1

DREPT CIVIL
Lector univ. drd. Valer-9DVLOLH%LF

Titlul I
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Capitolul I

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1. Dreptul civil în sistemul dreptului românesc

Dreptul românesc, privit ca totalitate a normelor juridice adoptate de stat în
VFRSXO UHJOHPHQWULL UHOD LLORU LQWHUXPDQH GLQ VRFLHWDWH DUH GUHSW FRPSRQHQWH GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDOúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQÌQFDGUXOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQGLVWLQJHPvQWUHGUHSWXOSXEOLFúLFHO
privat. În cadrul drepWXOXLSULYDWVHDIOFDUDPXUGHGUHSWúLGUHSWXOFLYLODOWXULGHGUHSWXO
FRPHUFLDOGUHSWXOIDPLOLHLúLGUHSWXOPXQFLL
2. DHILQL LDúLRELHFWXOGUHSWXOXLFLYLO
'HILQL LD
Dreptul civil este DFHD UDPXU D GUHSWXOXL SULYDW FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXULOH
SDWULPRQLDOHúLQHSDWULPRQLDOHVWDELOLWHvQWUHSHUVRDQHOHIL]LFHúLSHUVRDQHOHMXULGLFHVLWXDWHSH
SR]L LHGHHJDOLWDWHMXULGLF
2.2 Obiectul dreptului civil
&RQVW vQ FDWHJRULLOH GH UDSRUWXUL VRFLDOH DIODWH vQ VIHUD GH UHJOHPHQWDUH D GUHSWXOXL
FLYLOUDSRUWXULSDWULPRQLDOHúLUDSRUWXULQHSDWULPRQLDOH
2.2.1. Raporturile patrimoniale
Sunt aFHOHUDSRUWXULVRFLDOHFDUHDXXQFRQ LQXWHFRQRPLFGUHSWXOFLYLOUHJOHPHQWkQG
UDSRUWXULOHUHDOHúLUDSRUWXULOHREOLJD LRQDOH
A. Raporturile reale
$XvQFRQ LQXWXOORUGUHSWuri reale, care se compun din dreptul de proprietate - înscris
FD DWDUH vQ &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL - úL GLQ celelalte drepturi reale principale, care sunt
GH]PHPEUPLQWHOHGUHSWXOXLGHSURSULHWDWHúLGUHSWXULOHUHDOHDFFHVRULL
B. 5DSRUWXULOHREOLJD LRQDOH
Au vQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU GUHSWXO GH FUHDQ  - GUHSW VXELHFWLY vQ YLUWXWHD FUXLD VXELHFWXO
DFWLY FUHGLWRU SRDWH FHUH VXELHFWXOXL SDVLY GHELWRU V GHD V IDF V QX IDF FHYD -
LQGLIHUHQWGDFGUHSWXOvúLDUHRULJLQHDvQWU-un act sau într-un fapt juridic.
2.2.2. Raporturile nepatrimoniale
6XQW DFHOH UDSRUWXUL VRFLDOH FDUH QX DX  FRQ LQXW HFRQRPLF (OH
FXSULQGUDSRUWXULFDUHSULYHVFH[LVWHQ DúLLQWHJULWDWHDVXELHFWHORUGHGUHSWFLYLOUDSRUWXULGH
LGHQWLILFDUHSUHFXPúLUDSRUWXULL]YRUkWHGLQFUHD LDLQWHOHFWXDO

