAN Makassar, Toddopuli, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: anhardanaputra@stialanmakassar.ac.id
This article aims to examine open government in the management of public information in the
disaster sector. This topic is important because openness is still widely understood to be limited to
publishing information about government activities. Information like this in the context of disaster
management usually only encourages short-term action. In fact, disaster risk management activities
are long and sustainable activities.
Disaster management is manifestation of the state purpose, which is to protect all the people of
Indonesia. Although it is the responsibility of the government, disaster management is also carried
out independently by community groups. Information about disasters is not only owned by the
government but also by the community. The absence of a single source of information about
disaster requires the government as the main actor in disaster management to be more open in
terms of disaster information management. The government must be open to receive information
from the public. On the contrary, the government must also open up disaster data so that it can be
easily accessed by the public.
The concept of information disclosure which is supported by participation and collaboration
between the government and the community is discussed in the concept of open government. In
the concept of open government, an open government is a government that is transparent,
participatory, and collaborative (McDermott: 2010). There have been many studies conducted to
study open government. In general, the study discussed conceptual open government (McDermott,
2010; Lathrop & Ruma, 2010; Wirtz & Birkmeyer, 2015; Meijer, Curtin, & Hillebrandt, 2012), or
practically in the context of governance in general (Janssen, Charalabidis, & Zuiderwijk, 2012;
Schumann, 2007; Coglianese, 2009). However, existing studies have not seen openness in
governance in more specific areas such as public information management. Several studies have
actually discussed about public information in the context of open government. However, that
existing studies focus more on how public information is displayed using information systems
technology (Bedini et.al., 2014; Dawes & Helbig, 2010). Past studies have not reviewed the

management of public information that includes information gathering to public information
services.
Methods
This research employs a descriptive qualitative research methodology in which the data was
collected through interview, observation and document studies. The interview respondents are the
heads and staff of BPBD South Sulawesi and a disaster consultant from DVAT Embassy of Australia.
Observation and document studies are conducted to verify and complete the interview data. Data
collection was conducted within April until November 2018.

Transparency, participation and collaboration are the principles of Open Government. These
principles are found in the management of disaster information. But not all stages in the
management of public information are found in these values. Management of public information is
carried out through the stages of gathering, classifying, documenting, and providing information
services. In gathering information, the government carries out transparently through delivery in
meetings with various disaster stakeholders and provides a format for reporting on disaster events
that can be accessed by all parties. Public participation can be in the form of delivery of disaster
information through the PUSDALOPS SULSEL application or through information on social media.
The collaboration was found in the process of collaboration between the BPBD and various other
government agencies, the private sector (DVAT Australia) and NGOs engaged in the field of disaster.
At a later stage, the value of collaboration is found at the information service stage. In this case,
South Sulawesi BPBD collaborates with PPID and DIBI BNPB as a means of delivering public
information. Meanwhile, disaster information can also be accessed through the PUSDALOPS SULSEL
application which is the result of collaboration with DVAT Australia. For the information
documentation stage, the South Sulawesi BPBD collaborated with the DIBI BNPB for online data
documentation.
On the other hand, at the stage of information classification, transparency, participation and
collaboration principles have not yet been found. The main reason that can be identified is because
this stage has not been implemented well in the management of public information in the South
Sulawesi BPBD. In summary, the link between the principles of open government and the stages of
information management can be seen in Table 1 below:

Table 1
The relationship between the principles of Open Government
with Public Information Management
Public Open Government Principle
Information
Management transparency participation collaboration
Gatering Submission through submit information Collaborate with

Information WhatsApp groups on the disaster of government agencies,
and meetings with the PUSDALOPS NGOs and DVAT in
various disaster SULSEL application compiling documents
stakeholders and social media and gathering
information
Classifying Not found Not found Not found
information
Documenting Not found Not found DIBI BNPB Website
information
Providing Not found Not found PPID South Sulawesi
infomation Website, DIBI BNPB
website, PUSDALOPS
SULSEL application
From Table 1 it can be seen that the most dominant value of Open Government found in the
management of disaster information in BPBD South Sulawesi is the principle of collaboration. This
is influenced by several things including: (1) disaster information can be sourced from various parties
other than the government. The results of the study showed that information on many disaster
events was sourced from the community and NGOs in the regions. This encourages BPBD to
collaborate with various parties (2) institutionally, disaster management is not only the full
responsibility of BPBD. In addition to BPBD, social services, BMKG, Public Works, SAR, TNI, POLRI
and a number of NGOs also have a role in disaster management. For this reason, BPBD needs to
collaborate with various other institutions, and (3) disaster management requires a lot of specific
expertise that is not always possessed by HR at BPBD such as making applications and websites,
making disaster prone maps etc.
In general, South Sulawesi BPBD has tried to promote information disclosure through the website
as implemented by many parties. But these efforts have not been optimal. As an alternative, the
South Sulawesi BPBD uses more practical media accessible to users and sources of disaster
information such as radio and social media. It is social media that is a medium of transparency that
encourages community participation in disaster information management in South Sulawesi.

From the aspect of disaster management, the disaster management cycle must be seen as a
complete process from mitigation to recovery. Criticism that is widely conveyed to the mass media
in general is only to focus on covering disasters when there are disasters. One of the findings of this
study shows that in the management of disaster information by the Government Agency responsible
for managing public information also found the same problem. Disaster events are still more
dominant managed better by the Regional Disaster Management Agency than information about
mitigation, preparedness, or rehabilitation and reconstruction of disasters
Conclusions
The principle of Open Government can be found in the management of disaster information in South
Sulawesi. South Sulawesi BPBD is most open in the stages of gathering public information. All open
government principles can be found at this stage. Besides that, at the information service and
information documentation stage, the principle of collaboration with various parties was identified.
In contrast, the principle of open government is not identified at the information classification stage.
This is due to the fact that this stage has not been well implemented in disaster information
management.
The principle of collaboration is most widely applied in disaster information management. This is
caused by three things: (1) disaster information can be sourced from various parties other than the
government (2) disaster management is not only the full responsibility of BPBD so it is necessary to
collaborate with various other institutions, and (3) disaster management requires a lot of specific
expertise that is not owned by BPBD.
In managing disaster information, information on disaster events is better managed than
information on prevention, preparedness, and rehabilitation and reconstruction by the South
Sulawesi Regional Disaster Management Agency.
Reference
Bedini, I., Farazi, F., Leoni, D., Pane, J., Tankoyeu, I., & Leucci, S. (2014). Open government data:
Fostering innovation. JeDEM-eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 6(1), 69-79.
Coglianese, C. (2009). The transparency president? The Obama administration and open
government. Governance, 22(4), 529-544.
Dawes, S. S., & Helbig, N. (2010). Information strategies for open government: Challenges and
prospects for deriving public value from government transparency. In International
Conference on Electronic Government (pp. 50-60). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open
data and open government. Information systems management, 29(4), 258-268.
Lathrop, D., & Ruma, L. (2010). Open government: Collaboration, transparency, and participation in
practice. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
McDermott, P. (2010). Building open government. Government Information Quarterly, 27(4), 401-
413.
Meijer, A. J., Curtin, D., & Hillebrandt, M. (2012). Open government: connecting vision and
voice. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 10-29.
Schumann, W. R. (2007). Transparency, governmentality, and negation: democratic practice and

open government policy in the National Assembly for Wales. Anthropological
Quarterly, 80(3), 837-862.
Wirtz, B. W., & Birkmeyer, S. (2015). Open government: Origin, development, and conceptual
perspectives. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(5), 381-396.

ACTIVIST WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN EAST KALIMANTAN
GOVERNOR ELECTION 2008-2018
Ida Wahyuni Iskandar

Faculty of Social and Political Science Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
Email: idaharsono77@yahoo.com
Zaid Bin Ahmad

Faculty of Human Ecology University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: zayyadal@hotmail.com
Democracy today faces many challenges: increasing political inequality, the decline of widespread
political participation, voter incompetence, etc (Parvin & Saunders, 2018). The participation of the
community is very important because the theory of democracy states that the community knows
what they want. Civil rights and freedoms are respected and upheld. There is no democracy without
people's political participation.
Historically, women have been deliberately excluded from political power and participation in
democracies, and differentials in participation have often persisted even with the removal of formal
barriers to voting and holding office (Desposato & Norrander, 2009). Various studies explained
about women's participation in various countries. The equality of women's participation in politics
is of concern to many countries. Studies say there are still inequalities in political participation
between women and men.
In recent years, parties and parliaments have responded to growing national and international
pressure to increase women’s political presence by introducing reform measures, such as gender
quotas, aimed at increasing the selection and election of female candidates (Kenny, 2013). In more
than fifty countries, quotas requiring that a certain minimum of the parties’ candidates for election
to national parliament must be women are now stipulated in major political parties’ own statutes
(Dahlerup & Freidenvall, 2006). Even though it has been regulated in the Law, women's participation
in politics is still minimal. Basically, quota 30% per hundred given for women's involvement in
politics and women's representation in parliament mandated by Law No. 10 of 2008 concerning
Legislative Elections and Law No. 2 of 2008 concerning Political Parties, still very far from the reality.
In addition to legislative elections, there are also regional head elections. The regional head election,
a local political event and a symbol of democratic government, is a contest for a legitimized power
of regional leaders, who are given authority and responsibility to administer and lead the regional
apparatus and development (Winengan, 2018). In 2008 the East Kalimantan General Election
Commission held the first direct General Election of the Regional Head (Governor), at that time 3
(three) candidates were nominated as Regional Heads, including Awang Farouk Ishak and Fariz
Wazdy, Achmad Amin and Hadi Mulyadi, Yusuf SK and Luther Kombong. In 2013 the second

governor election was held with 3 (three) candidates were nominated as Regional Heads, including
Awang Faroek Ishak and Mukmin Faisyal, Farid Wadjdy and Sofyan Alex getting number 2 and
independent candidate were nominated, Imdaad Hamid and Ipong Muchlissoni. The Third,
Governor election in 2018 has four of candidates were nominated as Regional Head Including Isran
Noor and Hadi Mulyadi, Andi Sofyan Hasdam and Rizal Effendi, Rusmadi Wongso and Syafaruddin,
Syaharie Jaang and Awang Ferdian Hidayat.
Until now there have been no women participating in the election as candidates for regional heads.
Of course women's political participation is not limited to just being a female regional head
candidate. At the lowest level, to participate is to be able to vote. In addition to voting, this study
will analyze various forms of women's political participation in regional head elections, including
voting, campaign, political discussion, and contacting.
Methods
The Research used a qualitative approach. This approach was obtained through the political
participation of women activist in East Kalimantan Governor election 2008-2018. The sampling
technique is non-probability sampling. Informants selected based on purposive sampling are
informants who pose the following criteria:
1. Women activist in East Kalimantan who know about the active in community organization
2. Women in government agency who know about women political participation in East Kalimantan
Data collection methods used in this study includes:
1. Literature Studies/documents, using various sources start from books, journals, research results
and media with relevant research topics. To obtain secondary data also conducted document /
archive study.
2. In-depth Interviews
In-depth interviews with selected informants through purposive sampling techniques.
Interviews in this study were conducted with semi structured interview instruments.

Regional Head General Election in 2008 held simultaneously in 13 municipal districts in East
Kalimantan, with voter data totaling 2,349,862 set by the General Election Commission of East
Kalimantan Province consisting of 1,274.932 male voters and 1,074,932 female voters. (Central
Statistics Agency, 2009). Governor elections in 2013 experienced an increase in the number of
voters to 2,794,297 consisting of 1,478,885 male voters and 1,315,412 female voters. In the 2018
governor election there were 2,439,438 voters consisting of 1,263,257 male voters and 1,176,181
female voters (General Election Commission of East Kalimantan Province). The number of female
voters did not differ greatly from the number of male voters in the Province of East Kalimantan. All
the activists who became informants, they always voted in the East Kalimantan regional elections
in 2008-2018. Activists are aware of the importance of voting in the elections. At the lowest level,

to participate is to be able to vote, that is, to have the right to vote, to be in a position to go to the
urns on voting days, and to have access to documents that will inform our choice (Berges, 2015).
Individuals who are interested in politics often start out voting. However, this cannot be done as the
only indicator that women can vote. The form of participation does not only provide votes that can
be approved because voting is the easiest participation.
Campaign is the period right before citizens make a real political choice. This common knowledge
typically heightens citizens’ attention to politics in direct relation to the proximity of the event
(Brady, Johnston & Sides, 2006). Women are more easily invited to participate in campaigns. But
there is no opportunity to express aspirations in an open campaign. Activists involved in political
organizations usually have the opportunity as campaign committees and even campaigners.
Campaigns provide voters with the knowledge they need to make an informed vote choice and
increase the likelihood of electoral participation (Sudulich & Trumm, 2017). In the campaign, the
vision and mission programs will be carried out if the prospective regional head is elected. Providing
political participations and carrying out political campaigns are not only applicable for the public,
statesmen can also easily carry out their works through social media. Social media is now widely
used by women. They can get to know the candidate's vision and mission through social media
Political discussion is also something that is considered important by the community at the time
before the regional head election, through political discussion the community can express their
opinions on issues related to regional head elections. This form of formal political discussion
participation is still considered to be limited to certain groups, for example people who are active
in supporting parties for the regional head candidates. Political discussions about policies that will
be brought by the regional head candidates are still limited to certain groups. Political discussions
can be started from informal discussions with friends in the community and their family. Mothers
who actively discuss in their community and family have the courage to express their opinions in a
wider forum.
According to Gaffer, contacting is participation carried out by citizens directly (for example, coming
to where they are in charge, contacting by telephone) to government officials or political figures,
whether done individually or in groups of very small numbers (Suharyanto, 2014). From the
interviews, not many activists were able to express their aspirations directly to the governor
candidates. One of informant said that not all people have the opportunities to express their
aspirations directly to prospective regional heads. Contacting directly regional head candidates
through funding is still not done by many female activists. According to the informant, even if there
is nominal amount of funding is classified as very small.
Conclusions
Since women made up a significant majority of the voters, their participation in electoral process is
inevitable. Besides voting, there are various political participation form for women ini PILKADA of
Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Local Government Election). By knowing the various forms of political
participation such as voting, campaign, political discussion and contacting, it can be better to

analyze the true nature of women's political participation. Lack of participation in various forms of
political participation analyses helping determine steps for governments, political parties, and
community organizations to increase women's political participation.
Reference
Berges, S. (2015). Is Motherhood Compatible with Political Participation? Sophie de Grouchy’s Care-
Based Republicanism. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 18(1), 47–60.
Brady, H. E., Johnston, R., & Sides, J. (2006). The study of political campaigns. Capturing campaign
effects, 1-26.
Dahlerup, D. & Freidenvall, L. (2005). Quotas as a ‘fast track’ to equal representation for women.
International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7:1, 26-48
Desposato, S., & Norrander, B. (2009). The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual
Influences on Gender and Political Participation. British Journal of Political Science, 39(01),
141
Kenny, M. (2013). Gender and Political Recruitment : Theorizing Institutional Change. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Parvin, P., & Saunders, B. (2018). The Ethics of Political Participation: Engagement and Democracy
in the 21st Century. Res Publica, 24(1), 3–8.
Sudulich, L., & Trumm, S. (2017). A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electoral Institutions on
Campaigns. British Journal of Political Science, 1–19.
Suharyanto, A. (2014). Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat Tionghoa dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah.
JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area, 2(2), 151-
160.

ISLAMIC VALUES
IN THE TRADITIONAL RITUALS OF KOLOLI KIE AND FERE KIE
Idham
Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agama Makassar.
Jalan AP. Pettarani No. 72 Makassar, Indonesia
Idhambodi73@gmail.com
Abu Muslim
Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agama Makassar.
Jalan AP. Pettarani No. 72 Makassar, Indonesia
abumuslim@kemenag.go.id
Background
Indonesia is not only famous for its natural wealth, but also culture, ethnicity, and religious rituals.
Therefore, if anyone says Indonesia is very unique, this is indeed the case. In fact, almost all the
tribes in this region have their own uniqueness, including Ternate which is the object of this
research. Since long ago, Ternate was known as an area that holds many stories, one of which is a
story of the glory of Islam in the Sultanate of Ternate and its important role in world trade around
the 13th to 17th century. Until now, the Ternate Sultanate still existed, marked by the existence of
the sultanate palace stood firm in the city, precisely in the Central Ternate District, Salero
Subdistrict.
In addition to natural beauty and abundant natural resource potential, Ternate City is also known
as a city of culture. It was seen in their loyalty to maintain ancestral traditions and traditional rituals
that had existed since hundreds of years ago. Traditional traditions and rituals can be found in a
variety of forms, ranging from mystical things to rituals related to the life cycle and universe. This
variety of rituals and traditions seems to have become Moluku Kie Raha's nicknamed region icon.
Although the tradition or ritual that developed in Ternate society is commonly found in various
regions with different forms and meanings, what is interesting about each tradition is because it is
loaded with Islamic values. Allegedly, this is closely related to the existence of Ternate as an Islamic
city that developed since the 6th to 17th century AD (Handoko, 2015: 123). The values implied in
each tradition and traditional ritual of the Ternate Sultanate, if interpreted well, certainly not only
enrich the local knowledge of the local community, but also can become a new perspective in an
effort to build a harmonious relationship of social life.
one of them is a ritual that is related to the human life cycle, from the birth ceremony to death. If
explored further, this ritual is full of values of caring, togetherness and a form of respect for others
who, in the local philosophy of Ternate, are called bobaso as a whole. Likewise, rites related to the
universe can be reduced to a new metaphor in an effort to respond to the humanitarian and
environmental crisis which in fact is of concern to the world today. At the very least, the various
traditions and religious rituals that developed in Ternate cannot be separated from four things,
namely; religious values, social integration, material life (nature), and environment. These four

things can be found through the symbols used in each of their traditional rituals, one of which is the
traditional ritual of kololi kie and fere kie.
Based on information from the local community, this traditional ritual has existed since the Momole
era (pre-Islamic times), so it can be categorized as the oldest rite that existed long before Islam came
on Ternate, where at that time, local people were still thick with animist beliefs, making mountain
as a center of magical power. After Islam came, slowly this ritual experienced a slight change. If the
former, this ritual uses dimension spells that are intended to worship the spirits are believed to be
the caretaker of the mountain, slowly readings and ritual objects is replaced with the readings of
Islam. One of them is reading reciting prayers that have until now become the most important part
in the implementation of the traditional rituals of kololi kie and fere kie (interview with Usman
Nomay, 30 July 2018).
In this context, the paper which is also the result of this study, wants to reveal the religious (Islamic)
values contained in the implementation of kololi kie traditional rituals and ferei by referring to the
formulation of the problem, namely: What are religious values (Islam) in the implementation of
kololi kie and fere kie traditional rituals? How is the process of implementation, development and
religious values reflected in the culture of Ternate society? The results of this study are expected to
be a material policy for the development and promotion of religious-based national culture, and can
be one of the mouthpieces of scientific information on cultural interpretations of society and its
relation to religious values.
Research Methods
The type of research that is used is descriptive qualitative to find religious values in the culture of
the community and describe various meanings of the community towards that value. Strengthening
the analysis after the meaning carried out by the community (traditional leaders, religious leaders,
cultural figures, scientists observing local values, etc.) is not just used as a single tool in data analysis,
but still requires functional theoretical elaboration with religious values. In examining religious
values in the context of the culture of society, of course not directly find these values. This value can
be interpreted using the semiotic method, with the connotation meaning study model (Zaimar,
2015: 398).
In the semiotic study model, there is something called the semantic aspect, popularized by Roland
Barthes through the theory of significance. With this theory, Barthes displays the expansion of
meaning (connotation). This theory is based on the theory of markers (forms) and markers
(concepts) proposed by Ferdinand Saussure. With this theory the reading can reach the second stage
of understanding. Significance is the connotation order (Sunardi, 2004: 73). So to be able to find the
two values above, it must examine the order of the meaning of the denotation and its connotations.
The research location was centered in Ternate City, North Maluku Province. Data collection was
carried out for seven assessment days plus 18 research days. Data collection uses interview,
observation, and documentation techniques. The research informants consisted of key informants,

local government, religious leaders, and traditional leaders. Expert informants consisted of
academics and local researchers.
The analysis used in this study is descriptive in nature which aims to make a systematic, factual, and
accurate description of the facts, traits, and relationships between phenomena, although it cannot
be separated from the great role of the researcher in playing his function as a feature of his main
instrument ( Sugiyono, 2010: 305). Data analysis uses interactive model analysis (Miles, and
Hubermas, 1995: 10-14) which takes place simultaneously with the data collection process. Stages:
Data collection, data presentation, data reduction, and drawing conclusions / verification (S.
Nasution, 1992: 128-130).
Results and Discussion

Ternate's Social Conditions
Geographically, Ternate City is at the foot of Gamalama Volcano. Ternate is an archipelago city with
an area of 547,736 km2. While the typographic conditions of this city are mostly mountainous and
hilly (Wikipedia, 8 August 2018). This region is inhabited by various ethnic and religious groups,
including; Ternate, Makian, Morotai, Galela, Halmahera, Tidore, Bugis, Makassar, Gorontalo,
Minahasa, Padang, Arabic and China. While in terms of religion there are Islam, Christianity,
Catholicism, Confucianism, Buddhism and Hinduism with a total population of 218, 028 based on
2017 BPS data.
As an archipelago city, Ternate consists of three large islands and five small islands which
administratively consist of eight sub-districts and 77 sub-districts. Five sub-districts are in Ternate,
namely South Ternate, Middle Ternate, North Ternate, and West Ternate. The other three sub-
districts are outside Ternate Island, namely Batang Dua Island, Mayau Island and Tifure District. All
three are located in the middle of the Maluku sea waters. The farthest subdistrict is Batang Dua
Island District, 121.6 Km from the city center. As the largest island, Ternate is the center of
government with Maluku sea borders in the north, Tidore Islands and Halmahera Regency in the
south, Halmahera Island in the East and Maluku sea and Sulawesi Island in the West. The area of
Ternate City reaches 5,709.58 Km2, consisting of land of 162.03 Km2 and the sea of 5,547.55 Km2
(Ternate in Figures, 2017: 7- 9).
Although the area inhabited by various tribes, religions and races seems to be harmonious, but some
people judge, it is only visible on the surface. Because the conflict in the name of religion that had
occurred in the North Maluku region has not been completely erased from the memory of some of
its citizens. If some regions in Indonesia are concerned about the development of radical groups,
then it is not the case with the Ternate people, but what is feared is the re-emergence of religious
sentiments. Especially before the political event, where religious and ethnic issues are often raised.
Regarding this, drawing on a statement conveyed by one of the young figures of Ternate society,
Mukhtar Adam during the halal bi halal implementation initiated by the North Maluku Community
Forum, on the page of the Annur Mosque, Kota Ternate, last July 6, 2018. In his remarks in front of

thousands of residents, he said, after the religious conflict, North Maluku residents were haunted
by the conflict in the elections. In fact, according to him, the generation of North Maluku is not a
generation of conflict. "We are Moluccan people, Kie Raha. Our area is a safe and tolerant area,
never to sow the seeds of conflict. Because that means sowing hatred and tearing the order of
tolerance of the people of Ternate", he asserted.
From the above statement, it can be understood how social conflicts in this region are still a concern
for some of its citizens, so it is not surprising that the campaign about local wisdom values continues
to be echoed, one of which is the campaign of noble values about adat, a philosophy of life that
promote humanity. Likewise with the life philosophy of the mobasai serasai, attitudes and behaviors
that share the suffering of others both physically and mentally also continue to be discourse
(Interview, Rahmat, July 23, 2018).
Indigenous Ritual of the Sultanate of Ternate

Traditional rituals are generally understood as part of tradition and culture. In the Indonesian
dictionary, ritual is interpreted as matters relating to rites or procedures for carrying out religious
ceremonies. While adat is interpreted as a rule (deed) or habit that is commonly done from the
beginning (KBBI, 1990: 5-751). From this meaning, it can be concluded that traditional rituals are
procedures for carrying out religious ceremonies carried out from the beginning, or customary
practices carried out from generation to generation.
However, traditional rituals are different from religious rituals. Traditional rituals are more local and
not uniform. While religious rituals are generally universal and their implementation tends to be
uniform, such as prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and zakat in Islam (Interview with Ngatawi Al Zastrow,
Yogyakarta, 12 August 2018). Although in practice, traditional rituals are local, but do not rule out
the possibility that there are universal religious values reflected in them. If the ritual implementation
generally contains symbols that aim to evoke a sense of reverence and reverence for the culprit,
then the same thing is found in the traditional rituals of the Ternate sultanate, one of which can be
found in performing traditional rituals of kololi kie and fere kie.
These symbols can be seen in the readings of the prayers they use, the instruments of ritual, the
process, until the involvement of the sultan and his traditional instruments are called mobato in the
implementation of this traditional ritual. Therefore, the implementation of these traditional rituals
cannot be separated from the role and position of the Ternate sultanate, because besides being a
center of politics and culture, it also became a magical-religious center. The sultan's status as an
Tubaddilu Rasul gave birth to a belief that the sultans were considered to have magical powers that
could provide protection, safety, and prosperity for all of their people, this could be found in the
traditional rituals of kololi kie and fere kie (Hasyim, 2017: 145).
Kololi kie and fere kie are two sets of traditional ritual activities that are interconnected. Although
the process and implementation are different, the meanings and objectives are the same.
Etymologically, koli kie comes from the Ternate language, which consists of two words, namely

kololi which means surrounding or circling, while kie means Mount. Likewise with fere kie, consisting
of two words, fere means climbing, while kie means mountain. In general, fere kie is interpreted as
a ritual carried out by climbing Mount Gamalama, a mountain that is believed by the local
community, besides being able to bring blessings, it is also a danger for the people.
There is no clear data that mentions the beginning of the implementation of this traditional ritual,
but it is strongly suspected that this traditional ritual has existed since the Momole era, when the
ancestors of Ternate still adhered to animism who believed in the power of spirits residing behind
the mountain. This belief has been ingrained in the lives of the people of Ternate, until after they
embraced Islam, they still remained faithful in carrying out the traditions of their ancestors, even
the sultans who had been crowned were obliged to carry out these traditional rituals, only these
ritual objects were no longer subject to occult forces there is Mount Merapi Gamalama, but the
presence of Allah SWT (Karim and Hasim, 2018: 172).
1. Koli Kie's Indigenous Rituals

The traditional ritual of kolili Kie is done through two paths, namely sea and land. The sea route is
called kololi kie toma ngolo, while the land route is called kololi kie toma nyiha. The process of
implementation is similar to the tawaf ritual surrounding the Kaaba, counterclockwise. The
traditional ritual of kololi kie toma ngolo began with a bridge called Dodoku Ali, a bridge leading to
the sea not far from the Ternate Sultanate Kedaton using a kora-kora boat (ornamental boat). When
traveling around the sea, the sultan together with Mobato Akherat (the sultanate's customary
equipment in charge of religious rituals) will stop at certain points believed to be aulia tombs and
Ternate sultans. At this location, they prayed while sowing leaves of sight into the sea.
Based on information from Ridwan Dero, the high priest of the Ternate Sultanate Mosque, around
60 to 70 jere (sacred graves) surrounded the island of Ternate. The sacred grave is believed to be
given power by Allah to guard Ternate from all distress. On that basis, the implementation of this
traditional ritual is carried out by circling the island of Ternate while praying. The same thing was
done for those who performed the ritual of kololi kie toma nyiha. As for the prayers that were read
during the implementation of this traditional ritual, namely: the sacred prayer, the prayer reject the
reinforcements and the prayer of salvation. After that, they will continue their journey to the wrong
village called Rua or Akerica which is behind Mount Gamalama (Interview with Ridwan Dero,
Ternate, 30 July 2018).
This location is believed to be a haven for Sheikh Jafar Sadiq, the ancestor of kings in the Maloku Kie
Raha region (Ternate, Bacan, Jailolo, and Tidore) when he first set foot on Ternate. According to
information from the local community, the footsteps of Sheikh Jafar Sadiq are believed to still be
found in this location, one of which is the former washing site for his feet. It was at that location
that the sultan and his culture equipment stopped while washing their feet. The goal, in addition to
praying also explores the traces of their ancestors (Interviews with Usman Nomay, Ternate, July 30,
2018 and Umar M. Sadjim, July 28, 2018). After carrying out the ritual at Akerica they returned to
the Dodoku Ali bridge to the Kedaton. At the Kedaton, the sultan and his customary instruments will

perform the ritual of reciting the prayer, taiyib prayer, Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jaelani's prayer, sacred
prayer, ahlul kubur prayer (alhamdu tarekat prayer, spiritual prayer or sawaba prayer) and then
closed with refused reinforcements (tolak bala) prayer and safety prayer ( Interview with Ridwan
Dero, July 30, 2018).
2. Fere Kie Indigenous Rituals

This fere kie ritual is still a series of kololi kie rituals. If Kololi is done by circling Mount Gamalama by
sea and land, then it is done by climbing the top of Mount Gamalama. Usually this ritual is carried
out a day after the traditional Kololi Kie ritual. They climbed Mount Gamalama to make a pilgrimage
to the sacred cemetery at the top of Mount Gamalama. Uniquely this ritual is not only carried out
by the sultanate and Ternate traditional people, but also residents and the local government. Even
in certain months, such as the month of Mawlid, Rajab, ahead of the month of Ramadan and the
month of Hajj, the local people will roll towards the summit of Gamalama, the purpose of which is
to pray and make pilgrimage.
This ferr kie ritual is led by Mobato Akherat and Kapita Kie. The implementation began from the
Ternate Sultanate Kedaton after the morning prayer, considering that the journey to the top of
Gamalama took quite a long time, around 6 hours. Arriving at the top they will make a pilgrimage in
one of the sacred tombs that the tombstones grow on their own. The tomb is believed to be the
tomb of Sheikh Jafar Sadiq and his wife Nur Sifa. When making a pilgrimage, they read a number of
prayers which they called Asmih prayers, Taiyib prayers, Abdul Kadir Jailani Sykeh prayers, Kie
prayers, prayers for the Companions and guardians, then closed with safety prayers and refused
reinforcements prayer (tolak bala). After the pilgrimage procession is carried out, people who want
to return home are allowed, as well as those who wish to spend the night to perform five daily
prayers, circumcision and remembrance prayers (Interview with Ridwan Dero, 30 July 2018).
After all the residents descended from the mountain followed by reading the prayer in congregation
led by mobato akherat along with 15 other customary people. The process of reading the prayer is
accompanied by yellow rice shaped like Mount Gamalama, which is topped with an egg. This yellow
rice is made from sticky rice, coconut milk and yellowing. Glutinous rice and white coconut milk
symbolize purity, while yellow symbolizes maturity, which means that one's maturity always departs
from holiness, both physically and mentally. While the egg at the top of yellow rice symbolizes the
existence of a sultan, who has the same color and meaning.
These symbols, if translated in the context of the Ternate sultanate structure, glutinous rice means
bala (people's) while coconut milk is an adhesive symbolized by traditional instruments (Mobato
world and Mobato akherat) which contextually means unity or togetherness, in the philosophy of
the Ternate sultanate called "jou se ngofa ngare"means you and I are one, namely the unification
of the people with the sultanate, such as the merging of the names of Muhammad Saw and Allah
Swt and in the creed. This philosophy is also the basis of the sultanate symbol of Ternate, namely a
two-headed eagle, but one heart (Interview, Ridwan Dero, 30 July 2018).

Another meaning of the mountain-shaped yellow rice is a symbol of abundant sustenance, the raw
material grows from the ground, the starch juice can become sperm, when a husband and wife are
connected, they are expected to be born righteous and pious children. By that, the yellow rice
cannot be consumed before it is read and the prayer of salvation. The series of prayers starts from
the reader of the prayer (the pilgrimage of the Prophet Muhammad), the prayer of tayyib
(pilgrimage of Prophet Muhammad Haedir AS) prayer of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jaelani, prayer of the
temple expert by mentioning his genealogy starting from Sheikh Jafar Sadiq bin Zainal Abidin bin
Muhammad Baqir, bin imam Al-Husayn, ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib wa Fatimati Juhrah bint Rasulullah Saw,
after that followed by reading the sacred prayers for the aulia and waliullah, the prayers of the
ahluddiyar, then closed with prayers rejecting reinforcements (tolak bala) and salvation prayers
(Interview, Ridwan Dero, July 30 2018).
Religious Foundations and Values
Almost all local rituals are related to nature, so that rituals do not appear suddenly, but begin when
humans come into contact with nature. However, the relationship between humans and nature
does not always leave happiness, but also sometimes humans are afflicted with fear of natural
threats or disturbances. In this context, ritual becomes something that is very meaningful to the
lives of local people (interview with Arifuddin Ismail, Makassar, July 19, 2018). According to Turner,
rituals are divided into two categories, namely rituals related to life crises and rituals due to
disturbances. In this context, ritual functions as a negotiation to spirits or supernatural beings so as
not to interfere with human life activities (Turner in Ismail, 2012: 1). Another view says, rituals are
carried out because humans assume that magical powers that exist in nature can fulfill the needs of
human life, both material and spiritual in nature (Preusz in Koentjaraningrat, 2014: 69).
Departing from this view, there are at least four things that underlie the implementation of kololi
kie traditional rituals and fere kie, namely; First: This customary ritual is closely related to the social
conditions of Ternate's people which are surrounded by sea and volcanic mountains, where both
can at times produce disasters. In this context, the existence of the sultan became very important,
besides being believed to have an emotional connection with nature, it was also given a magical
power that could stop the disaster. Therefore, the sultanate acknowledged that it was not young to
be a sultan, because besides having to fulfill the expectations of the community, the sultan must
also be able to maintain rituals, customs, culture, religion and traditions (Interview, Zulkiram, 3 July
2018).
Second, the implementation of traditional rituals is also closely related to the beliefs of local people
who believe that Ternate is an area full of magical nuances, in addition to being surrounded by
sacred tombs, also nature is able to signal to humans about events or events that are contrary to
the customs of the community Ternate. If nature rumbles, heavy rain accompanied by strong winds
blows endlessly, it indicates that something is happening, there could be a body buried unknown,
abortion, or an animal (cat) thrown into the sea.
"If there are people who have an abortion, there are people mutilated and other things that violate
the customs and teachings of Islam in Ternate, then nature will immediately give a signal in the form

of strong winds accompanied by rain. Later in the case, the perpetrators and their causes are found
that the natural cues stop "(Interview with Ridwan Dero, 30 July 2018). This mystical gesture seems
to have become a common understanding in Ternate. Almost all residents who were met at the
research location agreed to the story, one of which was Faturaba Sabur, he said; "Believe it or not,
with that natural signal, the fact is that is what happened. Even before you (researchers) came to
Ternate for the second time, last week Ternate's nature was signaled, heavy rain accompanied by
strong winds continued to blow, until residents then took the initiative to find out the cause. It turns
out that in one of these areas there was an abortion, after the results of the abortion were discovered
and interpreted, the natural cues stopped" (Interview with Shabur Faturaba, Ternate, June 27, 2018).
Third: Expression of gratitude for the blessings of Allah SWT with the presence of Mount Gamalama
which saves a lot of blessings. Volcanic ash which is sprayed into fertilizer fertilizes the nutmeg,
clove and coconut plants of the community, so that some residents can fulfill the fifth pillar of Islam
(hajj), the celebration of marriage and the abundance of other sustenance. Their involvement in the
traditional rituals is part of an expression of gratitude for the grace of God stored behind Mount
Gamalama.
Fourth: Pilgrimage while praying at the sacred tomb. Based on Ridwan Dero's information, around
60 to 70 jere (sacred graves) surround the island of Ternate. For this reason, this traditional ritual is
carried out by circling the mountain and Ternate island while praying. The same thing was done for
those who performed the ritual of kololi kie toma nyiha. This attitude was born from the
humanitarian instinct of Ternate people, that there was nothing that could save humans from
disasters other than His help. If Mount Gamalama erupts or a tsunami occurs, it is possible that a
small island surrounded by the ocean will sink. By this, in this customary ritual, they always read
prayers to refuse reinforcements, with an effort to keep Ternate island away from various disasters.
Pilgrimage in this ritual, in addition to aiming to commemorate the services of ancestors and pray
for them, also to connect relationships with people who have died. Friendship is manifested in the
form of blessing hope from the karamah of their ancestors who are believed to be given power by
Allah SWT to ensure the prayers of their grandchildren. For them, death is not the end of everything,
through their pilgrimage they build relationships with their ancestors in a way that is true, as said
by Ridwan Dero: "We came here (a sacred tomb) to pray to Allah who had given karamah to the
master of the shaykh and the wives of his descendants (ancestors of the Ternate sultanate). It's easy,
we also get blessings, easy land for sustenance, grace is poured out on us, our family and community
members in the city of Ternate. We do not do shirk, but this is purely for pilgrimage to those whom
you have given the witness and witnessed by our ancestors. This is our fear".
Meanwhile, religious values in the implementation of this ritual can be seen in the meaning of the
symbol and place of the Ternate traditional sultanate ritual, namely sea (water) and land
(mountain). Water besides being understood as a source of life, it is also a source of pleasure. Even
from him humans are created. So it is fitting for humans to always thank Him by always guarding
nature as part of God's unlimited gift. Therefore, the ritual is not intended to cult the mountain, let
alone worship it, as alleged by outsiders in carrying out their traditional rituals, but rather in an

effort to obey the greatness of God. It was him that they asked for safety from various kinds of
natural disasters by giving the sacred tombs scattered on the island of Ternate.
While land (read; mountain) in the understanding of the people of Ternate is another creation from
God. Mount is the only creation of God that stands firmly from all that is on the face of the earth,
from which humans can recognize and understand the omnipotence of God. Although the mountain
is a collection of stones, dust, soil and sand that are piled up and towering, but full of the meaning
of power, strength and greatness of Allah SWT on the face of the earth, as described in Al-Anbiya
verse 31, an-Naba verse 6 and 7, Anaazi verse 32, and al-Ghaziah verse 19. (Sjah: 61).
Because of the importance of the mountain in this customary ritual, there is a special prayer called
the Kie prayer (mountain prayer), this prayer is in the fourth order that must be read, when
performing the traditional ritual fere kie, precisely after reading the azmih prayer (prayer seeking
fortune on land), prayer tayyib (prayer seeking fortune at sea), prayer Abdul Qadir Jailani (prayer
tarikat in order to find a way to Allah SWT), prayer kie and the last prayer refuse reinforcements so
that humans avoid various natural and social disasters.
According to Sjah, kie prayer is human creativity, born from the results of reflection on the
omnipotence of Allah SWT as a source of life's salvation. Prayer consists of worshiping God (Jou)
and the glorification of the servants of Allah SWT who are exalted (Sjah: 59). They are the Apostles,
Aulia and the teachers of the Order who were empowered (karamah) by Allah SWT to safeguard
the safety of Ternate City from sharing various kinds of disasters (interview Ridwan Dero, July 30,
2018).
Other values that can be found in the implementation of traditional rituals are values relating to the
environment and harmonization of human social life, this is inseparable from the perspective of
Ternate society about the existence of mountains and cities as an inseparable unit, while kedaton
as a place where the sultan functions as a liaison between the supernatural world symbolized by
mountains and humans, which is then personified in the city (Alting and Thaib in Hardoko, 2015:
127).
From this momentum, we can see how the relationship between nature and humans, where nature
not only functions as a material space, but also a source of life peace. Mount is interpreted as a
representation of motherhood (woman), besides being laden with love, it also has the nature of
giving birth, and this is closely related to the symbol of fertility. Therefore, even though Gunung
Gamalama has the potential to cause disasters, on the one hand it also makes the plants fertile,
unless there is a disharmony or violates the balance of nature, it is believed that the disaster will be
harmful and detrimental to human life itself (Alting and Thaib: Pora: 2015: 134 )
According to Pora, the traditional ritual of the Ternate Sultanate was actually loaded with human
and environmental values in the framework of "civilizing nature" and "humanizing life". Both are
manifested in a way of life jou se ngofa ngare "which means" I "and" you are". By that, the ritual
which is full of these shared values, according to Pora, is the value of life wisdom that is closely
related to the natural and human environment. The value system is always closely related to
attitudes, both of which determine the patterns of human behavior which are then elaborated in

social norms, the legal and customary systems of manners, which function as the order of
community life (Pora, 2014: 116).
According to Ridwan Dero, the order of the social life, summarized in the indigenous communities
are referred to as custom Ternate seatorang namely the rule of law or rule of law set out in
sekabasaran customary law that must be obeyed and implemented in the social life of the people
of Ternate. As for the core of the seatorang customary, is etiquette or decorum, decency system
that includes moral and character, obedient and strong determination (istiqamah), and believe in
yourself. These values are used as a basis in an effort to build a harmonious social life, both with
nature and with fellow humans (Interview, Ridwan Dero, 30 July 2018).
So that, the effort to obey the omnipotence of God does not only end with the implementation of
rituals, but rather on the actualization of the values of togetherness which is also one of the main
pillars of the implementation of this ritual. There are two life philosophies that underlie this
behavior, namely the mobaso serasai and jou se ngofangare. Mobaso serasai is a concern for others,
as evidenced by the birth of a culture of mutual cooperation between citizens. While the philosophy
of jou se ngofangare is a conception of unity that is established on the basis of that concern.
This jou seofa ngare philosophy is sometimes interpreted as the relationship between the sultan
and the people and sometimes it is also interpreted as a relationship between God and humans,
depending on the context and the situation underlying it. For the social context, this philosophy is
more interpreted as a form of unity, loyalty and togetherness, which according to local residents is
in line with the philosophy of Unity in Diversity which is termed in Ternate's local language Marimoi
Ngone Futuru, masidika Ngone Foruru. In essence, God (Jou), Humans and nature are a unity in the
life of the people of Ternate, the conception appears to be present in every traditional ritual
implementation, including the traditional rituals of kololi kie and fere kie.
The Development of Kololi Kie and Fere Kie's Indigenous Rites

If traced in its development, this traditional ritual sounds quite accommodating to the times. If in
the past, kololi kie toma ngolo was done manually, using rowboats, but along with the times, the
manual methods were no longer used, but already using medium-sized engine boats. Likewise, the
implementation of the Toma Nyiha colony is no longer done on foot, but has already used a vehicle.
In addition, modern technological devices, such as cameras and cellphones, can also be used during
the process of carrying out these traditional rituals. This is evidenced by the various kinds of video
recordings and photographs of the process of carrying out these traditional rituals uploaded on
social media. Of course this is very different from some local communities in Indonesia who are still
faithful in carrying out their traditional rituals. One of them is the Kajang tribe in Bulukumba
Regency, where the implementation of their traditional rituals does not allow modern technology.
Not only that, if traditional rituals are generally carried out strictly and have certain times, then it is
not the case with the traditional rituals of koli kie and fere kie. It can be done at any time, depending
on the sultan's orders. Even the Head of Culture in Ternate City, Faridah Syah, admitted that she

could facilitate and communicate the implementation of this ritual for visitors or tourists, only to
prepare the funds for the implementation of approximately five to 10 million rupiah (interview
Faridah Syah, June 24, 2018).
However, since the death of Sultan Mudaffar Shah II, the implementation of the kololi kie ritual and
fere kie was not like the previous years, where the implementation was very lively and attracted the
attention of many people. Not to mention the conflicts that occurred in the internal sultanate of
Ternate, after the death of Sultan Mudaffar Syah II, whose successor had not yet been found, had
little impact on the image of the sultanate of Ternate. There was even information from local
residents saying, after the death of Sultan Mudaffar Syah II, the ritual of kololi kie was divided.
Though this ritual is full of bonds of togetherness and unity. Likewise, this traditional ritual seems
to be merely a ritual-magical, not yet fully a view of life that can have an impact on environmental
sustainability. It seems very clear that garbage and food stalls are scattered everywhere, and that
not only on land, but also on the sea. Of course this becomes a paradox in the life of Ternate people
who believe that the sea and land are sacred and sacred.
Closing
The rituals of kololi kie and fere kie are rituals that have been running for hundreds of years,
presumably this ritual had existed long before Islam came to Ternate. However, rituals that are
closely related to the socio-geographic conditions of Ternate City are full of religious values (Islam).
At the very least, there are some religious values contained in the implementation of the Ternate
traditional sultanate ritual, namely;
First; divine value, it can be seen in their efforts to embrace the omnipotence of God by making
Mount Gamalama a symbol. Not only that, the divine value is also a symbol of the unity, both
between the sultan and the people, and between God and the servant who is termed jou se ngofa
ngare (you and me is unity).
Second, social value, this value can be seen in the concern of the sultan who always prays for the
people and their region to survive the disaster, both natural and social disasters. The Sultan prayed
that the unity and social life of the people of Ternate would remain harmonious and harmonious,
as well as their life philosophy "Marimoi Ngone Futuru, Masidika Ngone Foruru" which means that
we unite we are divorced we collapse.
Third, the environment, for the people of Ternate, nature does not only function as a material space,
but also a source of peace of life. Mountain is interpreted as a representation of motherhood
(woman), besides being laden with love, it also has the nature of giving birth, so that, nature is not
only a source of life, but also a source of enjoyment. So it is fitting for humans to always thank Him
by always guarding nature as part of God's unlimited gift.
Although the three values mentioned above become a unity in their philosophy of life, they have
not been fully implemented. This can be seen in the lack of awareness of some of its citizens to
respect nature. Garbage and food stalls are scattered everywhere, and not only on land, but also on

the sea. Of course this has become a paradox for Ternate people who believe in the sea and land as
something very sacred.
In order to preserve the values of the ancestral traditions of the Sultanate of Ternate, of course the
kololi kie rituals and fere kie need to get the attention of various groups. Moreover, the values
contained in this traditional ritual are full of religious values which are certainly very related to the
social conditions of the Ternate people known as religious areas. Likewise, the need to conduct a
more in-depth study of the values contained in the traditional rituals of the Ternate Sultanate, in
addition to enriching the study of the local wisdom of the archipelago, also to strengthen the love
of the local traditions and culture of the nation. So that, from the results of this study, there is a
possibility of a new perspective that can be used as an effort to build a harmonious relationship
between social life in Ternate. Meanwhile, for rare strategies, these values can also be used as
teaching materials in schools by functioning local material as a means. So that we indirectly have
tried to care for ancestral traditions in the memory of this nation's generation in the future.
Daftar Pustaka
BPS Kota Ternate. (2017). Kota Ternate dalam Angka. Ternate: BPS Kota Ternate.
Handoko, Wuri. (2015). Tata Kota Islam Ternate: Tinjauan Morfologi dan Kosmologi. Kapata
Arkeologi Volume 11 Nomor 2, November.
Hasyim, Rustam. (2017). Dari Mitos Tujuh Putri Hingga Legitimasi Agama: Sumber Kekuasaan Sultan
Ternate. Sasdaya, Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities, Volume 1. Nomor 2.
Ismail, Arifuddin. (2012). Agama Nelayan, Pergumulan Islam dengan Budaya Lokal di Mandar.
Karim Hi Kodrat dan Hasyim Rustam. (2018). “Penggunaan Bahasa Ternate dalam Sastra Lisan dan
Acara Ritual keagamaan”. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, Vol 6, No. 1, Juni.
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Miles, M. B. dan Hubermas, A. M., (1995). An ExpandedSourceBook: Qualitative Data Analysis.
London: Sage Publication.
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Sjah M. Hidayatullah (tanpa tahun dan penerbit). Suba Jou, Guju Moju Si To Sub Ari Jou Si To Nonako
(Aku Sembah Pada Tuhan karena Aku Kenal) Suatu Tinjauan Filosofis -Releigius Terhadap
Simbol-Simbol Adat dan Agama dalam Mengungkap Misteri Tuhan dan Manusi
Sugiono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan R&D).
Bandung: Alfabeta.
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Tim Penyusun. (1990). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Wikipedia, Kota Ternate diakses pada 8 Agustus 2018.