3. Delimitarea dreptului civil de alte ramuri de drept

'RFWULQDúLMXULVSUXGHQ DDXVWDELOLWFGUHSWXOFLYLOFDUDPXUGHGUHSWDUHSR]L LDGH
“drept comun”. DelimitareDVDGHDOWHUDPXULGHGUHSWHVWHFHUXWGHFRQVLGHUHQWHSUDFWLFHúL
teoretice
3.1. Criterii de delimitare
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'HOLPLWDUHD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO ID  GH FHOHODOWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW VH IDFH IRORVLQG
XUPWRDUHOH FULWHULL  RELHFW GH UHJOHPHQWDUH PHWRGD GH UHJOHPHQWDre; calitatea subiectelor;
FDUDFWHUXOQRUPHORUQDWXUDVDQF LXQLORUSULQFLSLLOHGHUDPXU
5DPXULOHGHGUHSWGHFDUHVHGHOLPLWHD]GUHSWXOFLYLO
$'UHSWXOFRQVWLWX LRQDO
B. Dreptul administrativ
C. Dreptul financiar
D. Dreptul comercial
E. Dreptul familiei
F. Dreptul muncii
G. Dreptul procesual civil
+'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYDW
6SUH H[HPSOX GUHSWXO FRQVWLWX LRQDO FD UDPXU D GUHSWXOXL SXEOLF FDUH
UHJOHPHQWHD] SULQ QRUPH MXULGLFH IXQGDPHQWDOH UHOD LLOH VRFLDOH GLQ GRPHQLXO H[LVWHQ HL
RUJDQL]ULL úL IXQF LRQULL VWDWXOXL úL D SXWHULORU VDOH VH GHRVHEHúWH GH GUHSWXO FLYLO SULQ 
RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DOFWXLW vQ PDMRULWDWH GLQ UDSRUWXUL QHSDWULPRQLDOH SR]L LD GH
VXERUGRQDUH D VXELHFWHORU VDOH FDUDFWHUXO LPSHUDWLY DO PDMRULW LL normelor sale, calitatea
VSHFLDOFHUXWVXELHFWHORUVDOHRUJDQHOHGHVWDWFHW HQLLURPkQLHWF

Capitolul II

Izvoarele dreptului civil

1. 1R LXQHDGHL]YRUDOGUHSWXOXLFLYLO
În sens material, prin izvor al dreptului civil se desHPQH]FRQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHGHH[LVWHQ DOH
VRFLHW LLFDUHVWDXODED]DQRUPHORUFLYLOH
În sens formal,SULQDFHDVWH[SUHVLHVHvQ HOHJIRUPHOHVSHFLDOHGHH[SULPDUHD
QRUPHORUGHGUHSWSULQFDUHVHFRQVDFUYRLQ DVWDWDO
În sistemul de drept românHVF SULQFLSDOD IRUP GH H[SULPDUH D GUHSWXOXL R
constituie actele normative, acte emise sau adoptate de organe de stat anume investite cu
SUHURJDWLYDOHJLIHUULL
2. Principalele izvoare ale dreptului civil
2.1. Legea
Legea este actul normativ adoptat de Parlament, unica autoritate legiuitoare a
ULL
&RQVWLWX LDVWDELOHúWHWUHLFDWHJRULLGHOHJLOHJLFRQVWLWX LRQDOHOHJLRUJDQLFHúL
legi ordinare.
&RQVWLWX LD &RGXO &LYLO úL DOWH OHJL RUJDQLFH úL RUGLQDUH  VXQW L]YRDUH GH
drept civil din categoria legilor:

&RQVWLWX LD
2.1.2. Codul civil
2.1.3. Alte legi
2.2. Decrete - legi
Decretele - legi sunt acte normative adoptate în perioada 22 decembrie 1989 -
PDL  FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH GH GUHSW FLYLO vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH UHIHULWRDUH OD
obiectul de reglementare al acestei ramuri de drept.
2.3. Decretele
Acte normative cu putere de lege emise în regimul de dinainte de 22
decembrie 1989 de fostul Consiliu de Stat al R.S. România, aflate în vigoare (Decretul nr.
 SULYLWRU OD SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH úL MXULGLFH 'HFUHWXO QU  SULYLQG SUHVFULS LD
H[WLQFWLYHWF
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2.4.+RWUkULOHúLRUGRQDQ HOH*XYHUQXOXL5RPkQLHL
HotUkULOH *XYHUQXOXL VXQW DFWH QRUPDWLYH HPLVH vQ ED]D úL vQ H[HFXWDUHD
OHJLORU2UGRQDQ HOHVXQWDFWHQRUPDWLYHDGRSWDWHGH*XYHUQvQWHPHLXOXQHLOHJLVSHFLDOHGH
DELOLWDUHvQOLPLWHOHúLFRQGL LLOHSUHY]XWHGHDFHDVWD
2.5. Actele normative emise de minLúWULúLGHDO LFRQGXFWRULDLRUJDQHORUGH
VSHFLDOLWDWHDOHDGPLQLVWUD LHLSXEOLFHFHQWUDOH
Aceste acte, indiferent de denumire -RUGLQHLQVWUXF LXQLUHJXODPHQWHVWDWXWH
contracte-cadru, contracte tip, standarde sau norme - sunt izvoare de drept FLYLO GDF
UHJOHPHQWHD]UDSRUWXULMXULGLFHFLYLOH
2.6.$FWHQRUPDWLYHHPLVHGHDXWRULW LOHDGPLQLVWUD LHLSXEOLFHORFDOH
ÌQ H[HUFLWDUHD DWULEX LLORU ORU &RQVLOLLOH ORFDOH úL MXGH HQH DGRSW KRWUkUL,
primarii emit GLVSR]L LLLDUSUHIHF LLordine.
2.7.5HJOHPHQWULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
7UDWDWHOHFRQYHQ LLOHSDFWHOHúLDFRUGXULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHODFDUH5RPkQLDHVWH
parte prin aderare, aprobare sau ratificare, -VXQWL]YRDUHDOHGUHSWXOXLFLYLOvQPVXUDvQFDUH
UHJOHPHQWHD]UDSRUWXULGLQVIHUDVD
3. ObLFHLXOPRUDODSUHFHGHQWXOMXGLFLDUúLGRFWULQD
3.1. Obiceiul (cutuma)
3.2. Morala (bunele moravuri)
3.3. Precedentul judiciar
3.4. Doctrina
2ELFHLXOSUHFHGHQWXOMXGLFLDUúLGRFWULQDQXVXQWL]YRDUHDOHGUHSWXOXLFLYLOvQ
timp ce morala constituie izvRUSULQúLRGDWFXDFWXOQRUPDWLYFDUHIDFHUHIHULUHODHD
4. Aplicarea legii civile
/HJHDFLYLOvúLSURGXFHHIHFWHOHvQWU-RDQXPHSHULRDGGHWLPSSHXQDQXPLWWHULWRULX
úLDVXSUDXQRUVXELHFWHGHWHUPLQDWH
4.1. Aplicarea legii civile în timp
Este cârmXLWGHGRXSULQFLSLLDOHGUHSWXOXLFLYLOSULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLW LL
legii noiDGLFROHJHFLYLOVHDSOLFQXPDLFD]XULORUFHDSDUvQSUDFWLFGXSDGRSWDUHDHL
úLSULQFLSLXODSOLFULLLPHGLDWHDOHJLLFLYLOHQRL (din momentul în care a fost adopWDWOHJHD
QRXVHDSOLFWXWXURUFD]XULORUFHDSDUvQSUDFWLFGXSLQWUDUHDVDvQYLJRDUH
$SOLFDUHDOHJLLFLYLOHvQVSD LX
În plan intern,DSOLFDUHDOHJLLFLYLOHvQVSD LXVHIDFHGXSXUPWRDUHDUHJXO
actele adoptate de organeleFHQWUDOHDOHSXWHULLGHVWDWVHDSOLFSHWRWWHULWRULXO5RPkQLHLvQ
WLPS FH DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH HPLVH GH RUJDQHOH ORFDOH DOH SXWHULL GH VWDW VH DSOLF SH UD]D
WHULWRULDOGHFRPSHWHQ 
În plan LQWHUQD LRQDO DSOLFDUHD OHJLL FLYLOH vQ VSD LX HVWH UH]ROYDW de dreptul
LQWHUQD LRQDOSULYDWSULQQRUPHOHVDOHFRQIOLFWXDOH
4.3. Aplicarea legii civile asupra persoanelor
([LVW OHJL FLYLOH GH DSOLFDUH JHQHUDO OHJL FLYLOH  FDUH VH DSOLF QXPDL
SHUVRDQHORUIL]LFHúLOHJLFLYLOHFDUHVHDSOLFQXPDLSHUVRDQHORUjuridice.

5. Interpretarea legii civile

(VWH DFHD RSHUD LXQH ORJLFR-UD LRQDO GH OPXULUH D FRQ LQXWXOXL úL VHQVXOXL
QRUPHORUGHGUHSWFLYLOvQVFRSXOMXVWHLORUDSOLFUL
5.1.&ODVLILFDUHDLQWHUSUHWULLOHJLLFLYLOH
&ODVLILFDUHD LQWHUSUHWULL OHJLL FLYLOH VH IDFH GXS IRU D REOLJDWRULH VDX
QHREOLJDWRULHDLQWHUSUHWULLGXSUH]XOWDWXOLQWHUSUHWULLúLGXSPHWRGDGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
 &ODVLILFDUHD GXS IRU D REOLJDWRULH VDX QHREOLJDWRULH D
LQWHUSUHWULL
D,QWHUSUHWDUHDRILFLDO
b. ,QWHUSUHWDUHDQHRILFLDO
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5.1.2. CODVLILFDUHDGXSUH]XOWDWXOLQWHUSUHWULL
D,QWHUSUHWDUHDOLWHUDOGHFODUDWLY
b. ,QWHUSUHWDUHDH[WHQVLY
c. ,QWHUSUHWDUHDUHVWULFWLY
5.1.3. &ODVLILFDUHDGXSPHWRGDGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
D,QWHUSUHWDUHDJUDPDWLFDO
b. ,QWHUSUHWDUHDVLVWHPDWLF
c. Interpretarea istorico-teleoORJLF
d. ,QWHUSUHWDUHDORJLF