Zaimar, Okke K.S. (2015). “Metodologi Penelitian Sastra Lisan.” Dalam Metodologi Kajian Tradisi
Lisan, edisi revisi, diedit oleh Pudentia MPSS. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor dan Asosiasi
Tradisi Lisan.
List Interview
1. Wawancara dengan Arifuddin Ismail (Penulis Buku Agama Nelayan, 19 Juli 2018) di
Makassar.
2. Wawancara Faridah Syah (Kepala Bidang Kebudayaan Kota Ternate), 24 Juni 2018.
3. Wawancara Rahmat (Dosen Ilmu Komunikasi IAIN Ternate), 23 Juli 2018.
4. Wawancara Ridwan Dero (Imam Besar Masjid Kesultanan Ternate), 30 Juni 2018.
5. Wawancara Shabur Faturaba (Pemandu Wisata Kota Ternate) 27 Juni 2018.
6. Wawancara Umar M. Sadjim (Dosen FIF PGSD Universitas Muhammadiyah Maluku Utara),
28 Juli 2018.
7. Wawancara Usman Nomay (Dosen Sejarah IAIN Ternate), 30 Juni 2018.
8. Wawancara dengan Ngatawi Al-Zastrow (Ketua Lesbumi PBNU, Periode 2004-2009 di
Yogyakarta, 12 Agustus 2018)
9. Wawancara Zulkiram (Perdana Menteri Kesultanan Ternate), 3 Juli 2018.

ANALYZING THE QUALITY OF WORK PROGRAMS IN MANGGALA DISTRICT,
MAKASSAR CITY, SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE, INDONESIA, BETWEEN 2014-2019
Iin Nurfadhilah Basri

Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10 Tamalanrea Indah,
Kota Makassar, Indonesia
Email: iinnurfadhilahbasri@gmail.com
Laws No 23 of 2014 stated members of the House of Representative and Regional House of
Representatives in the provincial and regional level have the obligations to collect, accommodate,
and follow up aspirations from societies. This obligation is specifically regulated in the law number
17 of 2014 about The People’s Consultative Assembly, The House of Representative, The Regional
Representative Board, and The Regional House of Representatives.
The elected officials will carry out some actions under the name of citizens to formulate and decide
policies related to various aspects of societies’ lives. This public decision is presented in work
programs which have to be realized within a particular period.
Each member of the Regional House of Representatives has his/her own electoral district.
Therefore, they are responsible or obligated to make an attachment with the societies in that area.
The district of Manggala which was taken as the locus of this study is an electoral district of 10
legislators elected in the general election of 2014. Those elected senators constitutionally have the
obligation to gather aspiration from the societies in that area which were then formulated into a
policy which was realized though a number of work programs. Those programs would then become
the most important projects to support the regional governments’ goal to improve the government
administration, public services, and urban communities empowerment in villages.
There were three service priorities in Manggala District in 2018 based on the reses document of the
Regional House of Representative of Makassar City. They were:
1. Proposing an improvement on the waste management in Tamangappa Landfill.
2. Repairing the drainage in Manggala
3. Repairing the drainage in Antang
Based on the preliminary observation and research on documents available in the Manggala District
office, those problems had happened for a very long time. Those have caused dissatisfaction to the
communities related to the government efforts in managing the city.
This study aimed at analyzing the quality of work programs in Manggala district, Makassar City,
South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, between 2014 and 2019.

Methods
This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach which aimed to describe the quality of the
program of works in Manggala District, Indonesia. The research was conducted in two months. To
get comprehensive and accurate data, purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied in
selecting informants for interviews. Other two data collection methods, observation, and
documentation were also carried out to allow the researcher more deeply analyzing the condition
in the field.

The quality of work programs can be assessed based on the quality of a system which is built to
respond the public issues. That system is explained in Laws number 25 of 2004 about the National
Development Planning System. In article 1 (21), it is mentioned that the Development Planning
Deliberation is a forum where societies, stakeholders and governments formulate national and
regional development planning. The Development Planning Deliberation is an annual forum
conducted in the district which are attended by stakeholders in that region to gather the societies’
views about developmental programs that should be carried out based on input obtained from the
similar forum conducted in each urban village in that district.
The output of the Development Planning Deliberation must be understood as a mutual agreement
by facilitators, participants, informants, and all components involved in that forum so that the
governmental vision can be achieved. Therefore, there must be five principles applied through the
discussion including equality, dialogue, partiality, anti-dominations, and holism.
The equality refers to giving the equal right to all participants of the forum in addressing their ideas,
raising voices, and being appreciated when giving contradicted opinions during the discussion. On
the other hand, they also have the responsibility to listen to others’ voice, appreciate any different
opinions, and put respect on the mutual decision. Based on the interviews conducted during the
study, it was found that the realization of these principles highly depended on the ability of
moderator in giving the same change to all participants to deliver their ideas. Therefore, the
government as the forum organizer should be able to ensure that the moderator is the person with
the appropriate knowledge and competence and can be conscionable during the forum.
The second principle was related to the condition that the forum members come from various
backgrounds including the education level, age, gender, social and economic status, and so on.
Those diversities are expected to become a great chance to gather ideas and information from
various perspectives and sectors so that the best decision for the communities can be withdrawn.
These diversities were clearly seen from the different perspectives raised during the forum. In this
case, a participant with a higher level of educational background had the very different paradigm in
perceiving a problem occurring in Manggala district compared to other participants who only
graduated from elementary or junior high school. An obvious example was that in responding some
problems raised in the discussion, societies with lower educational background tended to focus on
proposing infrastructure facilities to the government like building drainage, providing more trucks

to transport the waste, and providing payment for the persons in charge. However, participants
with a higher educational background tended to think about how to change the societies’ behavior.
The third principle applied in this forum was that marginal individual or groups like the poor,
women, and the youths must be encouraged to deliver their aspiration and ideas. The percentage
of poor citizens in Manggala district was 13.17 or 4,135 out of 31,392 total families. The majority of
this group worked in the waste and environmental sanitation sectors. Therefore, their voices are
highly appreciated in the Development Planning Deliberation conducted in the district level. In an
interview conducted in that study, the head of Community Empowerment and Welfare Section in
that district as one of our informants mentioned that:
“In the Development Planning Deliberation, there were a number of youths participating
because, in each urban village, there is one youth organization except Borong which has two.
So the total number of the organizations was 9.”
Another principle was anti-domination. In this case, in the forum, there must not be any individuals
or groups which become dominant and we must ensure that all decisions taken after the discussion
proportionally represent the whole participants’ voices. Based on this study, there are some
indications that it was dominated by some participants from particular social groups, promoter team
of particular legislative candidates, and government representatives. The activeness in speaking
during the meeting might be affected by participants’ confidence to speak and their understanding
of the topic which was being discussed. Therefore, it can be concluded that this condition was
merely affected by the different capacity of each participant.
The last principle applied in the discussion forum was the holism. In this case, the Development
Planning Deliberation must encourage the development and improvement of the welfare of any life
aspects holistically so that any sectoral and regional ego does not affect the decision-makers in
ranking the priority level of developmental programs. Based on the current research, a holistic
development was not found in that deliberation because of the two more crucial cases related to
the study locus to be handled soon. In that forum, there were two different options related to the
direction of the developments. The participants debated whether the improvement should be
focused on the societies’ behavioral changes or on infrastructure management. Those distinct views
seemed caused by the different capacities and educational and social background of the
participants. Following table shows the list of programs related to the waste management and
environmental cleanliness and the amount of fund allocated for them.
List of Programs Amount of Funding
Waste and cleanliness management 9.736.058.080
Socialization of the policy of waste management 200.000.000
Socialization of the waste bank management 300.000.000
Socialization about the importance of throwing waste into 300.000.000
the appropriate place
Socialization about the implementation of Gemar MTR 300.000.000
program
Collecting data about the garbage retribution 50.000.000
Training on recycling the garbage 300.000.000
Socialization about garbage retribution 300.000.000
Drainage clearance 499.760.000

The table above shows that there were seven plans related to behavioral change programs while
the rests focused on the physical and infrastructural building. However, although based on the
quantity, the physical development was only realized through two programs, it got an allocation of
the budget of 10 Billion rupiahs, while all behavioral change programs only received 2 Billion rupiahs.
It means that the target to be holistic in determining programs might be inhibited by the
disproportionate budget needed by those two groups of developmental actions.
Conclusions
The quality of work programs based on societies’ aspiration depends on five aspects including
equality, dialogue, partiality, anti-dominations, and holism. While the four former aspects had been
well implemented, the latter one was still less successful as some issues experienced by societies
have not been holistically accommodated.
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THE EFFECT OF MOBILE GAMING ON THE QUALITY OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION
Janisa Pascawati Lande

Department of Communication Science, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10,
Makassar, Indonesia
Email: jean.exist08@gmail.com
Arianto
Makassar, Indonesia
Email: arianto.uh@yahoo.com
Tuti Bahfiarti
Makassar, Indonesia
Email: tutibahfiarti@yahoo.com
Over the past two decades, gaming has transformed from a niche hobby into a widely popular
activity enjoyed by players of all ages, cultures, and genders, driving a massive multi-billion-dollar
industry. This has led to increased interest from academia of the cultural impact of gaming and the
effects it has on those that play video games. Video games and gaming have been the subjects of
scholarship in nearly every field of study, from the effect of video games on the social development
of children (Durkin & Barber, 2002) to the causes and effects of video game addiction (Mitchell,
Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005). Mass media, too, has frequently put video games on center
stage, though rarely in a positive light, with uncountable headlines associating gaming with violence,
aggression, and anti-social behavior. It is surprising, then, that very little research has been
conducted on how video games affect the functionality and communication of the family.
According to Statista (2019), in 2019 the revenue from mobile gaming in Indonesia will reach 624
million US dollars and the number of mobile gamers in Indonesia is expected to reach 43 million by
the end of the year. The same report also revealed that 15.9% of all smartphone users in Indonesia
play mobile games.
Mobile Legends: Bang Bang (MLBB), a mobile MOBA (Multiplayer Online Battle Arena) heavily
inspired by the PC title League of Legends, is the most popular mobile game in Indonesia; its
developers, Moonton, claim that nearly half of all mobile gamers in Indonesia play MLBB (Adzani,
2018). MLBB is the first video game to break into the mainstream media in Indonesia, with major
brands sponsoring competitions with prize pools regularly reaching tens of thousands of dollars.
Much like in the west, this increase in popularity has also attracted the attention of academia. Many
local studies exist reporting the negative effects of video games. Angela (2013) found that the
forming of gaming communities and gaming addiction led to increased truancy and an unwillingness

to study. A study by Efendi (2014) reported online games caused children to distance themselves
from their families, choosing instead to play games with their friends at internet cafes.
Redmond (2010) published his thesis on the effect of video games on family communication and
interactio, an exploratory study that surveyed hundreds of college students in an attempt to
describe a quantifiable link between family communication quality and gaming and video games.
Redmond found that there was, in fact, very little correlation between video games and the quality
of family communication.
The study, while interesting, was limited to young adults in the United States, a country where video
games and gaming have become an undeniable force in pop culture. The US has had several
generations of gamers; a survey by the Entertainment Software Association (2018) found that the
average age of gamers in the US is 35. Parents and children enjoying a session of Mario Kart or Wii
Sports together is hardly an oddity.
In contrast, Indonesia has only recently experienced a gaming explosion, sparked by improved
internet infrastructure and the increasing affordability of powerful smartphones. Though gaming in
Indonesia had been a semi-popular activity since mod chips and pirated discs made the original
Playstation accessible to the average Indonesian child through game rental centers, it has only truly
exploded in the past 5 years. This is the first generation of Indonesian gamers who get to enjoy a
social acceptance of their hobby at this scale. For this reason, a child playing video games with their
father or mother is rare and will likely remain so for at least another decade.
With such clear differences between American and Indonesian gaming culture, the question arises:
how do video games affect family communication when there is a clear gap in techno literacy
between generations?
Methods
A link to an online survey was shared with the participants of this study. Participants were Mobile
Legends: Bang Bang players registered to compete in a local MLBB competition, and completing the
online survey was a required part of the registration process. As the respondents were applying to
participate in a MLBB tournament, the assumption was that the pool of participants would be
slightly more serious about MLBB, dedicating more time to the game than the average player would.
Of the 211 participants, 7 returned incomplete or unusable data, 182 were male (89.2%) and 22
were female (10.8%). The majority of respondents had completed senior high school, totaling 160
(78.4%) of the participants. The average age was 22.3 years old with the largest segment of the
participants, aged between 18-24, totaling 118 people (57.8%). Makassar was the largest ethnic
group with 91 (44.6%) of the participants. The second largest ethnic group was Bugis with 63 (31.9%)
of the participants.
Participants were asked to complete an online survey created using Google Forms. The survey
contained ten questions taken from a previous study conducted by the writer (Lande, 2019) which
were adopted from the Family Communication Scale (Olson, Gorall, & Tiesel, 2006) translated into
Indonesian. The Family Communication Scale is a short questionnaire that evaluates the

characteristics of the relationship between the parent and child based on a five-point scale. Reports
on the Family Communication Scale have shown it to have a very high internal consistency, with a
Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. The survey also contained questions about how frequently the
participants played MLBB, how long they have been playing the game, and how long the average
session of MLBB lasts for them. These were designed to gain an understanding of the participant’s
play patterns.
Reliability tests were performed on the adopted and translated Family Communication Scale (FCS).
Test results whoed that the Family Communication Scale questions were still highly reliable even
after having been translated to Bahasa Indonesia (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.959).
Pearson product moment correlation analysis was performed on the translated Family
Communication Scale to understand how closely related each of the items were. The bivariate
correlation between all item pairs was quite high, suggesting the potential for dimension reduction
through factor analysis.
Principal component analysis performed on the FCS items showed that all items had extremely high
load on the first factor. This factor was labeled “family communication quality” and regression factor
scores were calculated for it.
Pearson product moment bivariate correlational analyses were conducted again, this time for the
purpose of discovering potential correlation between the new family communication quality factor
and how frequently an individual played MLBB, how long they have been playing MLBB for, and the
average duration of their MLBB game sessions.
The results of the correlation analysis showed that family communication quality had no correlation
with how long an individual had been playing MLBB for. What this suggests is that there is very little
– if any – long-term influence that playing MLBB has on overall family communication quality.
No correlation was found between family communication quality and how long the average MLBB
session was for the individual. Regardless of how much time a player spent in a day playing MLBB,
the overall effect on family communication quality was negligible or non-existent.
In fact, the only variable that had any correlation with family communication quality was how often
an individual played MLBB. There was a significant positive correlation between how often a player
played MLBB and the communication quality within that player’s family. This supports the findings
of Durkins & Barber (2002) that children who played computer games generally scored higher in
family closeness tests in comparison to children who did not play games. This finding is also contrary
to the many studies conducted in Indonesia on the topic of video games and childhood development
such as Efendi (2014) and Angela (2013) who both claimed video games were harmful to a child’s
social development and created rifts between parent and child. It is a finding that is worth exploring
further in subsequent research.
Conclusions

Results of this study showed no correlation between the average duration of a game session for a
MLBB player and the communication quality within said player’s family.
Similarly, no correlation was found between how long an individual has been playing MLBB with
family communication quality. There is nothing to suggest that playing MLBB has any long-term
effects, either positive or negative, on family communication quality.
A significant positive correlation was found between family communication quality and how often
an individual played MLBB. A previous study by Durkins & Barber (2002) also suggested a potential
link between playing games and family closeness, and it is a subject worth looking into for future
studies.
This study did not find any evidence that how long or how often an individual plays MLBB has any
effect on a family’s communication quality.
Reference
Adzani, F. (2018, July 17). Ini Jumlah Pemain Mobile Legends di Indonesia yang diungkapkan Moonton.
(Hai.Grid.Id) Retrieved June 17, 2019, from https://hai.grid.id/read/07900603/ini-jumlah-pemain-
mobile-legends-di-indonesia-yang-diungkapkan-moonton?page=all
Angela. (2013). Pengaruh Game Online Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa SDN 015 Kelurahan Sidomulyo
Kecamatan Samarinda Ilir. e-Journal Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Mulawarman, 1(2), 523-544.
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pada Warung Internet di Dusun Mendungan Desa Pabelan Kecamatan Kartasura Kabupaten
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Lande, J. P. (2019). Pengaruh Penggunaan Video Game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang (Mlbb) Terhadap Kualitas
Hubungan Dan Kuantitas Komunikasi Keluarga Pada Pengguna Game Mobile Legends Makassar.
Thesis. Makassar, Indonesia: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Hasanuddin.
Mitchell, K. J., Becker-Blease, K. A., & Finkelhor, D. (2005). Inventory of Problematic Internet Experiences
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https://www.statista.com/outlook/211/120/mobile-games/indonesia.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATURE RELATIONSHIP
IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION POLICY MAKING IN WAJO REGENCY
Juanda Nawawi
Department of Politics and Government Faculty of Social Sciences
Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia
Email: juandanawawi1808@gmail.com
Sakaria Anwar
Department of Politics and Government Faculty of Social Sciences
Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia
Email: sakaria_anwar_ipb@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The Local Government system, relation of both institutions is equal in the poverty aviliation policy
making process, both institutions is partner in in the process. It means part of its implementation
function together is make Local Regulation include a regulation making of Local Budget for poverty
avelition polity. It means relationship of both government institutions is a supporting mechanism
system mean not as rival in the policy making process.
The purpose of this research are to describe the relationship of local government and Regional
Representative Council within regulation making process in term to applicated the principle of good
governance. The Local Budget has been made and resulted by Regional Representative Council and
Local Government could ward the poverty problem in Wajo regency.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research method used is qualitative method thru the case study research. Data aggregation
technique is interview, observation, and documenting mechanism.
RESEARCH RESULT
Contribution of The Local Budget and The Alleviation of Poverty
The Local Budget of Wajo regency is one of the unit that consists by: local income, local expenditure,
and local cost. The Local Income includes all of the accpeted money from The Regional Treasury
acoount that increase equity fast cost, that from the local right in one year of the budget that does
not need to be paid back by the regional. The local income consist of: The Original Local Income,
fund balance, and the legal of local income others; the fund balance consist of: fund output divided,
the general allocation fund and the special allocation fund; and the legal local income others that

include all of the local income except The Original Local Income and fund balance include grant,
emergency fund, and other income that has been applied by the government.
The local expenditure consists of all the expenditure from The Account of The Regional Treasury
that diminished equity fast cost that becomes the local duty in one year’s budget that never gets
back the payment by the region. The local expenditure uses in the implementation of government
business that becomes the local province government authority, the regency in South sulawesi
province that consist of the duty business and the selection business that decided with laws and
regulation certainty. The expenditure of the duty business executor must be the priority to protect
and increase the quality life of society in order to fulfill the local duty created in the upgrading of
local services, education, health, social facilities, and public facilities that proper and also evolving
social guarantee system. The duty business besides increases the quality of the society, in the other
hand priority to alleviate poverty. The Poverty is a complex problem that influenced by related
factors, they are income level, health, education, the access to goods and services, geographic
location and area condition.
From research result, it showed that Wajo regency regulation of local expenditure that describes in
the Local Government has made efforts with the rule of financing system that proportional,
efficient, and effective based on principle: (1) pro-growth, (2) pro-poverty alleviated, (3) pro
predatory of employment to through unemployment level, (4) pro-human development, (5) pro
area conservation. These are doing with the budget-based work phenomenological, The Framework
of Budgeting Medium-Term and the unified budget. In the relevance with poverty problem in Wajo
regency, the total presentation of poor inhabitant In relation of the poverty condition in Wajo
Regency in 2013 was 31.900 people (8.17%), in 2014 as many as 30.340 people (7.74%). In 2015 the
trend there were 80.080 people (7.66%). In 2016 as many as 29.460 people (7.47%), and in 2017-
2018 the number of poor people increased again as 49.024 people (9.15%)
In the period of 2012 – 2016, the local expenditure regulation in The Local Budget of Wajo regency
had been allocated to the public expenditure that touch directly the small society include of the
society who be in the poor line. The direct expenditure is an obligation of the local government and
the expenditure allocation policy has not been directed to (1) upgrading of services to people with
effectively and efficiently by the raising of motivation, discipline, work ethos and local government
apparatur mobility, (2) encouraging society organization in the urged the government’s duties, (3)
facilitating the regency government in the acquirementand increase of the local finance capability,
(4) handling of poverty problem.
Wajo regency allocated of regional expenditure that consist of indirect expenditure consists of
employee expenditure 45,18% as compare to social effort expenditure for tackling poverty 0,33%,
social effort expenditure tho the society group 21,9%. This condition describes local expenditure
such as direct expenditure or indirect expenditure that in being Local Budget to faced poverty seems
still small relatively. It means of the contribution of The Local Budget has not significant could
through poverty problem in Wajo regency. But on the other hand, there are many local
government’s efforts in South sulawesi to overcame poverty problem include of empowering the

village society which known as “Pro Poor Supporting Program”. It is the autonomous village
development based on society. Pro Poor Supporting Program is program of Wajo regency local
government in the tackling poverty. The organization structure of the program begins from province
level until to village level from the government (local government/ The sub-district Government
Unit, the regency government, subdistrict, village claim ability to play the role as development
catalyst to encourage social transformation to give contribution to tackling poverty in Wajo regency.
The Program where it fund comes from The Local Budget that submitted to The Local Government
Unit of province and regency as like as training economy activity of society and development of
superiority commodity in every village in region thru Pro Poor Supporting Program in training to
the village society that are in the 14 sub-districts around the regency.
The paradigm displacement of the government implementation from centralization system to
decentralization system. It could be seen thru the recent regulation, the Laws Number 23 Years
2014, It explained that the local government is the executor of government’s duty by the local
government and Regional Representative Council according autonomy principle and co-
administration with the broadest autonomy principle on the principles system of the unity republic
state.
CONCLUSION
The local government and Regional Representative Council in arranging, disscussing and establish
of The Local Budget less sensitive in the allevation of poverty in means pro-active to hands poor
society. This is can be seen from the budget posture especially local expenditure that small relatively
and less significant in alleviate of poverty. On the other hand there are the government efforts to
tackling poverty problem with the budget that came from The Local Budget that definite relatively
in every The Local Government Unit that is “Pro Poor Supporting Program” that based on the village
society.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. E. (1979). Public Policy Making. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston
Astawa, P. I. G. (2002). Problematika Peraturan Daerah antara Tantangan dan dalam Peluang
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Saad, M. (2011). Analisis Pembuatan Kebijakan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD)
Kota Makassar. Disertasi Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar
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Undang-Undang RI Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.
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Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 58 Tahun 2005 Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah.
Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 54 Tahun 2005 tentang Pinjaman Daerah.
Peraturan pemerintah RI Nomor 55 Tahun 2005 Tentang Dana Perimbangan.
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Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 2005 Tentang Hibah Kepada Daerah.
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Peraturan Daerah Nomor 05 Tahun 2013 Tentang Anggaran Pendapat Belanja Daerah Provinsi
Sulawesi Barat
Peraturaan Daerah Nomor.1 Tahun 2013 Tentang Rencana pembangunan jangka Menengah Daerah
RPJMD Kabupaten Wajo
Keputusan Bupati Wajo Nomor.12 Tahun.. 2013 Tentang Pembentukan Tim Anggaran Pemerintah
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Pembentukan Badan Anggaran DPRD.

THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN PRESERVING
PANCANA LANGUAGE IN LAKUDO VILLAGE
Muh. Hidayatullah
Email: day.al.mohammed@gmail.com
Tuti Bahfiarti
Email: tutibahfiarti@unhas.ac.id
Jeanny Maria Fatimah

Email: jeannymaria@gmail.com
Introduction
Pancana language is a language spoken by the Pancana people who inhabit the area of Central
Buton. Pancana language is used as a communication tool for the Central Buton community in
carrying out daily activities. Pancana language is also often used in traditional ceremonies, cultural
events and religious events.
Pancana language has a very large function and role in the survival of the Pancana community, so it
requires guidance and learning in increasing its use among the Central Buton community. This
condition makes Pancana as the language of one of the regional languages in Indonesia avoiding the
threat of extinction.
In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia number 24 of 2009 on the Flag, Language, and the State
Emblem, and Anthem, Article 1, paragraph 6 states that:
"Regional language is a language used by generations of Indonesian citizens in areas
within the territory of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia."
Furthermore article 42 paragraph 1 states that:
"The regional government is obliged to develop, foster and protect regional
languages and literature so that it continues to fulfill its position and function in social
life in accordance with the times and to remain a part of Indonesia's cultural wealth."
From the law above, it can be seen how important regional languages are in community life. The
government has asserted that regional languages must be used for generations and preserved.
Therefore, it is the duty of the community to protect and maintain the existence of regional
languages so that they can be recognized by all regional communities, from children to the elderly.
Based on the results of observations, Pancana language is rarely used by young people who are
particularly vulnerable in Lakudo Village. Only adults and older people still use pancana language in
their daily lives. As Wurn said in Crystal (2000: 21) which classifies several conditions of language
health, one of which is Endangered Languages, where endangered languages are languages that

have no young generation in regional languages, fluent speakers are only middle-generation groups
(adult) and old generation. This condition indicates that pancana language is included in the
category of Endangered Languages and threatens the values of Pancana language as the identity of
the Pancana community.
To overcome the above problems, the role of parents is very necessary in increasing the use of
pancake language as well as learning pancana language to children who are still in their teens. The
learning process starts when the child is in childhood and is carried out first in the family
environment, because the family is the beginning of a child in socializing and learning various things.
Parents use the learning method and habituation to use the pancana language in the house to
prevent the extinction of the pancana language. Littlejhon (2009, 597) states that in applying the
learning process, a child's behavior is controlled by gifts and reinforcement from his environment.
When parents often give attention and appreciation to their children when using pancana language,
the child will often respond by using pancana language.
When in the process of communication between parents and children using pancana language, then
in it will create a sense of comfort, honesty, and mutual confidence so that an effective
communication process will occur. Communication can be said to be effective when the message is
received and understood as intended by the sender of the message, then the message is directly
received by the recipient of the message, thus increasing the quality of relationships between family
members, and creating a harmonious atmosphere. This can improve the quality of use of pancana
language between parents and children. (Mulyana, 2008)
The importance of parental attention to pancake language, makes pancana language better known
by children and avoiding extinction. In this study, it will be seen how parents improve the quality of
the use of pancana language to their children, as well as teach pancana language to their children
by using the learning process and habituation of pancana language in the home.
Methods
This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Descriptive methods are used because this
research deals with ongoing events and in accordance with current conditions. Nazir (2011: 52) says
that descriptive methods are a method of examining the status of a human group, a subject, a set
of conditions, a system of thought or class of events in the present. The purpose of this descriptive
study is to make a description, description or painting systematically and the relationship between
the phenomena investigated.
Furthermore, Sugiyono (2015: 15) explains that qualitative research methods are research methods
based on the philosophy of positivism, used to examine the conditions of natural objects, (as
opposed to experiments) where the researcher is a key instrument, sampling data sources is done
purposive and snowball, merging techniques with triangulation (combined), data analysis is
inductive / qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize the meaning rather than
generalization.

The informants from this study were three Lakudo people who were the heads of the family and
actively used pancana language. This study uses recording techniques and note-taking techniques.
The use of recording techniques is based on the consideration that the data studied is in the form
of oral data so that it can be done, either by planning and systematically or by a record. Thus, the
recording technique is the main technique for collecting research data. Furthermore, the use of
note-taking techniques is only as a correlation to unclear recordings. In addition, after the data was
collected the researchers also used introspection techniques. The introspection technique is used
considering the researcher is a Lakudo community. (Mahsun, 2005: 131-132)
After the data is collected, data processing will be carried out first so that data can be separated
between relevant and irrelevant data. Furthermore, the data will begin with the process of editing,
classification, verification, and analysis.
Results
The results in this study indicate that the importance of the role of parents in preserving pancana
language as a legacy from the ancestors of the Lakudo community. Starting in the family
environment, parents use learning methods and habituate the use of pancana language to children.
Learning and habituation methods are carried out starting from childhood and are carried out for
the first time in a family environment, because the family is the beginning of a child in socializing
and learning various things. This gives a positive influence on children in accepting pancana language
as a language that must be used when conducting activities in the Lakudo community. Even though
in the beginning there were inhibiting factors, but with the enthusiasm of parents in an effort to
preserve the pancake language to make children motivated to learn it. Positive impact is seen when
parents and children use pancana language in conducting communication activities will create
effective communication. Effective communication can motivate children to know more about
pancana language as the native language and identity of the Lakudo community.
Conclusions
1. The role of parents in preserving pancana language has a positive influence on their children in
recognizing and applying pancake language in everyday life. By using learning and habituation
methods will produce effective communication, so that the creation of comfort in the process
of communication using the language between parents and children is created.
2. Learning and habituation methods applied by parents is a strategy that parents do systematically
and regularly in introducing pancakes to their children which are delivered in an effective and
efficient manner so that the goals of parents can be achieved. With learning and habituation
methods, children can get to know and apply pancake language in their daily lives.
3. Effective communication between parents and children is created when in the communication
process creates a comfortable situation. Of the three informants of this study, as parents must
give attention and motivation to their children to be able to speak Pancana, so that the children
of informants in using the language of Pancana show a positive impact on the surrounding
environment. Children know when and where they have to use pancana language.

Reference
______. (2009). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 24 Tahun 2009 tentang Bendera,
Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan. Jakarta.
Crystal, David. (2000). Language Death, Melbourn : Cambridge University Press.
Littlejohn, Stephen W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, United States of America:

SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
Mahsun. (2005). Metode Penelitian Bahasa, Jakarta : PT. Raja Grasindo Persada.
Mulyana, Deddt. (2008). Komunikasi Efektif, Bandung :PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nazir, Mohammad. (2011). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : Ghalia Indonesia.
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mix Mtheods). Bandung : Alfabeta.

UNDERSTANDING POVERTY OF INDONESIA MARITIME
SOCIETY IN SOCIETY FIVE POINT ZERO (5.0) ERA
Muh. Iqbal Latief,

muhilberkelana@gmail.com
Sultan,
Sultan_djibe69 @yahoo.com
Suryanto
suryanto.sosiologiunhas@gmail.com
The problem of poverty is still an unfinished study. Even in the last few years, especially since
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) planned by the United Nations (UN), the issue of poverty
has come to light with various problems. According to World Bank (2012), there are still
approximately 18% of the world's population categorized as poor and below the poverty line. That
is, if the world's population currently reaches more than 6.5 billion, there are still approximately 1.2
billion poor people in the world. Of course this condition has very broad consequences and
implications in human life and society in general. At present, the world community has made new
commitments and agreements called the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) which place the
elimination of poverty as the first strategic issue of the 16 (sixteen) other strategic issues.
Context of this study are the researcher used literature review research methods, secondary data,
and observation. The literature review here is where to use articles and journals as a reference in
making this summary and understand more deeply the context of the research regarding previous
events. While secondary data is information obtained from previous literature sources as
reinforcement of writing. Whereas observation is a step that is done to strengthen the literature
data and secondary data which is carried out directly by using direct observation methods
conducted by researchers to the field in order to deepen the observation of the problem and deepen
the observation of problems regarding what is happening in the community, as well as observation
to sharpen phenomena that occur in the community about what happens in society in the context
of changes that occur.
In the context of Indonesia, since independence in 1945 until now, the serious problem still faced is
the poverty matter. Until now the number of poor people in Indonesia according to data is still
above 30 million people (BPS, 2014). Especially after Indonesia experienced the monetary crisis in
1997, according to data the number of poor people increased sharply from 22.5 million in 1996 to
89.5 million in 1997. The unemployment rate in 1997 also increased to around 20 million people
(BPS, 1998). According to Ismawan (1999, 24), the 1997 economic crisis caused Indonesia to become
a poor country. The initial per capita income of USD 1200 after the economic crisis fell to USD 650
per capita. The cause of the economic crisis in Indonesia, due to the influence of external and
internal factors. The external factors are because of the effects of the economic crisis that shook
Southeast Asia. However, the most important thing is internal factors, which various studies that
study development in Indonesia in the New Order era explain that Indonesia's development strategy

oriented to economic development and growth has brought implications for the occurrence of social
disrepancy and inequality in all fields. The indications are that there has been accumulation of
capital in certain groups, physical and social development that is not balanced between Java and
Outside Java, and also between cities and villages. According to Drucker (1998,53), this problem
caused a high level of tension in Indonesia. According to Baharsjah (1999,21), the economic crisis in
Indonesia is actually caused more by internal factors, among others; (i) the large number of poor
people; (ii) the size of the population with low education; (iii) development imbalance between
regions; (iv) vertical socio-economic disparity between citizens; (v) the severity of environmental
damage and the depletion of natural resources, especially mining and forestry materials, and; (vi)
the vulnerability of almost all regions of Indonesia to disasters due to natural events or human
activities or a combination of both.
This explains that the development strategy implemented in the New Order era has failed to
eradicate poverty. From studies that examine poverty in Indonesia, as conducted by Melly G. Tan
(1987), Baharsjah (1999), and others, generally conclude that poverty in Indonesia is caused more
by structural factors than cultural factors. The structural dimension that is most highlighted is
government policy related to poverty reduction policies.
It cannot be denied that the government policy since the old order, the new order until the reform
order, has not been able to significantly reduce the number of poor people in Indonesia. Even in the
New Order era, socio-economic disparity in the society was very clearly seen so that many slogans
that said economic development in the new order resulted in "the rich getting richer and poorer
become poorer". Even in the reform era (from 1999 to the present), the condition of poverty in
Indonesia has not moved in a better direction. Ironically now, the government has allocated a very
large poverty reduction budget every year, but the poverty rate has not dropped significantly.
By observing the decline of poverty in Indonesia over a period of 10 years (2001-2011), according
to the figures and records of the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) that have been published in general,
indicating that the rate of decline of poverty in Indonesia is not encouraging. That is, with the
number of budget allocations increasing significantly each year (on average reaching above 20%
increase in budget per year) compared to the reduction in poverty rates which is only 0.53% on
average each year. This shows that the budget allocation that increased every year does not have a
positive impact on reducing poverty significantly in Indonesia.
Poverty is a very complex social problem so to overcome it must get a fast and appropriate
treatment. Indonesia as a developing country with a very large population cannot avoid the problem
of poverty. This is indicated by the still high poverty rate, where the majority of them live in rural
areas where access is very limited. Similarly, in big cities like Jakarta, poor people are still found.
Poverty can be interpreted that someone is very difficult to fulfill their daily needs due to various
causes, one of them is the low level of income.
Indonesia is a maritime country and is listed as an archipelago with a total of 17,508 islands
surrounded by 81,000 km of coastline and about 5,8 million square kilometers of sea area with an
exclusive economic zone of 2.78 million km2. There are around 60 million Indonesian residents living

in coastal areas and contributing around 22 percent of national gross income. It is undeniable that
in the midst of the great potential of the oceans, poverty is mostly located in fisherman settlements.
Indeed, many factors cause poverty for fishermen both naturally, structurally and culturally.
Naturally the sea is difficult to predict. High waves, strong winds or storms, and the destruction of
nature make fewer catches. On the other side, fisher society have structural weaknesses. Weak
capital capabilities, low management, weak institutions, under the grip of middlemen, and
technology limitations. We know that fishermen belonging as citizens who have a weak economy,
contrast with their role as national protein heroes. Cultural conditions can also be able to encourage
fishermen to plunge into poverty. Big natural wealth often lullaby all of us. Dependence on marine
resources results in submission, and this results in the lack of an increase in the quality of human
resources (HR).
Another problem is that amid the condition of the dominant fisher society still in the poverty line,
social change in society has moved towards digital society and network society which has always
been identified with revolution 4.0 and has now entered the 5.0 era.
Based on the explanation above, this paper tries to describe the conceptually theoretically about
the poverty condition of maritime society, especially the case of fishermen in Indonesia amid the
development of the industrial revolution 4.0 and enter the era of 5.0.
The management of many poverty conflicts tends to be reactive and short-term because it only
tends to respond to issues of poverty conflict that appear on the surface and are secondary in nature
so that they can sporadically reappear. Therefore, handling long-term poverty conflicts to be able
to prevent and reduce conflicts that occur is a matter that is very urgent to be done by all parties
including higher education institutions. Therefore through this summary papers, one form of activity
that will be carried out is to provide knowledge, understanding and skills to the community,
especially to housewives about the management of potential social conflicts that will occur.
Through the training, conflict can be understood and interpreted as something dynamic, energetic,
and functional as long as it can be managed properly. As Lewis Coser (Sasan, 2010) which
emphasizes that conflict is not only negative but also positive. Because conflict is a dynamic of
society that leads to social changes as a result of conflict.
Bahan Bacaan :
Kinseng, Rilus, 2014. Konflik Nelayan. Jakarta, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia
Kusnadi, 2009. Keberdayaan Nelayan dan Dinamika Ekonomi Pesisir. Penerbit Ar-Ruz Media
Jogjakarta
Kusnadi, 2003. Akar Kemiskinan Nelayan. Yogjakarta, LKIS
Levin, Melvin R, 1977. Community and Regional Planning; Issues In Public Policy. USA Preager
Publisher New York
Primahendra, Riza dan Martono, Malakias & Nggao, Ferdy S, 2003. Kemiskinan dan Kemandirian.
Jakarta – Yayasan Bina Swadaya
Ritzer, George and Douglas J. Goodman, 2008. Teori Sosiologi; Dari Teori Sosiologi Klasik sampai
Perkembangan Mutakhir Teori Sosial Post Modern. Yogjakarta, Kreasi Wacana
Satria, Arif, 2009. Pesisir dan Laut Untuk Rakyat. Bogor, IPB Press

TATE – SOCIETY RELATIONS TO PREVENT RADICALISM AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN THE
CYBERSPACE OF INDONESIA
Muhaimin Zulhair Achsin

Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Email: muhaimin.zul@gmail.com, muhaimin.zul@ub.ac.id
Universally agreed upon, globalization in the 21st century has effects on technology and
information. In particular, the expansion of internet infrastructures and users are correlated with
the increase of terrorist campaigns to influence mass. The nature of internet that is unregulated,
accessible, anonymous, and attractive has made it a grand potential market for all humankind,
including terrorists to reach their audience widely, build network, mine data, recruit people, and
gain funds.
Through the course of late 1990s to 2007, terrorist websites rose extremely from the mere amount
of a dozen to over 5,800 (Weimann, 2006), the number has increased up to more than 9,600
websites by October 2013 (Weimann, 2015). Weimann (2015) also explains that terrorists are using
the internet for online recruitment, radicalization and mobilization, online fatwas, cyberattacks,
online debates, narrowcasting (targeting children and women), and growing lone wolf terrorists.
Furthermore, ISIS, besides Al-Qaeda, is infamously known as the terrorist group that use the
cyberspace systematically to spread the propaganda worldwide, war on the ground and cyberspace
as cyberterrorism. They succeeded in expanding their cells worldwide despite losing the battle on
the ground.
ISIS has used all kind of social networking – YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter,
Skype, KIK or Diaspora. ISIS also used application namely Alrawi app, Amaq News, The Dawn of Glad
Tidings and digital magazine Dabiq. Even Google has deleted some accounts due to the popularity
of the question “How to join the IS?” (Payá-Santos & Delgado-Morán, 2017).
However, in Indonesia, a case study in 2016 of the first woman who became a suicide bomber, an
ISIS cell, Dian Novita Yuli, depicted to the public eye how significant the influence of social media
containing ISIS doctrine and network truly in turning an ordinary woman into a suicide bomber. Even
though she was not the first woman involved in terrorism in Indonesia, Munfiatun Nurdin M. Top’s
wife was the first, Dian showed a new phenomenon namely the influence of the internet regarding
women’s involvement in terrorist activities in Indonesia.
To prevent similar cases repeated, government has intervened the cyberspace through the Ministry
of Communication and Information or Kominfo (abbreviation in Indonesia). From 2009 to 2019,
11.000 social media contents that were spread radicalism and terrorism has been blocked by
Kominfo, in which Facebook and Instagram are the two social medias that contain the most of
radical and terrorism contents that mount up to 8.131 in total (Dewi, 2019). Therefore, this paper

attempts to answer the question how do state – society/community relations to prevent radicalism
and violent extremism in the cyberspace of Indonesia?
Several written works about terrorism in Indonesia have been produced such as the nature of
Indonesian terrorist motive (Ramakrishna, 2015), Jemaah Islamiyah (Barton, 2005; Jones, 2005),
democratization and terrorism in Indonesia (Eschborn, 2005), latent threat of Islamist Terrorism in
Indonesia (Nugroho, 2018), ten radical groups in Indonesia (Jerard, 2015), Securitisation of terrorism
in Indonesia (Wibisono, 2015), radicalization of Indonesia female supporters of IS (Nuraniyah, 2018),
and disengagement Indonesian jihadist (Hwang, 2018). However, none of those works have
explained about state – society relation regarding terrorism prevent effort in cyberspace of
Indonesia. Therefore, this research fills that void.
Methods
The chosen research method is qualitative descriptive type, using both primary and secondary data.
Primary data collected through interview with a reliable informant of BNPT officer in July 2019.
In this research, state refers to the government, and according to national law no.5/2019,
specifically in the article 43 mentioned that leading agency for combating Terrorism is BNPT (Badan
Nasional Penanggulangan Terrorisme/ National Agency for Combating Terrorism). Other
government apparatus that has responsibility to control cyberspace is the Ministry of
Communication and Information.
This research uses the concept of PVE (Prevent Violent Extremism)/CVE (Countering Violent
Extremism). The concept of CVE established in 2015 in official political jargon of US President
Barrack Obama. Moreover, at the beginning of 2016, US Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon has
announced UN Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism. The idea underpinning CVE is that
violent extremists should not fought exclusively with intelligence, police, and military means. The
structural cause of violent extremism must also be tackled including intolerance, government
failure, and political, economic and social marginalization (Nünlist & Frazer, 2015).
Beside reducing the structural causes, PVE/CVE also addressed the importance of engage with non-
state actors. UN Security Council Resolution 2178 stated that encourage the member states to
engage relevant local communities and NGOs including empowering youth, families, religious,
cultural and education leaders, and all others concerned groups of civil society ("UN Security Council
Resolution 2178 (2014),"). PVE/CVE based on soft approach, meanwhile Counter Terrorism relies on
hard power approach. Therefore, civic engagement becomes more important now than ever before.
This paper uses the notion of state – non-state actor engagement within PVE/CVE concept.
Results/preliminary result
BNPT has three programs namely national preparedness, counter/contra radicalization, and de-
radicalization. The preventive function exists on the counter radicalization program where its early

step is the effort to reduce radical thought/ideology through counter/contra propaganda.
The counter propaganda runs on two tracks both of offline and online. On the offline track, BNPT
maintains a good relation with civil society organizations, communities, religious leaders, indigenous
leaders, and universities stakeholders through dialogues, socializations, seminars and other offline
meetings.
On the online side, the BNPT strategies can be categorized into two namely online platforms that
directly BNPT made and other online networks by creating engagement with the communities or
proxy. The former manifested on the website with the keywords “damai” (peace) namely
jalandamai.org focusing on educative angle, and damailahindonesiaku.com focusing on informative
side. On mainstream social medias Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Youtube, BNPT created under
the account or channel named “damailah RI”.
For the latter strategy, since 2016 BNPT has created peace ambassador (duta damai in Bahasa) that
targeted youth in the 13 provinces in Indonesia. Each province consists of 60 youth, mounting up
780 in total whom possess three basic skills namely information technology, visual communication
design, and blogging (blogger). Furthermore, the Peace ambassador initiative has been expanded to
the regional scheme of Southeast Asian nations with the purpose of replicating Indonesia’s best
practice of radicalism prevention in other countries.
The former and the latter strategies are connected to the peace media center of BNPT. BNPT also
creates relations with the social media influencers to spread peace message to the wider audiences.
However, the way BNPT and its communities network are expressed in all cyberspace through
mobilizing symbols of BNPT, beside the tolerance, moderate and peace messages.
Examining the pattern of relations, all the networks are relying on state centric discourse and top-
down. The community’s resilience through voluntary action still marginal. One prime example of a
counter propaganda in cyberspace that is outside of BNPT’s circle is NU online. A website owned by
the biggest Muslim organizations in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, which emphasizes moderate
Muslim thought.
Conclusions
BNPT as the leading government agency for combating terrorism has been present on all
mainstream cyberspace channels by engaging with the communities. All contents are controlled by
BNPT, and managed by BNPT itself and the engaged communities. Duta Damai or Peace Ambassador
is the biggest manpower created by BNPT to spread the peaceful messages. This relation still follows
the top-down pattern. In particular, BNPT has implemented the PVE/CVE concept. However, the
critical point is finding the proper way to evaluate the programs or to measure whether or not the
programs are hitting the right audiences or it is just a project which follow the state budget
expenditure logics per se.

References
Barton, G. (2005). Jemaah Islamiyah : radical Islamism in Indonesia. Singapore: Ridge Books.
Dewi, R. K. (2019). Selama 10 Tahun, Kominfo Blokir Lebih dari 11.000 Konten Radikalisme-
Terorisme. Retrieved from
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/20/14320221/selama-10-tahun-kominfo-
blokir-lebih-dari-11000-konten-radikalisme-terorisme
Eschborn, N., Richardson, J. H., & Litta, H. (2005). Democratization and the issue of terrorism in
Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Hwang, J. C. (2018). Why Terrorists Quit The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Cornell
University Press.
Jerard, J. a., Lehr, P. d. s., & Jerard, J. d. s. (2015). Terrorism in Indonesia : an examination of ten
radical groups. (Thesis (Ph.D.)). University of St Andrews, Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9324
Jones, S. (2005). The changing nature of Jemaah Islamiyah. Australian Journal of International
Affairs, 59(2), 169-178. doi:10.1080/10357710500134475
Nugroho, W. a., & Ashour, O. d. s. (2018). Understanding the existence and latent threat of Islamist
terrorism through a multi-dimensional analysis : the case of Republic of Indonesia. (Thesis
(Ph.D.)). University of Exeter, Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34231
Nuraniyah, N. (2018). Not Just Brainwashed: Understanding the Radicalization of Indonesian Female
Supporters of the Islamic State. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 890-910.
doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1481269
Nünlist, C., & Frazer, O. (2015). The Concept of Countering Violent Extremism. CSS Analyses in
Security Policy.
Payá-Santos, C. A., & Delgado-Morán, J. J. (2017). Use of Cyberspace for Terrorist Purposes. In J. M.
Ramírez & L. A. García-Segura (Eds.), Cyberspace: Risks and Benefits for Society, Security
and Development (pp. 197-209). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Ramakrishna, K. a. Islamist Terrorism and Militancy in Indonesia : The Power of the Manichean
Mindset (2015. ed.).
UN Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014). from UN Security Council
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/s/res/2178-%282014%29
Weimann, G. Terrorism in cyberspace : the next generation.
Weimann, G. (2006). Terror on the Internet : the new arena, the new challenges. Washington, D.C.:
United States Institute of Peace ; Bristol : University Presses Marketing [distributor].
Wibisono, A. A. a. (2015). Securitisation of terrorism in Indonesia. (Thesis (Ph.D.)). University of
Nottingham, Retrieved from http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29289/

REALIZE THE GENERAL ELECTION ACCOUNTABILITY THRU THE
GENERAL ELECTION TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM
Muhammad
Email: dinaeka.de@gmail.com
Democracy is one concepts of community managing that has been known for thousands years. At
least this can be traced from the thoughts of Greek philosophers and ancient Romans. From the
perspective of liberalism, democracy is a form of liberalism that enters the world of politics. That
makes democracy include the concept of freedom and equality. In both concepts, the requirements
of popular sovereignty include aspects of freedom. speaking-opinion, freedom of association and
freedom of government-ruled. Regarding these three requirements, the democratic state has the
characteristics of 4 (four) things: (1) press freedom as a channel for freedom of speech; (2) political
participation which means as a channel for freedom in association and association; (3) elections that
are free, open, fair, honest, scale and competitive as a channel for freedom in governing; (4) the
government depends on an assembly (parliament) as a minimum requirement.
Democratization is a process of change towards a democratic form of government characterized by
movements from authoritarian systems, structures and cultures to democratic systems, structures
and cultures with the principles of transparency, accountability, credibility and participation. As a
process, democratization must go through the stages of continuous transition and consolidation
stages. At the stage of transition there will be a change in the non-democratic regime and the
establishment of orderly elements of democracy. Furthermore, at the consolidation stage,
democratic practices have become part of political culture.
In many cases in third world countries / developing countries, new democracy can grow and develop
after going through a planned and sustainable political process in the form of democratization. One
of them is related to electoral institutions as a means of channeling people's aspirations. as an
important pillar of democracy, every part of the election requires proper handling to ensure that
the transfer of support and legitimacy of the people as the owner of legitimacy takes place properly
and ideally.
Method
This paper is based on the results of analysis of conditions about implementation of democracy in
Indonesia. Based on a number of studies conducted by some scholars, this paper provides
information on integrity and accountability.

General elections is the main characteristics of the democratic political system. Through elite
circulation elections take place periodically. Elections provide an opportunity for the change of
leadership and / or representatives of the people to take place peacefully and democratically.
Regarding democracy, elections are a mechanism for the partial submission of voter sovereignty to
those chosen to become leaders of the state. It's just that often these rights collide with each other
with the rights and interests of others. Therefore democracy is needed because this system can
uphold social stability, create peace and bring security to the rights of the people. Democracy not
only makes people able to defend themselves against threats that come from outside, but also
foster peaceful relations among fellow citizens.
There are a number of general standards internationally, which are the democratic benchmarks or
whether an election process takes place. Elections that do not meet the standards will result in less
qualified elections. Poor quality elections will produce dissatisfaction for many groups.
Dissatisfaction can have an impact on the lack of public trust in the election. Besides that non-quality
elections will encourage the birth of political dynamics and the potential for conflict is quite high.
Considering that elections are a manifestation process of popular sovereignty related to the election
of government officials, the implementation of elections must be truly carried out in accordance
with the mandate of the Law. To ensure this, the implementation of elections should be carried out
by prioritizing the principle of accountability.
Conclusions
Elections with integrity are important to maintain the realization of substantial democracy. Each
element in the electoral process is required to be able to carry out its role substantially to realize
the election with that authority. without this, the democratic process will cause problems and
distrust of the people which will ultimately affect the legitimacy of the existing political system.
Both of these are considered as a standard that can guarantee whether or not is only legitimacy but
also the continuation of a democratic system in a country. Therefore, every element involved
absolutely has this matter comprehensively.
Reference
Almonddan Sidney Verba. 1984. Budaya Politik: Tingkah Laku Politik dan Demokratisasi di Lima
Negara. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
Apter, David. 1987. Politik Modernisasi. Jakarta: Gramedia.
AS Hikam, Mohammad, 2008. Perkembangan Pemikiran dan Praktek Demokrasi. Forum Jakarta.
Asshiddiqie,Jimly, 2013. Menegakkan Etika Penyelenggara Pemilu. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo
Persada.

Asian Development Bank, (1999), Governance : Sound Development Management.
Budiardjo, Miriam, (2000), Menggapai Kedaulatan untuk Rakyat, Bandung : Mizan.
Dahl, Robert. 1999. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Diamond, Larry. 1992. The Democratic Revolution. London: Freedom House.
Diamond, Larry, Juan Linz, dan Seymour Lipset (Eds.). 1990. Democracy in Developing Countries:
Comparing Experiences With Democracy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Harrison, Lawrence, dan Samuel Huntington. 2000. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human
Progress. New York: Basic Books.
Held, David (Ed.). 1986. New Form of Democracy. London: SAGE.
Held, David. 1990. Model of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Huntington, Samuel. 2003.The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth
O’Donnell, Guillermo, dan Phillipe C. Schmitter. 1993. Transisi Menuju Demokrasi: Rangkaian
Kemungkinan dan Ketidakpastian. Jakarta: LP3ES.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Phillipe C. Schmitter, dan Laurence Whitehead. 1993. Transisi Menuju
Demokrasi: Tinjauan Berbagai Perspektif. Jakarta: LP3ES

THE EFFECT OF FACEBOOK AND ONLINE NEWSPAPER
ON TOURISM SECTOR IN INDONESIA
Muhammad Akbar

Sociology Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Seniwati
Husain Abdullah
E-mail Correspondence: seniwati@unhas.ac.id
Introduction
The tourism economy is one of the important agendas of countries in the world and especially the
Indonesian government. Sector tourism contributes greatly to the economic growth of a country.
The tourism sector is the fastest in increasing the economies of countries in the world because the
sector is experiencing sustainable diversification and also a large and fast sustainable expansion.
The growth in the number of tourists continues to increase by 0.4 billion on a global scale (Indonesia
Tourism Investment,2019). This condition makes the tourism sector continue to grow despite the
global crisis. The increase in the number of tourists for global scale continues to increase, namely in
1950 amounting to 25 million to 278 in 1980, then in 1995 amounted to 528 million and then
increased by 1.14 billion in 2014 and increased in 2015 by 1.18 billion (Indonesia Tourism
Investment,2019). Global economic conditions that are often hit by the economic crisis do not affect
the tourism sector because tourism industry generates US $ 80 billion and ranks third in supporting
GDP growth (Indonesia Tourism Investment,2019).
The President of the Republic of Indonesia Jokowi has developed the tourism sector as one of the
important sectors along with other sectors such as the maritime sector, energy, food and industry.
Indonesian tourism has contributed to the national GDP and is the highest nominal among ASEAN
countries at 10% (Indonesia Tourism Investment,2019). The growth of Indonesia's tourism sector
continues to experience a rapid increase of 6.9% compared to other sectors such as agriculture,
mining and automotive manufacturing. Meanwhile, the GDP of the sector at the national level grew
by 4.8%. Indonesia's tourism sector generates large foreign exchange earnings of 170% or US $ 1.7
million. The amount of foreign exchange is the highest compared to other industries in Indonesia
(Indonesia Tourism Investment,2019). Tourism Minister Arief Yahya said that the tourism industry
has a large role in the growth of Indonesia's GDP and foreign exchange (Jakarta Post,2017).
Indonesia's tourism industry ranks fourth as one of the sectors that generate foreign exchange for
the country. Tourism contributed 13% as the highest growth in foreign exchange earnings compared
to other industries such as natural gas, coal, oil palm and oil. In addition, the tourism sector requires
a large marketing cost of around 2% of the foreign exchange projection generated (Indonesia
Tourism Investment,2019). The national tourism sector occupies the fourth business as a sector
contributing employment, namely 9.8 million or 8.4% in all industrial sectors. The sector grew 30%
in 5 years in creating jobs for Indonesia (Indonesia Tourism Investment,2019).
International Tourist
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2015 Jan-Oct 2016 Dec-16 Nov-19 Dec-19
International Tourist
Figure 1. Number of International Tourists in Indonesia

Source: Indonesia Tourism Investment,2019
The data above shows the number of international tourists visiting Indonesia continues to increase
from 2015 to 2019. This number has reached the Indonesian government's target of increasing
domestic tourists. The tourism sector continues to grow because it is supported by the development
of communication and information technology (Leung, Bai, & Stahura, 2015). Information and
communication technology has various forms such as online social media. Online social media can
be used as a means to interact and exchange information in a community or between communities.
Social media is defined by Merriam-Webster as a form of communication that is done online so that
users can share their ideas or messages with others through online media (Merriam-Webster,2019).
Social Web uses online applications such as internet forums, wikis, blogs, social networking sites
(SNSs), microblogs, content community sites (websites), Forums / bulletin boards, Content
aggregators, and location based social media (Alarcón-del-Amo, Lorenzo-Romero, & Gómez-Borja,
2011; Constantinides & Fountain, 2008). Online social media has a large and strong network in the
current industrial era 4.0 or known as the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 includes the
internet of things, cyber-physical systems, cloud and cognitive computing. The Indonesian tourism

industry must be able to compete with other countries, especially in ASEAN in the industrial
revolution 4.0.
Figure 2. Online social media users in Indonesia from 2017 to 2023

Source: Statista,2019
The second figure above illustrates an increase in the number of Indonesian people who use online
social media from 2017 to 2023 which is estimated to reach around 103.1 million (Statista,2019).
This condition gives the view that social media is very influential in changing the attitude of tourists
to choose tourist destinations. Therefore, decision makers and travel companies in industrial
tourism must have a strategy in promoting the beauty of a tourist place and the services they will
provide to customers.
This study aims to identify the role of online social media, especially Facebook and online
newspapers in promoting Indonesian tourism. Researchers can explore the marketing effectiveness
of tourist areas on the internet through these two online social media. Facebook is one of the most
favorite social media sites among its users (Leung et al., 2015). Social media in the form of online
media is one form of a website that is one of the network-intensive technologies that are important
for business (Thongpapanl & Ashraf, 2011). This is the reason for the authors to choose Facebook
and online newspapers in this study.
Literature Review
Some of the studies related to marketing through social media and tourism include research that is
carried out by Tsiotsou and Vlachopoulu. Their results show that tourism services need to be
supported by performance, e-marketing and market orientation (Tsiotsou & Vlachopoulou, 2011).
The next researcher is Vrana and Zafiropoulus who focuses on travel agents in using internet
technology. They found that tourism agents use internet practices because online services need to
be resolved immediately and as facilities in global marketing (Vrana & Zafiropoulus, 2006). Another
researcher is Ying et al. Who focuses on patterns of hyperlinked tourism stakeholders networks.
They also examine tourism stakeholders networking behaviors in cyberspace (Ying, Norman, &
Zhou, 2016). The next researcher is Xi Y. Leeung et.al. who focuses on the effectiveness of Facebook
and Twitter in the hospitality industry. The results of their research show the social media that is
used or is owned by hotels customers influence their attitudes in choosing hotel brands (Ying et al.,
2016). Research that focuses on social media and tourism industry has been done a lot, but further
research to improve industrial tourism that has given a large foreign exchange to the GDP of a
country is very necessary.
Methods
This study adopted a qualitative method, namely in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion
(FGD). The parties interviewed such as regional leaders, officials who are related to the tourism
industry and tourists who come to the tourist attractions. Tourists interviewed like domestic and
international tourists who visit because they are supported by tourism data on Facebook and online
newspapers. This research uses two social media sites, namely Facebook and online newspapers.
Tourist attractions visited by tourists are located in Indonesia's South Sulawesi Province. These
tourist attractions are favorite tourist attractions in the region.
This research focuses on the use of social media, especially Facebook and online newspapers.
Facebook and online newspapers are the most widely used social media by the decision maker in
making decisions related to tourism industry. Both of these social media are also widely used by
international and domestic tourists in visiting tourist attractions in Bone Regency. Facebook and
online newspapers have different functions. Research on Facebook focuses on marketing sites that
are listed by governments and industry tourism entrepreneurs. Research on online newspapers
focuses on the advantages of a tourist place.
The number of people that is interviewed by researchers was 87 male and female as many as 76
people. The number of people participating in the FGD was 25 people. The age of the person
interviewed and who participated in the FGD from the general 15 to 70 years for Facebook users
and ages 17 to 75 years for social media news users. These people have used Facebook for about 3
months and have used social media news for around 6 months. This research was conducted from
May to November 2018.
Results
International Activity
Innovation
Tourism E-Marketing
Industry
Technological
Orientation
Figure 1. The Research Framework

The picture above explains how e-marketing, international activity, technological orientation and
innovation can support the growth of industrial tourism. The use of internet online is very useful in
tourism growth (Jonathan & Tarigan, 2016). Based on interview data for Facebook users and online
newspapers, users are helped by the presence of both media. For rural areas, online newspapers
have a greater influence in conveying information to the public. In general, Facebook users and
online newspapers argue that the benefits of the tourism potential of an area both nationally and
locally can be easily accessed. They can also choose to accommodate more thoroughly such as
hotels, resorts, estate rentals, inns, campgrounds, resorts, bed-and-breakfasts (B & Bs), motels,
apartments. Facebook users can also tell their friends and family about restaurants that have
interesting cuisine.
Governments and entrepreneurs focused on the tourism sector can also make and provide
cheaper advertising through Facebook. The government can also introduce local culture to their
area such as traditional dances and arts. Travel promotions through Facebook and online
newspapers also make it easier for users to order or book hotels. Users find it easier to search for
hotels according to their tastes. People are also more likely to choose hotels because the hotel brand
is more familiar to them (Leung et al., 2015). This condition motivated hotel entrepreneurs to be
more detailed and more active in promoting their hotels through Facebook and online newspapers.
Other benefits obtained by Facebook users are based on data from Focus Group Discussion
(FGD), where users can search for locations of tourist destinations with the help of maps on
Facebook. They can also choose tourist destinations according to their wishes. Users can also
communicate quickly through Facebook. They can ask family or friends or directly to tourism
entrepreneurs about the price of entrance tickets and the types of facilities owned by the tourist
attractions. Based on interview data, users can find out tourist destinations that are far away or
located in locations that are difficult to reach by transportation.
Conclusions
Facebook and online newspapers have a big role in increasing the dissemination of information
related to tourism. Users can pass communication quickly and more easily through Facebook. Users
can also find out the tourism potential of an area even though the area is in an area that is difficult
to reach by transportation. The limitation of this study such as the data is limited only to Facebook
and online newspapers. The area for interview and the places of tourists that is visited also only one
region so that the data is not too much. Future research should use more than two social media and
not be limited to just one region. This research is very useful for decision makers who are directly
related to industrial tourism and also useful for entrepreneurs who are active in tourism industry.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Chancellor of the University of Hasanuddin, Prof. Dr. Dwia Aries
Tina Pulubuhu, M.A. and the chairman of the Institute for Research and Community Service of the

University of Hasanuddin Prof. Dr. Ani Alimuddin Unde, M.Sc. who have created a program of
"community service" that brings great benefits to the community. This research was funded by
Hasanuddin University in 2018 in the program "Community Service Unhas-Community Partnership
Program (PPMU-PKM) 2018”.
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new-star-of-indonesias-economy-report.html. Accessed on 19 June 2019
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in Indonesia. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal, 10(2), 59.
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Hotel Industry: A Comparison of Facebook and Twitter. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
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https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514532371

SOCIAL MEDIA UTILIZATION IN GENERATING FAST RESPONSE DURING URBAN FLOODINGS
CASE STUDY OF DEPOK CITY
Muhammad Akram Mansyur

1. University of Gunadarma, Jalan Margonda Raya, No. 100, Kota Depok, Indonesia.
2. IHS, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burg. Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Email: muhammadakram@staff.gunadarma.ac.id or mansyur@eur.nl
One of technological advances that affect people’s communication is the existence of social media
(Bala, 2014). In the field of government public relations, social media offers transparency and speed
of information flow that could enforce the intensity of communication’s interaction between the
government and the public (Graham & Avery, 2013). Through social media the government
agencies are able to communicate directly and effectively with the society and vice versa (Linders,
2012). Ideally, this online social media government communication is established to create double
loops communication (Reddick, Chatfield, & Ojo, 2017), exchange of ideas and information between
government and citizens without going through editing process or media framing by the gate
keepers in conventional mainstream media (Boynton & Richardson, 2016). This communication
framework allows governments to react more responsively toward citizens’ demands in terms of
time and accuracy.
The major curiosity underpinning this research is how this government-citizens social media
interaction benefits the municipals in delivering effective and responsive crisis responses. The
assumption that then arises is that local governments that have advanced social media
implementation will be able to optimize the utilization of social media features which in turn can
generate more effective and responsive crisis responses than less advanced municipalities in the
implementation of social media.
This research is taken place in Depok City, particularly during flooding on 5 th February 2019. Why
Depok City? There are several reasons. First, Depok City Government has several official social media
accounts, so that it is relevant if examined in relation to the concept of government social media
adoption. Secondly, Depok City is not a disaster-prone city. But part of cities that every rainy season
is always faced with urban flood problems. So-called urban floods because they are not flash floods
or floods that are categorized as natural disasters, but rather are quite high inundation of water,
which are unable to flow or be absorbed. In Depok City, there are quite a lot of flood-prone areas.
Of course this flood leaves an impact that disturbs the citizens, such as the dumping of garbage, the
inundated housings, and even it can exacerbate the problems that typically occur in cities such as
traffic congestion. Third, internet users in Depok City are quite large. Based on a survey in 2013,
internet users in Depok City amounted to 502,000.
On Monday, February 5, 2018, enormous floods hit Depok City. The high intensity of the rain on that
day made Kali Ciliwung overflow and inundate some parts of Depok City. Areas that are waterlogged

are Kelurahan Kemirimuka, Citayam, Tirtajaya, and Pondok Cina, however, the worst conditions
occur in Kemirimuka.
This research is expected to contribute to the development of discussions on social media and
government, especially on several gaps. Research on social media use in government is very rife in
this last decade, but still very few who dedicate their research to see how social media is utilized to
generate actual government responses. Most initiators in this regard prefer to review the
government online responses (Ali, Ibrahim Al-Harthi, AlHinai, Zahran Al-Salti, & Ali Al-Badi, 2017;
Andersen, Medaglia, Vatrapu, Henriksen, & Gauld, 2011; Gauld, Gray, & McComb, 2009). There are
several studies that try to study about actual government responses towards social media as done
by (Eom, Hwang, & Kim, 2018) and (Panagiotopoulos, Barnett, & Brooks, 2013), but they provide
little information about government policy process that transforms social media data become actual
government responses. Bekkers et al. (2013) became one of the researchers that have initiated to
describe the transformation process of social media data into actual government responses through
a process known as social media monitoring, where government agencies carry out periodic and
continuous monitoring of citizens interactions on social media. This advanced action is assumed
requires an advanced level of social media implementation. In addition, this study will focus on the
crisis context in trying to explain how the process of utilizing social media can help the government
to generate their actual crisis responses that are not only in the form of online responses as
previously done by researchers (Bossu et al., 2018; Chatfield, Scholl, & Brajawidagda, 2013;
Chatfield & Brajawidagda, 2014; Riccardi, 2016; Song, Kim, Kim, & Jung, 2015; Yates & Paquette,
2011). Flooding in Indonesia, as a specific crisis context in this study is also a fairly new, where the
majority of research related to disaster in Indonesia focuses on the earthquake and tsunami (Ai,
Comfort, Dong, & Znati, 2016; Chatfield et al., 2013).
Research Aim
This study is aiming to construct theoretical explanation about the utilization of social media by
citizens and municipals during flood events, and the pattern of government-citizens social media
interaction during flooding, 5 February 2018. In terms of practical relevance, this study might
produce extensive insights in the form of suggestions on how social media should be utilized by
government emergency responder and other relevant practitioners during crisis particularly flood
events.
Research Questions
In order to achieve the aim, there are several research questions proposed, as follows:
1. What are the manifestations of citizens’ social media activities can be identified during Depok
City urban flooding?
2. How does Depok City Government implement social media during flood events?
3. How does Depok City Government generate quick responses during flood events?

4. How can we conceptualize the pattern among citizens’ social media activities, Depok City
Governments’ social media Implementation, and Depok City Government Fast Responds
strategy during and immediately after floods?
Methods
This study began with desk research, which was literature review with the aim of getting an
overview of how previous studies explained the core concepts that are involved in this study. This
study is also an empirical study where new data collection is involved, such as: Twitter conversation
scraping, which is scoped in the period 3-15 February 2018, interviews, observations and relevant
document collection. The data were analyzed using text analysis (topic classification) and qualitative
coding.
This study design is inductive, although not entirely inductive, considering that an extensive
literature review has been conducted. From the literature review process, a conceptual framework
is resulted, which is the basis of the analysis in this study. The main inductive aspect in this research
is the existence of new data collection, which were coded and induced into framework, which
explains about social media utilization during crisis and crises responses generated by local
government agencies.

The Depok City Government is one example of a city government that has made social media as one
of the official communication channel between government and citizens, sometimes even as a
medium of communication among internal government agencies. This process is indicated by
several social media implementation strategies implemented by Depok City government, such as:
ownership of social media accounts by each agency, even to sub-division levels; assigning staff
specifically to handle social media; providing support for technology infrastructure, and human
capacity development for social media managers and other impacted stakeholders. There is also
another indicator that can be identified based on scraped twitter data, it is informational responses
issued by government agencies in the form of conversation answering citizens' posts.
As the results of topic classification analysis on twitter conversations data related to flooding in
Depok city in February 2018, it is clearly seen that Twitter is used by the citizens and the government
agencies as an alternative means to communicate when floods occur. Citizens use Twitter as a
medium to express the problems they face due to flooding, mostly about asking for help and
providing the latest information related to the flood disaster. In addition to utilizing Twitter as a
channel of disseminating up-to-date information on floods, the government agencies also use
Twitter to conduct informational responses to various types of complaints and requests posted by
the citizens. Nevertheless, there are indications that Twitter is used as a forum for virtual
coordination between emergency stakeholders in providing responses to citizens request and
complaints.

This study found that leadership and competitiveness were the dominant factors that triggered
Depok City Government to adopt social media. Although social media is not considered as the official
information channel regarding emergency and disaster, in this study it was found that Depok City
Government was able to take advantage of social media. Depok City Government is able to take
advantage of the popularity of social media, especially Twitter in the community to get the latest
situational information from the public to generate responses that are claimed to be faster and
accurate. This is indicated by the existence of postings about government activities, which some of
them refer directly to community complaints, where the interval between the complaints posts by
the community and the post about government activities in responding the citizens’ complaints is
only within a day or a few days. In this study it was also found that by adopting social media,
government stakeholders who are related to flood control could conduct quick assessments based
on information provided by the community through social media, especially if in their posts the
community includes videos or photos. Based on this information, the city government of Depok
could direct personnel to areas that require rapid response.
Theoretically and based on Depok case evidence, the effectiveness of the government's response
to flooding is arguably actually impacted by social media adoption. But on the other hand, because
the flooding problem in Depok City is a subscription problem faced during the rainy season annually,
government’s rapid or emergency responses have not been able to completely reduce the
disappointment of citizens who are often ventured on social media.
Uniquely, behind the cheering slogan of smart city, e-government, and the implementation of
technological infrastructure that looks super sophisticated, such as the trend of making “command
center room” that is also applied in Depok city government, social media implementation by
government agencies is just like the process of social media adoption by individuals society. There
is no data analysis, no sophisticated applications were used to monitor public conversations. It is
merely relying on the incoming notifications on the smartphones that used by the social media
administrators.
Social media utilization by Depok City Government and all the service agencies leads us to the fact
that there is an overlap between the impact of social media usage, and the main antecedent of
government responsiveness, it is faster information exchange. Public participation in informing the
government of their preferences in terms of their actual observations on current situation,
complaints, asking for helps and even suggestions is well facilitated by social media and may even
affect government performance if the government has an advanced level of social media adoption
so as to respond quickly and accurately. This continuous process of communication is assumed can
create intimacy, mutual trust and greater collaboration between government and citizens while
these also play as important element of government responsiveness.
Conclusions
To sum up, when floods occur, social media is not only used as a medium to convey the feelings of
irritation due to the impact of flooding. Social media is also used by the community to reach the

government. The community uses social media in this case Twitter to report or provide up-to-date
information regarding the situation, ask for help, even give advice to the government regarding the
strategy to handle the floods or the impact it has on. On the other hand, the government uses social
media to disseminate information regarding the latest conditions and other information that is
beneficial to the public to minimize the negative effects of flooding. More than that, social media is
also used as a means of two-way communication. Depok City Government also opens up to receive
information from the public. The government generated quick responses regarding the handling of
floods not only based on experience or SOPs that have been going on so far, but also based on
information from the public, which was delivered via Twitter.
The city of Depok, as an urban area that directly supports the capital city, has a resident character
that allows social media penetration to be so massive. This then became a separate pressure for the
city government to realize its representation on social media. The adoption process which was
initially only to pursue the positive image and until now has not fully utilized the various potentials
of social media, is then slowly becoming a process of implementing social media that aims to
increase community satisfaction. The big goal is then to encourage the government to increase its
responsiveness when emergencies occur, in this case urban flooding.
References
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in padang, indonesia. Safety Science, 90, 62-74. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.022
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government’s participatory use of social media. Transforming Government, 11(2), 174-194.
doi:10.1108/TG-09-2016-0056
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promise of e-government maturity: Assessing responsiveness in the digital public sector.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.12.006
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the shadow of surveillance? Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 335-342.
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of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.024
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citizens via twittersphere under the short warning lead times of EF5 intensity tornado
conditions. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International
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POLITICS IN PAPASENG KAJAOLALIDDONG:
A REPRESENTATION OF LOCAL WISDOM OF BUGINESE SOCIETY
Muhammad Bahar Akkase Teng

baharakkase@gmail.com
Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin University
Andi Faisal
a.faisal@gmail.com
Firman Saleh
fiermansaleh@yahoo.com
Introduction
The study describes the philosophy of democracy in pappaseng Kajaolaliddong through the
representation of local wisdom to introduce politics to the Buginese community and the
government (the king in the past) as a rule and guidance to hold.
Pappaseng covers testament, wise words, messages of political and social systems. The messages
and wise words do not only focus on the government or the tradition holders but also on the
community through a dialogue between Arung (king or the tradition holders) and Kajaolaliddong.
In the dialogue, Kajaolaliddong tries to insert values or attributes or virtues owned by the king
(Arung) and his people which are lempu (honesty), acacca (intelligence), asitinjasitinajang
(appropriateness), getting (firm), reso (hardworking), and sirisiri’ (dignity).1
The ancient Buginese government was familiar with power restriction of the king with legislation
which is termed ‘Getteng Bicara’. In such tradition, there is a guide for the king to act based on the
rules and tradition. A king is expected to do things in line with the law (written or spoken). A king
should do things in their own portion.2 It was mentioned in the following sentence: My
measurement I use to measure, my scale I use to scale, the low I put underneath, the middle I put in
the middle, and the high I put above.3
Methods
The research methodology is qualitative descriptive through structural analysis and the data were
collected through observation. Based on the study, the democratic values were identified in
pappaseng Kajaolaliddong as a reference for political acts applied in the community of Buginese
Community and human rights.

Results
Kajaolaliddong’s thought on trial and governance is already sufficient. A poet called ‘peacock’ (W.S.
Rendra) mentioned that Kajaolaliddong’s thought preceded ‘Napoleon’s Code’. Kajaolaliddong (La
Mellong) was recruited as king advisor and he lived in the time of several kings of Arumpone (the
title of the kings of Bone). In the reign of La Tenri Rawe BongkangE, the kingdom of Bone went
through an amazing development that maked the greatness this kingdom in the history .this is due
to the ideas contributed by Kajaolaliddong in advancing the development of economy of the region,
governance, military, and relationship with foreign countries.
In the government of Bone Kingdom, someone who had been nominated as a king candidate had to
agree on several requirements among others are, he has to come from a nobleman family, and his
honesty and ability to rule the community, his wealth because all of these are useful to perorm his
duty as a leader/king.
Someone recruited to be a king is to fulfill the people’s wish that is to protect them and to shelter
them. In line with the applicable tradition since PettaManurrunge ri Matajang, there is a kind of
social contract which implies that we select you to be our king is to protect us.5
Conclusions
In the dialogue, Kajaolaliddong tries to insert values or attributes or virtues owned by the king
(Arung) and his people which are lempu (honesty), cca (intelligence), asitinajang (appropriateness),
getting (firm), reso (hardworking), and siri’ (dignity).1
The representation of democratic value was passed down to the younger generation in the
development of democracy of the community and the government to implement the healthy and
dignified democracy. Pappaseng Kajaolaliddong teaches political attitude in dignified and trustable
democracy.
Reference
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Ahmad, Kadir. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif . Edisi Pertama; Makassar: CV
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CULTURE 5.0
Muhammad Basir
Universitas Hasanuddin, Perumahan Dosen UNHAS Tamalanrea Blok H 20,
Makassar, Indonesia
E-mail; muhammad.basir.unhas@gmail.com
Resky Purnamasari Nasaruddin

Hasanuddin University, Perintis VII Perumahan Trika Mahkota Blok A 10,
Makassar, Indonesia
E-mail; resky.purnamasari.unhas@gmail.com
Abdul Hafez Assad

Hasanuddin University, Sungai Saddang Baru - Lr. Masjid Mu’min I 2C, Makassar, Indonesia
E-mail; abdul.hafez.assad.unhas@gmail.com
1. Introduction
In anthropological perspective, reviewing matters relating to human life means reviewing culture.
Culture as a concept is understood as;
"customary beliefs and behaviors obtained by humans as members of a society" (Phillip
Kottak in Saifuddin, 2005: 86) ",
or;
"patterns of behavior and beliefs (mediated by symbols) that are learned, rational,
integrated, shared, and that are dynamically adaptive, and which depend on human
social interaction, for their existence" (Robert Lawless in Ibid, 87).
The word culture in the title of this paper has the same meaning as the definition, which means that
culture 5.0 is a culture in the form of behavioral patterns and beliefs found in era 5.0, which are
formed through a learning process because things are considered rational, integrated, shared , and
has adaptive dynamic properties so it is possible to develop.
This article contains a review of what is meant by culture 5.0 through reviewing the patterns of
behavior and beliefs that were formed in the era of 5.0.
2. Method
This paper is based on literature studies and two results of field research using participatory-
observation methods, which, the literature study is intended for writing this article, and the two
studies in question are; final assignment in the Masters Program in Anthropology – Hasanuddin
University held in 2017-2018 in Makassar City, and; research funded by the Ministry of Research,
Technology and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) for the 2017 fiscal year, 2018, and 2019.
Participatory-observation methods are methods for "gaining a greater understanding of
phenomenon from the point of view of participants" (DeWalt and DeWalt, 2002: vii), and
"considered almost universally as the central and defining method of ethnographic research and
foundational in cultural anthropology" (DeWalt, 2015: 251), thus the results of the research meant
giving holistic ethnography with regard to the daily lives of individuals and groups or community in
Makassar City.
3. Results
3.1 Essence of the 5.0 Age
5.0 is the symbol that marks the fifth level industrial revolution, or the present, where there is
"interaction and collaboration between man and machine" (Vollmer, 2018), after we have passed
the industrial revolution; 1.0, where water and steam are the main drivers of industry; 2.0, where
electricity is the main driver of industry; 3.0, where electronics and Information Technology (IT) are
the main drivers of industry, and; 4.0, where the digitization system is the industry's main driver
(Rada, 2018; Vollmer, 2018). Or in other words, 5.0 is a categorization for the industrial revolution
where the products or services offered are "collaborates of man and machine, empower people to
realize the basic human urge to express themselve" (Ozkeser, 2018), thus forming a 5.0 community
as "a 'society of intellience' where physical space and cyberspace are strongly integrated "(Salgues,
2018).
Expression is the reason why society 5.0 is understood as a smart society, which expressively arises
as a result of intelligence combining physical space and cyber or virtual space, or integrating the
opposite. Although the industrial era 5.0 immediately replaced the industrial era 4.0 which was only
four years old (Rada, 2018), expressive action, or expressive culture, contained within it was not the
essence of era 5.0, in the sense that it was the main cause of rapid industrial development products
or services offered and life in the present era. The essence of the era 5.0 is the culture of sharing,
which was formed long ago, namely when the development and application of open-source
software (open-source softwares) began in the 1980s. This essence which then formed expressive
culture besides also later became a characteristic of era 5.0.
3.2 Expressive Culture and Cultural Sensitivity in Daily Life

Human culture is divided into two aspects, namely; instrumental aspects, which refer to economic
life, socializing, politics, and other cultural elements, and; expressive aspects, which refer to the
ways in which we express ourselves (Chick, 1998). Expressive aspects or expressive culture is nothing
but a function of culture that is very visible in life in the era of 5.0, which is expressed through a
variety of applications installed on gadgets, both with regard to self, group or community life, or
other social phenomena as well as phenomena. natural. Expressive culture now no longer
recognizes boundaries such as taboo, or which are summarized in categories that are less or
inappropriate, and do not form a concern about the impact that will occur after an expression is

performed. But on the other hand, now there is also a manifestation of expressive culture that
shows a model of renewal from the previous model, mainly in the fashion style (Nasaruddin, 2018).
Cultural sensitivity is the vulnerability possessed by a culture of a living entity (family, group,
community, and / or community in a narrow or broad sense) whose form appears in the form of a
perspective, speech, and action, which is formed based on good or bad judgment on a attitude in
the form of perspective, speech, and actions received when dealing with individuals or other living
entities, or with other cultures (Basir, 2018). Cultural sensitivity is the basis of all types of conflicts
that occur between two parties or a living entity, which raises a variety of cases, especially in the
community or in era 5.0, these cases do not only occur between the unit of sub-local or local life but
occur within national scale, because the study of cultural sensitivity is not only related to the issues
of Tribe, Religion, and Race, but has converged on issues relating to ideology.
3.3 Changes in Cultural Values

Changes in cultural values in the era or in society 5.0 occur on two sides of life, namely; social life
and political life. Both changes are based on changes that occur at the level of ideology or
understanding, which is the ideology of the era 5.0 is expressive culture and culture of sharing. On
the basis of ideological changes, cause; changes in cultural values related to social life, which refers
to changes in interaction models, which previously an interaction model considered to be lacking or
not feasible is now considered a fairness, and even an interaction model that has never been done
is now accepted across generations, and ; changes in cultural values related to political life that refer
to the freedom to express opinions that are carried out consciously but without prior assessment
with regard to the limits of reason are not accompanied by a concern for the consequences or
impacts that will occur.
4. Conclusion
The essence of era 5.0 is the development and use of open source-based software, which then
makes sharing culture part of the characteristics of the era 5.0. The implication of this essence is
expressive culture, both originating from within and as a result of meeting with outside culture as
part of a culture of sharing, which is poured and / or shared through the use of open-source
software, which in its use is very it may have an effect on cultural sensitivity, and although its use
has no effect on cultural sensitivity, it will still result in a change in cultural values. The final results
are nothing but the conditions and situations of the era or society 5.0, where changes in cultural
values occur in ways that are based on ideology or understanding which then changes the life of
social and political life.

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CAPITALISM, A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD?
Muhammad Busyairi
A Student of Master in Public Administration (Policy) at Flinders University, South Australia.
Work with West Lombok Government, Indonesia
Email: busy0001@flinders.edu.au or muhammadbusyairi@yahoo.com
Flinders University (study)
West Lombok Government (Workplace)
Introduction
…..But the owl replied, "No. I saw a hole in the Man, deep like a hunger he will never fill. It is what
makes him sad and what makes him want. He will go on taking and taking, until one day the World
will say, I am no more and I have nothing left to give” (Quotes for Apocalypto Film, 2006)
Neoliberalism, known as the “Washington Consensus,” is a market-based economy issued by the
United States of America and the international financial institutions. It has been the most powerful
paradigm both in economics and politics for more than thirty years (Chomsky, 1999). Some authors
even name this ‘business as usual’ ideology as the most prominent ideology shaping our world today
(Thorsen & Lie, 2006), which is, according to Urry (2010), ‘the only game in town’. Many opponents
criticize neoliberalism as a concept to protect the interests of the rich and superrich people
(Chomsky, 1999, p.7). However, Urry (2010) in his article, “Consuming the Planet to Excess” find
that not only the poor but also the rich may suffer from adverse impacts of ‘neoliberalism’ (mostly
he used the word ‘capitalism’ and ‘business as usual’ instead of neoliberalism). Referring to Urry
(2010), this article aims to critically review the debate about market-based governance within
democratic societies in the context of how capitalism through climate change is bringing mess into
the rich and the poor. In this article I would argue that capitalism seems to be a double-edged sword,
it not only creates poverty and inequality for the poor, but it also causes addictions that encourage
climate changes and global warming threat for the rich and superrich.
Methods
This is a qualitative research using literature study method by collecting secondary data from books,
book chapters, and journal articles.
Critical review
The hardliners of neoliberalism claim that neoliberal ideology provides solutions for the global
welfare. Mike Moore, one of the neoliberalism proponents, claims that to open market
continuously, the dominant feature of neoliberalism is the most trusted way to help the poor
(Shaikh, 2005). Liberalists also claim that liberalization will create equality, and economic growth
will provide an equal proportion both for the haves and the haves not (Greig et al. 2007, p.106).
However, instead of broadening growth, neoliberalism results in great inequality in the world.

Throughout the 20th century, for example, the gap between the wealthy people and the needy grew
by twenty percent (Chang & Grabel, cited in Greig et al. 2007). The United Nations in December
2006 found that the wealthiest two percent of the world adults’ population possessed over half of
the global household wealth (Klein, 2007, p.144). This indicates the first side of the sword of
capitalism has been used to make the poor suffer from poverty and inequality.
However, it also actually has another edge which not only ‘slashes’ the poor but also might be a
‘backfire’ for the rich and superrich. The article “Consuming the Planet to Excess” by the late Urry
(2010) contains capitalism contradictions. The involvement of neoliberal ideology through
‘Consuming the Planet to Excess’ results in the appearance of climate changes and global warming.
According to Urry (2010), the 20th century ‘has left a bleak legacy’ for human beings living in the
21st century.
“Consuming the Planet to Excess” draws a condition in which capitalism policies have led to natural
threats towards human beings. It cannot be denied that climate change with its elements exist and
that global warming is in part of the results of human activities which have significantly increased
the amount of carbon emissions. But why “consuming the planet to excess” keeps going and
neoliberal capitalism does not do any significant actions to stop this? At least two reasons should
answer the question. First, neoliberalism is the interest of the rich, the superrich and many large
corporations (Chomsky, 1999; Klein, 2007). Klein (2011) straightforwardly states that ‘carbon is not
the real problem, but a symptom of the real problem, global capitalism’. This global capitalism, led
by the United States, does not want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Hovi, Sprinz, & Bang, 2012)
that may cause the large corporations lose their great benefits. Second, although climate changes
and global warming are real, most of the negative effects are still predictions which have not
occurred yet. For example, the consequences of climate change may endanger up to 50 million
people (Urry, 2010, p.198); it is predicted between 2000 and 2050, the consumption of the global
energy would increase more than twice (Homer-Dixon, cited in Urry, 2010, p.196); And, greenhouse
gases could threaten human-beings by the end of the century (Urry, 2010, p.195). Therefore, since
the capitalists think that global warming has not dramatically ‘attacked’ them, while they get a lot
of benefits, they will keep applying neoliberalism policies. In addition, the ‘victims’ are more from
the poor in the South rather than the rich in the North. The World Health Organisation in 2010
predicted that 150.000 deaths a year caused by climate changes with the concentration in the South
(Urry, 2010, p. 195).
Neoliberalism also build some places of consumption to excess, which “involve ‘dispossessions’, of
workers’ rights, of peasant land-holdings, of the state’s role in leisure, of neighbourhood
organizations, and of customary rights (Urry, 2010, p. 203). According to Giddens, these places are
provided by capitalists who support the increased freedom of the people. However, excessive
freedom without any rule or feeling guilt (Urry, 2010, p.203-4), will lead to becoming addicted
which, in turn, to be physical or emotional dependence on excessive consumption of products and
services. One may ask then whether those consuming to excess feel happy or not. According to
Pretty, it has been argued that after a certain point, increased consumption does not lead to more
happiness (Pretty cited in McIntyre-Mills, 2017, pp. xlv-vi), even, it may present ‘existential risks’
(McIntyre-Mills, 2017, footnote 87, p.114).