Capitolul III

Raportul juridic civil

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&DUDFWHUH6WUXFWXU
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UHJOHPHQWDWGHQRUPDGHGUHSWFLYLO
1.2. Caracterele raportului juridic civil
Caracterele raportului juridic civil sunt : caracterul social, caracterul dublu
YROL LRQDOúLHJDOLWDWHDMXULGLFDSU LORU
1.3. Structura raportului juridic civil
6WUXFWXUDUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFVHUHIHUODWUHLHOHPHQWHVXELHFWHSU LFRQ LQXW
úLRELHFW
1.3.1. Subiectele raportului juridic civil
6XELHFWHOH SU LOH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF GH GUHSW FLYLO SDUWLFLS OD DFHVWD ILH vQ
FDOLWDWHGHSHUVRDQIL]LFILHvQFDOLWDWHGHSHUVRDQMXULGLFWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LL
6XELHFWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOFDUHGREkQGHúWHGUHSWXULHVWHVXELHFWDFWLYFHOFDUHVHREOLJ
este subiect pasiv.
A. Pluralitatea subiectelor
&D UHJXO XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF VH VWDELOHúWH vQWUH XQ VLQJXU VXELHFW DFWLY úL XQ
singur subiect pasiv. Intr-RPXOWLWXGLQHGHDOWHVLWXD LLDFHVWHUDSRUWXULVHSRWUHDOL]DvQWUHPDL
multe persoane fie ca subiecte actiYHILHFDVXELHFWHSDVLYHILHvQDPEHOHFDOLW L
Aceste cazuri le numim pluralitate de subiecte.
B. Determinarea (individualizarea) su-biectelor
ÌQ UDSRUWXULOH REOLJD LRQDOH VXELHFWHOH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH LQGLYLGXDOL]DWH GLQ
momentul închHLHULLDFWXOXLMXULGLFVDXFRQVXPULLIDSWXOXLFDUHVWODED]DDFHVWRUUDSRUWXUL
([LVW vQV FD]XUL vQ FDUH VXELHFWXO SDVLY VDX FHO DFWLY QX VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH OD GDWD VWDELOLULL
raportului juridic (în raporturile juridice de proprietate, persoanele care aX REOLJD LD GH D
respecta drepturile proprietarului sunt nedeterminate).
C. Schimbarea subiectelor
Schimbarea subiectelor între care s-DX QVFXW HVWH SRVLELO vQ FDGUXO
UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH FLYLOH SDWULPRQLDOH FHVLXQHD GH FUHDQ  VXEURJD LD SHUVRQDO QRYD LD
etc.
D. Capacitatea subiectelor
&DSDFLWDWHD GH GUHSW FLYLO D VXELHFWHORU VH H[SULP SULQ FDSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D
DFHVWRUDFDSDFLWDWHFRPSXVGLQFDSDFLWDWHDGHIRORVLQ -DSWLWXGLQHDJHQHUDOúLDEVWUDFWD
RPXOXLGHDDYHDGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOHFDSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LX-DSWLWXGLQHDJHQHUDOD
persoanei (fizice sau juridice) a a-úLH[HUFLWDGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHúLD-úLvQGHSOLQLREOLJD LLOHFLYLOH
prin încheierea de acte juridice civile.
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1.3.2. &RQ LQXWXOUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
Îl constituie GUHSWXULOH VXELHFWLYH FLYLOH DOH VXELHFWXOXL DFWLY úL REOLJD LLOH
civile ale subiectului pasiv.
A. Dreptul subiectiv civil
'UHSWXO VXELHFWLY FLYLO HVWH SRVLELOLWDWHD UHFXQRVFXW GH OHJHD FLYLO