Davis and Monk refer to these places of consumption excess as “evil paradises” (Davis & Monk 2007,
cited in Urry, 2010, p. 203). Consuming to excess in those specific places with a lot of wasteful energy
which then warming the planet is not the freedom that ought to be, it is a freedom that violates the
freedom of others. These places of consumption to excess finally ‘contribute’ to climate changes
and global warming through the extension of the hyper-high-carbon use through their great
buildings, wasteful use of energy and water and the large use of oil to transport people in and out
(Urry, 2010, p. 206). Therefore, there seems to be an emergency need to create more balanced
conditions, not only between the rich and the poor to make the poor less poor, to enjoy life better
and to create greater equality but also between the lives of both and nature which should be
environmentally friendly. Environmentally-friendly actions are needed that we live on the same
planet which requires us to “appreciate our dependency on other species in a shared and separate
protected habitat” (McIntyre-Mills, 2017, p. xlvi). Greater social and economic equality may be the
key to lessen the habit of consuming at the expense of the majority for the sake of this generation
and the next.
To cope with that, McIntyre-Mills (2013; 2017; and 2018) offers some realistic solutions in a term
called ‘Planetary Passport’, that is, inspiring loyalty to the planet as well as acting as a monitoring
system to protect the living system. There are some interconnected notes in this Planetary Passport
approach. First, consciousness that we are a part of web of life which needs not only good relations
among human-beings but also with animals, voiceless and the environment. Second, McIntyre-Mills
points out that ‘we do not live in separate containers; we live in interconnected and overlapping
regions where our fates are interlinked’ (McIntyre-Mills, 2017, p. xxxiv). Therefore, we are unable
to exit the planet, we need to protect it for current and future generations by considering balancing
between ideal capabilities approach and performance measurement of the consequences of
neoliberalism (McIntyre-Mills, 2017, p. xxxvii). Third, McIntyre-Mills encourages a recognition that
“we are the land”, we and the land are interconnected, interdependence and cannot be separated.
When human is arrogant by considering themselves the most right to live on earth, it will disturb
other species (McIntyre-Mills, 2017, p. xlvi).
Conclusions
In sum, climate change is real, and global warming has not totally proved yet, only predictions. That
is possibly why neoliberal capitalists ‘underestimate’ the impacts it may cause. Neoliberalism as an
ideology ‘shaping our world today’ has shaped the world in accordance with the wishes of the rich
and the corporatists. Regarding the impacts of climate changes, the poor South has suffered and is
predicted to suffer more than the rich North. The article of John Urry (2010) “Consuming the Planet
to Excess” provide us with one most critical point that regardless whether the threats of climate
changes are totally real or not, we must be vigilant with the impacts of climate changes that may
happen sooner or later. Specific places provided by the corporatists may cause addiction without
real happiness to those who enjoy. The involvement of consciousness and real programs cooperate
with natural resource organisations through the easy and simple thing such as “opportunities for

families to connect with the earth and water through play and adventure” (McIntyre-Mills, 2017, p.
xxvii), could be the basic ways to prevent the (impacts of) climate changes in the future.
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ALTERNATIVE MEDIA AND EDUCATION ENLIGHTENMENT
IN COASTAL AREA OF PANGKEP
Muhammad Farid1, a) Andi Alimuddin 2, b) Nosakros Arya3, c) Kasdiawati 4, d)

1,2,3.4.
a)faridemsil@yahoo.com
b)undealimuddin@yahoo.co.id
c)nosakrosarya@unhas.ac.id
d) dhea_sb@yahoo.com
Introduction
Utilization of social media for education, is a new study for the science of communication since the
start of a new era about the development of communication and information technology. This new
era with small devices that have great ability to access various information.
The problem now is that small objects are often used for the benefit of accessing things that are
entertainment properties, and information that is not very useful for everyday life. It includes
students who use these devices a lot and play in social media who assumed that the things that
were accessed or listened to did not directly relate to their education or their learning in school. It
is the author's concern to try to trace it.
This article analyses to know the utilization of social media as an alternative media in education in
the coastal area of Pangkep regency. And also to know the constraints of social media utilization as
an alternative media in education in coastal areas of Pangkep regency.
Social media
Social media is an online medium, with its users easily participating, sharing and creating content
including blogs, social networks, wikis, forums and virtual worlds. Blogs, social networks and wikis
are the most common form of social media used by people around the world. Another opinion says
that social media is an online medium that supports social interaction and social media using web-
based technology that turns communication into interactive dialogue. (Tahir, 2013) Furthermore,
Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "an internet-based application group
that builds on the foundation of Web 2.0 ideology and technology, and which enables the creation
and exchange of user-generated content".
New Media
New Media Theory is still in the early stages of development and there is much work to be done to
refine and expand some of the basic arguments set. However, what is clear now is that conception,
the media have been analyzed and tested through most diverse diverse schools, theories and
methodologies. By arranging things in the 'modernist' and 'postmodern' contexts, it has helped to
clarify many of the great debates going on in and around the field as a whole. 'Digital theory' may
not be disciplined correctly, but its presence will be felt and the way we call New Media long into
the future.
In addition to new media theory, researchers also use other theories to measure and as a
comparison. This theory is to measure the cultural change from the old culture to the new culture.
This theory is the theory of evolution, which describes the change of culture. Cultural changes occur
gradually and gradually from one point to the next. Every society undergoes different evolutionary
processes. Therefore, each society shows different cultures. One society is known to have advanced,
while others are still considered or classified as undeveloped.
Methods
By using method of qualitative method approach which emphasize on phenomenology approach in
his research, that is to elaborate in detail and detail about subject of human subject which tend to
disobey principle, to change, to have individual subjectivity, to have emotion, and so on. With
phenomenal approach, researchers try to understand and interpret human behavior through,
conversation analysis, observing actions, and behavioral actions of informants.
Results and Analysis

Students from two high schools, state Senior High School 1 Liukang Tupabiring Utara and SMA
Negeri 2 Pangkajene, have used the social media for their educational purposes. They have used
facebook, youtube, instagram, Path, Line, WhatsApp and so on to solve the problems related to
their education. Establish discussion groups, discuss, solve social problems together, search and
browse sample examples, search for images related to the subject, search for films that are also
related to specific lessons, to discuss with the teacher / teacher.
According to Antony Mayfield of Crossing, social media is about becoming an ordinary human being.
Ordinary people who share ideas, collaborate, and collaborate to create creations, think, argue, find
people who can be good friends, find a partner, and build a community. In essence, using social
media makes us as ourselves. In addition to the speed of information that can be accessed within
seconds, being yourself in social media is the reason why social media is growing rapidly. No
exception, a desire for self-actualization and the need to create personal branding. (Harry Tahir
2013)
If it is related to the above opinion it is clear that what these students are doing is to respond to the
challenges of the times, responding to the rapid development of communication and information
technology, so they are "forced" to use the information technology, before they are left behind by
the rapid development.

a. SMA Negeri 1 Liukang Tupabbiring Utara
The perceived obstacle in accessing information in social media is more to technical problems, for
example the internet network in the archipelago is experiencing barriers to normal mengaksess. So
the information to be downloaded takes a long time. Furthermore the signal is less strong even
sometimes lost. Another technical barrier is that the daytime power is out, so if the HP again lowbatt
has to wait again at night to recharge the battery. Though day to afternoon is a good time to look
for signals on the beach or around the pier.
In addition to these technical factors, other factors are the skills of some students to use social
media is still limited. Only a handful of students are able to utilize social media facilities, such as
facebook, line, youtube, instagram and others. So that the use of social media has not spread to
other students, especially because the economic ability of middle-low students so unable to have a
smartphone that can be used to access social media, to get educational information, especially
related to the lessons in school.
b. Students of SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene Kabupaten Pangkep
Apparently the obstacles found in the archipelago are almost the same in the mainland, the internet
network is often disturbed, the signal is less strong, slow in accessing social media, often fail in
downloading. Especially in schools wifi speed is limited, and may only use the school facilities,
students are prohibited from bringing HP to school.
Another rather interesting obstacle is the emergence of ads that attract attention for students when
accessing social media. According to students the ads are quite interesting but disturb the attention
of students, then the attention of students will be divided between ads and information sought.
Social media need internet network to access various forms of social media sometimes become
problem for the wearer especially student. In fact the spread of the internet so fast did not get to
reach the territory of Indonesia. Lucky students who live in the capital district or district of course it
will not be so a problem.
With the growing public interest in social media, people will become increasingly dependent on
social media, and this will affect their daily lives. Accessing social media at all times has become a
new human need to always update information because social media has become a more actual
source of information than any other media.
Conclusion
The use of social media for students of SMA Negeri 1 Liukang Tupabiring Utara is still not effective,
because it only uses some variants of social media like facebook, line and WhatsApp. While the
downloaded information is still limited to the problems and completion of school tasks. While for
discussion via WA is still very limited.
While students of SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene, have utilized the social media for the benefit of
education is very effective. They have used almost all social media variants like facebook, youtube,

instagram, Path, Line, WhatsApp and others. To solve all issues related to student education. Such
as forming discussion groups, finishing social, tracing examples of questions and answers, looking
for images, movies or videos related to learning.
Students of SMA Negeri 1 Liukang Tupabbiring Utara The main constraint is the internet network in
the archipelago is not maximized because it is still accessing from the mainland, the signal is less
strong, the electricity is on only at night. In addition to these technical factors, another factor is the
ability of some students to use social media is still limited, the use of social media has not spread to
all students, because the economic ability of students can not afford to have a smartphone to use
to access social media, and others.
Constraints for Pangkajene 2 state high school students, which are often disrupted internet
networks, less powerful signal, slow in accessing social media, often fail in downloading. Particularly
at limited Wifi speed schools, and may only use school facilities, students are prohibited from
bringing HP.
Recommendation
In order for the effective use of social media, stakeholders should facilitate the Internet network of
the archipelago at an adequate rate. So students can use some social media with the maximum for
their educational needs, so as not to miss information. Parties concerned to pay attention to the
quality of the internet network for the land area so there is no need for complaints network
problems are often not maximal.
Constraints in the utilization of social media for educational purposes of the archipelago need to
prepare a Computer Information Technology laboratory (ITK), so that all students can enjoy and use
it for educational purposes. The internet network must be maximized so that there are no more
complaints about weak signal, failing in downloading and such. The school needs to increase
internet speed through Wifi.
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SOCIAL MEDIA AND INCREASED LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
OF PANGKEP COASTAL AREA MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS
Muhammad Farid
(Lecturer in Communication Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin Hasanuddin Makassar,
faridemsil@yahoo.com)
Andi Alimuddin Unde

((Lecturer in Communication Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar,
undealimuddin@yahoo.co.id)
Background
New Media is a new development of media that has been used by humans. Its character which is a digital
form certainly makes it easy to exchange information and various other activities. But in its development,
New Media can also give a negative value, which is to be able to access sites that smell of porn and violence
easily and provide an addictive effect for its users. So the development of New Media should be followed by
the policies of those who use it.
Educational problems that occur in Indonesia, one of which is the teaching and learning process given in the
class generally only express concepts in a direction. The teaching and learning process that is mostly done is
the lecture learning model by means of one-way communication (teaching centered), where the active 90%
are teachers. While students usually only function the sense of sight and sense of hearing. The introduction
of this concept does not mean that it is not needed, but that usually occurs only to the extent of the concept,
without being continued on the application.
The learning model as mentioned above is considered to be less exploring the insights of students'
knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of children / students. Because during the teaching and learning process,
if the child's concentration is not optimal, the child will have difficulty accepting the material taught at that
time, so it is also difficult for the child to save the subject matter in the child's memory / impression / memory.
According to Bartlet this method of learning is considered to be less meaningful.
Education is the property of every person, not least the netizens who want to get knowledge even though
not through formal channels. In order to aim for education that wants to educate the lives of humanity, the
drivers of education will certainly strive to be able to provide learning wherever, whenever and whatever the
conditions. Internet education media is one of the developments of the Internet created in the field of
education, one of its more familiar products, learning has become an independent part of the internet, the
number of users of social media in the world makes teachers follow a tendency to give their knowledge
through social media. For many educational institutions in the world for example, these institutional
institutions began to open themselves to the public through social media. For example, Ohio State University
in 2007 opened several social media accounts including Facebook, flickr, and YouTube Channel. The
University intentionally opened a social media account to facilitate the campus in introducing its University
to the public. In addition, the use of social media also makes it easier for them to give public lectures to the
public.

The problem now is that small objects are often used for the purposes of accessing things that are
of an entertainment nature, and information that is not too useful for everyday life. The problem
now is that small objects are often used for the purposes of accessing things that are of an
entertainment nature, and information that is not too useful for everyday life.
Research Methods
This type of research is a survey research method through studies that are descriptive comparative,
namely research that presents an overview of existing phenomena by comparing the same variables
for different samples. (Silalahi, 2009)
Population and Sample

According to Sugiyono (2009), population is a region of generalization consisting of subjects or
subjects that have certain quantities and characteristics applied by researchers to be studied and
then conclusions drawn.
In this study the population included all students, State Junior High School 3 Satukang Liabap
Tupabbiring, Public Middle School 12 Satukang Liukang Tupabbiring and Public Middle School 7
Satap Liukang Tupabbiring.
The sample of this study was students of Class VIII and IX who were under the age of 15 16 years.
Because the research location is different so it can be compared with other locations. Therefore the
sample is expected to be as much.
Data Analysis Techniques

Univariate data analysis was performed to obtain an overview of each variable, the frequency
distribution of the various variables studied, both the dependent variable and the independent
variable. This analysis can be presented in table form and then described the results of the data. By
looking at the frequency distribution it can be seen the description of each variable in the study.
Research Results and Discussion

Research Results
Frequency and duration of Use of Social Media for students related to learning.
The initial survey in this survey of respondents numbered 58 people located in junior high schools
located on the coast of Segeri Mandalle sub-district. The rest will be carried out when students enter
school

Table 1
Media Facilities at Home
Facility Frequency %
TV 58 100
Radio 58 100
Internet - -
Newspaper - -
Magazines - -
All respondents have media facilities in their homes in the form of television and radio. Television
is more lit at night, while listening to more radio during the day,
Table 2
Smartphone Ownership
Variable Frequency %
Yes/prviate phone 32 55
No/parent's phone 26 45
Total 58 100
Smartphone ownership for respondents, there are those who own property bought by parents,
who have above-average income and work as pond farmers. And there are only parents who have,
but often their children can borrow for certain needs.
Table 3
Length of Ownership
< 1 year 3 5
1 -2 years 29 50
➢ 2 years 26 45
Total 58 100
Smartphone ownership for respondents who have had one to two years and for the property of
older people more than two years.

Table 4
Smartphone Use for Searching for Information Relating to Studies
Yes 58 100
No - -
Total 58 100
All respondents use smartphones to find information related to their learning at school, both
those who own Maupin borrow from their parents.
Table 5
Information sought
Information Frequency %
Mathematics 58 100
English 15 26
Bahasa Indonesia 58 100
Natural Sciences 58 100
Social Sciences 58 100
Sports 21 36
Art 30 52
Information sought by respondents, of course related to their learning in school; such as

mathematics, English, Indonesian, Science, Social Sciences, sports and the Arts. Eyes of learning
such as mathematics, Indonesian Language, Science, Social Sciences are the eyes of favorite
pursuits that they always open and browse.
Table 6
Applications Used
Application Frequency %
Instagram 58 100
WhatsApp 58 100
Facebook 25 43
Twiter 27 47
Applications that are used to search Instagram and WA lesson information are applications that
are widely used by respondents, while Facebook and Twitter are also quite popular.

Table 7
Social Media helps find information
a. Very helpful 42 72
b. Helpful 16 38
c. Slightly Helpful - -
d. Not helpful - -
Total 58 100
Tabel 8
Frequency Seeking Information
1-2 times/week 10 17
➢ 6 times/week 9 16
Total 58 100
Respondents looked for learning information 3 4 times a week at most 43%, 5-6 times a week 24
percent and the lowest 6 times a week as much as 16%.
Table 9
Adequacy of time used
a. Sangat cukup 35 60
b. Adequate 25 40
c. Slightly adequate - -
d. Not adequate - -
Total 58 100
According to respondents the adequacy of time used to find learning information is considered to
be very sufficient 60% and enough 40%. Their reason is because at certain times they help parents.

Table 10
Duration of use
1-15 minutes 32 55
16-30 minutes 24 41
➢ 30 minutes 2 4
Total 58 100
The duration used by respondents to find learning information, at most 1 15 minutes 55% and at
least 30 minutes 4%.
Discussion
From research, it turns out that social media can be used for the purpose of finding learning
information related to subjects in school. The lack of available reading material makes students have
to find information on their own learning. In order to catch up when compared to other students in
the city.
Based on actual data students have a lot of time to use their smartphone looking for and finding
informational lessons, but their free time is also used to help parents, work in the fields or in the
pond even some students go out to sea with their parents. So they consider the frequency of using
smartphone is enough.
The duration of time used to search and trace related lessons is considered inadequate because
they only use less than one hour to get learning information. Though to trace one lesson takes a lot
of time.
Conclusion
From the results of the study it can be concluded that the frequency of using social media to search
and browse learning information in schools is still low. Not routinely every day, but still limited to a
certain time, depending on the conditions and desires of the respondent.
The intensity of time used every time opening social media is also still very minimal, less than it
should be used to trace one lesson material. Their free time is widely used to play and help parents
work, in the fields, ponds or sailing.
Psychologically, social media is like a double-edged knife. He can increase and decrease learning
achievement, depending on how it is used.
For the digital generation, the theory of the 'six degree of separation' that underlies the
development of social media, is their bridge to gather as much information and from anyone.

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PROBLEM OF TIMOR LESTE’S STOLEN CHILDREN IN INDONESIA:
A HUMAN SECURITY PERSPECTIVE
Munjin Syafik Asyari

Email: munjin.asyari@gmail.com
Aswin Baharuddin
Email: sawingbahar@gmail.com (Corresponding Author)
Global political conditions during the Cold War also influenced the geopolitical architecture of
Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. One of the impacts is the Indonesian intervention which aims
to make East Timor part of the Republic of Indonesia. After joining the Republic of Indonesia for a
long period of time, the change occurred again after the wave of reform and democratization in
Indonesia after the New Order. During this phase, through a referendum East Timor chose to
separate from the Republic of Indonesia. The incident left conflict not only for each country but also
citizens including East Timorese children who were forced to separate from their families. These
children are known as stolen children
We can trace the history of this problem in the 1940s to 1960s, when the countries of the former
colonies in Southeast Asia had begun to feel independence (decolonization), Timor Leste was still
trapped in the influence of Portuguese colonization. Timor Leste could only experience freedom and
decolonization in 1975. At that time, the Portuguese carried out the decolonization effort with the
principle of handing over the fate of independence to the hands of its former colonies, including
Timor Leste. In its implementation, the Portuguese requested Indonesian assistance. At that time
there were three choices that were submitted to the people of Timor Leste in determining
independence. First, it became independent and became a Portuguese state. Second, independence
and become part of Indonesia. Third, independence and become a country free from the influence
of Indonesia and the Portuguese. These three options put forward directly made the political
situation in Timor Leste become unstable. There are three major parties (Fretilin, UDT, and Apodeti)
that disagree with each other. These three parties have different preferences in determining East
Timor's independence. Fretilin wanted to be completely free, UDT wanted to join the Portuguese,
and Apodeti wanted to join Indonesia.
The Fretilin party was opposed by the Indonesian government and the parties that opposed it.
Because of his fear of the spread of communism, on 7 December 1975, the Indonesian military under
the Suharto regime carried out an invasion called the Operation Code of Seroja (a full-scale invasion
of Timor Leste). In the operation, Fretilin was removed and Timor Leste was united with Indonesia.
As for the series of events that are often referred to as the process of integration of Timor Leste

with Indonesia, in the end and in fact were never recognized by the United Nations, the Portuguese
and Fretilin.
Methods
This research is a qualitative research. Qualitative research includes research and collection of
various types of empirical material such as case studies, personal experiences, introspectives, life
stories, interviews, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts (Denzin and Lincoln,
1994). In addition, this method is useful for gaining an understanding (understanding) about the
reasons, opinions and motivations that underlie a behavior (Wyse, 2014). This type of research aims
to comprehensively and comprehensively detail various matters relating to the lives of East
Timorese stolen children in Makassar City.
In conducting this research, we obtained data from two sources, namely primary data sources and
secondary data. Primary data is data obtained from the first data source or first hand in the field.
Meanwhile, secondary data is used as supporting data. Secondary data is the second data source
after primary data. The secondary data in this study were obtained from documents, books,
journals, and studies that have been carried out whose themes are in line with the problems of
stolen children and East Timor.
The informants in this study were determined using a purposive technique that is the determination
of informants carried out deliberately by setting certain criteria on the informants. These criteria
are people who were abducted from East Timor before or after their integration with Indonesia.
Furthermore, NGO activists such as Kontras and AJAR will also be informants on the issue of
rehabilitation of the rights of stolen children.
Preliminary Result
In a fairly long period of time, issues of International Relations focus on the dynamics of relations
between States relating to sovereignty and the use of the military as an instrument. In the 1990s,
the focus of the security discourse above was tried to be updated and expanded by responding to
the current global situation. Along with the reduction of territorial threats to the sovereignty of the
State and on the other hand it raises issues such as poverty, health, human trafficking, as well as
food, energy and environmental crises making various parties feel important to expand security
studies. According to thinkers such as Barry Buzan, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde the broadening
of the issue means that the study of International Security will no longer only focus on "State
Security" but also be alert to the issue of "Human Security". It is within this framework that the
terminology of traditional security issues occurs that focuses on State security and non-traditional
security issues which emphasize its analysis of human security. The above idea was also confirmed
by UNDP which specifically described "human security" in 7 dimensions. The seven dimensions
described in the 1994 Human Development Report include Economic Security, Food Safety, Health
Safety, Environmental Security, Individual Security, Community Security, and Political Security.

This study focuses on analyzing the phenomenon of stolen children using a human security
approach. Analysis through this approach is expected to be able to complement previous studies
looking at the problem of relations between Timor Leste and Indonesia from the perspective of
military-based sovereignty and security. During the Indonesian occupation of Timor Leste, the
transfer of children occurred from the first year (1975) until the period after the referendum (1999).
In his report, it was written clearly that it was impossible to accurately record the number of children
transferred. However, according to ICRC estimates, around 4,000 children have been transferred to
Indonesia in various ways. Further discussion about the transfer of these children then in its
continuation, often discusses the matter of variations in the transfer of these children to Indonesia.
Periodically, too, this variation of displacement forms certain patterns. The formation of this pattern
must then be interpreted in terms of which transfer variants most often occur within certain
decades.
In Makassar, 10 childrens have been identified. All of them do not have permanent jobs, some work
as security, masons, boarding guards, so they have to move because of economic factors. Within
the scope of the South Sulawesi area, there are about 51 stolen childrens which were documented
by Kontras and Asia Justice and Rights. The initial findings of this study are that these stolen children
experience 2 phases of violence. The first phase was when they were forcibly transferred by the
Indonesian military from Timor Leste. While the second phase is when stolen children try to survive
in Indonesia.
In the first phase, at the age of 6-11 they must be forced to separate from their families in Timor
Leste. In a heated conflict situation in Timor Leste, the stolen children initially became Indonesian
Military Operational Assistance Staff. The term transfer or mobilization can be defined by force and
it is used because at that time the age of these children has not made it possible to make conscious
choices.
After the conflict subsided, they were then brought or moved to Indonesia. This forced transfer
made them lose their basic identity such as family, religion and culture. This then had an impact on
the survivors because they became very closed. In the view of the activist NGO AJAR who advocated
for them, one of the obstacles in finding and identifying these stolen children was that they rarely
socialized. In the second phase they face problems in efforts to earn a living. They are a very
vulnerable group because they do not have access to basic rights such as education and health. This
happens because they do not have legal identities such as Family Cards and Population Cards.
Conclusions
This study found that the conflicts that occurred in Timor Leste during the Integration and
Disintegration phase with Indonesia left an unresolved problem to date namely the issue of stolen
children. These stolen children are victims of conflict who must face 2 phases of violence. The first
phase was when they were forcibly transferred by the Indonesian military from Timor Leste. While
the second phase is when stolen children try to survive in Indonesia.

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CLIMATE CHANGE, LABOR MARKET AND RURAL WORKER MOBILITY
Murdiansyah Herman,
Universitas Islam Banjarmasin, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Email: murdiansyahuniska@gmail.com
Sunardi
Ladem Institute, Pattallassang, Gowa, Indonesia
Email: sunardibombong@gmail.com
Imam Sumantri
Jln. Tamangapa Raya, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: Imamfoz@mail.com
Climate change is one of the themes that has been bustling in the academic debate since the last
few years. One of the issues that are often associated with climate change is the condition of
agriculture in the countryside. The question of the impact of climate change on agricultural
livelihoods has always been a question that generally leads to the public. At least for several
decades, the question seems to be still being rolled out (Baldos & Hertel, 2014; Caruso, Petrarca, &
Ricciuti, 2016; Rosanne D’Arrigoa* and Rob Wilsona, 2009; Stefanos A. Nastis1, 2012).
However, the other side that is equally important is the relation of climate change to the labour
market in the countryside. This academic position seems to be rarely seen by scholars. Apart from
the fact that the attention of many scholars is focused on the issue of agricultural productivity,
agricultural labourers in the agricultural sector or farmers (Petty Commodity Production) are the
focus of research that is still largely ignored (Bernstein, 2010; Harriss-white & Harriss-white, n.d.).
Whereas for the context in Indonesia, the development of peripheral capitalism with the
characteristics of rural production is mostly based on the agrarian sector. If you look at BPS, as many
as 33,487,806 Indonesians depend their lives on the agricultural sector and more than 50% of these
numbers work as farm labourers. The situation is more complicated because most farmworkers live
in the village.
At the same time, the literature on climate change with the market for flexible work in the
countryside for the context in Eastern Indonesia is still very limited. Most studies on agrarian affairs
took place with observation sites in Java and Sumatra (Mccarthy, 2010; Warren, 2014). As for other
studies such as Scahrauwers in North Sulawesi, only this research uses a perspective on Marxist
Anthropology (Schrauwers, 1998), so the analysis built by looking at technical issues such as Climate
Change is very minimal.
This study tries to take the gap left by previous studies on the labour market in the countryside.
With the argument that climate change is taking place, it has a significant impact on the labour

market in the countryside, especially in agricultural classes2. Then, the impact of subsequent
dominoes on changing flexible labour markets is the existence of high mobility from village to city
and vice versa.
Methods
The study took place in Panaikang Village, Pattallassang District, Gowa Regency. This location was
chosen based on the consideration that this sub-district is one of the buffer districts located in the
golden triangle of South Sulawesi, which connects Gowa-Makassar and Gowa-Maros. Maros as an
industrial development area in Eastern Indonesia, while Makassar as an industrial centre as well as
a region filled with the service sector. In addition, Makassar as the capital city of South Sulawesi
Province is still in the development stage, this is supported by among other things the construction
of houses, most of which are supplied from areas in Gowa, one of which is Pattallassang. This
situation is very strategic to see how the population mobility from the village (Pattallassang) to
industrial centres such as Makassar and Maros.
Data collection was carried out by means of live-in observation, as well as interviews with several
construction workers who were also seasonal farmers. In addition, interviews were also conducted
with some farm labourers who did not have any land for agricultural production.

The tendency of agrarian studies has been to see the rural labour market and the mobility of
agricultural labourers always clash with ownership of production facilities. This argument comes at
least from the Marxist tradition, which then looks at rural labour markets and labour mobility
because of access to unequal land tenure. Some people control more land, while others only use
the land for subsystems. Those who control the wider land have the opportunity to sell small labour,
as well as the opportunity to compete in the city as a construction worker, while those who own
land are of course the opportunity to increase their labour-power is also wide open.
Apparently, this big thesis is no longer relevant but in certain contexts, it is important to be discussed
again. Author observation in Pattallassang villages, Gowa, South Sulawesi. the tendency of both
farmers who have a large land and those who do not have large land have equal opportunities to
be absorbed in the labour market and become labourers. Drought and the difficulty of agricultural
irrigation forced the villagers to leave the agricultural land and to the city to plunge as construction
workers. This work was carried out during the dry season, and when the rainy season the
construction workers returned to the village to cultivate agricultural land. This cycle takes place
every year, so the authors see every climate change, especially entering the dry season, the labour
2 The agricultural classes referred to here refer to the Bernstein concept agriculture class which placed agricultural classes
into three classes, Widespread Landowners, Farmers, and Capitalist Farmers

market in the village booms and the labour market overflows are finally channelled as construction
workers in the city of Makassar.
Conclusions
The mainstream of the Marxist tradition which always places the labour market and the mobility of
rural job seekers by linking it to land tenure seems to need to be discussed again. This finding shows
that the labour market and the mobility of job seekers in rural areas are not always related to land
tenure. In certain contexts, there are technical issues which are also important to be seen as driving
the labour market and the mobility of job seekers, such as prolonged drought which is one of the
causes which is also very crucial to the labour market situation and the mobility of rural job seekers.
Especially for villages where the state of agricultural production still relies on rice fields from rainfed
water.
With a long dry season which was later strengthened by the condition of agriculture which still relied
on rainwater, making agricultural land in the village became unproductive. As a result, extensive
land tenure also means nothing. On the contrary, in the village, the tendency of those who do not
have land has a far better economic opportunity.
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productivity and climate change. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource
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AGRARIAN LAW REFORM IN POST-NEW ORDER INDONESIA (Vol. 76).

OLD URBANIZATION, NEW DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW
Nurlinah
Department of Politics and Government, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia
A. Gau Kadir
Department of Anthropology, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia
A. Lukman Irwan
Makassar, Indonesia
Haryanto
Makassar, Indonesia
Summary
The world's attention since the last few years has been directed towards efforts to answer the
question of how urbanization is occurring and what is driving urbanization. This question grabs the
attention of scholars throughout the world, including those that have hit developing countries. The
World Bank, through a 2001 report, has released projections of human populations that will live in
increasingly massive cities each year. The report shows that in 2025, half of the world's population
or above 50% of the human population will live and act in the city (Table 1).
Furthermore (G. W. Jones, 2002) see if the high number of urban populations is one of the effects
of increasingly rapid urbanization. Along with the strengthening of urbanization, two main
arguments are developing related to the causes of urbanization. The first argument is that those
who see urbanization as a result of the conflict. This argument mainly develops in countries like the
Middle East. The main reason people move from one place to another is because of a raging social
conflict (Evers, 1975).
Meanwhile, another opinion sees that the urbanization that takes place in a country is more of an
economic problem. This argument is mainly found in developing countries such as those that hit
Southeast Asia (Resosudarmo & Suryadarma, 2014: Jones & Mamas, 1996). This party sees, the issue
that makes many people leave their place of origin is economic problems. Lack of employment
opportunities and relatively very little income forces most people to move from one place to
another that is more promising economically.

PERCENTAGE POPULATION IN URBAN AREA 1950-2025
1950 1975 2000 2025
World 29.7 37.9 47.0 58.0
North Africa 24.7 38.7 50.8 63.9
Sub-Saharan Africa 11.5 21.0 34.2 49.0
Asia 17.4 24.7 36.7 50.6
Southeast Asia 14.8 22.3 37.2 53.2
Europe 52.4 67.3 74.8 81.3
Latin Americaa 41.4 61.2 75.3 82.2
Oceania 61.6 71.8 8 70 73.3
Although the two approaches see "causes" of urbanization based on different theoretical footholds,
there is one similarity that intersects. Both approaches agreed to see that "development" as "a
result" of urbanization. Whether a conflict or economic approach, all see that urbanization is driven
by the development process that takes place in a country. The difference is that for those who
believe in the conflict approach, the development that takes place in a country becomes the cause
of conflict, while those who believe in the economic approach see development happening
unequally between regions. Economically more advanced regions have faster development rates
compared to economically disadvantaged regions. As a result, the disparity in development drives
economic inequality, which ends in the flow of urbanization.
For the context in Southeast Asia development has triggered the process of urbanization, countries
such as Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, including in Indonesia, have carried out massive
urbanization as a result of the development process (Jones & Mamas, 1996: Jones, 2002). More
specifically, in Indonesia, since the era of colonialism development has produced unwanted
stepchildren, namely conflict and economic inequality. As is the case for other countries in the
world, development has struggled between conflict and economic inequality, which is the impact of
its dominance has triggered urbanization. The embryo of conflict in Indonesia has been seen in the
early days of colonialism, this seed which was later enlarged and peaked after independence, in the
intervals of the 1950-1960s as the initial stage of considerable urbanization in Indonesia. This
situation coincides with the phase of the cold war and ideological consolidation, especially for
developing countries. This period by most scholars calls it the phase of "ideological development"
(Hadiz, 2004). Regionally, ideological development in Indonesia has led to prolonged conflict. The
conflict between followers of nationalist-secular ideology, with the PKI and Islam as a fruit of the
ideological development process in Indonesia. This situation encourages urbanization, especially for
regions that are the basis of conflicting social forces (Heryanto & Hadiz, 2005).

They are then entering the phase 1970-1980 in Indonesia known as the stage of state development.
This style of development places the country as the sole actor of the ongoing development process.
At that time, the country was identified with Soeharto. Various development policies were
introduced by Suharto to the community, including Pelita (Five-Year Development). Also, the
regime, also known as the New Order in general, introduced the concept of village development
through the "Food Self-Sufficiency" program which was later translated through strengthening
agricultural production by introducing fertilizers and technologization in the agricultural production
chain. Later, this development scheme was called the Green Revolution. The connection is with
urbanization, instead of stemming the community from continuing to work in their villages, it is
evident that the green revolution scheme and food self-sufficiency program are forcing rural
communities to carry out the urbanization process. Manning saw that during the revolutionary
period millions of Javanese were moved outside Java, especially in Sulawesi and Kalimantan
(Manning, 2006). Meanwhile, in Sulawesi, the development that took place in the 1970s / 1980s
encouraged the Jekneponto people to leave their villages in droves to areas with more promising
economic growth, such as in Makassar. Forbes noted, in the 1970s, thousands of Jekneonto people
who failed to use the agricultural sector were forced to Makassar as a pedicab driver (Forbes, 1983).
The next development phase that took place in Indonesia took place in the mid-1990s and towards
the 2000s. The development phase that took place this time was called the phase of development
of modernization with the style of neo-liberalism. This phase places the main actors of development
no longer relying on the state but rather plural by involving the private sector and Non-Government
Organizations (Carroll & Jarvis, 2015). The development of modernization with neo-liberalism has
taken place by stripping down the role of the state that is considered too dominant. Various efforts
to reform regulations as a way to accommodate space for the involvement of the private sector and
NGOs as well as to minimize the role of the state. Li noted, the deregulation process was carried out
even to the village. One of them is through "technical" intervention. Institutional strengthening and
the reasons for the capacity of rural communities and village officials are always made scapegoats
justify, that the involvement of NGOs is vital in intervening in institutional strengthening and
capacity of village communities. However, Li also noted that the other side that was absent from
attention during the development phase was the loss of the debate about "real economic
strengthening" for rural communities. Finally, the development of modernization with a neo-
liberalism style for the village community only caused disasters in the form of increasingly sharp
economic disparities. So that development in this phase is not able to stem the village community.
This development is pushing for a growing gap between villages and cities (Li, 2016).
The situation then continued with the development scheme that was based on the village. This
scheme is an antithesis of the development process that took place before, his criticism that
development relies more on the urban sector while the rural sector is still on the child's behalf by
the state. Through law regulation NO. 6 of 2014 concerning villages, the state indirectly invites
villages with funding of trillions of rupiah every year. These funds are then followed by dictating the
direction of development in the village. Every year the government issues regulations in the form of
government regulations as a reference in the technical implementation of the use of village funds.

No half-hearted, this regulation was made after accommodating three interests of the ministry,
namely the finance ministry, the interior ministry and the village ministry and transmigration. The
goal is to create village development with better economic activity once again.
New Developmentalism under Jokowi's regime emphasizes development on strengthening
infrastructure (Warburton, 2016). Almost the same as the development model that took place in
the New Order. It is just the most striking difference in the construction of the Jokowi Regime; the
strengthening of infrastructure is not concentrated only in big cities. However, they are combing
remote areas to the village. The face of the village in the shadow of development this time, villages
in Indonesia were forced to follow the development trends enshrined by the state. Not only that,
the development scheme offered by the state was followed by the design of village institutions.
Among them, the most popular is village development by strengthening the village economy
through the creation of Bumdes (Village Business Entities). Villages in Indonesia must make Bumdes,
however. Again borrowing Li's term (Li, 2016), the state was once again trapped in village
intervention, which seemed to only touch on the "Technical" issue. So that village arrangement is
completed with village development projects. This effort is believed to be a convergence that will
bring together development actors to the village, as happened before through governance. Only
this time, the convergence of the three actors took place in a smaller dimension, namely in the
village.
Unfortunately, this effort has not been much associated with the current urbanization in Indonesia.
Existing research on new developmentalism in Indonesia is still more focused on the issue of rural
poverty (Warburton, 2016), village funds with urbanization (Simangunsong & Hutasoit, 2017),
village funds, urbanization with settlements in urban communities (P. Jones, 2017 ). Without looking
further at the implications of further poverty in the village whether encouraging ongoing
urbanization or in the development effort with strengthening infrastructure in the village creates a
new space for rural communities to reduce the rate of urbanization. Although other scholars have
seen urbanization amid new developmentalism in the village as the inability of local governments
to design allocations to strengthen infrastructure and space for job seekers in the region (Lewis,
2014: Mello, 2010), however, more specifically, it has not included village funds as other variables
that must be seen. This empty position will then be explored further by taking the argumentation
on how the development of new depletion centres in villages can reduce urbanization.
Reference
Carroll, T., & Jarvis, D. S. L. (2015). The New Politics of Development: Citizens, Civil Society, and the
Evolution of Neoliberal Development Policy. Globalizations, 12(3), 281–304.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1016301
Evers, H.-D. (1975). Urbanization and Urban Conflict in Southeast Asia. Asian Survey, 15(9), 775–
785. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643173
Forbes, D. (1983). Review Reviewed Work ( s ): Petty Commodity Production and
Underdevelopment : The Case of Pedlars and Trishaw Riders in Ujung Pandang , Indonesia
( Progress in Planning , Vol . 16 , No . 1 ) by D . Forbes Published by  Liverpool University
Press Stable U. The Town Planning Review, 54(1), 130.
Hadiz, V. R. (2004). Indonesian local party politics: A site of resistance to neoliberal reform. Critical
Asian Studies, 36(4), 615–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/1467271042000273275
Heryanto, A., & Hadiz, V. R. (2005). Post-authoritarian Indonesia: A comparative Southeast Asian
perspective. Critical Asian Studies, 37(2), 251–275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710500106341
Jones, G. W. (2002). Links between urbanization and sectoral shifts in employment in java. Journal
of Population Research (Vol. 20). https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918412331334722
Jones, G. W., & Mamas, S. G. M. (1996). The changing employment structure of the extended Jakarta
metropolitan region. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 32(1), 51–70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074919612331336888
Jones, P. (2017). Formalizing the informal: Understanding the position of informal settlements and
slums in sustainable urbanization policies and strategies in Bandung, Indonesia.
Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081436
Lewis, B. D. (2014). L’urbanisation et la croissance économique en Indonésie: De bonnes nouvelles,
de mauvaises nouvelles et des circonstances d’atténuation (possibles) pour
l’administration locale. Regional Studies, 48(1), 192–207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.748980
Li, T. M. (2016). Governing rural Indonesia: convergence on the project system. Critical Policy
Studies, 10(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2015.1098553
Manning, C. (2006). Rural Employment Creation in Java: Lessons from the Green Revolution and Oil
Boom. Population and Development Review, 14(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972500
Mello, D. (2010). WIDER Working Paper No. 2010/58 Fiscal Decentralization and Urbanization in
Indonesia.
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Attainment: Evidence from rural–urban migrants in Indonesia. Asian Population Studies,
10(3), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2014.942954
Simangunsong, F., & Hutasoit, I. (2017). Empirical Study on Implementation of Village Fund for Issue
of Urbanization form West Java Province to State Capital of Jakarta. International Business
Management.
Warburton, E. (2016). Jokowi and the New Developmentalism. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic
Studies, 52(3), 297–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2016.1249262

PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNANCE IN COASTAL VILLAGE OF INDONESIA
Nurlinah
Email: nurlinah@unhas.ac.id
A. Gau Kadir
A. Lukman Irwan
In Indonesia villages is the problematic governance. The problematic is in the form of improving
community welfare, developing village infrastructure, and public services. However, in many
evaluation results, in many villages in Indonesia the results are still low (Hartoyo, Haryanto and
Fahmi, 2018). Theoretically, the low impact of development is caused by problematic governance
(Eko, 2014), elite captured (Warren and Visser, 2016) including resource management conflicts
(Steenbergen, 2016; Yamazaki et al., 2018).
Some studies that have recently been conducted in analyzing villages also conclude problems in
governance (Jakimow, 2014; Antlöv, Wetterberg and Dharmawan, 2016; Vel, Berenschot and
Minarchek, 2016; Salim et al., 2017; Sutiyo and Maharjan, 2017). Village law is also considered not
to provide an adequate basis for managing proper village financial management, especially
preventing corruption (Novrizal and Podger, 2014, p. 29)
Research on villages in Indonesia has been quite a lot since decentralization and democratization
occurred in Indonesia. If previously research in Indonesia was dominated by sociological and
anthropological studies (Skinner, 1959; Koentjaraningrat, 1967). In the last decade economic and
environmental studies took a dominant role. Meanwhile, the study of government especially village
governance is still relatively small. Even then after the presence of the Village Law in 2014 which
has encouraged research on the village. It is where this research tries to analyze better how
governance is with the new regulation.
Methods
This article uses qualitative research aimed at understanding the social knowledge of the
community. Intensive fieldwork was conducted from the beginning to mid-2018. The data were
collected from in-depth interviews with key informants. We also have data from archives of local
regulations that have been issued by the village government. For determining the location of the
study, three selective steps have been taken. First, we interviewed the service heads and
Community and Village Empowerment staff in Takalar and Pangkep districts as the initial reference
for choosing villages that they thought were best in their governance. Second, recommendations
from “village assistants” who are very knowledgeable in detail about the village governance that is
the guidance. We interviewed two to three village facilitators in each district, who then appointed
one of the best villages in the village governance. Third, we inventory data from the 2018 Developing
Village Index in the two districts.
We conduct intensive research in two districts in the province of South Sulawesi. The villages
selected were villages in the coastal area, along with the coastline of the Sulawesi Sea. The first field
research was conducted in Takalar district, an area that is directly adjacent to the provincial capital,
Makassar city. In this area, the chosen village is one of the coastal villages that are in the developing
category, namely the Tamasaju village. This village was chosen because it became the main
reference for village governance from some village facilitators in Takalar.
Also, the village of Tamasaju also became a village with people who work as fishermen quite large
in Takalar. The profession of fishermen in this village almost reaches the 200s or in the range of 47%
of the entire profession. This number does not include calculations for fisherman families and other
families. If the calculation is possible the amount, it will be even greater. This means that Tamasaju
Village is a village which is a representative reference to coastal villages so that with this population
condition, at least the findings built on coastal villages can be presented comprehensively.
Meanwhile, in Pangkep district the research was conducted in Pitusunggu village and Pitue village.
Both villages are fisheries cultivation villages, in the form of fish and shrimp ponds. Pitusunggu
village and Pitue village are the best villages in Pangkep district according to the local government.
Both were prepared to become independent regions and several times took part in village
competitions representing the Pangkep district. Even for 2018, Pitue village was chosen as a village
representing Pangkep district in the Provincial Village competition.

The participation of rural communities is a fundamental issue in the midst of the strong wave of
decentralization and village autonomy. At least for some reasons, first, the participation of rural
communities is an alternative to carry out supervision of village funds from the stagnation of the
role and communication of the BPD with the village apparatus (Marpaung, 2018) as happened in
two places, namely Pangkep and Takalar. Second, the village law has recognized the existence of
local communities in rural communities, who formally have access to get involved in the processes
that take place in the village (Chomariyah, Hudi and Ariyanto, 2016; Pauwelussen, 2016). Third,
ultimately the participation of the village community is important to minimize the domination of
the village head whose political position is getting stronger after the ratification of the village law.
BPD’s relations with the village apparatus that did not go well affected the form of very isolated
community participation. BPD in this case as a legislative institution in the village does not only play
a role in supervising and controlling the running of the government in the village. Moreover, the
BPD is required to be able to absorb the aspirations of the village community for better village

development. The interaction of BPD and village heads as two very strategic institutions in the
village greatly determines the direction of village development. In some cases, good ongoing
interactions between BPD and village apparatus have been successful enough to boost community
participation (Marpaung, 2018). Especially in the form of reciprocal interaction: BPD builds
communication to village officials as representatives of the community by voicing the aspirations of
the community, then in certain aspects building interaction with the community as an extension of
the village head to socialize the village work program. These reciprocal relationships are equally
beneficial both for village officials and for rural communities. Unfortunately, this relationship did
not take place in Pangkep and Takalar. BPD’s interaction with the village head only took place when
there were BPD meetings with village officials. So that the interactions that are built are very rigid
and tend to be very formal. Therefore, the issue circulating is very limited. Apart from that, the BPD
failed to absorb communication in non-formal areas, which in fact for the context of coastal
communities the problem of community life was more circulating in the non-formal arena. The story
of the difficulty of fishing is more often built from one house to another. This state of contradiction
was found throughout the research in Takalar and Pangkep. Complaints from the community and
the failure to understand the problem of village development is one of the cases which shows the
breakdown of participation in non-formal spaces.
This condition is worsened by the context of the coastal community, where the intensity of work of
the community is more at sea. As an illustration, a fisherman will leave the house before dawn, then
return home towards noon, and when the afternoon fishermen must return to the sea. The intensity
that is so short on land is very restrictive when the participation of the fishing community must be
measured in formal spaces, such as having to come to meetings and attend meetings in the village.
So that from these conditions, the formal communication model becomes increasingly ineffective
to be applied to trigger the participation of coastal communities.
Also, the stagnation of the participation of coastal communities due to the failure of the village
apparatus empowered traditional fishing communities. Village law has given recognition to the
existence of traditional communities in the village. Unfortunately, in Pangkep and Takalar traditional
fishermen communities have not been integrated with village participation schemes. In Takalar, it
has indeed opened a space for community involvement with a forum or musyawarah (Musrembang)
pattern at the village level by inviting fishermen’s families. Then in Pangkep, participation was
boosted by conducting Musrembang starting at the hamlet level before going to the village
Musrembang. It is just that the ongoing process rarely involves local communities, even if involved
more is dominated by more established fishermen groups whose welfare levels are much better. So
that the direction and development plans in the village do not touch the root of the problem on
fishermen, such as poverty and dependency patterns (Haryanto, 2017). The impact is on community
escort in every village activity that will also be excluded because from the beginning the activities
and community involvement have been excluded from the village agenda.
In other countries such as Spain, Norway, and India, the fishing community is quite effective in
helping community involvement. Traditional fishermen communities in the form of pre-modern
organizations formed from fishers are used by the local government to solve various problems in

the village, such as coastal community conflicts and improvement of the social order of fishers
(Bavinck et al., 2015). While in other places in Indonesia such as Kalimantan, traditional communities
in trans-local forms are also effective to be used as a local knowledge base to involve fishing
communities on the development agenda (Pauwelussen, 2016). This pattern has not yet been seen
in Pangkep and Takalar; both villages have so far not been optimal in empowering traditional fishing
communities as a local knowledge base to empower and encourage fisherman participation.
Traditional communities that are only formed by the proximity and similarity of professions. For
example, in Takalar there are papalele (retainer) and mustard, in Pangkep there are petambak and
fishermen of shrimp and crabs. Professional heterogeneity in fishers who will make a space for the
involvement of different fishing communities with a basis of interest will also be different. Thus, the
participation space produced will also be very different depending on the extent to which the
development agenda in the village can absorb the community in each region, both in Pangkep and
Takalar.
For the context in Takalar and Pangkep, community participation so far is still a trigger for the
stagnation of the process that takes place in the village, such as the lack of community involvement
in planning, supervision, and participation to be involved in village work programs. This has an
impact on the crippling wheel of government at the village level: the strong dominance of the village
head and the weak accountability of village funds - as many have explained in the previous
discussion. Even though the involvement and space of village community participation in the
administration of the village at the village level have been guaranteed by the village law which
provides space for the village community. One of them is the presence of Bumdes (Village-Owned
Enterprises) as one of the mouthpieces of the participation of the village community to be managed
jointly by the village community. The existence of Bumdes, as a village-owned business entity, is
expected to reduce poverty in the village. This can be seen from the commitment of the government
which continues to provide funds for the management of Bumdes. It was noted, until 2017 the
allocation reached up to 100 million rupiahs budgeted from village funds for Bumdes activities
including in the Pangkep and Takalar regions. As a result of the lack of community participation, in
the field, the amount of funds that have been disbursed has not maximally impacted the welfare of
the community. One indication of this is the contribution of Bumdes that have not been able to
trigger the productivity of fishers in general in both Pangkep and Takalar. The disconnection of
fishermen’s participation channel is a strong reason, Bumdes which is supposed to improve the
economic conditions of the community is precisely the opposite of the reality on the ground.
In Takalar, there are still many people who do not know about Bumdes. Once confirmed about
Bumdes activities, the community understands Bumdes as is the case with the cooperative model
in general, which is driven by middlemen. This is because in Takalar dozens of cooperatives driven
by middlemen have attracted the attention of fishers. Not a few fishermen families take loans from
private-owned cooperatives, with a return of 5% to 10% per month in interest. By this deep-rooted
knowledge, the community understands Bumdes as well as other cooperatives, only to see the
difference between the managers, if the Bumdes is managed and with the permission of the village
apparatus while the private cooperatives.

While in Pangkep, the community is quite familiar with the term Bumdes. Even in Pangkep Bumdes
activities have contributed to village income, although the nominal is still very small. At least
Bumdes activities have encouraged the economy of the community. However, this has not
confirmed the form of public participation in general, especially for activities in Bumdes. In the field,
it was found that the manager of Bumdes in the village of Pitusunggu Pangkep had a close
relationship with the village head. Chairman Bumdes is the nephew of the village head. This
closeness canalizes public participation in general. The access gained to be involved in Bumdes
activities will certainly be different, between people who have kinship closeness with people who
do not have family closeness.
Conclusion
The practice of coastal village governance shows a tendency to place more emphasis on
administrative accountability and override public accountability. The village government prioritizes
accountability reports to local governments and the central government rather than to the
community. We have carried out some analyzes by identifying issues with institutional mechanisms
and civic forums. These two main problems focus on three factors: institutional relations in village
governance, the way social organizations work in local communities and cultures.
In conclusion, these three factors influence institutional mechanisms and civic forums in the village.
These three factors differ in practice from one another in determining the level of accountability in
each village. However, in principle, it is the main characteristic of the weak presence of good
governance in the community and village government in the Indonesian coastal area. If the
government and village communities can optimize these three factors, it will determine the level of
governance of coastal villages.
Reference
Antlöv, H., Wetterberg, A. and Dharmawan, L. ‘Village Governance, Community Life, and the 2014
Village Law in Indonesia’, 2016, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 52, no. 2, pp.
161–183.
Bavinck, M., Jentoft, S., Pascual-Fernández, J.J. and Marciniak, B. ‘Interactive coastal governance:
The role of pre-modern fisher organizations in improving governability’, 2015, Ocean &
Coastal Management, vol. 117, pp. 52–60.
Chomariyah, Hudi, N. and Ariyanto, B. ‘Participation Principle On The 2014 Village Law In Coastal
Village’, 2016, International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 33–
40.
Eko, S. Desa Membangun Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Indipt Press, 2014.

Hartoyo, Haryanto, S. and Fahmi, T. ‘Towards a New Village Development Paradigm in Lampung
Province, Indonesia’, 2018 Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, vol. 21, no. 3, pp.
1–17.
Haryanto ‘Adaptation and Continuities in Clientelism in a Fishing Community in Takalar, South
Sulawesi’, 2017, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 511–531.
Jakimow, T. ‘Decentralised Governance as Sites for Self-Formation: A Comparison of Practices of
Welfare Distribution in Telangana, India, and Central Lombok, Indonesia’, 2014,
International Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 161–185.
Koentjaraningrat. Villages in Indonesia, New York: Cornell University Press, 1967.
Marpaung, B. O. ‘Communication as a Way in the Development of Fishing Village in Belawan Medan
Indonesia’, 2018, Asian Journal of Quality of Life, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 39–46.
Novrizal, M. and Podger, O. ‘Corruption prevention in village finance governance’, 2014,
International Conference on Eradicating Corruption: an Inter-Disciplinary Perspective, pp.
1–37.
Pauwelussen, A. ‘Community as network: exploring a relational approach to social resilience in
coastal Indonesia’, 2016, Maritime Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–19.
Salim, A., Bulan, W.R., Untung, B., Laksono, I. and Brock, K. Indonesia’s Village Law: enabler or
constraint for more accountable governance? 2017, Brighton. Available at:
https://pattiro.or.id/en/2017/11/02/indonesias-village-law-enabler-or-constraint-for-
more-accountable-governance/.
Skinner, W. Local, Ethnic, and National Loyalties in Village Indonesia: A Symposium, New Haven:
Yale University Press1959.
Steenbergen, D. J. ‘Strategic Customary Village Leadership in the Context of Marine Conservation
and Development in Southeast Maluku, Indonesia’, 2016, Human Ecology, vol. 44, no. 3,
pp. 311–327.
Sutiyo and Maharjan, K. L. Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia, African
Administrative Studies, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2017.
Vel, J., Berenschot, W. and Minarchek, R. D. Report of the Workshop “New Law, New Villages?
Changing Rural Indonesia”, Leiden, 2018. Available at: http://www.kitlv.nl/workshop-new-
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and Good Governance in Indonesian Conservation and Development Programs’, 2016,
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resource use conflict in Indonesia: The case of the Kei Islands’, 2018, Ocean and Coastal
Management, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 50–59.

THE EFFECT OF CITIZEN SUPPORT DIMENSION
ON PASSPORT QUEUE REGISTRATION APPLICATION ONLINE (APAPO) TO SERVICE USER
SATISFACTION IN THE CLASS I MAKASSAR IMMIGRATION CHECKPOINT OFFICE
Nurlinda Alla
Email: lincesay@gmail.com
Tuti Bahfiarti
Email: tutibahfiarti@unhas.ac.id
Muhammad Iqbal Sultan

Email: miqsul1012@gmail.com
The Class I Makassar Immigration Checkpoint Office as one of the Government Agencies that
organizes public services, constantly makes new breakthroughs in the effort to realize the service of
publishing Indonesian Passports that fulfill the principle of "Certainty, Speed and Ease of Service"
with various innovations either through the Internet or Mobile Technology. One of the E-
Government programs carried out by Immigration Office Class I of TPI Makassar is the immigration
service application for the Indonesian Citizen which is called the Online Passport Queue Registration
Application.
The Online Passport Queue Registration Application here in after referred to as APAPO, is an
electronic service created to improve the quality of queuing services and passport information to
the public. APAPO is applied with the concept of equality, namely the community obtains the same
service without differences, guarantees, and service certainty to create public satisfaction which
ultimately increases the state's income through the Increase in PNBP (PNBP increase).
Per September 21, 2018 The Class I Makassar Immigration Checkpoint Office is conducting a trial of
the latest Online Passport Service Application Version 2.0. easier and more informative in quota
updates to date status. The application used to support this service is the application "Online
Passport Service" which can be downloaded via the Mobile Application via Android and Appstore.
While the application for the Website can be accessed through the site
https://antrian.Imigrasi.go.id/LayananBeta. In 2019, for January to March period, users of online
passport queue services reached 9,838 users consisting of 9,605 users for new passport applications,
and 233 users for passport replacement applications. With the number of service users as many as
168 people per day.
Citizen Support on APAPO is needed to fulfill the quality of application services that refers to the
assistance provided by the organization to assist citizens in searching for information or during
transactions. This help can consist of user-friendly guides, help pages, and Frequently Asked
Questions on the site, as well as the availability of several communication channels (telephone, e-
mail, message boards, etc.). Support to the community is not only limited to the existence of contact
information via e-mail or through traditional channels such as telephone, fax or postal mail. But also
interactions between service users and service officers from government agencies are also needed
such as prompt replies to customer questions, employee knowledgement, the ability of employees
to deliver answers in solving problems with confidence. Citizen Support is needed for interaction,
instead just visiting websites. (Papadomichelacki & Mentzas, 2012).
Zeithaml et al. (2002) in Tjiptono (2008: 118) in reviewing and synthesize the literature about
delivering the service quality through website and develop a conceptual model to agree and
improving service quality electronically (e-SQ or e-SERVQUAL). but in principle, this model is an
adaption and development of SERVQUAL traditional model to the context of online shopping
experiences or E-Commerce. E-Service quality is not only used in the business, trade, or banking
sector, but also used in the government sector, so that the scale of E-Servqual is not appropriate for
measuring the quality of E-Government services. As a form of refinement from the research, E-
Govqual has become a development model for the assessment of service quality that is specific to
the government sector.
Methods
As a research method, the E-Govqual Model was developed by (Papadomichelaki & Mentzas, 2012)
to measure the quality of E-Government services. Papadomichelaki & Mentzas (2012: 100) delivered
six main criteria known as the dimensions of E-Government service quality. The six dimensions of
the E-Govqual, are below:
1. Ease of Use
2. Trust
3. Functionality of the Interaction Environment
4. Reliability
5. Content and Appearance of Information
6. Citizen Support
The last dimension is Citizen Support, is one of the major dimensions in E-Govqual that helps people
to find information and resolve user problems during transactions.
Results
Citizen Support on APAPO gives a significant effect on service user satisfaction at The Class I
Makassar Immigration Checkpoint Office. Online service officers are considered to be quite helpful
in finding information and overcoming problems that happened to users of application services.
Service officers are considered communicative and have adequate knowledgement regarding online
services, as well as providing quick responses to answer user questions. Goetsch and Davis in
Hardiyansyah (2011: 36) confirmed that service quality is something that is related to the fulfillment
of customer expectations / needs, where service is said have a good quality if it can provides

products and services (serving) in according to customer needs and expectations. In this case,
quality is basically related to good service, namely the attitude or manner of employees in serving
customers or the community satisfactorily. So far, the applicant must meet directly with the service
officer at the Immigration Office to submit questions and resolve problems encountered while using
the application.
The software component on APAPO should be refined to give satisfaction to increasingly
sophisticated passport applicants in using the application by adding the Customer Support Service
feature on APAPO such as a help page or the Help Center consisting of the FAQ (Frequently Asked
Question), as well as a help menu directly through the call center, chat , e-mail, then it allows users
to communicate online with service personnel who have problems using the application and assist
users in information retrieval.
Conclusions
Citizen Support on APAPO has a significant effect on service user satisfaction at The Class I Makassar
Immigration Checkpoint Office as a form of improving the service quality to the community in the
field of immigration. To further improving the quality of APAPO services, the Citizen Support
dimension should be improved by adding Customer Support Service features such as help pages,
help centers, as well as direct assistance menus such as call centers, short massage services, and e-
mail so that service users can obtain information to resolve problems experienced when using the
application.
Reference
Barker, C. (2004). Cultural Studies, Teori Dan Praktik, Yogyakarta:Kreasi Flew, Terry. 2014. New
Media. Oxford University Press: South Melbourne
Hardiansyah. 2011. Kualitas Pelayanan Publik. Gaya Media: Yogyakarta
Kotler, Philip dan Kevin Lane Keller. 2012. Manajemen Pemasaran. Edisi 12. Erlangga: Jakarta
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government service quality. Government Information Quarterly 29, 98-109
Sugiyono. 2016. Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Alfabeta: Bandung
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West, Richard & Lynn H. Turner. 2010. Pengantar Teori Komunikasi, Edisi 3 Analisis dan Aplikasi Buku
2. Salemba Humanika: Jakarta
Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Malhorta, A. 2002. Service quality delivery through web sites: A
critical review of extant knowledge. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30, 362–375

“BREAKING THE GLASS”
WHEN WOMAN BECAME A LEADER IN INDONESIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Rabina Yunus
Email: rabina_yunus@yahoo.com
Sukri
Email: sukripolitik@gmail.com
The issue of gender inequality between women and men in social, political, and economically is still
one of the important issues of many countries in the world (United Nations 2010). Today, although
women have more roles in various processes of society development than ever before, but it seems
some obstacles and barriers still obstruct women participation in compare with men. In some
regions of the world, large number of women remains isolated, disorganized, poor, and limited by
the structure of the socio-cultural that restrict their abilities to have access or be involved to access
some important positions as decision makers in variety of work environment (Mokate 2004).
That condition seems could not inseparable from historical experiences, which shows the concept
of labor division, men have always been considered as the most appropriate to lead (Kiamba 2008).
Although there are number of women that become a successful leader and have great influence in
public life, but it seems that it is still not seen as equal achievement to men side. The women's
leadership phenomenon tends only to be seen as a coincidence due to the leadership is seen as
male domain (HojGaard 2002). It seems to be associated to have presumption that women are
weak.
In Indonesian context, the gender difference seems to not only consider as causes of leadership
style difference of women and men. It is also seen as basic view to women inappropriate due to the
natural sex different. It seems made successful woman as leader in best university will be seen more
like as coincidence. If it is not then the success of women will be seen as result of involvement of
some remarkable things that impose the university system to accept women. It certainly raises big
questions of how women can be seen in that situation and do they deeply could not be a success
leader in terms of culture context. Basically, this condition should not arise due to Indonesian
constitution that regulates equal rights for all people. But the culture reasons seem to have become
the barrier for women that form the glass ceiling situation for women’s opportunity to hand the
university top leader position.

Method
This paper is based on the results of research conducted in the Makassar, especially in the
Hasanuddin University. Based on the qualitative study emphasizing in the case studies, this study
intends to show how women succesfully proof her ability to be a lader in prominent high education
institute which strongly dominated by Men in quantitative.

In the higher education fields, both in teaching and managerial positions, women seem still far from
equal not only in term of quantity but also in occupying some important positions. While women
have made some progress in achieving parity in teaching but they tend to be under-represented the
high management positions (UN 1998). It seems it is still associated with assumption that women
have natural inability that makes them weak in compare with men. Basically various phenomena,
including in higher education institutions, indicate that women have made significant progress in
access to important positions. Yet despite that it seems there are barriers that prevent academician
women to be able to increase their competence and to gain important positions in the institution
(Okpara et.al 2005).
The university as an institution is built on respect for science and rationality is essentially a
guarantee of equality of gender. It is including access to leadership positions. But it seems that it is
still in tendency of being influenced by important factor of culture in assessing the propriety of a
leader that is male bias, including in Indonesia. In this condition, it seems as a surprise when a
university in Indonesia especially one of the best universities in Indonesia is led by woman rector.
This fact seems trigger contrary views of women where they usually considered as the weaker.
As the one of prominent University in Indonesia, the Hasanuddin University experiencing a
interesting phenomena related to issue about the Woman Leader. In the first time, this university
leads as rector by a woman who voted thru democratic process that was dominated by men voters.
That fact actually deeply confirmed that the voters believe that the she has good ability and quality
to lead the university and for this time even more than all men candidates. It means, the glass was
cover woman to be a proper leader has been broke. The new rector has successfully shows her
quality and for generally proof that women actually have quality and capability to be a leader when
they have chance for it. Moreover, her achievement has break the general tendency of the women
leader where usually seen as weaker than men. Her successfully to win absolute majority in the
voting day actually confirm that She is a high quality leader and has been proof it thru her works
where bring her as the leader for the second period. It means She has succeed to broke the Glass
ceiling where usually trap women in the restricted access condition.

Conclusions
The gender difference indeed has been one obstacle for women to be able to occupy some
important positions in various important institutions in comparison to men. It is one of the cultural
tendencies that onset of women stereotyping as weak people and do not have appropriate ability.
It seems to be influenced by trends of the division of labor system between men and women that
put women at the domestic side as the natural condition. It makes women seem to not have enough
space to out and compete with men equally. It shows how the culture tightness has formed glass
ceiling that covers women’s life and creates fundamental challenges for women. Women seem to
have double challenges in the process to compete to men. Besides to meet the formal requirements,
they should also be able to prove their ability to show that stereotyping against them is unproved
and unfair.
Success of woman as leader of important institutions such as university in Indonesia is primarily a
concrete fact that women are able to win the competition. That phenomenon is not coincidence or
result of affirmative action, it is not only seen as women's ability to meet the formal requirements
but also as proof to the cultural tendency that seems to see women as the weaker gender.
Finally, despite the cultural inclination to distinguish women and men in leadership discourse still
happens, but it is not a condition that should be mourned by women. That condition can be aspect
that possibly encourages women to strive much harder than men. Therefore the success of women
to occupy important position will be seen as successful effort in solving the glass ceiling problem
that is not experienced by men. The success of women possibly will have more great impact to prove
the fallacy of general views in them as the natural weaker gender compared to men.
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THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF STUDENT ENGAGEMENT
Rahmat Muhammad
Ashry Sallatu
Nur Akmal
Elvita Bellani
Student engagement in education is a crucial issue. Based on several researches, It is found that
there is a relationship between the involvement and participation of students with the completion
of studies. Maximum engagement becomes a factor in which significantly forms motivation and
commitment as well as performance in the education process. The engaged students are more likely
to perform well on standardized tests and are less likely to drop out (Martin & Torres, 2017).
Therefore, efforts are needed to establish an environment that supports student engagement, and
reduce student apathy, which in turn can contribute in creating a safer, positive and creative
educational institution climate.
Research on student engagement is mostly done by adopting the Job-Demands-Resource concept
from that proposed by Bakker & Demerouti (2007). Empirically, studies conducted on student
engagement also show consistent results in accordance with the JD-R model (Bakker & Demerouti,
2007). However, the research related to student engagement should not only prove the theory, but
also explain the description of existing phenomena, which can be used to predict and be the basis
for engineering to produce positive outcomes. Therefore, It is required to be able to describe
academic demands and academic resources as well as individual resources like what can create
student engagement.
This study aims to develop a JD-R model for student engagement. The research combined qualitative
and quantitative approaches to explain what factors contribute to student engagement of students
in Hasanuddin University; as a result the typical model of student engagement of Hasanuddin
University could be obtained which is expected to be used as a basis for developing student
performance.
Methods
The research aims to develop a student engagement model for students in Hasanuddin University
using multivariate structural equation model analysis. The variables involved in this study, namely;

academic demands, academic resources, individual resources, and student engagement. The results
of this study will be the basis for optimizing student academic performance in the form of
interventions.
The survey of academic needs of students was conducted through a questionnaire using open-
ended questions to 100 students determined based on the number of faculty representatives. The
preparation of the questionnaire was then validated through focus group discussions. This approach
was carried out to collect themes that can influence the formation of student engagement among
students in Hasanuddin University
The preparation of measuring instruments: questionnaire was based on the results of data
processing through surveys and focus group discussions conducted in the previous stage. It was
carried out with an explanatory factor analysis. To test the validity, It used content validity and
constructs implemented using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. For the reliability of the measuring
instruments arranged was tested using Cronbach alpha. This questionnaire was distributed to 200
students of Hasanuddin University who were randomly assigned. After all data had been collected,
the most suitable student engagement model was built based on goodness of fit.
Preliminary results / results / critical review

The results of this study indicated that the involvement of students was influenced by academic
resources provided by universities, and individual personal resources (JD-R). These results were
consistent with the Job-Demands Model of resources proposed by Bakker and Demerotti (2007). In
addition, this study also found that besides two factors above, other factors that also emerged were
psychological significance and social support. To be engaged, students must also believe what needs
to be done during college and helped with their long-term goals. In addition, social support such as
from friends and family contributed to their level of participation.
Conclusions
Student Engagement is influenced by resources provided by universities, resources owned by
individuals, psychological significance and social support.
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WOMEN AND ELECTIONS IN ACEH: FROM CONFLICT
TO ISLAM AND ECONOMICS NARRATIVES
Rizkika Lhena Darwin

Department of Political Science, Islamic State University of Ar-Raniry, Darussalam, Banda Aceh,
Indonesia
Email: rizkikadarwin@ar-raniry.ac.id
Haryanto
Department of Political Science, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: harymusi@unhas.ac.id
Women's participation in politics is not new; it has been explained in some literature. Gender
equality is also one of the indicators of the quality of electoral democracy, both as a politician or
legislative candidate or as a broker (Darwin, 2017). The state is also present to encourage women's
participation through enactment must fulfil a 30% quota for women for the management of political
parties and candidates in each electoral district. Then, what about women candidates and elections
in Aceh?
In the election, there was a fluctuation in women's participation in the Aceh parliament, from 6% in
the 2009 election to 15% in the 2014 election. However, there was a decline that was not too
significant in the 2019 Election, which was 11.11%. Opportunities for women's opportunities in
politics are generally influenced by religious narratives (in this case, Islam) which are very dominant.
Islamic narratives "forbid women from leading" to position women in subordinate positions.
Post-conflict Aceh and the tsunami experienced a significant shift in perspective. Where religious
narratives and conflicts shift into religious and economic narratives to win the contestation. Women
resemble men in using public space (Dayah), economic issues, even using money politics. The
increase in community pragmatism in elections was caused by social shifts in post-conflict Aceh and
the tsunami, which also influenced the perspective of an increasingly pragmatic society. Female
politicians then made the issue of logistics (economic capital) a bargaining strategy and out of
subordination in the political sphere. Therefore, this article will explain the causes of the shift in the
issue trend in the post-conflict and tsunami Aceh society. This article will also explain the use of the
issue of Islam (by utilising the Dayah public space) and the economy to counter the domination of
the party by using religious issues.
Methods
The study was conducted in Aceh, considering that gender equality efforts vary significantly
according to factors that exist in the region, such as religious traditions, cultural, historical levels of
democratisation and involvement of women in politics in the area. The study used qualitative

methods by considering deep data mining on the object of research through in-depth interviews
with female candidates and the community, as well as literature studies.
Some studies on women and politics emphasise the challenges and obstacles faced by women, such
as structural, cultural and institutional (Berg, 2015; Delys, 2014). There are also opportunities for
increased participation, including backgrounds as celebrities, businesswomen, activism and party
affiliation, family networks, and state-regulated quotas (Berg, 2015). Of these factors, Berg (2015)
concluded that the majority of women in parliament are entrepreneurs or have family relationships
with a party or elite leaders. In addition, space for conflict is male domination and continues for
post-conflict areas, religious narratives weaken women as agencies (Berg, 2015; Delys, 2014) so that
women compete to use religious symbols (Dewi, 2015), even opportunities for women from more
extensive political dynasties controlled the 2014 elections in Indonesia (Hillman, 2017).
In this article, we find something different, where conflict narratives and Islam that form women as
subordinates are no longer dominant. In Aceh, female candidates use public space which initially
tended to be dominated by masculinity as a campaign domain, namely the Dayah. Like providing
assistance to the Dayah or using Dayah scholars to help increase its popularity. Furthermore, the
domain of religion is used in conjunction with economic issues. As well as providing sewing
machines, cake making machines, livestock assistance and others. Thus it can be said that the extent
to which women as agents can manage and have bargained for the realm of religion and economic
issues in society. The shift in the trend will be significantly influenced by the combination of
capitalism and post-conflict Islamic narratives. Then encourage the shifting of the issue trend into
capital and strategies used by women to fight subordination so that it opens opportunities for
women's participation.
Conclusion
The conflict and tsunami experienced by the Acehnese resulted in a change in the political
orientation of the Acehnese people. Historical narratives of conflict, religion (which strengthens
subordination) and traditionalism (the strengthening of the culture of the party) become capitalist
(economic) and pragmatic. The shift in orientation affects voter preferences and reread
subordination even the way women candidates fight subordination in political contestation.
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRATEGY AND POLICY, MODEL OF RESOLUTION IN SOCIAL
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NORTH LUWU DISTRICT
Saddam Husain Tamrin1 Sangkala2 Syahribulan2

Hasanuddin University,Perintis Kemerdekaan Street,Wesabbe , Makassar, Indonesia
Email: aromakopi02@gmail.com
Preliminary
Since the enactment of Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government automatically gave
autonomy to the Regional Government to implement the Decentralization system which was
realized with Regional autonomy aimed at improving the welfare of the community through
improving services, empowerment, equity, justice, community participation, increasing
competitiveness Regions, and regulate peace, public order and protection of the people as referred
to in Article 11 paragraph (2) namely peace, public order and protection of the community. This is
supported by Law number 7 of 2012 concerning Handling Social Conflict, Article 9 requires the
Government and Local Government to reduce the potential for internal conflict.
North Luwu Regency as an autonomous region that often occurs in social conflicts must have a
specific strategy and policy in resolving conflicts, conflicts between citizens still occur in the North
Luwu region of South Sulawesi Province, this indicates that there is a failure to handle conflicts
carried out by the local government. Based on data obtained during the period 1998 - 2002, there
were 50 times cases of conflict involving 4 large sub-districts in North Luwu namely Baebunta,
Sabbang and Malangke Subdistricts in North Luwu District. In the period 2008-2013 conflicts
occurred in Sabbang District 13 times (Siswanto, 2014). and Bone-Bone in 2014.
But in the 2015-2018 time brackets there was a decrease in the escalation of conflict in North Luwu.
It was noted that in 2016 only 5 conflicts occurred. In 2017, only 3 conflicts remained, and in 2018
there were only 3 conflicts. This indicates an increase in the government's role in resolving social
conflicts in the area. Despite the decline in conflict, the conflict that has not yet been resolved to its
roots and the potential for re-occurrence of conflict between citizens is still very possible. By
examining the phenomenon of conflict in North Luwu Regency, this researcher is interested in
describing and analyzing the factors that cause social conflict and how the Regional Government
Strategy and Policy, by looking for the Conflict Resolution Model implemented by the Luwu District
Government
Literature Review
Social Conflict Management according to the conflict handling Act Article 1 of Law Number 7 of 2012
is a series of activities carried out systematically and planned in situations and events both before,
during, and after a conflict that includes conflict prevention, termination of conflict, and post-
conflict recovery.

Social Conflict Management according to the conflict handling Act Article 1 of Law Number 7 of 2012
is a series of activities carried out systematically and planned in situations and events both before,
during, and after a conflict that includes conflict prevention, termination of conflict, and post-
conflict recovery.
The challenge for conflict resolution is to promote an effective service continuum. Special
interventions selected from the continuum will vary greatly depending on the type of conflict (CDR
Associate, 1996). Generally, an entire system of effective conflict resolution will provide prevention
services, procedural assistance, substantive assistance, support for reconciliation, decision-making
assistance, and mechanisms for designing and linking them.
The social conflict resolution models that local governments can do in various forms and
opportunities presented by Ury, Brett and Golberg, (1988); CDR Associates, (1996). As follows;
1. Prevention
There are two aspects in terms of prevention. The government can try to prevent conflict in the first
place or try to prevent an escalation of conflict. Each of these aspects always has two approaches,
namely substantive and procedural. Prevention can be in the form of a) Prevention of conflict
occurrence; and b) Prevention of increasing escalation of conflict.
2. Reconciliation
Parties who are given the task of resolving conflicts that occur must act to be central to various
reconciliation activities. Sometimes they must function through various roles, such as mediating or
becoming a facilitator. Reconciliation requires a separate approach from immediate resolution
efforts. Four basic approaches are often needed. Helping people through their own healing process.
For example groups that help with the violence faced and share experiences. Development of
forums that are safe for the community and interactions that allow people to know each other as
human beings. Bringing people together to directly dialogue deeply about the conflict and all the
feelings and pain they have experienced.
3. Decision Making Aid
The decision making process is usually based on consensus, people sometimes do not want or
cannot reach an agreement. A decision is needed, but the conflict has not reached a point where it
interferes with the interests agreed upon. Usually there are two types of decision-making services
needed - that is binding and advising. The assistance process can be: a) Mediation advisor (Ury, and
Godberg, 1988); b) Arbitration; c). Art-arbitration media; and D). Decision making expert.
Research methods
This study uses a qualitative approach with a type of case study research. Determination of
informants is done by Purposive Sampling, namely by selecting key informants and institutions
providing supporting data in the form of secondary data both from the government, parties directly
or indirectly involved in the conflict, and also to those who participate in contributing to conflict
resolution social. The technique of collecting data is done by in-depth interviews, observation and

document study. Data is then analyzed by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion
drawing.
Research Results
In this chapter the author describes the results of research and discussion related to the model of
local government conflict resolution in solving social conflicts in North Luwu district.
Conflict Resolution Model of the North Luwu District Government
1. Prevention
In terms of preventing conflict occurrence, the Regent has issued a Regent Regulation (Perbub) No.
8 of 2016 concerning the Regional Intelligence Community (KOMINDA), then in 2018 following up
the Decree (SK) of the membership of the Regional Intelligence Community (KOMINDA), the second
regulation is the Keptusan Letter (SK ) Establishment of advisory boards and Membership of the
2018 Early Community Awareness Forum (FKDM) The two forums are formed as part of the efforts
to detect conflict early.
The next prevention is prevention carried out to reduce conflict Based on the results of our research
in the field that there are two prevention stages carried out by the Regional Government and the
police in handling conflicts, namely persuasion and emphasis.
Decision Making Aid

Based on the results of our study, we found that there were two types of decision assistance that
we found.
a. Mediation
Mediation is one of the government's efforts in resolving disputes between two conflicting
community groups, the third party does not have the authority to make decisions that are
detrimental to the parties to the conflict. In the context of social conflict in Luwu District, in conflict
local governments are always present as mediators. Mediation is done by calling on disputing
parties, religious leaders, community leaders, youth leaders and village leaders.
b. Arbitration
In the social conflict in North Luwu the government carried out several arbitration actions, such as
in the case of a conflict between Dandang and Kampung Baru Villages, in Sabbang District, and
Karonda and Munte Villages in Tanalili Sub-District as well as the case of Pandamba and Rompu
Villages in Masamba sub-district, in this case agreed some consensus points that must be followed
by the conflicting parties.

2. Reconciliation
In the context of handling conflict at the reconciliation stage, the North Luwu Regional Government
has developed a mixed forum, namely the National Diversity Forum (FPK), the aim of which is to
establish and organize a forum for dialogue between communities, traditional leaders, tribes,
especially in conflict areas.
In addition to the National Diversity Forum there is also the Forum for Religious Harmony (FKUB)
which has already existed. The board of directors consists of groups of Islamic organizations, church
organizations and the Hindu Balinese community. FKUB also acts as an antidote to the issue of
conflict.
Conclusion
North Luwu's local government conflict resolution model consists of prevention, prevention divided
into two, namely prevention of conflict and prevention of widespread conflict, aid Decision making
consists of two parts mediation and arbitration and reconciliation by establishing a forum for
community integration.
Reference
CDR Associates. The dispute System. Boulder. Colo: CDR Associates, 1996.
Siswanto, Ayyub, 2014, Peran Pemerintah dalam penyelesaian konflik di Kecamatan Sabbang Luwu
Utara. Skripsi.
Ury, W.L., Brett, J.M, and Golberg S.B. Getting Dispute Resolved; Disign Systems to cut the cost of
conflicts. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass 1988.
Wallensteen, Peter. (1998) ‘Preventive Security: Direct and Structural Prevention of Violent
Conflicts,’ in Peter Wallensteen (ed.), Preventing Violent Conflict: Past Record and Future
Challenges. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict
Research.
Husain, Saddam, 2019, Model Resolusi Pemerintah Daerah Konflik Kabupaten Luwu Utara. Tesis
Administrasi Publik
Undang-undang nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
Undang-undang No. 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial

COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE SWORD
KAKI LIMA KANRE RONG KAREBOSI IN KASS MAKASSAR
Collaborative Governance In The Devolution Of Street Vendors Kanre Rg
Karebosi In Makassar City
Samsu Alam, M. Rusli , Afni A

(a lamandi@rocketmail.com , Andirusli2727@gmail.com ,
Afni.Amiruddin@gmail.com)
PRELIMINARY
Makassar city government as the executor of a wide and responsible autonomous region, to
regulate and take care of the interests of the local community according to the conditions and
potential of the region. The granting of autonomy to the regions is basically aimed at increasing the
effectiveness and effectiveness of the implementation of regional governments, especially in
carrying out development and services to the community based on Law Number 23 of 2014
concerning Regional Government.
The rise of street vendors (PKL) resulted in the emergence of various problems. There is an
assumption that the existence of chaotic and irregular street vendors disturbs the order, beauty and
cleanliness of the environment. Indiscriminate trading locations even tend to eat the lip of the road
very disrupting traffic for both pedestrians and motorbike or car drivers. In addition, irregular
parking of buyers' vehicles is also very disturbing order. Not to mention the problem of waste or
rubbish. During this time the street vendors have not been aware of the importance of cleanliness
so that the beauty in the environment is difficult to realize. The quality of traded goods must also
be considered, so that later it will not harm consumers.
Another factor contributing to the biggest traffic jam is street vendors. Inevitably the activities of
street vendors, especially those around the streets in the city center that use road bodies contribute
to congestion.Congestion occurred filled with street vendors, pedestrians, and motorbikes. Not only
that, the existence of street vendors also disrupts the beauty and order and regularity of city spatial
planning. Several times the government has given warnings to street vendors who are still selling in
urban centers will be subject to fines but still do not change the conditions of Makassar
City. Although often evictions and relocations of land to sell street vendors sell, there are still many
obstacles encountered including the number of street vendors who are more than the officials in
charge and there are still many places where street vendors need relocation to realize a neat and
orderly Makassar.
Based on the above phenomena the problems felt by the general public arising from the presence
of street vendors should be aware that basically the street vendors who generally do not have
special expertise require them to survive in a condition of concern, with so many obstacles that
must be faced including lack of capital, an uncertain place of sale, and then added by various rules
such as a regulation that limits the location of their existence. Seeing this condition, then the

government's actions to implement the rules in controlling Street Vendors remain based on
humanitarian considerations that are able to provide solutions for people who work as street
vendors. This year the focus of Makassar's development will be on infrastructure. The infrastructure
arrangement currently being carried out must be supported by spatial planning through controlling
street vendors in order to facilitate the government in managing Makassar City.
To deal with such conditions, a solution must be found by implementing the peddlers' policy system
and the arrangement, strengthening of institutions and capital. If observed due to the embedded
behavior patterns of the community such as: Human resources (HR) of low-street vendors, the
number of street vendors increasingly day by day, the location of the presence of street vendors
who spread, and the implementation of weak enforcement. For this reason, one of the efforts to
reduce the negative impact of the current conditions is by designing the construction of a street
vendor area.
Because of the need for the design of a street vendor area in Makassar, besides needing to get
special attention, both from the local community and from the government so that it can make the
city of Makassar an organized, beautiful and comfortable city. Based on the Makassar Mayor's
regulation in structuring street vendors, the Government established a street vendor structuring
program, which is to provide stalls called Jalan Lima Ta 'and an area of street vendors called
Kanrerong ri Karebosi. This program is certainly an alternative place for the Makassar city
government in allocating street vendors to realize a clean, neat and orderly city arrangement. The
Street Vendor Program certainly provides facilities to street vendors like their booths / places to sell
merchandise. Besides that, the government also provides venture capital for street vendors so that
their merchandise can develop and provide the sales needed by the people of Makassar.
But it is not only the role of government that is needed to carry out street vendors. The role of
informal institutions and organizations can be given space in determining the direction of
development so that they feel and share responsibility for the success of development . In the view
of elite theory, public policy can be seen as the values and choices of the ruling elite. The main
argument from this elite theory is that it is not the people who determine public policy, but it comes
from the elite who govern and are carried out by government officials and agencies.
In its role the Government does not only rely on its internal capacity in the application of a policy
and program implementation. However, there are limitations in capability, resources and networks
that support the implementation of a program or policy, thus encouraging the government to
collaborate with various parties, both with fellow governments, private parties and the community
and civil society communities so that cooperation can be established (Collaborative) ) and achieve
program or policy goals. It was explained that collaboration is a process and structure in the
management and formulation of public policy decisions involving actors that constructively come
from various levels, both at the level of government and / or public agencies, private institutions
and civil society in achieving their public goals which cannot achieved if carried out by only one
party.

The need for the role of the stacholder in the implementation of the Makassar City Government's
Progaram program therefore requires the role of the regional apparatus with the banks in
developing the program. How the role of local government with banks must relate (collaborate) in
improving the street vendors . both of these sectors have a significant role in driving the increase
and development of street vendors . Where the Government as regulator and Banking in
providing business capital or capital loans.
In general, explained Collaborative Governance is a process that involves various stakeholders who
are bound to carry the interests of each agency in achieving common goals [1] . A strategic approach
is needed to develop the development of the Five Foot Ta 'and Kanrerong programs by involving the
participation of various parties for the realization of progress Street vendors. In developing the
program, the Makassar city government collaborated with stakeholders related, which involves the
Role of government and Banking. The street vendor development program deals with various
sectors of the business process that is carried out, so it requires the roles of
various stakeholders . The success of the street vendor development program depends on how
the stakeholders are run the program according to its main function. The development of street
vendors also depends how the government can collaborate with various stakeholders for the sake
of the development of street vendors in the Kanre rong karebosi area.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Types of research
In this study, researchers used a qualitative approach. A qualitative approach is used on the grounds
that qualitative research is not obtained through statistical procedures or other forms of calculation.
Research Time and Location

The implementation time is from April to July . Research location at Makassar City Cooperatives and
SME Office, Makassar City Public Works Office, Makassar City Business Unit UPTD and Makassar
City Region BNI Bank. The focus of the research of course Collaborative Governance in
the development of street vendors in the karebosi area Makassar.
Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques

In this study the data were obtained from informants directly involved in establishing cooperation
in the development of street vendors (PKL) Kanre Rong Karebosi in Makassar City, including: Staff
section construction section of government buildings, Head of UPTD integrated service center Kanre
Rong Karebosi, head of the UKM development section , Bank BNI staff member in the Makassar
area, street vendors at the Kanre Rong Karebosi location . Data is also obtained through events or
phenomena that occur at the research location in accordance with the focus of the study. Other

data sources are documents relating to the focus of research. Data collection techniques used are
interviews, observation, and documentation.
Analysis Techniques Data

Data analysis techniques in this study used qualitative technical analysis, meaning that the data was
obtained systematically, by collecting data and facts about research studies for later study and
analysis in the form of interpretation of the data obtained . There are three activities in data
analysis, namely: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification.
RESEARCH RESULT
Application of the Makassar city government policy in the development of the street vendors in
Karebosi City in Makassar
Based on the Makassar mayor regulation no. 29 of 2018 about street vendors Kanrerong Karebosi
on the general provision that the service that houses the street vendors is karrosi street vendors is
the Cooperative service, small businesses and middle of the city of Makassar, then the formation of
a technical implementing unit in the service center of the business center in the hallway is called
UPTD -PLUL is an element of the technical implementing agency that carries out operational
technical activities and / or certain supporting technical activities. Then, the cultivation of the street
vendor Karebosi is the effort of the Makassar city government to grow the creative business of street
vendors in the city of Makassar.
Implementation of government policies is carried out with rational and proportional
thinking. Logically the government is in issued a policy in this case relocation and empowerment,
that is The government is trying to find a win-win solution for the problem of street vendors. With
the issuance of relocation and empowerment policies, the government can realize beautiful and
clean urban planning, but also empowering the existence of street vendors to support the regional
economy. The impact felt by street vendors Empowering street vendors through relocation is aimed
at formalizing informal actors, that is with the placement of street vendors in the stalls provided,
street vendors are legal according to the law.
The dynamics of the collaboration between the Makassar City government and BNI BNI Region
Makassar
In the discussion of the dynamics of the collaborative process as an oriterative interaction cycle. The
author refers to Emerson, which focuses on three interaction components of the dynamics of
collaboration. These components include: Principled engagement, shared motivation and capacity
for joint action (capacity for joint) action). Then the researcher will explain according to the results
of the field study . As follows :

a. Mobilization of Principled Principles Engagement)
The efforts of the Makassar City Koprasi and UKM Office in collaboration with the BNI Bank
of Makassar through cooperation in helping street vendors to develop, manage and maintain its
business so that later it is expected to be strong and independent entrepreneurs who provide
assistance capital. Capital assistance can be channeled through revolving capital. The Makassar City
Government's commitment in promoting the business of the five-times traders is highly eroded,
based on the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation of soft financing
partnerships for the five-footed merchant ri-karrosi implemented in accordance with applicable
laws and regulations.
b. Shared Motivation (Shared Motivation)
There is trust in the implementation of Collaboration conducted between the Makassar City
government with PT Bank BNI Makassar Region, in an effort the development of street
vendors. Important collaboration is done for help each other between government agencies with
other institutions their respective roles to overcome the problems faced street vendors like:
• Limited capital
• Limited raw materials
• Limited marketing and promotion capabilities
The Government of Makassar City responded by establishing cooperation with BNI Bank Makassar
Region to deal with problems or limitations faced by street vendors by making efforts, i.e Provision
of Business Capital.
c. Capacity for joint action (Capacity for Joint Action).
The main objective of collaboration is to produce the desired outcome together so that the capacity
building of street vendors in Makassar will be supported by banks. Bank BNI Makassar Region which
aims tochannel assistance in the form of soft financing for street vendors . Makassar City
Government, Bank BNI Makassar Region will form an ecosystem of street vendors who are literate
in banking products. Thiscommitment is evidenced in the cooperation agreement signed by the
Makassar Region BNI Bank and the Makassar city government . The Makassar
Region Bank BNI provides the facilities provided not only in the form of soft credit, but also
assistance or capacity building for the Local Academy .
Actions in Collaboration ( Actions ) between Makassar city government and BNI Bank Makassar
City Region
Collaborative actions are at the core of Collaborative Governance. The action of the collaboration
of the Makassar City government with the BNI Bank of the Makassar City Region is the Signing of
the Memorandum of Understanding which is certainly the seriousness of the Makassar city
government in terms of implementing the empowerment of street vendors in Kanrerong ri
karebosi. Which of course cooperation to improve the sidewalk sword. The Makassar Region BNI
Bank acts as a soft loan provider to street vendors in the Kanrerong ri Karebosi area as a form of
cooperation with the Makassar City government. Adaptation of the collaboration carried out by the
Makassar City Government together with PT Bank BNI in the Makassar City region are positive
results that continue to carry on with the spirit of the Makassar City Government and PT Bank BNI
in the Makassar region . Makassar City Government collaborative implementation through the
Makassar City Cooperatives and SMEs Office with PT Bank BNI with the signing of a memorandum
of understanding of cooperation so as to give birth to soft financing for street vendors in
Kanrerong provided directly from PT Bank BNI, for that it is expected to be able to increase revenue
the street vendors, with the help of the capital can increase the production and income of street
vendors. Then it is necessary to strengthen commitment by continuing to pay attention to the area
of street peddlers without taking sides for other interests.
DISCUSSION
This research shows that achieving results really needs to involve the government and stakeholders
directly so that the development of street vendors can be carried out in accordance with mutual
understandingbetween the parties . The policy on structuring and developing street vendors is a
mandate from the regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs number 4 1 of 2002 concerning
guidelines for structuring and empowering street vendors. With the involvement of all parties
related to the problems of street vendors, a solution can be found through the development of
street vendors, namely Kanre Rong Karebosi and issuing a memorandum of understanding between
the Makassar city government and the Makassar region BNI bank in the form of financial assistance
or soft fees for foot traders. five located in Kanre Rong Karebosi this is in accordance with the
concept of collaborative governance put forward by Donahue and Zeckhauser that; the conditions
under which the government meets public objectives through collaboration between organizations
and individuals. This is in line with the expression by Holzer which states that collaborative
governance is a condition when the government and the private sector strive to achieve common
goals for the community.
The innovation formed by the Makassar city government is the Kanrerong Program which is a form
of effort by the city government to carry out the arrangement and empowerment of street vendors
in Makassar. In addition, the government will also pay attention to aspects of promotion, marketing,
training guidance, and ease of business capital. Through kanrerong the street vendors are expected
to run their businesses thinnest, safer and more comfortable. Thus, Kanrerong's presence was for
traders street vendors, of course, as part of the creation of a sprawling and safe city spatial plan and
the government that involves banks as part of the collaborative governance theory according
to Emarson, Nabatchi and Balogh, namely in answering work processes that involve the
government and actors who are able to solve common problems. To answer the involvement
between the Makassar city government and the BNI Bank in Makassar, it can be stated through
a collaborative governance theory (CGR) theory that explains in detail how the process of

collaboration is dynamic and besiklus. The collaborative process in question is in the CGR box,
various components that become collaborative actions include dynamics and collaborative actions.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
Based on the results of research and discussion related to governance collaboration in the
development of street vendors in the city of Makassar, it can concluded at Then it can be concluded
as follows:
1. Makassar city government through Makassar Mayor Regulation Number 29 Year 2019. Applying
Kanre Rong is the name of the location of a special area for street hawkers. The Kanrerong
Program is a form of effort by the Makassar City Government to carry out the arrangement and
empowerment of street vendors in Makassar. The presence of Kaki limata and Kanrerong for
traders of course, as a part of the creation of the city layout that is thin and safe and suitable for
street vendors (PKL).
2. The government, in this case the Makassar City Cooperative and SME Office, is collaborating with
the BNI Bank in the Makassar City Region marked by the Signing of the Memorandum of
Understanding Number:180.511.3 / 09 / BPKS / III / 2019 . In the implementation of this
collaboration, it can be concluded that the collaboration process between the Makassar City
Government and the BNI Bank of the Makassar City Region in the development of street vendors
in Makassar has already been done meet the Collaborative Governance Regime
( CGR ) component . The collaboration process starts from the principle movement together,
shared motivation and formation shared capacity. After those three things formed followed by
implementing actions collaboration that provides a direct impact on the street vendors (PKL)
which are located in the city of karebosi ri as for the explanation as follows:
A. Mobilizing shared principles Of the joint drive component which is consists of shared goals
and taking decision, the Makassar City government and Bank BNI have the same goal,
i.e. welfare improvement and empowerment Street vendors. Besides, taking the decision
is made through a discussion process attended by the Makasssar city government, the Bank
and the Street Vendors as decision maker judgment accordingly with the principle of
democracy.
B. Motivation together Of the shared motivation component consisting trust, commitment,
legitimacy and mutual understanding is already formed with well. Trust between actors
already formed, recognition between actors has also been formed. This gave birth mutual
understanding that makes commitment among stakeholders is becoming
increasingly strongly proven by the signing of the MOU memorandum of understanding.
C. Capacity to take action Collaboration From the capacity component in
conducting collaborative action consisting of procedures and collective agreement,
leadership, knowledge and resources already fulfilled. In this case the government's
commitment is very clear, namely to create a special area for street vendors, called
Kanrerong ri Karebosi and the provision of facilities. As for the provision of capital
assistance to street vendors, the government cooperates with banks, in this case the BNI
Bank of Makassar in order to make it easier for street vendors to get capital to increase
production and income.
D. Actions in the collaboration in accordance with the capacity of each government party and
the BNI Bank Makassar region. Actions taken by the government is facilitating and educate
and accompany the street vendors. While from the BNI Bank in the Makassar region
conducted training and coordination related to capital access in development street
vendors (street vendors).
By looking at the results of the research the writer can take the conclusion that the work plans of
the two collaborating parties found similarity that is running optimally, both parties equally want to
develop a special five-foot sword (PKL) which is in the area of Kanrerong ri karebosi which is a
culinary tourism center. The similarity of the two plans will then become a reference for both
parties collaborate with each other so that deep planning collaboration the development of street
vendors has been running quite optimal. Both collaborations have been able to maintain the
continuity of both the Makassar city government and PT Bank BNI between the two parties during
collaboration.
Suggestion
Based on the conclusions above, the researcher gives several suggestions which is expected to be
input for all parties to each other collaborate in planning the development of street vendors in the
city of Makassar.The suggestions referred to include the following :
A. Makassar City Government through the Department of Cooperatives and SMEs should not only
encourage the increase in productivity of the results of street vendors, but also provide
alternative marketing or train the community how to market the products they produce.
B. The Makassar City Government through the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs should add
stakeholders involved in collaboration, especially stakeholders who can increase the output and
income of street vendors.This is because the street vendors have difficulty in marketing their
products.
C. After the memorandum of understanding has been formed, planning should be needed to set
standards or indicators of program success and key performance indicators for each agency
involved (SKPD, BNI Bank and Street Vendors) in implementing the program within the structure
of the working group. This is to facilitate the evaluation of each party so that the performance
results of all agencies involved can be measured.
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INDONESIA-TIMOR LESTE COOPERATION ON CONNECTIVITY TOWARDS 5.0 SOCIETY:
A CATALYST FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESS
Sandy Nur Ikfal Raharjo

LIPI, Widya Graha Building Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto No. 10, Jakarta, Indonesia
Muhammad Akbar
LIPI, Widya Graha Building Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto No. 10, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: muhammad.akbar.primaryaccount@gmail.com
On June 2019, The People of Timor Leste and The People of Indonesia celebrate the birth of the
largest airport in Timor Leste as one of the success stories on the development of infrastructure in
Timor Leste: The Oecusse (Oekusi) Airport. This magnificent project was built by one of the well-
known infrastructure State-owned Company in Indonesia, Wijaya Karya. This project has been going
on since 2015 and finished in 2019. Yet, this airport is not just a building, eventually. It symbolizes
the harmony of both countries, a monument that would be remembered as the attempt of two
different entities tried to connect each other in facing more prosperous future towards a new kind
of society. This new kind of society described as the society in which technology would always be
available to enhance people’s lives.
The 5.O Society can never be implemented without connectivity. Not only connectivity in the means
of transportation and infrastructure, but also concerning humanity and peace. Despite all the luxury
and comfort of the airport, some people may have forgotten the conflict between these two
residents along the border that had happened in the past. This conflict may be repeated in the future
without sustainable act to strengthen these two countries. Cross-border cooperation is one of the
methods used to manage the border conflict. Lee and Forss (2011) stated that to build a genuine
peace in border disputes and conflict, a peace agreement obtained through bilateral negotiations,
third-party intervention, or arbitration and jurisdiction is not enough. In addition to the above
measures of conflict resolution, it also needs the creation of certain conditions that facilitate cross-
border cooperation, which can eliminate the physical and psychological barriers that reinforce
socio-economic welfare of local communities living in the border region toward regional integration.
In conflict management, Lee and Forss (2011) said that border cooperation could contribute to
eliminate physical and psychological barriers that strengthen the socio-economic welfare of local
communities toward regional integration. From this explanation, a number of potential roles of
border cooperation can be prevailed. The first is eliminating physical and psychological barriers
between residents of the border. Cross-border cooperation will facilitate the relationship between
residents of the two countries to meet each other and work together. Thus, social relations are
expected to be built and maintained. The second is strengthening the socio-economic welfare of
border residents. For example, the cross-border trade will improve the economy of the people, thus
further strengthening them to be economically more resistant to being mobilized for the purpose
of conflict. Thirdly, regarding to the original concept of conflict management as a method to limit or
reduce the negative impact of the conflict especially violence, cross-border cooperation may restrict
or lessen the violence in the conflict. This study analyzes the role of cross-border cooperation in
managing the conflict in the border area between the TTU District of Indonesia and the Oecussi
District of Timor Leste. This research focuses on cross-border cooperation based on local community
involvement.
Methods
This is a qualitative research study which has tried to get a comprehensive picture by digging and
analyzing detailed information from the key players and other relevant parties (Berg, 2001). The
research method is descriptive and focuses on the implementation of the cross-border cooperation
in the Indonesia-Timor Leste’s border areas and its roles in managing the communal conflict. There
are three instruments utilized in this study. Firstly, face to face interviews, secondly, observation
techniques were used to observe objects existing in the field of research, and thirdly, a literature
review was used to collect secondary data in the form of government documents, books, research
reports, journals, and internet articles. The research was conducted in Jakarta and East Nusa
Tenggara. Research in Jakarta revealed information on government policies, both from Indonesian
side via the National Border Management Authority and from Timor Leste’s side via the Embassy of
the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste in Jakarta. Field research was taken place in East Nusa
Tenggara (Kupang City and TTU District) including the border area with Oecussi, Timor Leste. The
study was conducted from August 2014 to July 2019. This study noted that from 2002 until 2014,
there were 52 bilateral agreements signed by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the
government of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic
of Indonesia, 2014). Among those agreements, three documents are related to the cross-border
cooperation that involves local communities and/ other local stakeholders. The three documents
imply at least four forms of cross-border cooperation. The use of violence against the opponent
should be avoided in the conflicts. It can cause injuries/ death as well as damage to private and
public property. Cross-border cooperation is not a step that can instantly stop the violence, but it
can play a role to prevent the use of excessive force continuously.

The poverty rate at TTU-Oecussi border area is high. Approximately 40% of TTU border residents
classified as poor ((Border Management Authority of TTU, 2012), while at the Oecussi, the condition
is more concerning since the daily spending of 61% of its citizens is less than one dollar (NSD-Timor
Leste, 2011). High levels of poverty are a structural factor that can make the community prone to
be easily mobilized into conflict. Therefore, the border residents’ economic levels need to be
improved through cross-border cooperation.

Conflict resolution efforts through first track diplomacy have not yet completed the two disputed
segments of the boundary, one of which is the TTU-Oecussi border. As stated by a high official of
the Indonesian Border Management Authority, inter-governmental diplomacy takes a long time.
Therefore, it should be supported by conflict resolution efforts at the community level (second track
diplomacy).
Haumeni Ana-Cruz Sunsea-Costa

• Seizing the agricultural land in Oct 2009 • TCIQ (Custom, Immigration, and Oct 2013
the disputed land Quarantine) office construction
• throwing stones, shooting on the disputed land
gunfire with air rifle, and • UPF (special border police) post • Throwing stones, machetes,
burning huts slingshots and wooden sticks • Road construction on the
construction on the disputed disputed land that cause the
land destruction of the graves of
• Deprivation of building Nelu citizens
materials, ready to attack each • Throwing stones and machetes,
other shooting gunfire, 3 civilians and
Miomaffo-Passabe Haumeni Ana-Passabe 1 police officer got injured.
Sep-Oct 2005 July 2012 • burning 3 Timor Leste
residents' houses and
destructing water tanks
Figure 1.The Location and Date of the Communal Conflict Incidents
The notion of building connectivity as a catalyst for the advancement of conflict resolution between
two countries can be seen in both side of a coin. First, it can be seen not only as a model of a catalyst
for conflict resolution of both Indonesia and Timor Leste (as land and sea border-neighbour state),
but also can be seen as an alternative for ASEAN to open up its door for Timor Leste. Timor Leste
has been applying for ASEAN membership since 2011, but still, been rejected. The government of
Indonesia, through the hard work of His Excellency Mr. Marty Natalegawa as The Foreign Minister
of Indonesia, had been initiating the admission of Timor Leste to ASEAN (Natalegawa, 2018, p.61).
The position of Timor Leste today in the middle of ASEAN, geographically, remind us about
Cambodia in its early days before joining ASEAN in 1999. As the latest member to join ASEAN,
Cambodia face some challenges, indeed. Its closeness with China bring some concern to the 9
member of ASEAN countries at that time. Today, as Marty Natyalegawa described in his book,
the admission of Timor Leste face at least 4 external foreign policy orientations, which are a
continued sense of special relationship to Indonesia (and also to ASEAN as well); a renewal of close
ties with Portugal; the establishment of a special relationship with its neighbour, Australia; or close
attachment to one of the power in Asia-Pacific, such as China (Natalegawa, 2018, p. 62). One
similarity between Cambodia and Timor Leste is that even though these two countries are not very
promising in economic power at the time before join ASEAN, these two can have strategic position
towards ASEAN. If ASEAN objected the admission of Timor Leste, other countries such as Portugal,
Australia, or China would see this country as an entry point to get in to the ASEAN market. This can
bring some effects to ASEAN as well, such as the problem of the challenge Timor Leste (as the

smallest economy in the region) would face concerning Free Trade Scheme. Not to mention the
equal share power that each country has in ASEAN.
Conclusions
This study shows that by building cooperation that connect and improve human lives, it would likely
to bring more prosperity for the people, therefore creating peace as the final conclusion of the story.
Keyword: Social Change, development, building conectivity, conflict resolution
References
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BENEFIT OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY BASED ON INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION 4.0 FOR TRAVEL AGENTS
Seniwati
International Relations Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin
University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, Indonesia
Andi Alimuddin Unde

Communication Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University,
Pusparida Syahdan
International Relations Department, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin
University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, Indonesia
Nurjannah Abdullah
International Relations, Social and Political Sciences Faculty Hasanuddin University,
Introduction
The development of information technology was influenced by the emergence of the industrial
revolution in the 4th wave or industrial revolution 4.0. The term revolution emerged in 2012 when
the strategy of using technology was introduced by the German government called Industry 4.0. The
strategy is implemented by the German Government through several innovation activities such as
the manufacturing sector technology which is continually being improved, the strategic policy
framework is created consistently and certain priorities have been established as one of the
strategies in facing global competition.
The progress of online communication technology makes it easy to communicate because someone
can interact with other people without knowing the boundaries of the area anymore. This condition
is caused by the influence of globalization which encourages the emergence of various changes
because there are no more obstacles. The use of the internet has also brought changes to tour
operators and travel agents (Vrana and Zafiropoulus 2006). Tourism industries and travel agencies
take advantage of communication technology as a direct channel for customer reservations (Law et.
Al., 2008). Therefore, travel agents are competing to be creative in creating comfort for the
customer.
Travel agencies have an important role in supporting the tourism industry (Leblandc, 1992: 10).
Travel agencies are usually owned by individuals or groups of people who play a major role in
planning trips or customer holidays. One of the roles of travel agencies is to help tourists both
domestic and foreign in managing the trips that will be carried out by these tourists (Lai, 2014: 417).
Travel agencies also assist in handling transportation (air and land transportation), selecting hotels,
choosing vacation spots, arranging vacation schedules (Bitner & Booms,1981:6-7).

This study aims to determine the role of communication technology in supporting travel agent
activities to bring domestic and foreign tourists to Indonesia. This research is useful for travels
agents in determining the right marketing model to increase income through the use of online social
media. This research is also useful for stakeholders who will determine suitable policies to be
applied. This research is useful for customers who especially want to use tour packages.
Method
This research was conducted in Bone Regency from July to October 2019. This study conducted
semi-structural interviews with travel agents in Bone District, local government in Kahu District and
several domestic tourists visiting Bone Regency. Regency is located in South Sulawesi Province. The
distance of Bone Regency from Makassar city is around 170 km. Bone Regency has unique tourist
attractions because the district has a romantic natural beauty.
Results
Tourist attractions that can be visited by domestic and foreign tourists such as Padel Peak located
in Pattimpa Village, Ponre District, peak of Kelling cave in Ajang Pulu Kanco Village of China, peak of
five fingers in Dusun Mico Pattimpa Village Ponre District, peak battoa in Cingkang District Barebbo,
beach tete in gulf of boni Tonra sub-district, soba ball in Manurunge, Tannete Riattang sub-district,
tanjung palette, baruga waterfall in Barugae Lamuru sub-district, salo merungnge in Ureng village
Palakka sub-district, palakka whitewater park in Manurunge Kecamata Tanete Riattang Bar, water
Lamsua Falls in Bonto Masunggi Tellu Limpoe Subdistrict, cave capable in Cabbeng Village Dua
Boccoe Subdistrict, Sumpang Labbu in Liliriawang Village Bengo District, Bajoe Port, to Bajoe East
Tanete Riattang District, Ladenring Waterfall in Barugae Lamuru District and Ponre-Ponre Dam.
The large number of tourist attractions mentioned above encourages travel agents to promote it
through their companies. Some travel agents in Bone Regency are willing to make travel schedules
for domestic tourists and also arrange the budget needed. Travel agents also offer tourist
destinations that can be visited by looking at the budget that the tourist has. Travel agents work
with the village government to promote and market the right tour packages for the season. There
is also a travel agent that sells tour package products to disabilities. These travel agents must have
special expertise in making travel arrangements for disabilities (McKercher et.al., 2003). Although
this activity is one of the difficult jobs, the local government and some travel agents have tried to
implement it.
Even so, there are still some travel agents using traditional methods in offering vacations in the Bone
Regency area. Traditional ways they do such as carrying brochures to the office, to school, or giving
directly to visitors who already exist in these tourist attractions. This condition is due to the staff
owned by the travel agent not having good verbal communication skills, especially in the use of
foreign languages which are still minimal. In addition, this travel agent staff lacks the ability to take
advantage of online social media facilities.

There are several ways to overcome the situation above such as it is necessary to collaborate
between stakeholders and online media social experts who prioritize concepts, products, services
and solutions or known as co-creation (Grissemann, 2012). Co-creation plays a big role in influencing
customer satisfaction. Therefore this system is widely applied by researchers relating to tourism and
marketing because co-creation is widely used in tourism industries (Marketing Science
Institue,2010; Shaw, Bailey & William,2011; Verhoef, Reinartz, & Krafft,2010). The application of co-
creation values will make a company related to tourism successful in promoting their tourism
package products (Hoyer, 2010). In addition, it is necessary to transfer knowledge to the innovation
system to maintain customers (Füller and Matzler, 2007). Some important things that need to be
considered by tourism industries such as service design that need to be continuously improved
which are accompanied by innovation, service networks and value chains must be optimized, and
service experience that continues to be improved and improved through cocreation (Ostrom,
et.al.,2010).
Conclusions
This research shows that travel business is carried out online and offline. There are still several travel
agents who use traditional or offline methods to bring tourists to their territory. This condition is
caused by the travel agents lacking in foreign languages and lacking skills in using online social
media. The government's role in helping travel agents to promote tourist attractions online is also
very minimal. The need for collaboration between travel agents, tourist location communities and
stakeholders in building the tourism industry.
Limitation of Study and Future Research

This study only conducted interviews for several travel agents. The local government interviewed
was only the government of Kahu District. For future research, it is better to add cultural factor as
one of factors that influence when domestic and foreign tourists determine their travel schedule,
not just social media online.
Acknowledgments
The researcher thanked the Kahu District government and the village community for helping
researchers during the research process. This study received funding from the University of
Hasanuddin in the community service program (PKM) for the 2019 budget.
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SYNERGY BETWEEN STUDENTS AND STUDENT AND COMMUNITIES
IN MANAGING WASTE IN MAKASSAR CITY
Seniwati
Sutinah
Fishery Department, Marine Science and Fishery Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Rahmatia
Economic Science Department, Economic and Business Faculty Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis
Muhammad Akbar
Introduction
Makassar City is one of the cities that has a large population in Eastern Indonesia and is the capital
of the Province of South Sulawesi. Makassar City is categorized as one of the largest cities after the
city of Medan which is outside Java. The city has a large area and a large population. This situation
also affects the level of waste production in the city of Makassar. The waste dump in 2014 in
Makassar City had reached 4,301.18 m3 while the amount of waste that could be handled was
3,881.25 m3. Garbage that cannot be handled by the Makassar City Park and Cleanliness Service is
419.93 m3 (Pallawa, Maharani, & Irwan, 2014). This condition is one of the problems faced by the
City of Makassar.
There is a program that uses the local language of Makassar as the motivator of the community in
maintaining their environment, namely Makassar Tidak Rantasa (MTR) or Makassar is not Dirty. In
the Makassar language the word Rantasa means dirty which is often associated with environmental
hygiene problems. MTR is a program to keep Makassar City clean. One program from the MTR is
LISA (See and Grab Trash Movement). The LISA movement is a policy of the Mayor of Makassar that
needs to be applied in daily life to welcome the clean city of Makassar. According to Asgun, based
on data in April 2014 in the Complaints Section, especially the Public Relations Section of the
Makassar City Secretariat, there were 133 complaints, one of which was related to cleanliness. Then
again in May 2014 there were 126 complaints including hygiene. To overcome this condition, the
Mayor of Makassar made an MTR policy which was considered to be the solution to problems in
maintaining cleanliness (Hardianti, Wildam, & Nasrulhaq, 2017).
Mayor of Makassar, Dani Pomanto introduced the LISA Program as one of the applied programs of
the MTR program which was also a flagship program. According to Arfah, the LISA movement is an
initial step that can be taken to foster awareness for all residents of Makassar City to be more
concerned about the surrounding environment both at home and outside the home in order to
realize the beautiful Makassar City and avoid rubbish (Hardianti et al., 2017).
In addition to problems regarding waste, the problem that often occurs in large cities is the lack of
green open space. This condition occurs because of the development of buildings that continue to
grow. This land use will cause degradation of environmental quality. Then, it will cause other
negative impacts such as green open space in the city which is decreasing and the city ecosystem is
disrupted. Meanwhile, the existence of the city's green open space is expected to overcome
environmental problems in urban areas (Evert,et.al, 2017).
There are two ways to deal with this condition, namely the role of youth which can bring change,
especially the role of students and youth. An active student is not only voicing his opinions on
campus but also able to act together in managing environmental management. One of the roles of
students is students as agents of change. Students are required to be actors of change for the
environment.
Being an actor of change in managing the environment is not an easy thing because it requires a
variety of supporting factors so that everything can be effective and work as expected in protecting
the environment. One of the supporting factors is synergy. Synergy between various elements of
society and students is needed in building and managing the environment, especially in urban
environments. The synergy of several elements of the social order plays an active role in supporting
the development and safeguarding of the environment. Synergy between students and the
community in KKN (Community Service) activities can be a place to build a management in
environmental management. The purpose of this paper is to explore the efforts of synergy that have
been carried out by students in protecting the environment in Makassar City.
Literature Review
Good synergy or relationship between students and the community is needed in KKN activities. In
this KKN activity, students build synergy with the community through collaborative activities. Good
synergy will create good relationships between communities. Synergy is the essence of a principle-
centered leadership (Ermanita, 2017). Synergy is the main point of building relationships that
emphasize principles. Synergy is useful as a relationship that can unite and unleash the potential
that exists in every human being. Synergy behavior is a special skill possessed by someone to unite
a different group of people into a work system so as to achieve mutual success.
Synergy is a process and is systematic in nature so that the process of a diversified business unit can
produce better value because it works in a system compared to business units that work
independently (Beneke, Schurink, & Roodt, 2007). Creative synergy can be potential factors for
social innovation (Pakeltienė & Ragauskaitė, 2017). Synergy is one strategy in overcoming a
problem. An expert said that a system can be said to be a synergy if it has effective communication
indicators, good responses, creative and trustworthy (Andre & Suryawati, 2017).

Covey in Wati defines synergy as "a combination of elements or parts or combinations that can
produce something more useful” (Wati,et.al.,2016). Synergy is considered important in an effort to
facilitate the achievement of goals. Synergy is also a manifestation of social interaction. Social
interaction is a process that involves one or more people in the form of groups that have the same
vision or purpose and also together in carrying out activities that have been mutually agreed upon.
A positive synergy will create a positive social interaction.
According to Soekanto that deeper understanding explains the forms of social interaction divided
into four namely:
1. Cooperation. Cooperation is one process in a social interaction involving individuals or
groups in carrying out a joint activity to achieve a goal that has been set together.
2. Accommodation. Accommodation is an effort made by someone in finding ways to solve a
problem without harming one another.
3. Competition. Competition is a social process that occurs carried out by a person or group of
people who are beneficial to themselves without using threats or violence by highlighting
pre-existing prejudices.
4. Social conflict. Social conflict is a social interaction that involves more than one person or
group of people through many ways including the use of violence or threats to achieve their
goals (Fatnar & Anam, 2014).
The concept of synergy is one of the patterns of social interaction that is included in the
associative category or the interaction pattern of cooperation. This pattern of interaction is a
pattern that emphasizes relationships that aim to achieve mutual interests. Good synergy is a good
form of cooperative interaction.
The approach used to find out the synergy activities between students and society is a qualitative
approach. This approach focuses on data collected from interviews, library research, and other legal
documents. A qualitative approach is used specifically in case studies. The case study approach is an
approach to social studies because it emphasizes subjective experiences in certain situations
(Starman, 2013). The purpose of this research approach is to provide understanding to others in a
description.
The use of a qualitative approach in this activity is to connect reality with the prevailing theory, then
use descriptive analysis of the data. Descriptive is one approach in a qualitative approach. This
method places more emphasis on portrayals related to social phenomena so that other people can
better understand these social problems.
n addition, observation activities are also carried out in the first week. Students participate with the
community so that researchers can know in depth the synergy between students and the
community. In this stage of observation, a student is required to go directly to the field and then
understand the differences in community synergy in the field.
After observing the surrounding environment, students participated in socialization, mentoring and
in all forms of community activities such as participating in community cooperation activities and

other activities (deaths, child births, children's birthdays, celebrations). independence This activity
can understand the pattern of synergy.
Methods
This activity was carried out in Makassar City because the Makassar Mayor's work program was in
accordance with the activities carried out, namely environmental management, for example the
LISA program. This activity is held from July 2018 to August 2018. Students come from various kinds
of faculties with a total of 29 students and three lecturers as mentors.
Results
Community Service Program is a form of community service to implement the knowledge gained
during lectures. Community service aims to minimize the gap between the community and students.
Students were asked by the supervisor to stay in the village office after they got permission from
the Head of the Village. On the first day, students conducted observations. Then, the village head
introduced the profile of the region and the environmental conditions in the area. Students were
divided into two groups. The first group, students conducted socialization and assistance to the
community. The second group, students socialized their program at schools and hospital. The
socialization to the community was attended by community leaders, religious leaders, stakeholders,
groups of mothers, groups of study mothers and groups of mothers who were active in hospitals.
The first group introduced a method of waste management. Students explained the importance of
waste management because the amount of waste continues to increase while the land to collect
garbage is very limited. Waste management can make the population of Tamalanrea Jaya Village
healthy.
Students explained the types of waste such as garbage that comes from activities in hospitals, health
centers or clinics including bio-medical waste; waste originating from electronic materials,
explosives and radioactive materials including into waste with special hazards; garbage originating
from industrial waste is included in waste; and waste originating from collapsed buildings, from
office activities, tourism activities or business and garbage from households is classified into urban
waste. Urban waste was the focus of student activities during their programs.
Furthermore, students explained the methods that can be done in urban waste management
including prevention efforts by minimizing the use of plastic waste. The second method was reused.
This method teaches the community to be able to reuse the garbage. The next method is recycled.
This method taught the community to recycle waste which is considered still usable, especially
plastic waste because the waste cannot be decomposed which will eventually become a poison that
can seep into the ground water.
Students also explain to the community about the benefits of sorting waste. First, the community
must be able to distinguish between types of waste so that it is easy to sort waste. Elimination of
waste that can be decomposed because the waste is classified as rapidly decomposing waste,
including waste from fruits, vegetables or other types of food and garbage from fallen leaves or
dried leaves. Then sorting of non-decomposing or easily decomposed waste is classified as inorganic
waste such as garbage from plastic, plastic bottles, garbage from cloth, garbage from cardboard or
other types of paper or paperboard, garbage from glass bottles, garbage from stereo foam and
garbage from the ruins of the ruins of the building.
Furthermore, student explained that sorting waste classified into bio-medical waste included waste
plaster, gauze, cotton trash, garbage from medical gloves and masks, bottle trash and the rest of
the drug package, and tube and syringe waste. The following sorting is the sorting of waste from
electronics such as garbage from cables that no longer use because it is damaged, garbage from
components of electronic goods that can no longer be used such as ICs, PCBs and sockets and waste
from electronic devices that are no longer useful like computers, handphone, radio and tv.
The following sorting is the sorting of metal waste such as waste and brass scrap, copper, aluminum
and iron or steel. The next sorting is the sorting of hazardous waste such as garbage from
radioactive, batteries, batteries containing lead and TL lamps that contain dangerous mercury gas.
Students explained to the public about modern waste management, namely by recycling (recycle).
This recycled waste consists of plastic waste, glass bottles, cardboard, electrical cables and aerosol
tubes. This waste is recycled which can be used for experimental tools in schools.
The benefits of this information dissemination include increasing public knowledge about the
importance of sorting because un-sorted waste will reduce the value of the item and it will be
difficult to recycle and increase costs in recycling it. The community understands the importance of
sorting waste because garbage that has good potential will end up in a landfill if it is not sorted.
After participating in socialization activities, students assisted the community to make waste
separation at source or sorting at the source. The community was asked to provide three trash cans
which were given different colors namely blue, yellow and red. Blue trash cans are useful for all
types of plastic, glass, and trash cans. For yellow contains garbage from paper such as food cartons
and juices. Red rubbish bins are useful for garbage from the kitchen or organic waste.
The obstacles faced during the mentoring process included the difficulty of convincing the public
about the importance of sorting waste. Sorting the right waste was only done in a few households.
While for other households it still held the principle of disposing of garbage in its place.
Figure 1. Synergy between students and the community

in the form of community service

Students invited the public to carry out community service activities every Sunday. The picture
above is one form of synergy carried out by students. This activity involved communities around the
area of activity. Community service activities are one of the routine activities carried out by the
community every Saturday or Sunday. This activity is a form of concern for students to the
community and also to improve environmental cleanliness. Clean environment creates comfort in
the region. Students also plant plants in the front yard of the soccer field.
This mutual cooperation activity is a routine agenda for students every Sunday. Students and the
community cleaned the drains from the garbage that accumulates on the channel. Then they cut
the tall grass in the village office's yard and repaired the park around the field. This synergy activity
is very useful in increasing familiarity between students and the community. Community service
activities with cleaning the environment were also in preparation for the Independence Day on
August 17. The synergy between students and the community in devoted work activities fosters
collaboration between students and the community in raising awareness of the environment in
addition to fostering unity so that conflicts that lead to solutions can be avoided.
Synergy between Students and Schools
Students for group two conducted socialization and assistance in schools in Tamalanrea Jaya Village.
The waste used in the socialization activities in schools was inorganic waste.
Figure 2. Synergy between students and the community at school

Activities in schools began with the presentation of students about the importance of managing
proper waste so that the volume of waste can be reduced and students can understand the
importance of sorting organic and inorganic waste. Students ask participants to think more
creatively, namely by utilizing inorganic waste to be a simple science teaching aid. Making teaching
aids from inorganic waste is one form of learning that directly involves students as subjects in the
teaching and learning process.
Students made several science teaching aids which then ask participants directly to practice the
tool. Direct practice can provide motivation in learning because students can apply the theory
clearly and also improve understanding of concepts that have been learned. In the activity students
presented several teaching aids, one of which was a lung props made of used bottles and balloons.

Conclusions
The benefits of synergy activities between students and the community include the understanding
of the community about the management of waste sorting. Students are increasingly creative in
carrying out activities related to waste management. Another benefit is that society has a sensitivity
to environmental cleanliness and a social spirit towards others. For the economic aspect, people
who have the skills to use garbage become teaching aids that can be used in schools then sell it to
the school. This brings benefits because it can be a source of income. Plastic waste that has been
sorted, then sold to the collector. For ecological aspects, waste that is sorted correctly will create
an environment that can stabilize the life cycle because it is not polluted with garbage. As agents of
change, students have a great enthusiasm in helping the community about sorting waste and
mentoring to school students about the use of inorganic waste into science teaching aids.
The obstacles faced during the process of synergy activities took place, including several community
groups having a low level of awareness that they did not care about the correct sorting of waste.
Some community groups are still at the level of "throwing garbage in its place" and have no concern
about sorting waste properly.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the employees of the Tamalanrea Jaya Village
Office for providing convenience to the research team. This research received funding from
Hasanuddin University in a community service program (KKN) in 2018 for the city of Makassar.
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QUALITY OF HEALTH SERVICE IN KAMONJI PUSKESMAS
PALU CITY- INDONESIA
Slamet Riadi
(Departemen Of Public administration,Faculty Social Science,
Tadulako University)
Rabina Yunus
(Departemen of Government Faculty Social Science,
Hasanuddin Universiy)
Hamaruddin
(Departemen Magister Public Administration,
Andi Cudai
(Departemen Of Public Administration Faculty social science,
Makassar Public University)
Abdul Rivai
(Departemen Of Public administration,Faculty social science
Email: riadislamet45@yahoo.co.id
Email: dewa.zamani@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Health is a basic right of every person and all citizens are entitled to health services regulated in the
1945 Constitution. One of the health care units is Puskesmas. According to Minister of Health
Regulation No. 75 of 2014, the function of Puskesmas as one of the first type of health service facility
(FKTP) has an important role in national health system, especially health effort subsystem. To
achieve the goals of national health development are carried out various health efforts are
comprehensive, tiered and integrated.
Puskesmas as one of the first-level health service facilities (FKTP) has specificity compared with
other FKTP. (first clinic, individual practice place, etc.). There are several things that are the
specificity of puskesmas, among others: carrying out public health efforts (PHE/UKM) and have the
concept of territory. With this specificity of course required good management in managing all
efforts undertaken, all potential resources that will be different from other FKTP
The function of puskesmas as a driver of health-minded development and community
empowerment center to support healthy sub-districts and aims to create a society that has healthy
behaviors that include awareness, willingness and ability to live healthy, able to reach quality health
services, live in a healthy environment and have optimal health, both individuals, family groups and
communities.

Health Personnel at Puskesmas must work in accordance with professional standards, service
standards, operational procedures standards, professional ethics, respect for patient rights, and
prioritize the interests and safety of patients with safety and health concerns in their work Every
health worker in Puskesmas must have a license of practice in accordance with the provisions of
legislation.
Public service is an activity or a series of activities in the framework of fulfilling the needs of services
in accordance with legislation for every citizen and resident of the goods, services and / or
administrative services provided by the public service providers, the provision of public services or
the organizer constitutes any organizing institution state, corporation, independent institution
established under the law for public service activities, and other legal entities formed solely for
public service activities. Public service is an activity or a series of activities in the framework of
fulfilling the needs of services in accordance with legislation for every citizen and resident of the
goods, services and / or administrative services provided by the public service providers, the
provision of public services or the organizer constitutes any organizing institution state, corporation,
independent institution established under the law for public service activities, and other legal
entities formed solely for public service activities. Public service law (Law No. 25 of 2009 on public
service) is a law that regulates the principles of good governance which is the effectiveness of the
functions of government itself.
In general, health services provided by Puskesmas include curative, preventive, promotive and
rehabilitation services. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 75
of 2014 on Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) needs to have good health care and quality by
health providers, therefore demanded a high performance from health providers themselves.
Puskesmas Kamonji has a working area of 7 kelurahan namely, silae, kabonena, lere, baru, ujuna,
kamonji and siranindi. Up to the year 2017 the population of 51,209 inhabitants. It is a potential and
a challenge and requires good management. The year 2016 recorded 22,042 male visits and 34,549
women, resulting in total visits of 56,591 times, with daily visits of up to 200 patients, excluding the
visit of free puskesmas for free during the afternoon as many as 50 patients.
However, health services at health centers kamonji still encountered various problems ranging from
the form of buildings that have not been in accordance with the mandate Permenkes Number 75
year 2014, the number of rooms and division of poly, the arrangement of space / placement room,
including the absence of separation of elderly and not elderly, adequate quantity and comfort, clean
water supply, storage and treatment of medical waste. The layout of service room in Puskesmas
building must be arranged by paying attention to Puskesmas zone as building of health service
facility.
Another aspect that is the inhibiting factor is the arrangement of medical records that should be an
individual confidential document, still outside the room and can be accessed by anyone who is not
interested because the placement is in the hall or corridor of the puskesmas. The condition of the

registration queue, patient waiting room is relatively narrow and the old queue adds to the
problems faced in the service at the counter.
However, there are important factors supporting the effort to improve the quality of health services
in improving the quality of services that is the implementation and assessment of health center
accreditation in health centers kamonji on 30 October to 2 November 2017. The main purpose of
accreditation Puskesmas is to foster quality improvement, performance through continuous
improvement of the system management, quality management system and service delivery system
and program, and implementation of risk management, and not merely an assessment to obtain
accreditation certificate.
Based on this, research on the quality of health services in UPTD Puskesmas Kamonji needs to be
done, so that less than optimal service can be improved and service with the best quality can be
maintained. By considering the field conditions as well as the support of information that
researchers get from the community, then to menyingkapi the fact researchers are interested in
raising this issue into scientific research.
In terms of academic research is expected to be a scientific reference, especially matters relating to
the Quality of Health Services in UPTD Puskesmas Kamonji. Practically this research is expected to
be a recommendation for the Health Office of Palu City, especially Health Center Kamonji in seeing
and paying attention to the quality of health services in UPTD Puskesmas Kamonji.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Concept of Public Service

Public service consists of two categories, namely basic services (substansif) and administrative
services. Basic services concerning basic human needs, such as education, health, infrastructure,
housing, etc. While the administrative services related to data collection as a consequence of the
status as citizens, such as ID cards, family cards, business licensing Another definition of Public
Service was put forward by Garvin in Harbani Pasolong (2008: 199) statesthat:"Everyactivity
undertaken by the government againstanumberman who has every profitable activitywithin a
collection or unity, and offer satisfactionalthough the results are not related to a product physically.
Qualit of Public Service

Basically quality refers to the understanding of the principal where the quality consists of a number
of privileges of the product, both direct features and attractive features. The immediate privilege is
related to the satisfaction of the customers directly obtained by consuming the product with
superior characteristics. While the attractive features associated with the satisfaction of the
community obtained indirectly by consuming the product. Quality also consists of everything free
from deficiencies or damage. According to Ahmad Batinggi (2007: 217) who stated the principles of
quality services as follows:

a) Processes and procedures should be set early.
b) Processes and procedures should be recognized by all parties involved.
c) A good system will create good quality.
d) Quality means fulfilling the wants, needs and tastes of consumers.
e) Quality demands close cooperation
f) A quality review by executives needs to be done periodically.
Dimension of Quality of Public Service

Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman in Mulyadi (2016) disclose the indicators of service quality as
follows:
1. Physical appearance (Tangibles), meaning physical appearance of buildings, equipment,
employees and other facilities owned by providers.
2. Responsiveness (Responsiveness) is the willingness to help service users and provide services
in a sleek and responsive
3. Reliability (Reliability) is the ability to perform services promised consistently and accurately.
4. Assurance is the knowledge, courtesy and ability of service provider officer in giving trust to
service user
5. Empathy (Empathy) is the ability to give treatment or attention to the service users
individually / personally. If service indicators are achieved then customer satisfaction will be
achieved
Factors Affecting Services
In the public service there are several factors that are important in order to create and realize
the implementation of the service effectively. As stated by H.A.S Moenir are as follows:
1) The Consciousness Factor indicates a state of the soul of a person, that is the point of contact
or equilibrium of various considerations, in order to obtain a belief, calmness, resolve and
balance in the soul in question.
2) Rules Factor Rules are an important tool in all actions and a person's actions. In the
organization of work rules are made by management as the authority to regulate everything
that is in the organization work
3) Organizational Factors Service organizations are essentially no different from organizations in
general, but there are some differences in their application. The target of service is specifically
aimed at people who have multicomplex character and will
4) Revenue Factor Revenue is the entire acceptance of a person in return for the energy and or
thought that has been devoted to another person or body / organization, either in the form
of money, or facilities, within a certain period of time.

5) Ability and Skill Factors. Ability comes from the basic word capable which in connection with
the task / job means to perform task / job so as to produce goods or services as expected
6) Service Facilities Factor. Means of service in question is all kinds of equipment, work
equipment and other facilities that serve as the main tool / auxiliary in the implementation of
work, and also function social in the framework of the interests of people who are building in
the organization wor
QualityofHealthServices
In Law Number 36 Year 2009 explains that: "Health is a healthy, physical, mental, spiritual and social
condition that enables everyone to live productive socially and economically ". And it has also been
established that everyone is entitled to health services. The health resources referred to in the
Health Act are all forms of funds, personnel, medical supplies, pharmaceutical preparations and
medical devices as well as health and technology services facilities used to organize health efforts
undertaken by the Government, local government and / or the public
The concept of Puskesmas
Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 75 of 2014 on Community
Health Centers (Puskesmas) is a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and
individual health efforts of the first level, with priority promotive and preventive efforts, to achieve
the highest level of public health in working area Puskesmas function as:
a. Center for development of health-minded developers.
b. Center for family and community empowerment.
c. The first strata health care center. In general, health services organized by the Puskesmas
include curative services (treatment), preventive (prevention efforts), promotive (health
improvement) and rehabilitation (health recovery).
d. Terms of establishment of health center based on Regulation of the Minister of Health of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 75 Year 2014 article 10 paragraph 1 and 2:
a. geographical; accessibility to transportation routes;
b. soil contours;
c. parking facilities;
d. security facilities;
e. availability of public utilities;
f. management of environmental health; and g. Other conditions.

MATERIAL METHODS
1.Types of research
This research is qualitative descriptive research with inductive approach that research method by
describing the state of research object at the present moment to the facts that appear in particular
so that the general picture can be drawn without making comparisons with other variables.
2.Location And Time Research
The location of the research is UPTD Puskesmas Kamonji Palu with consideration that there are
inhibiting factors in improving the quality of service at puskesmas kamonji, including the supporting
factor that is the implementation of accreditation of puskesmas on 30 october until 2 november
2017. This research will be conducted approximately 2 month february up to april 2018.
Informant Research
The subjects and informants in this study were the visitors who went to the Kamonji Health Center
and the individual health service implementers at Kamonji Community Health Center (Puskesmas
Kamonji). The informant is determined by purposive sampling technique where the informant is
determined by certain consideration or indicator and is the person or party that is directly related
or able to give information about the implementation of health service at Puskesmas Kamonji Palu
city.
Types and Data Sources

1) Primary data
Primary data is data obtained directly from informants by using interview guidelines.
2) Secondary data
Secondary data in this research is supporting data which is useful for researcher, because this data
is obtained from research object, book, journal, internet and also documents containing information
about research
Sources of data in this study are all the results of observation, interview and collection of data that
are considered important in determining the quality of service in Puskesmas Kamonji Palu City.
Definition of Operational Concepts

Based on the definition of the literature review, the authors focus on only one variable or
independent variable of health service quality in Puskesmas Kamonji Palu with indicators as follows:
1) Quality of service can be identified by comparing patient satisfaction with the service they
receive with the service they expect.

2) The health referred to in this study is a healthy state, both physically, mentally, spiritually
and socially which enables everyone to live productively socially and economically. "
3) Puskesmas according to the regulation of health minister of the republic of Indonesia
number 75 of 2014 is a health care facility that organizes public health efforts and individual
health endeavors at the first level, with more prioritize promotive and preventive efforts, to
achieve the degree public health as high as possible in its working area.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Puskesmas Kamonji is Technical Implementation Unit of Palu City Health Office geographically
located in West Palu District but with working area covering two Subdistricts namely Palu Barat and
Ulujadi Subdistricts. Kelurahan which is included in the working area of Kamonji Public Health Center
consists of seven urban villages namely Kamonji, Silae, Kabonena, Lere, Baru, Ujuna, and Siranindi
urban villages. Five urban villages are Palu Barat District while the other two urban villages are
Kabonena and Silae sub-districts.
The work area of Kamonji Health Center is 82.53 Km2 which is divided into 41 RW and 136 RT.
Puskesmas Kamonji has a network of health services five sub health centers (Pustu) and 7 village
health posts (Poskesdes). The entire service network is dedicated to serve 51,537 people or 12,739
families. Most of the population in the working area of Kamonji Puskesmas is 54.2% is the productive
age population.
A. Description of Health Service at Kamonji Public Health Center

One of the factors to assess the amount of utilization of health center facilities as public health
service facilities, can be seen from the number of visits in health centers. utilization of health facilities
at UPTD Puskesmas kamonji in the year 2017 consists of male visits as much as 31,092 and women
50,497. when compared to 2016 and 2015, the number of patient visits medication tend to fluctuate.
The trend of patient visits can be seen in the picture below:
Figure 4.1. trend of patient visits by sex

At Kamonji Health Center 2015 – 2017
Source : Profil Puskesmas Kamonji,2015,2016,2017

B. Quality of Health Services at Kamonji Community Health Center
To analyze the health service quality of Puskesmas at UPTD Puskesmas kamonji, the writer choose 5
dimension the qualities proposed by Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman are physical tangibles,
reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy.
1. Physical Appearance (Tangibles)
Physical appearance (Tangibles), meaning physical appearance of buildings, equipment,
employees and other facilities owned by providers. The writer concludes the result of interview with
Head of Puskesmas Kamonji (dr Rohmat Jasin) that the location of puskesmas kamonji is very
strategic and easy to reach, however if seen from the physical condition of health center kamonji is
now less than adequate and actually need to get the repair / rehab heavy thoroughly with adjusting
the current requirement, especially referring to the mandate of RI health minister's regulation
number 75 year 2014. Then the authors conclude from the interview with (dr) Meity Salatan) also
explained that the health center kamonji get heavy rehab ration for this fiscal year 2018 The
explanation of the informant of the implementor shows that there is an indication of the
shortcomings and limitations of the Puskesmas building. The physical condition of the puskesmas
now needs to get attention and repair as soon as possible, for the improvement and improvement
of the quality of health service to the community of service users in Kamonji Community Health
Center, which refers to Permenkes number 75 year 2014. Then the authors conclude from the
interview with frequent service / patient recipients routinely seek treatment at puskesmas kamonji
(mother of Siti Sumarni) that informant description above matching with decision of MENPAN
Number 63 Year 2003 mentioned that service implementation must fulfill some principles as among
others completeness of facilities and infrastructure. The availability of adequate facilities and
infrastructure, work equipment and other supporting facilities including providers of
telecommunications technology and informatics technology. Ease of Access Sites and locations and
facilities of adequate services, easy to reach by the community, and can be utilized
telecommunications and informatics technology. Comfort Environmental service should be
orderly, organized, provided a comfortable waiting room, clean, tidy, beautiful and healthy
environment and equipped with service support facilities, as well as parking, toilets, places of
worship and others. Based on the results of interviews with all informants related to the physical
appearance (Tangibles) we can conclude that the health center kamonji from the access side of
service coverage, is very possible because it is on the main road, the physical condition of the
building needs to get repair. The condition of the small puskesmas land and the narrowness of the
building requires the arrangement of the room in such a way, whether hygiene or interior
decoration. The addition of wc facilities and the expansion of the waiting room. Although some
opinions informants convey their comfortable with the situation.
2. Responsiveness (Responsiveness)
Responsiveness (Responsiveness) is the willingness to help service users and provide services in a sleek and
responsive manner.
The authors conclude the results of interviews with Kamonji Community Health Center Head (dr Rohmat
Jasin) that focuses on improving and improving services to patients and the community as a whole regardless

of social status or health insurance coverage at puskesmas. types of services available in health centers
kamonji stipulated in the clinical service guide clinic kamonji. In line with the above that the importance of
carrying out every service by setting and applying quality standards as appropriate The same opinion was
also shared by the person in charge of the medic record. Similarly, the authors conclude the interview result
(doctor meaty) that his message is in line with Article 7 point d permenkes no.75 2014, stating that the
provision of health services that prioritizes the security and safety of patients, officers and visitors. In carrying
out his duties of energy health needs to obtain or follow activities or efforts to increase the competency of
health personnel, all of them to support the achievement of healthy sub-district.
The fact in the field that health service efforts in health centers kamonji showed the tendency of service
efforts in prime. Officers are always willing to help and facilitate and respond to complaints during treatment
at the clinic.
3. Reliability (Reliability)
Reliability is the ability to deliver consistently and accurately promised services. The authors conclude the
results of interviews with the Head of the Kamonji Public Health Center (dr Rohmat Jasin) that the Staffing or
executive staff is a serious problem in the public service. Not only the amount but also the skill or
competence. In Kamonji Health Center, the number of health personnel in the health service effort is
sufficient. In the law number 44 of 2009 article 31-32, explains the rights and obligations of patients to be
considered in the overall service process that begins from registration. The rights and obligations of patients
at UPTD puskesmas kamonji have been on the wall on the wall so that patients know their rights and
obligations. Likewise, the rights and duties of doctors / nurses.
Explanation of the reliability delivered by other implementor informants (dr Meity) the authors
concluded in improving the quality of public services are primed confronted several obstacles such
as; lack of commitment from the service apparatus, they only carry out their tasks without thinking
about the needs, desires and satisfaction of the community, lack of understanding of quality
management, inability to change culture and behavior, inaccurate quality planning, ineffective
human resources development program, facilities infrastructure services, financing, weakness
incentive system, short-term orientation, performance information system has not been developed
We can conclude that between pelayanaan efforts and patient satisfaction in general can illustrate
the readiness of puskesmas in the provision of health services. Nevertheless, the competence and
capability of officers should always be improved either through refresher between officers at
puskesmas and special training. Assistance by trained senior officers or comparative study to other
puskesmas better in terms of services.
Guarantee (Assurance)
Assurance is the knowledge, courtesy and ability of service providers in providing trust to users of the service
From all informants the information can be drawn a conclusion that continuous supervision by the head of
puskesmas towards the service provider will give positive leverage to the consistency of service. Evaluation
during the service process through weekly briefings will be able to provide improvements to service efforts
and increase awareness of officers in performing health services. Such as the appropriate implementation of
the SOP, or revisions to the SOP if deemed necessary.

Empathy (Emphaty)
Empathy (Empathy) is the ability to provide treatment or attention to service users individually / personally.
If service indicators are achieved then customer satisfaction will be achieved
In line with the statement of the head of puskesmas kamonji (dr Rohmat Jasin) Based on survey results of
community satisfaction index (IKM) conducted at 13 puskesmas in palu city in february - mei 2017, generally
the performance performance of its service is categorized as "GOOD" and "Very Good". The health center
kamonji from 2016 with good category with 71.65 niali become very good category in year 2017 with value
82.20. all elements of service get a perception value above the number 3 where the average element of
service is 3.288.
This figure describes that service at health center kamonji assessed by society have good and achievement
need to be appreciated and maintained. However, from the survey the lowest perception on the skill level of
service (skill / skill) and the highest in the patients when they seek treatment at the health center kamonji
they feel the security is guaranteed
Description of all informants has actually adopted a series of activities in the public service, in the framework
of efforts to meet the needs of services in accordance with legislation and regulations for every citizen and
residents of goods, services and or administrative services provided by the providers of public services, in
this case the health center kamonji. As for the implementation using benchmark of service standard as the
reference of service quality as obligation and promise of organizer to society in the framework of quality
service, fast easy, affordable and measurable. Law No. 25 of 2009 (article 15-20) describes the rights of the
community / organizers, the obligations of the community / organizers, including the prohibition of
prohibition that must be obeyed in the provision of public services and One of the assessment criteria in a
puskesmas accreditation is obliged to carry out the mandate.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research note that the five dimensions of service quality used to determine the
quality of health services in UPTD Puskesmas kamonji all have good quality trends, it can be concluded that
health service Puskesmas in UPTD Puskesmas kamonji quality.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the research and the conclusion above, it is recommended that:
1. Community Health Center (Puskesmas) at UPTD Puskesmas kamonji must be able to maintain
existing service facilities at this time to stay in good condition, including rehab weight of puskesmas
which need to be done immediately.
2. Keep maintaining and improving the quality of existing services, including the assignment of
implementor service implementers to attend training in competency improvement training in efforts
to improve the quality / quality of health services.
3. To improve the discipline of his subordinates work. Head of Public Health Center (Puskesmas) in UPTD
Puskesmas kamonji should perform its function as a motivator in improving the spirit of dedication of
employees to their duty.

4. Keeping the condition of the service room remains in a clean state so that people always feel
comfortable
ACNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express their highest gratitude to the mentors who directed us: Mr. H.Mahfud ,as Rector of
Tadulako University.
REFERENCES
A. BOOK
Achmad and Badu Ahmad. 2007. Public Service Management.Jakarta: Open University.
Palu City Health Office, 2016., Health Profile of Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province.
Moenir. 1995. Public Service Management. Jakarta. Bina Aksara.
Mulyadi, hendrikus, Afandi, 2016. Public Administration for Public Service. Bandung: Alfabeta
Pasolong, Harbani. 2010. The Public Administration Theory. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sugiyono. 2006. Administrative Research Methods. Bandung: Alfabeta.
B.DOCUMENTS
1. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 25 Year 2009 on Public Service
2. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 2009 on Health.
3. PERMENKES No. 75 Year 2014 About Community Health Centers

THE EFFECT OF MEDIA LITERATION ON HOAX NEWS
AT THE STUDENTS OF THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
Suci Adysa
Universitas Islam Makassar
akunsuci.a@gmail.com
Nahdiana
Universitas Islam Makassar,
nahdiana.dty@uim-makassar.ac.id
Introduction
At present, the presence of a media, whether printed, electronic, or internet anywhere, has a lot of
influence on people's opinions and behavior. The internet has now become a part that cannot be
separated from modern human life. Various information on the internet seems to never run out.
This causes changes in human patterns in consuming the news.
News or information is very fast circulating through social media. Those who often use social media
in their daily lives will get a lot of information from social media. This allows them to be exposed to
the news more often with sources that are unclear. Especially nowadays there are so many news or
writings that contain incorrect information that are intentionally designed and disseminated so that
people believe in incorrect information (hoaxes). False news or hoaxes are now becoming a serious
problem in Indonesia. Because the hoax is one of the triggers for friction, which causes hostility and
breakdown of friendship. Hoax information spreads quickly both through social media channels and
groups in chat applications, for example WhatsApp, Line, and many more. For hoaxes to be trusted,
many hoax makers use weaknesses in the human mind that prevent them from thinking critically
and rationally.
Hoax news won't be a problem if people don't trust and spread it. For those who are not media
literate, hoaxes are something they think is right. This illustrates how humans really need media
literacy in using the internet. Media literacy can reduce receipt of news hoaxes. With media literacy,
it is expected that the community, especially students, can access, sort and understand various
types of information that can be used to improve the quality of life, for example not easily accept
hoax news, can select which news may be disseminated and which are not.
Method
This study aims to determine the effect of media literacy on receiving news hoaxes among students
of the Islamic University of Makassar. Respondents in this study were taken from the 2016 and 2017
students from 8 faculties totaling 3,273 people. By using the Taro Yamane formula with a precision
of 5%, a sample of 356 people was obtained. Data collection techniques were carried out by
distributing questionnaires through google form which was distributed to whatsapp groups among
UIM students. Variable measurement is done by a Likert scale using the scoring method 1 - 5.

Number 1 shows that the respondent does not support the questions given, while the number 5
indicates that the respondent supports the questions given. The data analysis technique used in this
study is a simple linear regression analysis technique, which is a method for analyzing the
relationship of independent variables with the dependent variable with the help of the SPSS
program to determine the effect of media literacy on hoax news among students at the Makassar
Islamic University.
Results
This research develops two variables, namely media literacy and hoax news. The media literacy
variable consists of four indicators namely interpreting (meaning), evaluating (evaluating), analyzing
(analysis), and producing (production). While the hoax news variable consists of three indicators,
namely cognitive, affective, conative. In addition to the two scaled variables, namely social media
literacy (X) and hoax news (Y), it was also determined that four categorical variables as control
variables were gender, force, faculty, and activity using social media. Before testing the hypothesis,
the researcher conducted a T test on three nominal variables, namely gender, class, activeness using
social media, because these three variables were binary scales (consisting of only two categories).
Whereas for the faculty variable anova test is carried out because this variable consists of more than
two categories.
Based on the results of the SPSS 23 software output, the T test results showed that in female sex (M
= 3.95, SD = 0.75) it was higher than the male sex value (M = 3.91, SD = 0.91) but this difference was
not significant t ( 191) = -0.47, p = 0.63. The SPSS output of the force category is known in the 2016
class (M = 3.90, SD = 0.88) which is lower than the grade of 2017 (M = 3.98, SD = 0.71). However this
difference is not significant because the value of t (353) = -0.92, p = 0.35. Furthermore, the SPSS
output for the social media activeness category is known that active (M = 3.95, SD = 0.80) social
media is higher in value than those who are not actively using social media (M = 3.76, SD = 0.92) and
the difference is not significant t (16.03 ) = 0.803, p = 0.434. In the activeness category using social
media it can be concluded that there is no bias. Whereas from the ANOVA test results were obtained
at the Faculty of Agriculture (M = 4.12, SD = 0.74), Engineering (M = 3.83, SD = 83), Mathematics
and Natural Sciences (M = 3.93, SD = 0.86), Social and Political Sciences (M = 4.00, SD = 0.72), Islam
(M = 3.91, SD = 0.72), Literature and Humanities (M = 3.91, SD = 79), Health Sciences (M = 3.47, SD
= 1.07), Teacher Training in Education (M = 3.24, SD = 0.68). From this value indicates a significant F
(7.36) = 2.79; p = 0.008. From the ANOVA test conducted it can be concluded that there is a bias in
the faculty category. This means that there is a significant effect on the mean of the faculty that is
lower in the value of receiving hoax news, namely the faculty of health sciences.
Post Hoc test is a continuation of the ANOVA test. This test is done to find out which groups are
different and which are not different. Or in this case it can be said which faculty group has a
significant influence on the acceptance of hoax news. based on the data above, it is seen that there
are significant or significant differences in the mean of the faculties of agriculture, socio-political
science, health sciences, teacher training. Of the four faculties the acceptance of hoax news on

health sciences is significantly lower than that of agriculture, social and political sciences, as well as
teacher education. So the results of this study need to be responded to more carefully because it
does not apply to all students of the Makassar Islamic University.
The results of the SPSS test show that there is no significant difference in the acceptance of hoax
news based on gender, class, and activity using social media, because the probability value is greater
than the value of 0.05. But there is a significant difference in the acceptance of hoax news based on
faculty, because the probability value is smaller than 0.05.
Next is to test the hypothesis through regression analysis in SPSS to determine the effect of media
literacy variables on hoax news. Based on the results of a simple regression analysis, in the Summary
Model output, Adjusted R Square has a value of 0.204, which means the percentage contribution to
the influence of media literacy variables on hoax news receipts is 20.4%, while the remaining 79.6%
is influenced by external variables. Based on the output of Coefficientsa, conclusions were made
which explained that the relationship between media literacy and news hoax acceptance was very
significant or very related. In the ANOVA Output, there is a level of Sig. 0,000 and level 5% which
means the Sig. = 0,000 <0,05. So that it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted,
meaning that there is an influence of social media literacy on receiving news hoaxes.
Conclusion
Based on the results of a simple regression analysis, it can be concluded that there is an influence
between social media literacy and hoax news. The level of understanding of media literacy in
Makassar Islamic University students is still very low and their literacy skills have not been
maximized in responding to hoax news on social media. In their ability to analyze, Islamic University
students as social media users are not yet familiar with scientific traditions such as questioning every
news received and comparing news from social media with other news sources. In the ability to
produce, only a few respondents can self-edit the news found to be disseminated on social media,
while others spread the news exactly as obtained from others. The level of knowledge of Makassar
Islamic University students about hoax news is also still low. When finding an information with
suggestive words or titles and even excited, they quickly assume the news has informative value.
This makes respondents very easy to believe in hoax news.
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anda-melek-media

ETHNICITY REVIVALS IN INDONESIAN LOCAL POLITICAL DYNAMICS
(A LEGAL PLURALISM ANALYSIS)
Sukri
Email : sukripolitik@gmail.com
Hamzah Halim
Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University,
Email: anchapunggawa@gmail.com
Alwi Jaya
Lapatau School of Law, Bone
Jl. Yos Sudarso, Bone, Indonesia
Email : sukripolitik@gmail.com
When the Second President of Republic of Indonesia proclaimed to resign his position in 1998,
Indonesia believed has started its way to be a democratic country. After experiencing more than 30
years authoritarian regime where politically centralize under the rulling regime, Indonesia began its
effort as democratic society. Some activities as intention to change political system in Indonesia has
been conduct by the ruling government. It makes Indonesia’s political system become very dynamic
in terms of democratization where also impacted local people in regions. Within this newest era,
democracy became an obligation to implement as the best way system for Indonesian people. The
newest regime era called as the “Era Reformasi” (Reform Era) then support their intention to
establish the idea of democracy in people live thru various regulations. But that effort is seems
trigger unexpected results within its presence in the regions. The government aims to provide
widely opportunity for people‘s participation in political field seems also open the gate for
undemocratic form. In context of local people, basically the came of democracy idea in to their life
seems received as a good thing the government’s think.
The spirit of democratization believes as important path to provide more opportunity and spaces
for the people as the important element in their local poltical context. It means all law that regulates
the idea implementation accepted as important aspect. But the think became a new problem for
the community who has own law that regulate some people behaviours as the formal law, as like as
the indigenous people. For this community, when a democracy event as like as local election
implementing in their context, it will push them to face more than one regulation. Beside the formal
law, indigenous people who has their own local rule to elect a leader then will seen the election as
event for the two fundamental laws simultaneously where both shoul be obey as follow as both

intentions. It makes the local election then occurred as a “legal pluralism” event for the indigenous
people due to thera are two fundamental laws meet in the same event. The unique experiences
from the toraja ethnic group as one of the indigenous people in Indonesia be viewed as the
indigenous group reacting to the general term of democracy. Even institutionalized by the state thru
formal regulation but the local election dynamics has produce unique way for them to democratize
their land by respect the formal law and also their custom law.
Methods
Analysis of this paper is based on qualitative research on Case Study. The reseacrh was in Toraja
region, Province of South sulawesi, Indonesia. The research was focused on the ethnicity revival in
the local political process in the region. Based on legal pluralism perspective, the data grab during
the research, this paper provides unique fact related to the coming of democracy idea under the
formal law and the existence of adat as fundamental value for the toraja ethnict group.
The understanding of legal pluralism is close to the two key words “legal” that usually is associated
with something that is legally established by a statute or regulation and “plural” that is usually
contrasted with a single form or something that varies. The legal pluralism then usually defines as a
situation in which two or more laws interact each other (Hooker after Lakin 2005). The condition
tends to focus on particular community that is particularly interested in the transfer law between
cultures. Interrelation between laws and cultures are usually associated with the formal law by the
state law and the local custom that simultaneously regulate certain community. It means this
situation usually occur in the context of certain community that has particular legal system or norms
based on beliefs of common values that mostly as part of their social identity (see e.g Benda-
Beckmann 1993).
Based on Griffiths (1986) think, there are two types of legal pluralism, the weak and the strong. The
weak pluralism is when there is a command of different legal institutions against different groups in
a particular society through a normative order of a court or legal institution center. It can be seen
as “technique of governance” that exists only on state law that means the presence of the non-state
law will depend on recognition of the central government. In other hand, the strong pluralism exists
in the existence of normative rules; regardless of its origin that exists together and has mutual
respect with others in the situation that is unavoidable in the rules of the universe.
In Indonesia, some communities including the indigenous people, usually live with various aws in
the same context (see eg. Tyson 2010; Benda Beckmann 1993). In their daily life, there are minimally
two laws that set people behavior. Those are the formal laws and the customary laws. When both
laws regulate same object, people who regulated will aseked to behave propriate within those laws.
In Indonesia, the local election to vote for the regional government head made people as prominent
factor through the direct election mechanism. It means that people’s preference to vote for the
leader will deeply influence the results. In the context of indigenous people, that has customary law
beside the formal laws to determine the process, they will face two laws as political patron standard
in the same event.

As far as all formal regulation has been followed during the local election then its result will be
formally legitimate. It means the formal legitimation is deeply related to obedience to all formal
requirements and process. As the consequences as a part of the Republic of Indonesia’s
administrative area, the leader of regional government should be resulted based on the formal
regulation. It will associate the leader’s authority to govern the regional government. In other hands,
since the government is in area where people have the unique requirements related to respect to
the leader then the leader should be received by people based on their own laws. It means a leader
must be suitable with the aluk’s requirements
Conclusions
The dynamics of the toraja ethnic group related to vote the formal leader for their sacred land
through democratic way tends to produce a unique pattern. The pattern occurs in a legal pluralism
situation, where there are two fundamental laws involved in same event, the aluk as customary law
and the formal laws. That situation happens because ethnicity returns as the prominent aspect in
the political field in the reform era. The revivalism of ethnicity as important aspect for the toraja
ethnic group actually meets the internal and external conditions.
Actually, even during the New Order era, the toraja ethnic group also experienced considerable
pressure from the state but some important aspects of their ethnicity were never been totally
disappeared. Some fundamental aspects of their ethnicity, such as aluk, still existed even in the
limited space of their daily live during that era. It means the fundamental source of their ethnicity
as social identity still existed as the source of their unity as solid community. Therefore, when the
political system changed and the state attempts to respect the local people then their ethnicity
revive under the spirit of democracy. Consequently, there are many ethnic groups in Indonesia, such
as the toraja ethnic group, then enjoy that state’s respect to return some important aspects in their
region social and political dynamics. One important event that is affected based on the Indonesian
changing situation as part of democratization is the changing of the local election system.
By using the direct vote mechanism, the local election then gives crucial position to local people to
determine who will be the regional head government in their area. It then allows people to use all
of their reasons and values to guarantee the elected leader will be suitable with their objective
context. Based on facts from the North Toraja local election 2010, it confirmed that dynamics the
election should be seen as a unique community way for the coming of democracy in their live.
Although the local election is regulated through formal laws but the existence of aluk made the
torajas to find a suitable way to run between the two laws. It happened due to the local election
was not the only the formal event to choose the regional government leader. For the torajas, that
event is also as the rivalry arena of the noble families as well as the way to proof the toraja’s honour,
therefore it was part of logical pattern when most of the process during the local election was
influenced by the the torajas’ belief in aluk. It means presence of the two laws in that event made
the local election to become the real pictures of how the toraja ethnic group reacts to the formality
of the state as the toraja ethnic group did. In the end, since a leader is formed through uniquely way
in the legal pluralism condition of the torajas, then they must stand in those two sides. It means the

leader is always expected as the formal and informal leader as well. In this situation, a leader will be
asked to assure itself suitable with those to guarantee their succeed of authority and policy
implementation.
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THE PHENOMENON OF WHATSAPP GROUP (WAG) AND
THE FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL IDENTITY
Syahrir Karim
Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Jln. H.M. Yasin Limpo, Gowa, Indonesia
Email: sahrirka@gmail.com
Introduction
In Indonesia, with complex democracies, diverse populations, and the largest Muslim population in
the world has become a challenge. the biggest problem that is happening now is the rise of identity
political populism., which might determine Indonesia's future. Both in the 2014 Presidential Election
and the current elections, the problem of dividing race, ethnicity, and religion, has been fully
exploited by activists. The effect of this strategy has been strengthened by the use of hoaks that
have spread rapidly on social media. A globalized post-truth (post-truth) atmosphere -where
emotional appeal trumps rational debate- blurs public perceptions and the ability of voters to
discuss issues well. The research findings of Gruzd and Wellman (2014) the behavior and
relationships of online network members that influence choice and personal actions show that
Whatsapp groups that thrive in Indonesia are forms of online networks that have the potential to
become future identity political movements.
This paper examines how the Whatsapp Group phenomenon raises of new political identities in
society. The rise of the Islamic movement or others movement lately has raised the question
whether this movement is purely due to the awareness of rationality or irrational. Lovheim (2013)
sees that research on online religious communities also considers how Web 2.0 technology provides
new possibilities for online community creation and challenges offline religious communities. He
also revealed that religious blogging studies show that individuals can use their online activities to
consciously reject traditional forms of community and instead choose to build religious identities
and networks that enable them to experiment with new ways of online religious interaction
(Teusner 2010).This study saw that the phenomenon of hoax and Whatsapp Group also contributed
to the emergence of a new political identities among the society. The rise of Whatsapp Group and
hoaxes news has formed its own political identity in society with its various typologies. The
phenomenon of Whatsapp Group for example is formed with the identity of each, such as affiliation,
profession, interests and group identity, etc. This tendency for discussions and issues in the
WhatsApp Group sometimes creates the impressions of political patrons or figures who are
considered influential and respected. This tendency gives space to the emergence of framing issues
and the indoctrination process for group members. Finally, this political identity has given a
tendency to political polarization and personal politics. So that, in the end the irrational and even
radical politics emerged. The tendency of issues that are continually disseminated and repeated will
be real truth (post-truth) has psychological and thoughtful effects (Abdillah, 2001).
The above phenomenon is a serious problem that must be studied more deeply. How populism of
political identity in Indonesia is increasing especially in every political contestation. So that this

research can give an idea of the phenomenon of how social media is currently influential in shaping
the mindset of society, especially the dissemination of certain understandings or ideologies.
Methods
This study using the theory of post-truth and political identity with using the phenomenology
approach. This research was conducted with qualitative methods. One reason is that the symptoms
under study are more of a dynamic social phenomenon. In addition, the subject matter in this
research is related to the role of ethnic politics. The data cited in this study were analyzed
descriptively and analytically, which not only provided a description of the phenomenon under
study, but also explained and analyzed it so that it could assess in full, detailed, and mandatory the
phenomena obtained from the field. This research will take the example of some forms of hoaxes
and Whatsapp groups to use as important data including interviews.

This study finds that Whats App Group (WAG) media is one of the most significant ways to form new
groups and even new social identities. The existence of Whatsapp Group is used as a forum for the
process of new understanding or ideology indoctrination for all group members. Some cases show
how the process took place, such as systematic and massive recruitment, patrons or influential
people. The existence of group members can be issued by the admin group when there is a
mismatch of perception and understanding. The implication of this phenomenon is that social media
has become a very efficient place in spreading new ideologies including by spreading hoaxes. This
not only creates divisions within the community and family, but also threatens national solidarity
(Sosiawan & Wibowo, 2015). In an election where identity politics is a game and hoax card is a
campaign strategy, not only social solidarity, but also the country's democratic foundation at stake.
the media has had a profound influence on the formation of thought patterns and the spread of
ideology. So Eryanto (2011) gave the view that one of the political strategies that are widely used in
influencing voter behavior is the use of media.
Conclusions
That in preventing negative identity politics from arising, it needs an ideological basis and strong
idealism from everyone. the importance of correct understanding of the use of social media is
important for education to all levels of society. Identity politics that are disseminated through
various online media and social media have become a place for prominent public and political
figures or figures as well as delivering truth claims. Every speech from a figure is posted on the
timeline and shared by users to friends and groups on various social media such as Whatsapp, and
others. The community believes that what is conveyed by the character is a truth. People who
immediately believe and no longer think whether the information submitted is true or not, but the
belief in the figure has denied the objective truth that they should have. Truth no longer lies in the
validity of information but its belief in a figure. The impact of media is not limited to the behavioral
consequences of media messages, but has led to a more personal impact on emotions. This is among
the causes of the emergence of hate speeches and hoax news on various social media. When truth
is no longer based on objective factors but someone's beliefs and feelings towards a figure, then
there will be coercion to others who are believed to be the truth.
Reference
Abdillah, Ubed. S., (2001). Politik Identitas Etnis: Pergulatan Tanda tanpa Identitas, Jakarta,
yayasan Indonesia.
Cohen, Jonathan. (2009). “Mediated Relationship and Media Effect: Parasocial Interations and
Identification”. Dalam The Sage Handbook and Media Prosseces and Effects. Ed. Robin L.
Nabi dan Mary Beth Oliver. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 223-236.
Eriyanto. (2011). Analisis Framing: Konstruksi, Ideologi, dan Politik Media. Yogyakarta: LkiS Group.
Gruzd, A. dan Wellman, B. (2014). “Networked Influence in Social Media: Introduction to Special
Issue”. On American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 58 (10), 1251-1259, Sage Publications.
Lovheim, Mia. (2013). “Identity”. On Digial Religion : Understanding Religius Practice in New
Media Worlds. Ed.Heidi. A. Campbell. London and New York: Routledge.
Sosiawan, E.A., Wibowo, R., (2015). Representasi Politik Identitas dalam Kampanye Online Calon
Legislatif Partai palitik Peserta Pemilu 2014. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Vol. 13, (3)/234-248.
Teusner, P. (2010). Emerging church bloggers in Australia: Prophets, Priests and Rulers in God’s
Virtual World . PhD thesis, Melbourne: RMIT University.

MODERN MARKET EFFECTIVENESS ON ECONOMIC
GROWTH OF POSO REGENCY
Syahruddin Hattab
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
Email: udinhattab60@gmail.com
Daswati
Email: daswatisahar@gmail.com
Mahpuddin
Email: mahpuddin_untad@yahoo.co.id
Trade center is an important factor in the economy of a region. Based on its physical form, the trade
center is commonly referred to as the market. Market is the most potential place for certain
bargains that are influenced by all buyers (Kotler & Keller, 2016). The market plays an active role in
development in providing goods and services, both for the government, consumers and producers.
In the current era of globalization, the function of market has undergone many changes not only as
a place of buying and selling but as a means to improve the community economy by the government.
There are two types of markets, traditional markets and modern markets (Ayuningsasi, 2011).
Modern Market is a market that is managed with modern management, generally on cities, as
providers of goods and services with good quality and service to consumers who are generally
members of the upper middle class society. Modern markets include malls, supermarkets,
department stores, shopping centers, franchises, mini-supermarket shops, and so on (Sinaga, 2004).
In Indonesia, local supermarkets have been around since the 1970s, although they are still
concentrated in big cities. Foreign-branded supermarkets entered Indonesia in the late 1990s since
the policy of direct foreign investment in the retail business sector opened in 1998. Increasing
competition has led to the emergence of supermarkets in small cities in order to find new customers
and waging price wars. As a result, Indonesian supermarkets only serve the upper middle class
people in the 1980s to the early 1990s, while supermarkets in small cities and the existence of price-
cutting strategies allow lower-middle class consumers to accessing supermarkets (Suryadarma,
2007).
Poso Regency is one of many places in Central Sulawesi which in the development stage after going
through a conflict that occurred. One of the efforts made by the regional government is through
economic development in order to create the welfare of the Poso district community. The concrete

form of these efforts is by working with investors to build several modern markets in the form of
shopping centers such as malls, supermarkets, department stores, shopping centers, franchises,
mini-supermarket shops, and so on. One of the newly opened shopping centers is Poso City Mall
(PCM).
The existence of this modern market is expected to encourage the creation of economic growth in
Poso District. One characteristic of economic growth in a region can be seen from the increase in
employment accompanied by an increase in income of the population, reduced poverty rates,
fulfilled community needs and the absence of economic disparities (Susilo & Taufik, 2009).
However, modern market conditions do not always have a positive impact. For example, prices the
modern market are non-negotiable and tend to be expensive for certain people. The existence of
modern markets are also feared to make small traders lose their income due to the tendency of
people to switch to modern markets. This problem of course will have an impact on economic
disparity.
Methods
This study uses descriptive qualitative methods. Where the main purpose of this study is to examine
in depth the phenomena that are being targeted for research, namely the effectiveness of modern
market development on economic growth in Poso Regenct. The location of this research was
conducted in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Determination of informants carried out by
Purposive Sampling with consideration that this research requires Informers sourced from
Implementor, namely: (1) Staff of the Regional office of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives of Poso;
(2) Staff of the Regional Research and Development Agency of Poso; (3) Staff of the Regional Office
of Revenue Affairs of Poso; (4) Market traders; (5) Local community leaders; and (6) Modern market
business actors. The data used in this study are qualitative and quantitative. There are two data
sources, namely:
a. Primary data sources, directly collected by researchers from the informants.
b. Secondary data sources, supporting data obtained in the form of documents.
This study also employed several data collection techniques, including Observation, Deep Interview
and Documentation. The results are analyzed using a qualitative analysis method, namely the
Interaction Analysis Model (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014).

The Contribution of the Modern Market to Poso’s Economic Growth
PCM's contribution to regional income as a whole, especially in the tax revenue sector, is 35%. A
fantastic number that would require serious attention. For entertainment tax revenue, PCM
provides the largest tax contribution in 2017, which is Rp. 211,289,257 or 99 percent. The form of
entertainment offered by PCM are rides and games for children. In addition to entertainment as a
source of tax that reached 99 percent, PCM also contributed parking tax in the largest amount of
Rp. 65,553,800 or about 99% of the total parking tax that the Poso District Government has obtained
within a year. Only 1% of parking tax is obtained from compulsory parking tax on other sources. That
means, entertainment tax revenues and parking for the Poso district government in 2017 are almost
entirely obtained from PCM.
Amount of contribution in 2017

(4 categories of taxpayers)
PCM Tax
Rp. 573.898.577
35%
Other Tax
Rp. 1.088.315.603
65%
Figure 1. Amount of Poso City Mall Tax revenue contribution, 2017

As for restaurant taxes, PCM contributes Rp. 290,938,972 or about 22% of the total restaurant tax
that was successfully obtained by the Regional Government of Poso Regency. The largest
contribution of utility tax is Rp. 3,647,640 or around 58% of the total utility tax that was successfully
obtained by the Poso District Government within a year.
The Contribution of 2017 Entertainment Tax

(PCM contributed Rp. 211.289.257)
Other
1%
PCM Entertainment
Tax
99%

Figure 2. Poso City Mall Entertainment Tax Revenue of 2017
The Contribution of 2017 Parking Tax

Other
1%
PCM Parking Tax

99%
Figure 3. Poso City Mall Parking Tax Revenue of 2017
The Contribution of 2017 Restaurant Tax

PCM Restaurants Tax

22%
Other Restaurant
78%
Figure 4. Poso City Mall Restaurant Tax Revenue of 2017

The Contribution of 2017 Utility Tax
Other
42%
PCM Utility Tax

58%
Figure 5. Poso City Mall Utility Tax Revenue of 2017
The Decreasing Number of PCM Visitors

Since the initial operation in 2016, the number of visitors of PCM has been relatively high. The
enthusiasm of the people visiting PCM is very encouraging. Not only from the people of Poso City,
but also from the surrounding regencies. But after a few months later, the number experienced a
downward trend until this study was completed. if these conditions are not immediately addressed,
then in the next few years, PCM as the mall of pride in Poso Regency will experience a severe crisis.
This is an unfavorable business situation, both the management and capital owners of PCM,
employees and the local government as tax recipients. In comparison, the continued decline in
profits is illustrated by a significant reduction in the submission of taxpayers made by PCM.

PCM Visitors
January-December 2017
80000
68175 69728
70000
60000
47890 49908 48395
50000 45995 45106 44815
42784
39506
40000 34331 35542
30000
20000
10000
Figure 6. Number of Poso City Mall Visitors in 2017
PCM Visitor of 2017 and 2018

January-July
250000 234200
200000 186789
150000
100000
50000
0
2017 2018
Figure 7. Poso City Mall Visitor Trends 2017-2018
The decrease in the number of visits has resulted in a multiplier effect that not only has an impact
on decreasing business income and tax obligations to local governments, but also impacts on the
policy of rationalization in the form of efficiency in corporate expenditure. The intended form of
efficiency includes downsizing the number of employees which means carrying out a large number
of layoffs.

From the conducted in-depth study, strong indications were found that were suspected as the main
problem (threatening condition), the decline in the number of PCM mall visits included the existence
of online businesses and unlicensed markets, both of which offered various selling products at
competitive prices. This happened because the two types of markets were detached from the reach
of demands to pay taxes and levies to the Regional Government of Poso Regency. In addition, there
are also competitive increase in similar business environments such as shops, minimarkets,
department stores, kiosks and traditional markets.
January-December 2017 January-August 2018

RP. 573.898.577 RP. 260.082.826
Utility, 0.10%
Parking, 12%
Utility,
Parking, 2%
1.00%
Restaurant,
52%
Restaurant, 51%
Entertainment, 45%
Entertainment, 37%
Figure 8. Comparison of Poso City Mall Tax Revenues of 2017 and 2018
Conclusions
1. The investment climate in the modern market business sector has not shown an established
level where modern market entrepreneurs have a picture of a more rapidly developing prospect
in the future, even indicated experiencing sluggishness or even symptoms of stagnation.
Business people in shops, minimarkets and the like seem to have a fairly good survival, even
though they are still far from ideal conditions. What is rather concerning is the condition of the
business managed by Poso City Mall (PCM)
2. Modern markets of Poso in particular have a positive contribution to the economic movement,
among others; tax revenues and levies, investment and large amounts of cash flow into Poso
Regency, absorption of local labor, stimulation for the growth of MSME business actors,
availability of household products for the wider community, as well as investment and security
icons.
3. Poso City Mall has a real contribution on regional tax revenue of Poso Regency and improving
the economy in general.
Reference
Ayuningsasi, A. A. K. (2011). ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PROGRAM
REVITALISASI PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KOTA DENPASAR (STUDI KASUS PASAR SUDHA
MERTA DESA SIDAKARYA). PIRAMIDA, 7(1), 1–12.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing Managment. New York: Pearson.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods
Sourcebook, Edition 3. USA: Sage Publication.
Sinaga, P. (2004). Pasar Modern VS Pasar Tradisional. Jakarta.
Suryadarma. (2007). Laporan Penelitian: Dampak Supermarket terhadap Pasar dan Pedagang Ritel
Tradisional di Pusat-pusat Perkotaan di Indonesia. Jakarta.
Susilo, A., & Taufik. (2009). DAMPAK KEBERADAAN PASAR MODERN TERHADAP USAHA RITEL
KOPERASI/WASERDA DAN PASAR TRADISIONAL. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 2(1).

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE USE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN IMPROVING
COMPREHENSION AMONG ETHNIC BUGIS COCOA FARMERS IN SOUTH SULAWESI
Tuti Bahfiarti, Arianto, Muhammad Nadjib

Departement of Communication
Faculty Social and Political Science
Corresponding Author : tutibahfiarti@unhas.ac.id
Methods
Research that refers to a quantitative approach through experimental testing. The quantitative
approach aims to test one theory, present a fact or describe statistics, show relationships between
variables, and develop concepts. According to Solso & MacLin (2008), experimental research is a
study in which at least one variable is manipulated to study causal relationships. Therefore,
experimental research is closely related to testing a hypothesis in order to find influence,
relationships, and differences in the treatment group.
The type of pre-exprimental approach is an experiment that controls the research situation using a
specific design and or random assignment of subjects. The type of research implementation uses
one treatment group. The first stage, symbolizes the size before the subject gets treatment (X) or
pretest that is done before the respondent is exposed to local language-based agricultural
messages. The second stage, symbolizes the measurement after the group gets the treatment (X)
posttest that is done after the respondent has been exposed to local language based agricultural
messages. The location of the research is the cocoa subsentra center of South Sulawesi, especially
Luwu Regency, where the majority of the population is Bugis and uses Bugis language in daily
activities.
The object of this research is individuals or cocoa farmer groups in Luwu Regency, namely Buah
Harapan and Noling Mujur. The collected data was analyzed quantitatively from the questionnaire
at the pretest and posttest stages. Data analysis using inferential statistics namely t-test or
difference test. This approach aims to analyze pre-experiments quantitatively.
Results
Communication and language is a fundamental and vital factor in human life. Similarly with the use
of media and communication technology that has become a crucial factor in knowledge transfer
from the communicator to the communicant. The process of knowledge transfer has a specific
barriers, such as language, which are less or not understood by the recipient. The knowledge
transfer process has specific barriers, for example language is not or is not understood by the
recipient. This study focuses on testing the use of local languages in increasing the level of
understanding of Bugis ethnic cocoa farmers in South Sulawesi through pre-experimental studies.
Based on inferential statistical calculations, which test X1 = message content, X2 = message structure,

and X3 = Message source, have a significance level of tcount smaller than ttable or ttable greater
than thitung. This means that there are differences before and after implementation, such as table
1 below:
Table 1. Difference Test Results Based on Testing Variables
Variable (X1), (X2), (X3) Value t Count Value t table
X1 Message Content -10,770 -1,684
X2 Message Structure -10,440 -1,684
X3 Message Source -17,800 -1,684
Source : Primary Data, 2019
Based on the table above shows that the value of t count starting from X1 = message content, X2 =
message structure, and X3 = Message source, has a value smaller than t table value, so it can be
concluded that there are differences in values before and after the messages Local language based
agriculture for Bugis ethnic farmers.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study through pre-experimental studies showed that there were
differences in values before and after the implementation of local language-based agricultural
messages for Bugis ethnic farmers. The highest difference in the X3 variable = Message source -
17,800, then X1 = message content -10,770, and X2 = message structure = -10,440. Data shows that
the value of t count has a value smaller than the value of t table, so it can be concluded that there are
differences in values before and after the implementation of local language-based agricultural
messages for Bugis ethnic farmers. This indicates that the use of local languages can increase the
level of understanding of cocoa farmers on agricultural messages received, such as planting,
maintenance, diseases/pests, dangerous pesticides, and local/national/ international cocoa prices.
References
Cook, T.D. & Campbell, D.T. (1979). Quasi-Experimentation: Design And Analysis Issues For Field
Settings. Chicago: Rand Mcnally College Publishing Company.
Elihu Katz, Jay G. Blumler, Michael Gurevitch. 1974. Utilization of Mass Communication, Current
Perspectives on Gratification Research. Sage Publication, London
Elzey, Freeman. 1976. An Introduction to Statistical Methods in The Behavior Science. Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, California.

Ross, S.M., & Morrison, G.R. (2003). Experimental Research Methods. Ln D.Jonassen (Ed.) Handbook
of Research for Educational Communications and Technology. (2nd Ed.). (pp 1021-1043).
Mahwah Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Straubhaar dan LaRose.1997. Communications Media in the Information Society. Wadsworth
Publishing, United State of Amerika.
Solso, R.L, Maclin, O.H.M, Kimberly Maclin. 2008. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi Kedelapan (Terjemahan
Mikael Rahardanto dan Kristianto Batuadji). Jakarta: Erlangga
Straubhaar dan LaRose.1997. Communications Media in the Information Society. Wadsworth
Publishing, United State of Amerika.
Sugiyono. 1997. Statistik Untuk Penelitian. Alfabeta, Bandung
----------. 2010. Metode penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D, Penerbit Alfabeta
Seels, B.B. dan Richey, R.C. 1994. Instructional Technology : The Definition and Domain of the Field.
Washington, DC. : Association for Educational Communication and Technology.

VILLAGE HEAD LEADERSHIP AND BUREAUCRATIC MODEL
TOWARDS GOOD GOVERNANCE IN SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Ahmad Mustanir
University of Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang, Indonesia
Email: ahmadmustanir74@gmail.com
Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Email: kittisak.j@chula.ac.th
Akhwan Ali
Email: alitribun@gmail.com
Sam Hermansyah
Email: syam_hermansyah85@yahoo.com
Sakinah
Email: sakinahina68@gmail.com
Introduction
The leadership of Village Head and his quality of services at Lautang Benteng Office are less
than optimal. The head of the village is not maximized in set of employees on time in delivering
community services. Likewise, in carrying out its functions, namely the functions of control that has
not been done effectively and efficiently is to conduct supervision and direction to employees daily
activities. Some of the clerks in Office. They are not fair in providing public services. Employees more
quickly serve on relatives or nepotism such as the management of administration. Employees more
quickly serve relatives near and among the economic upper class in comparison with the economic
lower class. It was caused because the leadership of the headman are not optimal to perform its
duties and functions in regulating and supervising,controlling the employees especially in service to
the community.
Methods
The research method employed was descriptive quantitative. It used Random Sampling
technique with a total sample of 96 respondents. Data collection techniques employed were
observation, questionnaire, and documentation. Data analysis were by presenting data for each
variable under study, performing calculations to answer the problem statements. The results of
analysis employed quantitative descriptive techniques with frequency tables and used scale as a
measuring instrument. The collected data employed analysis with SPSS 16.0 for Windows.

The analysis is based on functional or causal relationships. Statistically, measurements were
made from statistical value f, statistical value t, and coefficient of determination. Statistical F test
was used to indicate whether or not variable X entered has a joint effect on the variable Y. The
statistical value f is called significant if the value of f-count> f-table and test of significance of 0.05>
sig. The "t" statistical test was used to determine whether or not there is a partial effect of X 1 and
X2 variables on variable Y. The calculation of statistical value t is called significant if the statistical
test is in a critical area (H0 is rejected), and is not significant if the statistical test value is in the area
where H0 is accepted. Or by associating the level of significance t with 0.05 (a = 5%) or comparing
between t count with t table. If the significance level is <0.05 or if the t-count value> t-table, the
hypothesis is accepted. The coefficient of determination was used to measure how far the model's
ability to explain the dependent variables. Determination coefficient value between 0 and 1.
Results
1. Village Head Leadership
Table1.Recapitulation of respondents on Village Head Leadership
No Respondents Average Category

1 Democratic 70,4% Good
2 Bureaucratic 68,2% Good
3 Freedom 64,2% Good
4 Autocratic 57,2% Enough
260%
Average = 65% Good
4
Source:Questionnaire Data Processing,2019
The average accumulation of the percentage of four questions on the leadership style
indicator, so that average percentage is obtained, which is 65% in the "Good" category. From the
four indicators of leadership style, most dominant is the indicator of democratic which is 70.4%, it
means that Village Head in prioritizing the division of tasks to the staffs is categorized as good
category. However, it still needs to be optimized and also the commands given to staffs should be
based on their abilities / expertise in working on mandate given. However, the lowest is autocratic
style with a value of 57.2%, meaning that Village Head in treating employees depends on the power
possessed which is considered to be fairly good category.

2. Bureaucratic Style
Table 2.Recapitulation of respondents' responses
No Respondents Average Category

1 Politeness 64% Good
2 Justice 54,4% Enough
3 Care 58,6% Enough
4 Discipline 63,6% Good
5 Sensitivity 60,4% Enough
6 Responsibility 61,4% Good
362.4%
Average = 60,4% Enough
6
The accumulation of average percentage, which is 60.4%, is category of "Good Enough".

From six indicators of bureaucratic behavior, the most dominant is politeness, which is 64%, it
means that the motivation of staffs to serve community has been able to facilitate good and polite
behavior by respecting the community. Nevertheless, the lowest is justice indicator with a value of
54.4%. This value represents based on the time of the initial observation, where the staffs prefer to
quickly serve their close relatives or being nepotistic, such as certificate or cover letter processing.
This phenomenon needs to be adjusted by Government in terms of services to the community in
order that the public perspective on the services provided by Government is fair.
3. Good Governance
Table3.Recapitulation of respondents of Good Governance
No Respondents Average Percentage Category

1 Accountability 57,2% Enough
2 Transparency 57,4% Enough
3 Openness 56,2% Enough
4 Rule of law 65% Good
235.8%
Average = 58,95% Enough
4

The accumulation of average percentage 58.95% category of "Good Enough". Of four
indicators of good governance, the most dominant is legal rule indicator, which is 65%, meaning
that there are still activities that have a legal basis but have not been carried out by the Village
government so that the Village government needs to review these activities. Where as the lowest
indicator of openness is 56.2%. those present at the event did not represent the whole community
4. Village Leadership and Bureaucratic Behavior towards the realization of Good Governance
Table 4. Model of Summary
Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate
1 .106a .011 -.010 1.768
a. Predictors:(Constant),Bureaucratic Behavior,Village Leadership
Based on the result above, it explains that magnitude of correlation / relationship (R) is 0.106
and is explained by percentage effect of variables X1, X2 on Y which is called coefficient of
determination which is the result of R. from output coefficient of determination (R Square)
amounting to 0, 011, which implies that influence of Village Leadership and Bureaucratic on the
Realization of Good Governance is 11% while the rest is influenced by other factors.
Table5. Anova
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 3.287 2 1.643 .526 .593a
Residual 290.703 93 3.126
Total 293.990 95
a. Predictors:(Constant),Bureaucratic Behavior,Village Leadership
b. Dependent Variable: Good Governance
The table above explains whether there is a significant (significant) influence of Village
leadership (X1) and bureaucratic (X2) on good governance (Y) variables. From the results of the
calculation above, it can be seen that F count = 0.526 with a significant level of probability of 0.593>
0.005, then the regression model can be used to predict the variable good governance.

Table 6. Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.
1 (Constant) 12.749 1.470 8.674 .000
Bureaucratic Behavior .024 .072 .034 .328 .744
, Village Leadership .068 .068 .104 1.004 .318
a. Dependent Variable:Good Governance
The table above explains that in column B at constant (a) is 12.749 while the leadership score
of Village (b1) is 0.024 and the value of bureaucratic behavior (b2) is 0.068. Based on the data
above, it can be said that:
a. Constant from the Unstandardized Coefficients, the value is 12.749, which means that if there is
Village leadership (X1) and bureaucratic (X2), the value of good governance (Y) is 12.749.
b. Regression coefficient X1 equals 0.024 means that every 1% increase in Village leadership value,
good governance (Y) will increase by 0.024.
c. The regression coefficient X2 of 0.068 means that for every 1% increase in the value of
bureaucratic, good governance (Y) will increase by 0.068.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the leadership variable obtains t count = 0.328
with a significant value of 0.744> 0.5, meaning that there is a significant effect while the bureaucratic
variable obtains t count = 1.004 with a significant value of 0.318> 0.5 meaning that there is a
significant influence. It means that there is a significant (significant) influence of Village leadership
(X1) and bureaucratic (X2) on good governance (Y) variables.
Conclusions
1. Village leadership includes four leadership, namely democratic, bureaucratic, freedom and
autocratic. The results of indicators regarding Village leadership with 65% achievement included
the good category.
2. Bureaucratic includes politeness, justice, caring, discipline, sensitivity and responsibility. The
results of indicators of bureaucratic with achievement of 60.4% in the fairly good category.
3. Good governance includes four indicators including accountability, transparency, openness and
rule of law. The four indicators, 58.95% were included in the fairly good category
4. the Village leadership obtained a t count = 0.328 with a significant value of 0.744> 0.5 while the
bureaucratic variable obtained a t count = 1.004 with a significant value of 0.318> 0.5 with a
percentage 11%, it can be said that there is a significant influence between the village leadership

variable and bureaucratic towards the realization of good governance. The better village
leadership and bureaucratic will increase the realization of good governance.
Reference
Books :
Ahmad, J. (2015). Metode Penelitian Administrasi Publik. Yogyakarta: Gava Media.
________. (2011). Perilaku Birokrasi dan Pengambilan Keputusan. Makassar: Badan Penertbit
Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Kartono. (2014). Pemimpin dan Kepemimpinan. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Mulyadi, R. V. (2012). Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada.
Rivai, V. (2012). Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada.
Robbins SP; Judge. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi Buku 2. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Samad, Z. (2016). Birokrasi Dalam Pelayanan Publik. Yogyakrta: Ombak Tiga.
Sedarmayanti. (2004). Good Government (Pemerintahan yang baik). Bandung: CV. Mandar Maju.
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: PT Alfabet.
Sutikno, S M. (2014). Pemimpin dan Gaya Kepemimpinan, EdisiPertama. Lombok: Holistica.
Syafiie, I. K. (2016). Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Syakrani; Syahriani. (2009). Implementasi Otonomi Daerah dalam Perspektif Good Governance.
Terry, G. (2010). Dasar-Dasar Manajemen. Cetakan kesebelas. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.
Thoha, M. (2010). Kepemimpinan Dalam Manajemen. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
________. (2013). Prilaku Organisasi Konsep Dasar Dan Implikasinya. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada.
Yukl, G. (2015). Kepemimpinan Dalam Organisasi (Edisi 7). Jakarta : Indeks.
Zainuddin. (2017). Teori-teori Mutakhir Dalam Perspektif Ilmu Administrasi Publik. Makassar:
Phinatama Media.
Journals :
Arianto, B. (2016). Kepemimpinan Lurah dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Kerja Perangkat Kelurahan.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik(Public Administration Journal). ISSN 2548-7787. Doi 10.31289.
Publiser: Universitas Medan Area. Vol 6(2). Hal 107-122.
Gafur, A. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Birokrasi terhadap Perwujudan Good
Governance di Kelurahan Lancarang Kecamatan Pitu Riawa kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang.
Skripsi Ilmu pemerintahan. Stisip Muhammadiyah Rappang.

Garmana, D. H. (2016). Tinjauan Perilaku Birokrasi Aparatur Pemerintah. Journal of Regional Public
Administration (JRPA) , 12-20.
Haeruddin. (2015). Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Desa terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan
Masyarakat di Desa Timoreng Panua Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Skripsi Ilmu
Pemerintahan. Stisip Muhammadiyah Rappang.
Hamzah, O. S. (2014). Perilaku Birokrasi Pemerintah Dalam Pelayanan Puskesmas Di Kota Makassar.
Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik. Program Studi Ilmu Administrasi Publik Program
Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Makassar. Society Universitas negeri makassar. ISSN 2549-
7499. Vol 4 No 1 Tahun 2014.
Irwan; Latif, Adam; Sofyan, Mustanir, Ahmad; Fatimah. (2019). Gaya Kepemimpinan, Kinerja
Aparatur Sipil Negara dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Terhadap Pembangunan Di Kecamatan Kulo
Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Publisher Program Studi Ilmu Pemerintahan FISIP Universitas
Galuh Ciamis. Jurnal :MODERAT: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Nomor 1,
Pebruari 2019, hlm 32-43. ISSN: 2442-3777 (cetak) ISSN: 2622-691X (online).
Leavy, P. (2017). Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and
Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-4625-
1438-0.
Levy, Brian. (2015). Governance Reform: Getting The Fit Right. Public Administration and
Development. Published online in Wiley Online Library. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1734
Mustanir, Ahmad; Jaya, Irfan. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Politik Terhadap
Perilaku Pemilih Towani Tolotang Di Kecamatan Maritengngae Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang.
Jurnal Politik Profetik. Publisher Jurusan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin
Makassar. Volume 4 No 1 Edisi September 2016. ISSN (print) : 2337-4756. ISSN (online) : 2549-
1784. p 84-97
Oktamiati. (2017). Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Perilaku Birokrasi di Kelurahan Kadidi Kecamatan
Panca Rijang Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Skripsi Ilmu Administrasi Publik. Stisip
Muhammadiyah Rappang.
Rodding, M. I. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Birokrasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai
Pada Kantor Kecamatan Maiwa Kabupaten Enrekang. Skripsi Ilmu Pemerintahan. Stisip
Muhammadiyah Rappang.
Syarifuddin, M. (2013). Studi Tentang kepemimpinan Lurah Dalam Meningkatkan Disiplin Kerja
Pegawai Di Kelurahan Pelita Kota Samarinda. eJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan. 1229-1242.
Sutiyo; Maharjan, Keshav Lall. (2017). Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia.
Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-3208-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3208-0
Titiek Puji Astuti, Y. (2016). Good Governance Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa Menyongsong
Berlakunya Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun2014. Akuntansi dan Keuangan. Vol 1(2016). Hal 1-
14.

Documents :
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 73 Tahun 2005 Tentang Kelurahan.
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 101 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Jabatan Pegawai
Negeri Sipil.
Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.

IB TIMES: THE ADAPTATION OF MUHAMADIYAH AND ITS YOUNGER GENERATION TO
MAXIMALIZE MEDIA USE IN THE DIGITAL ERA
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Email: filosa@umy.ac.id
Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah as modern and progressive Islamic organization has
strongly realized the importance of media. Suara Muhammadiyah magazine, Muhammadiyah's
official publication since 1915, is the proof. Muhammadiyah as an organization was founded since
1912. That is to say, only within a three-year gap, the elites of this first Indonesian modern Islamic
organization considered media to be one of their vital movements.
Muhammadiyah faces print media and digital media differently. With print media,
Muhammadiyah quickly adapted to the condition, as what they showed with the publication of
Suara Muhammadiyah. However, when it came to digital media, Muhammadiyah did not manage it
as fast as before. Muhammadiyah's website has left behind by other Islamic websites in terms of
popularity.
As regards digital media, clearly, younger generations play a significant role within it. With
the development of social media, this group becomes increasingly active in digital media to voice
their ideas. Today's younger people were raised in the era of smartphone and other cutting-edge
technologies. Their complaints about the speed of wifi connection and price of cellular data have
grown to be epidemic and can be seen as a sign of their entanglement. According to BBC Newsround
in 2016 (9 February), most of the current adolescents are social media user since they were ten
years old. It is not surprising if those teenagers are seriously deemed potential target by many
stakeholders because numerous essential transformations from childhood to adulthood take place
in this phase. It is a stage where an individual learns about and admit himself. It is critical considering
media owns the capability to alter human's interaction pattern and even social changes (Nagib,
2018, p. 51). Unfortunately, Muhammadiyah has not provided an appropriate amount of concern
to their younger generations.
In the midst of Muhammadiyah's lack of heed to their younger members, who are actively
using digital media, a progressive Islamic website called IB Times (‘I’ stands for Islam, and ‘B’ stand
for berkemajuan [progressive]) (https://ibtimes.id), emerged in 2018 as a result of the ideas of
Muhammadiyah's younger generations. This article will demonstrate how digital media managed
by Muhammadiyah's younger members works and how Muhammadiyah and their more youthful
people adapt to recent technological transformation.

Research of this topic has been conducted by several researchers, ranging from (Yustitia,
2016), (Sukmono, 2012), (Zaenudin, 2012), to (Nasrullah, 2012). However, none of the mentioned
above has studied the relation between Muhammadiyah, youngsters, and digital media.
Methods
The research applied a case-study method. In-depth interview, observation, and literature
review were performed for the data collection. The informant was decided using a purposive
sampling method or criterion-based selection. The interviewees were the editors of IB Times, and
the object of observation was IB Times activities. All data were recorded in the fieldnote.
Results
IB Times emerged as the response of Muhammadiyah's younger members towards a new
tendency, a transformation that is affected by digital media toward the blueprint of media and
audiences. IB is an abbreviation from Progressive Islam, a phrase referring to Muhammadiyah's
ideology, meaning that Islam is a religion that contains progressive values to develop an eminent
civilization and be a blessing for all creatures (Din al-Hadlarah).
IB Times endeavors to present Islam culturally from the perspective of Muhammadiyah;
hopefully, it can be accepted by the younger people. IB Times's concern is the younger people who
actively use social media. In the website, IB Times declared that "in the millennial age, changes in
the informational access pattern have transformed social sets of attitudes, behaviors, and activities.
Social media characteristic that influences the complexion of millennial society includes the
following: firstly, it is real-time. In a matter of second, information can be uploaded and posted.
Secondly, it is interactive. All figures could be commented without mediation or editorial process.
Thirdly, it is documentative. Anything that has been posted is documented well. Finally, it is
accumulative because media managers might be the journalist, editor, editor in chief, and
distributor concurrently.
IB Times' editor in chief, Azaki Khoirudin, asserted that IB Times started from an internet site
called progressive Islam (Islam Berkemajuan). The name was changed to be easier to remember and
easily recognized by younger people. The name Progressive Islam was chosen because the ones who
run the site are Muhammadiyah youngsters.
Zaki Khoirudin realized that Muhammadiyah was left behind as opposed to other Islamic
organization in terms of digital media usage. Radical Islamic organization, for example, has actively
used digital media to voice their interest, as well as to recruit new members, far prior to IB Times.
As for the code of ethics, the standard code of ethics of journalism become the operational
foundation for this multi-platform journalist to produce news, articles, photos, infographics, graphic
movement, and so on. On the other hand, Islamic code of ethics of journalism, referring to 'fiqh'
information is the operational foundation for deciding topic or content so as not to violate moderate
Islam principle (Wasathiyah), which is reflection of al-Qur'an values (al-nash), science and
technology development, and Indonesian local wisdom.
Before IB Times, Muhammadiyah's digital media tended to be like informational sites to
inform official organization activities. Two sites represent Muhammadiyah officially: the website of

Muhammadiyah Central Board (Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah) in www.muhammadiyah.or.id
and The Voice of Muhammadiyah (Suara Muhammadiyah) in www.suaramuhammadiyah.id. Those
two sites mostly contain hard news on activities performed by Muhammadiyah as an organization.
Although some articles that present Muhammadiyah's ideas do occur, the number is limited. The
style also uses print media approach.
Different from other digital media organized by Muhammadiyah, IB Times present novelty in
digital media management, whether towards the content or management. Regarding the content,
IB Times presents articles about ideas and features. Idea article that is written in IB Times is
displayed using a popular style of writing. The reason behind this is that Progressive Islam that is
voiced by Muhammadiyah is a grand narrative. Consequently, it is difficult to be grasped by the
audience, especially the younger generation. IB Times management contended that notions
concerning progressive Islam should be displayed using an approach that is suitable for digital
audiences. It is because this segment is the group that uses media actively. Audiences in this
segment participate in internet's connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity.
Regarding connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity, Rafaeli distinguished the functions of
each. The network should have humans interface, but also they should have architects that enable
that to happen. That type of interactive network, after rendered, might take its history, and through
that kind of history, connectivity formed. Two-Way communication cannot solely guarantee
interactivity. By contrast, exchanges or action-reaction should grow to be a relationship where one
utterance turns to be a context for the other. Without this connectivity, the relation can be circular
or solipsistic (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009, p. 153).
Conclusions
IB Times is an adaptation executed by Muhammadiyah toward the development of digital
media technology. Organized by Muhammadiyah younger members, IB times displays information
using connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity approaches. Regarding contents, IB times includes
ideas and feature article, which is an implementation of progressive Islamic principle. By carrying
moderate notions, IB Times is the answer to public concern regarding the spread of radical sites and
social media accounts.
IB Times is a more sophisticated step initiated by younger Muhammadiyah's member to cope
with the digital era. IB Times succeeds in connecting with the younger generations by presenting
articles that are easier to understand by them. It is the critical factor making IB Times could interact
with younger generations. The research recommends that digital media organized by
Muhammadiyah could learn from IB Times in finding the way to approach digital audiences. It does
not say that total imitation is necessary. The emphasis is in the capability to adjust with audiences
and digital world's development, and Muhammadiyah's digital media ought to execute it effectively.
Reference
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. California: Sage.
Nagib, N. A. (2018). The Effects of Vlogging (Video Blogging) towards Female Teens’ Sense of
Beauty in Indonesia. In F. &. Junaedi (Ed.), New Media in Disruption Era: A Challenge for
Communication Research, Media, and Multiculturalism (pp. 61-70). Yogyakarta: Aspikom.

Nasrullah. (2012). Komodifikasi Warga Dalam Ruang Citizen Journalism. Kawista, 2(2), 105-224.
Sukmono, F. G. (2012). Ruang Publik Alternatif dalam Cyberspace. Komunikasi Makna, 2(2), 132-
139.
Yustitia, S. (2016). Citizen Journalism Melawan Mainstream Media. The Messenger, 2(1), 1-9.
Zaenudin, H. N. (2012). Cermin Citizen Journalism di Indonesia. Observasi, 10(2), 103-114.

IB TIMES: THE ADAPTATION OF MUHAMADIYAH AND ITS YOUNGER GENERATION
TO MAXIMALIZE MEDIA USE IN THE DIGITAL ERA

Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Email: filosa@umy.ac.id
Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah as modern and progressive Islamic organization has
strongly realized the importance of media. Suara Muhammadiyah magazine, Muhammadiyah's
official publication since 1915, is the proof. Muhammadiyah as an organization was founded since
1912. That is to say, only within a three-year gap, the elites of this first Indonesian modern Islamic
organization considered media to be one of their vital movements.
Muhammadiyah faces print media and digital media differently. With print media,
Muhammadiyah quickly adapted to the condition, as what they showed with the publication of
Suara Muhammadiyah. However, when it came to digital media, Muhammadiyah did not manage it
as fast as before. Muhammadiyah's website has left behind by other Islamic websites in terms of
popularity.
As regards digital media, clearly, younger generations play a significant role within it. With
the development of social media, this group becomes increasingly active in digital media to voice
their ideas. Today's younger people were raised in the era of smartphone and other cutting-edge
technologies. Their complaints about the speed of wifi connection and price of cellular data have
grown to be epidemic and can be seen as a sign of their entanglement. According to BBC Newsround
in 2016 (9 February), most of the current adolescents are social media user since they were ten
years old. It is not surprising if those teenagers are seriously deemed potential target by many
stakeholders because numerous essential transformations from childhood to adulthood take place
in this phase. It is a stage where an individual learns about and admit himself. It is critical considering
media owns the capability to alter human's interaction pattern and even social changes (Nagib,
2018, p. 51). Unfortunately, Muhammadiyah has not provided an appropriate amount of concern
to their younger generations.
In the midst of Muhammadiyah's lack of heed to their younger members, who are actively
using digital media, a progressive Islamic website called IB Times (‘I’ stands for Islam, and ‘B’ stand
for berkemajuan [progressive]) (https://ibtimes.id), emerged in 2018 as a result of the ideas of
Muhammadiyah's younger generations. This article will demonstrate how digital media managed
by Muhammadiyah's younger members works and how Muhammadiyah and their more youthful
people adapt to recent technological transformation.

Research of this topic has been conducted by several researchers, ranging from (Yustitia,
2016), (Sukmono, 2012), (Zaenudin, 2012), to (Nasrullah, 2012). However, none of the mentioned
above has studied the relation between Muhammadiyah, youngsters, and digital media.
Methods
The research applied a case-study method. In-depth interview, observation, and literature
review were performed for the data collection. The informant was decided using a purposive
sampling method or criterion-based selection. The interviewees were the editors of IB Times, and
the object of observation was IB Times activities. All data were recorded in the fieldnote.
Results
IB Times emerged as the response of Muhammadiyah's younger members towards a new
tendency, a transformation that is affected by digital media toward the blueprint of media and
audiences. IB is an abbreviation from Progressive Islam, a phrase referring to Muhammadiyah's
ideology, meaning that Islam is a religion that contains progressive values to develop an eminent
civilization and be a blessing for all creatures (Din al-Hadlarah).
IB Times endeavors to present Islam culturally from the perspective of Muhammadiyah;
hopefully, it can be accepted by the younger people. IB Times's concern is the younger people who
actively use social media. In the website, IB Times declared that "in the millennial age, changes in
the informational access pattern have transformed social sets of attitudes, behaviors, and activities.
Social media characteristic that influences the complexion of millennial society includes the
following: firstly, it is real-time. In a matter of second, information can be uploaded and posted.
Secondly, it is interactive. All figures could be commented without mediation or editorial process.
Thirdly, it is documentative. Anything that has been posted is documented well. Finally, it is
accumulative because media managers might be the journalist, editor, editor in chief, and
distributor concurrently.
IB Times' editor in chief, Azaki Khoirudin, asserted that IB Times started from an internet site
called progressive Islam (Islam Berkemajuan). The name was changed to be easier to remember and
easily recognized by younger people. The name Progressive Islam was chosen because the ones who
run the site are Muhammadiyah youngsters.
Zaki Khoirudin realized that Muhammadiyah was left behind as opposed to other Islamic
organization in terms of digital media usage. Radical Islamic organization, for example, has actively
used digital media to voice their interest, as well as to recruit new members, far prior to IB Times.
As for the code of ethics, the standard code of ethics of journalism become the operational
foundation for this multi-platform journalist to produce news, articles, photos, infographics, graphic
movement, and so on. On the other hand, Islamic code of ethics of journalism, referring to 'fiqh'
information is the operational foundation for deciding topic or content so as not to violate moderate
Islam principle (Wasathiyah), which is reflection of al-Qur'an values (al-nash), science and
technology development, and Indonesian local wisdom.
Before IB Times, Muhammadiyah's digital media tended to be like informational sites to
inform official organization activities. Two sites represent Muhammadiyah officially: the website of

Muhammadiyah Central Board (Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah) in www.muhammadiyah.or.id
and The Voice of Muhammadiyah (Suara Muhammadiyah) in www.suaramuhammadiyah.id. Those
two sites mostly contain hard news on activities performed by Muhammadiyah as an organization.
Although some articles that present Muhammadiyah's ideas do occur, the number is limited. The
style also uses print media approach.
Different from other digital media organized by Muhammadiyah, IB Times present novelty in
digital media management, whether towards the content or management. Regarding the content,
IB Times presents articles about ideas and features. Idea article that is written in IB Times is
displayed using a popular style of writing. The reason behind this is that Progressive Islam that is
voiced by Muhammadiyah is a grand narrative. Consequently, it is difficult to be grasped by the
audience, especially the younger generation. IB Times management contended that notions
concerning progressive Islam should be displayed using an approach that is suitable for digital
audiences. It is because this segment is the group that uses media actively. Audiences in this
segment participate in internet's connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity.
Regarding connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity, Rafaeli distinguished the functions of
each. The network should have humans interface, but also they should have architects that enable
that to happen. That type of interactive network, after rendered, might take its history, and through
that kind of history, connectivity formed. Two-Way communication cannot solely guarantee
interactivity. By contrast, exchanges or action-reaction should grow to be a relationship where one
utterance turns to be a context for the other. Without this connectivity, the relation can be circular
or solipsistic (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009, p. 153).
Conclusions
IB Times is an adaptation executed by Muhammadiyah toward the development of digital
media technology. Organized by Muhammadiyah younger members, IB times displays information
using connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity approaches. Regarding contents, IB times includes
ideas and feature article, which is an implementation of progressive Islamic principle. By carrying
moderate notions, IB Times is the answer to public concern regarding the spread of radical sites and
social media accounts.
IB Times is a more sophisticated step initiated by younger Muhammadiyah's member to cope
with the digital era. IB Times succeeds in connecting with the younger generations by presenting
articles that are easier to understand by them. It is the critical factor making IB Times could interact
with younger generations. The research recommends that digital media organized by
Muhammadiyah could learn from IB Times in finding the way to approach digital audiences. It does
not say that total imitation is necessary. The emphasis is in the capability to adjust with audiences
and digital world's development, and Muhammadiyah's digital media ought to execute it effectively.
Reference
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. California: Sage.
Nagib, N. A. (2018). The Effects of Vlogging (Video Blogging) towards Female Teens’ Sense of
Beauty in Indonesia. In F. &. Junaedi (Ed.), New Media in Disruption Era: A Challenge for
Communication Research, Media, and Multiculturalism (pp. 61-70). Yogyakarta: Aspikom.

Nasrullah. (2012). Komodifikasi Warga Dalam Ruang Citizen Journalism. Kawista, 2(2), 105-224.
Sukmono, F. G. (2012). Ruang Publik Alternatif dalam Cyberspace. Komunikasi Makna, 2(2), 132-
139.
Yustitia, S. (2016). Citizen Journalism Melawan Mainstream Media. The Messenger, 2(1), 1-9.
Zaenudin, H. N. (2012). Cermin Citizen Journalism di Indonesia. Observasi, 10(2), 103-114.

BARRIES TO PUBLIC SECTOR INNOVATION:
A CASE STUDY IN THE ALLEY GARDEN PROGRAM IN MAKASSAR CITY
Gita Susanti
Department of Administrative Science, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl.
Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar, Indonesia
Email: gitasusanti65@gmail.
Andi Ahmad Yani

Email: aayani@unhas.ac.id
Siti Halwatiah
Email: halwatiah.sirajuddin@gmail.com
Muhammad Irvan Nur Iva

Email: m.irvan.nuriva@gmail.com
Andi Rahmat Hidayat

Email: rahmathidayat@unhas.ac.id
Alfiana
Email: alfianahafid97@gmail.com
The public sector is reaping demands for change to be more flexible and able to answer the
challenges of community dynamics. Innovation is an obligation and a need for governments at all
levels because innovation is the answer to problems faced by the public sector (Utomo, 2016).
Innovation can be something tangible or intangible. In this context, the dimensions of innovation
are very broad. Understanding innovation as appropriate that is only identical with technology alone
will narrow the actual context of innovation (Rogers, 1995). Mulgan and Albury stated several
reasons why the public sector must innovate: (1) innovation is carried out to respond more
effectively to changes in the needs and expectations of the public that continue to increase; (2) to
include cost elements and to improve efficiency; (3) to improve the delivery of public services,
including those in the past which have made little progress; (4) to capitalize on the full use of ICT, as
this has been proven to increase efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery (Mulgan and Labury,
2003).
The Makassar City Government is responsible for the development of its territory in accordance
with the socio-cultural context and Law No. 9 of 2015 concerning Regional Government. The city of
Makassar has a sizeable population density in Indonesia of 1,671,001 People in 2018 with a growth
rate of 0.09 (BPS, 2018). Uncontrolled growth in urban population has led to the emergence of land
clearing activities for settlements. Space needs are increasing to accommodate the needs of urban
dwellers. The increasing amount of demand for urban space results in deterioration in
environmental quality.
The increasing population density of Makassar City has caused problems with land conversion
and changes in land use intensity. This causes a reduction in green open space, both private and
public proportions. Access roads that are increasingly narrow are the effects of shifting use of space.
This affects the condition of the aisle that is not maintained and affects the visual quality of the
environment and socio-cultural degradation. Therefore, Lorong Garden (LONGGAR) is a
manifestation of the Makassar City Government's innovation in resolving these problems, in
accordance with its vision of “Mewujudkan Kota Dunia yang Nyaman untuk Semua, Tata Lorong
Bangun Kota Dunia” or in english "Creating a Comfortable World City for All, Manage the Alleys to
Develop World City".
The LONGGAR program was developed into a productive program like urban farming with an
agricultural concept in the massive urban sphere developed into infill Agriculture. The LONGGAR
program changes the face of the hallway to be attractive and changes the community's perception
of the hallway to be more positive and productive. The city allies are filled with vertical gardens
planted with productive plants which can be consumed and sold at harvest time. Therefore, it can
be said that the program is a driving force for the community's economy.
Methods
The study uses a qualitative approach that is to find out or describe the reality and events the
under study to facilitate the determination of objective data. The focus of the research is public
sector innovation barriers in the implementation of LONGGAR program in Makassar. The type of
data processed consists of primary data that is the main data obtained from in-depth observations,
in-depth interviews with the community and local government. Then secondary data is supporting
data obtained through literature review and document studies. The technique of determining
informants is by purposive sampling, where the determination of the sample in research is not done
in the entire population, but focus on the target by considering certain criteria according to the
research objectives. Qualitative data analysis techniques by carefully abstracting every information
obtained through three stages namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing
(Miles et al. 2014).
The Lorong Garden (LONGGAR) program was implemented in 2015. As a manifestation of the
achievement of “Clean Makassar” and the main program of each district and sub-district in

Makassar City, the Chairperson of RW, RT and community leaders worked together to create the
LONGGAR program in their community. The objectives of this program are: increasing the quality of
the aisles, raising public awareness, strengthening community friendship, minimizing criminal acts
and contributing to the community's economy. This encouraged the emergence of the flagship
program "1000 LONGGAR Movement", by arranging 7,520 aisles in Makassar City.
The 1000 LONGGAR program certainly not only changed the face of the dirty and arid alleyways
in Makassar to be clean and green, but also can make contribution to community’s economy.
Through urban farming, the city halls are filled with vertical gardens planted with productive plants
such as vegetables and fruit and ornamental plants. At harvest time, it can be consumed by residents
and can also be sold. Green and Productive are the colours of allies.
LONGGAR includes an innovation system with fundamental changes from existing systems by
establishing new interactions. As a public sector innovation, LONGGAR is not an attempt to fill in
and interpret rules following local conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify barriers to the
application of LONGGAR and the following eight indicators for measuring the inhibiting factors of
public sector innovation as follows:
3.1. Reluctance to close down filing program or organization,
A program or even organizational unit that has clearly demonstrated failure will be better closed
and replaced with a more promising new program or unit. Every innovation must be open to failure
and improvement. LONGGAR program is the first innovation in Indonesia, specifically the
acceleration of environmental quality accompanied by an increase in people's welfare.
Implementation of LONGGAR has been carried out since 2015. The Office of Maritime Affairs,
Fisheries, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (DKP3) of Makassar City, as a technical agency, is
planning to develop a productive green alley garden, known as the garden alley (LONGGAR), with a
budget of IDR. 123 million. The LONGGAR planning budget is IDR. 2.9 million per alley. This allocation
comes from the 2015 Regional Budget (APBD) of Makassar.
3.2. Over-reliance on high performers as source of innovation,
Dependence on certain figures who have high performance causes most employees in the
public sector to only become followers. When the figure disappears, the work experinces
stagnation. The implementation of the LONGGAR program helps the Food Security Agency reach
the village level. Where the Food Security Agency became the leading sector in the innovation of
this program. One of the incentives provided by the agency is the assistance of seedlings and
extension workers. Seedling assistance has spread to 14 sub-districts, and there are 49 extension
agents. However, there are still many people who do not understand the purpose of this program
and where their crops will be sold. Makassar mayor's policy on Lorong Garden is less socialized so
that some people do not understand and do not act as initiators of LONGGAR before there are
officers who check the condition of the hallway and its worthiness. Similar barriers to
implementation of LONGGAR were found in Rappocini District, which became a pilot hall in the
implementation of the LONGGAR innovation program. After the mayor's visit to ASEN, the program
was not taken care of because the people are busy workers and district officials and related agencies
no longer routinely monitor the condition of the program.

3.3. Technologies available but constraining cultural or organizational arrangement,
Innovation fails not because of the lack of technological support, but rather because of
traditions or organizational policies that are not pro innovation. The level of education affects the
understanding of the community to be involved in the Lorong Garden (LONGGAR) program. The
community has not received counselling due to the limited extension workers and it is difficult to
understand the program's action plan independently. As a result, people are not unwilling to
participate, but there are limited information and resources. The government and related agencies
as the implementor of the LONGGAR program did not work optimally because the implementing
apparatus only installs the plants directly without the empowerment of basic education in urban
hall-based agriculture for the community. They only directly install plants such as chillies, eggplants
etc. and then left it. In addition, technical factors such as the lack of water supply from the Regional
Water Company (PDAM) hamper plant maintenance. As with human resource management theory,
program success is determined by competent human resources and the availability of supporting
resources.
3.4. No rewards or incentives to innovate or adopt innovations,
The ability to innovate cannot be regarded as an ordinary thing, but must be seen as something
special so that it deserves to be rewarded. LONGGAR is different from other cleaning programs. For
instance, sustainable agricultural assistance and extension is carried out by mentors, stakeholders
and agricultural instructors from the Food Security Agency to ensure the program runs smoothly
and successfully.
3.5. Poor skills in active risk or change management,
However, aspects of skills play an important role for the success of innovation. No matter how great
the motivation of employees and the environment is conducive but not supported by adequate
skills, innovation will stop as a discourse. The Lorong Garden (LONGGAR) becomes a solution to
improve the aisles which so far seem dirty and arid. This program makes the hallways to be clean,
green, and neatly arranged
Conclusion
The Lorong Garden or LONGGAR Program is a form of public sector innovation in urban spatial
planning and densely populated settlements. The obstacles encountered in applying the LOOSE
innovation are the limited number of extension workers, lack of understanding, level of public
education, availability of facilities and infrastructure, such as PDAM water supply and community
culture. Based on this, the government must create budget transparency, Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP) for LONGGAR, and optimizing the involvement of youth and community leaders.
The identification of these obstacles can be used by the government to improve the success of
Lorong Garden's innovation in Makassar.

Reference
Utomo, T.W.W, (2016) Innovation as a New Inevitability in the Science and Practice of Public
Administration in Indonesia
Rogers, E. M (1995) Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press
Mulgan, G. and Albury, D, (2003) Innovation in the Public Sector. Working paper version 1.9, October.
Strategy Unit UK Cabinet Office
Central Bureau of Statistics (2018) Makassar in Figures. Makassar: BPS of Makassar City (2018)
Food Security Agency (2017) Profile of Innovation Getar 100 Longgar. Food Security Agency of
Makassar (2017)
Moleong, Lexy J, (2005) Qualitative Research Methodology, Bandung: Alfabeta
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M., Saldaäna J, (2014) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Method
Sourcebook (third edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication
Suwarno, Y, I(2008) nnovation in the Public Sector. Jakarta: STIA-LAN Press
Food Security Agency, (2017) Government Performance Accountability Report Food Security Agency
of Makassar. Food Security Agency of Makassar
Gafur, A, (2015) Utilizing the Yard to Support the Aisle Garden (LONGGAR) Program, In Training
Materials. Makassar, Food Security Agency of Makassar
Perry, J.L and Hondeghem, L, (2008) Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service.
United Stated: Oxford University Press
Nurfahmiyati, H, (2018) Community Empowerment Through the Aisle Business Entity Program: A
Case Study in Rappocini Sub-District, Makassar. Eprints Journal, Makassar State University.
Accessed via http://eprints.unm.ac.id/10960/
Jannah, Miftahul. Et al. (2017) Implementation of Parking Ban Policies on Sidewalk in Overcoming
Traffic Jam in Makassar City, Journal. (Makassar: Muhamadiyah University), p.240.

COLLECTIVE SEX ENVIRONMENT AND IT’S INTERVENTION
[A Case Study Of Indonesian Online Prostitution]
Muhammad Sabiq
Department of Sociological and Political Sciences of Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia
muh.sabiq77@gmail.com
Tautoto Tana Ranggina Sarongallo

Makassar, Indonesia
totoranggina@gmail.com
Wahyuni
Makassar, Indonesia
sahidwahyuni@gmail.com
Imam Nawawi
Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
felem2imam@gmail.com
Introduction
Collective sex environments represent a sexual behavior among Indonesian population.
Recent reports of social medias portrait a significant rising of sex environments, where massive
using of digital technology facilitates the effectiveness of promoting commercial sex venue (CSV).
The ‘customer’ easily choose a menu tabel contains of such as group sex event, public sex venue,
sex on premises venue, condomless anal sex, condomless vaginal intercoruse, protected anal
intercourse, unprotected anal sex, unprotected vaginal sex, gay bisexual men, etc. Indonesian
population perform a new unsafe sexual behavior and could be associated with ‘high-risk’ sexual
environments (Frank, 2019).
Collective sex environments created a cultural risk (Frank, 2019). There is not specific venue
but only where the customers frequently or recently find their sexual partners (Frank, 2019). It is a
new threat for Indonesia as a biggest muslims country, where religious dan moral ethics are
standards of life. Sex environments supported by online prostitution create unpredictable venue,
so it is something possible that every house becomes sexual environments without any controls.
Collective sex environments always reproduced that cultural risk. It is caused by a networks
(Frank, 2019). On the case of online prostitution, those environments are effects of massive using
of smartphone. Digital medias enable the commercial sexual agents to meet their customers in
unpredictable venue. Therefor, digital networks are unavoidable factors reproducing either cultural
risk or religious threat. Online networks are producers of “high-risk” collective sexual environments.

Interventions have ben undergone by authorities. Character building, porn site blocking,
economic empowerment, localisation, arresting, etc. Interventions aim to ensure health care,
minimize risks, and control public moral.
Methods
This article analyses literatures on Indonesian collective sex environments, such as media
reportages, porn sites, social medias promoting commercial sex and its venues (instagram, twitter,
facebook, whatsapp), and then interpret all of it and synthesize them across fields and disciplines
(Jamal, Bertotti, Lorenc, & Harden, 2015). This means that the result of research will be a qualitative.
Because of Indonesian commercial sex agents rarely cite the specific physical venue, so this research
considers that the internet is as a venue (Brown, Pugsley, & Cohen, 2015). The interventions of
authorities are considered as responses, where every social elements interact each others. Social
behavior theory are used to understand interaction between collective sex environment and
authorities.

The digital technology accrosses the country has effected the significant change of social
behavior. Online prostitution created a new sexual behavior. Therefor, Indonesian population
acknowledged what called as collective sex environments emerging from digital stuff. The ‘new era’
brings out a new performance for sociological discourse amongs Indonesian scholars. There are four
special topics of this: online sex and its environement, its cultural and religious risks, interventions
of authorities, and theory of Indonesian sexual behavior.
Firstly, online sex is not only done individually but also collectively. So, there is such a collective
sex environments that facilitated by digital technology. Hughes said, the technological innovations
created a global medium for sexual behavior (Hughes, 2004), and the internet made woman and
children trafficking more easier (Farley, Franzblau, & Kennedy, 2013). Therefor, online prostitution
is a main factor creates sex environment either individually or collectively, where it is something
new happen within Indonesian society.
Secondly, collective sexual environments within Indonesian people raised cultural and
religious risks. Katherine Frank evaluates that collective sex environments are associated with high-
risk enviroment (Frank, 2019). Within Indonesian context, it is confirmed. Collective sex
environments not only risk the health of agents but also their public moral and religious ethics.
Online prostitution does not only change the face of work (Cunningham & Kendall, 2011), but also
of cultural, social, and religious ones.
Thirdly, collective sex environments are supported by commercial interests and networks
(Oktaviari, 2017). Economic interest is one of significant factors for prostitution practice (Reynolds,
1986). So, sex environments are as well as workplaces (Faidah, 2014). Smartphone and internet are
just facilities help them to upgrade their conventional work environment. Collective sex
environments represent a new face of work (Cunningham & Kendall, 2011).

Fourthly, collective sex environments are stimulants invited responses of authorities. Within
Indonesian practise, the authorities have shown many types of responses, such as localisation
closing (Ahyar, 2015), economic empowerment (Nugroho, 2017), religious education (Sunarto,
2012), character building (Mashuri & Fakhrurrozi, 2014), health care (Faltansah & Indarjo, 2016),
etc.
Conclusions
This article confirms the thoery of Katherine Frank on collective sex environments as
something with high-risk. Within Indonesian society, collective sex environments have brought out
a new social-sexual behavior, either for commercial approach or cultural-religious ones. Indonesian
authorities have shown many approachs and implemented many steps to reduce every risks rised
by collective sex environments. Those interventions to response a new face of Indonesian social
behavior, such as collective sex environements.
References
Ahyar, M. (2015). Agama, Negara dan Public Reason: Kasus Penutupan Lokalisasi Km 17 Karang
Joang Balikpapan dalam Sudut Pandang Public Reason. LENTERA, 17 (1).
Brown, M. J., Pugsley, R., & Cohen, S. A. (2015). Meeting Sex Partners through the Internet, Risky
Sexual Behavior, and HIV Testing AMong Sexually Transmitted infections Clinic Patients.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44 (2), 509-519.
Cunningham, S., & Kendall, T. D. (2011). Prostitution 2.0 : The Changing Face of Work. Journal of
Urban Economics, 69 (3), 273-287.
Faidah, M. (2014). Pusaran Ekonomi di Balik Bisnis Prostitusi di Lokalisasi Dolly-Jarak Surabaya.
Lentera, 10 (1), 17-29.
Faltansah, L., & Indarjo, S. (2016). Perbandingan Program Pelayanan KRR oleh Puskesmas yang di
Wilayah Kerjanya Terdapat Lokalisasi dan yang Tidak Terdapat Lokalisasi. Public Health
Perspective Journal, 1 (1).
Farley, M., Franzblau, K., & Kennedy, M. A. (2013). Online Prostitution and Trafficking. Albany Law
Review, 77, 1039.
Frank, K. (2019). Rethinking Risk, Culture, and Intervention in Collective Sex Environments.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vo. 8, Issue 1, 3-30.
Hughes, D. M. (2004). Prostitution Online. Journal of Trauma, 2 (3-4), 115-131.
Jamal, F., Bertotti, M., Lorenc, T., & Harden, A. (2015). Reviewing Conceptualisations of
Community: reflections on a meta-narrative Approach. Qualitative Research, 15 (3), 314-
333.

Mashuri, S., & Fakhrurrozi, H. (2014). Peranan Majelis Taklim dalam Meningkatkan Sikap
Keagamaan Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) di Lokalisasi Tondo Kec. Mantikulore Kota Palu.
Istiqra: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian, 2 (1), 124-152.
Nugroho, B. P. (2017). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Eks Lokalisasi Dolly Melalui Pengembangan
Wirausaha oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik, 5, 1-
11.
Oktaviari, N. S. (2017). Jaringan Sosial Mucikari Pasca Penutupan Lokalisasi Dolly Surabaya.
Paradigma, 5 (2).
Reynolds, H. (1986). Economics of Prostitution. Springfield, IL, United State of America: Charles C.
Thomas.
Sunarto, A. (2012). Kyai dan Prostitusi: Pendekatan Dakwah KH. Muhammad Khoiron Suaeb di
Lokalisasi Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 3 (2).


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