subiectului activ -SHUVRDQIL]LFVDXSHUVRDQMXULGLFvQYLUWXWHDFUHLDDFHDVWDSRDWHvQ
OLPLWHOH GUHSWXOXL úL PRUDOHL  V DLE R DQXPLW FRQGXLW V SUHWLQG R FRQGXLW
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH-VGHDVIDFVQXIDFFHYD-GHODVXELHFWXOSDVLYúLVFHDUFRQFXUVXO
IRU HLFRHUFLWLYHDVWDWXOXLvQFD]de nevoie.
a. Clasificarea drepturilor subiective civile
'UHSWXULOHVXELHFWLYHFLYLOHVHFODVLILFGXSFRQ LQXWGUHSWXULSDWULPRQLDOHúL
GUHSWXULQHSDWULPRQLDOHGXSRSR]DELOLWDWHDORUGUHSWXULDEVROXWHúLGUHSWXULUHODWLYHGXS
FRUHOD LD GLQWUH HOH GUHSWXUL SULQFLSDOH úL GUHSWXUL DFFHVRULL úL vQ IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH
FHUWLWXGLQH  SH FDUH vO FRQIHU WLWXODULORU ORU GUHSWXUL SXUH úL VLPSOH úL GUHSWXUL DIHFWDWH GH
PRGDOLW L
2EOLJD LDFLYLOHVWHvQGDWRULUHDVXELHFWXOXLSDVLYGHDDYHDRDQXPHFRQGXLW
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGUHSWXOXLVXELHFWLYFRUHODWLY
E 5HFXQRDúWHUHD RFURWLUHD úL H[HUFLWDUHD GUHSWXULORU
subiective civile
%2EOLJD LDFLYLO
„ 1R LXQH
2EOLJD LDFLYLOHVWHvQGDWRULUHDVXELHFWXOXLSDVLYGHDDYHDRDQXPHFRQGXLW
corespuQ]WRDUHGUHSWXOXLVXELHFWXOXLSDVLY
„ &ODVLILFDUHDREOLJD LLORUFLYLOH
2EOLJD LLOH VH FODVLILF GXS FULWHULXO RELHFWXOXL DO RSR]DELOLW LL úL GXS
FULWHULXOVDQF LXQLLDSOLFDELOHvQFD]XOQHUHVSHFWULLORU
1.3.3. Obiectul raportului juridic civil
$1R LXQHD de obiect al raportului juridic civil
Obiectul raportului juridic civil este conduita VXELHFWHORUDFHVWXLDGHWHUPLQDW
GHDF LXQHDODFDUHHVWHvQGULWXLWVXELHFWXODFWLYúLGHFHDGHFDUHHVWH LQXWVXELHFWXOSDVLY
$F LXQHD VDX LQDF LXQHD VXELHFWHORU VH UDSRUWHD] OD  XQ DQXPLW EXQ RELHFW  GHULYDW DO
raportului juridic civil).
B. Bunurile
„
1R LXQHD
%XQXO HVWH R YDORDUH HFRQRPLF XWLOSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDQHYRLORUPDWHULDOHúL
VSLULWXDOHDOHRPXOXLúLFDUHHVWHVXVFHSWLELOGHapropriere sub forma dreptului patrimonial.
„
Clasificarea bunurilor
&ODVLILFDUHD EXQXULORU VH IDFH GXS GLIHULWH FULWHULL SULQWUH FDUH QDWXUD  úL
FDOLILFDUHD GDW GH OHJH UHJLPXO FLUFXOD LHL ORU MXULGLFH GXS FXP HVWH SRVLELO VDX QX
înlocuirea lor înH[HFXWDUHDXQHLREOLJD LLFLYLOHGXSFXPSURGXFVDXQXIUXFWHHWF
2. ,]YRDUHOHúLSUREDUDSRUWXULORUMXULGLFHFLYLOHFRQFUHWH
2.1. Izvoarele raporturilor juridice concrete
„ 1R LXQHD
,]YRDUHDOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOFRQFUHWVXQWDFHOHDFWHúLIDSte care, potrivit
QRUPHLGHGUHSWFLYLOGDXQDúWHUHXQRUUDSRUWXULMXULGLFHFLYLOHFRQFUHWH
„
Clasificarea izvoarelor raporturilor juridice civile concrete
,]YRDUHOH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FLYLOH FRQFUHWH  VH FODVLILF  GXS OHJWXUD ORU FX
YRLQ DXPDQDF LXQLRPHQHúWLúLIDSWHOHQDWXUDOHúLvQIXQF LHGHVIHUDORUIDSWHMXULGLFHvQ
VHQVODUJúLIDSWHMXULGLFHvQVHQVUHVWUkQV
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2.2. Proba raporturilor juridice civile concrete
2.2.1. Scurt istoric
'LQFHOHPDLYHFKLWLPSXULMXGHFDUHDOLWLJLLORUDSUXWHvntre oameni s-DIFXW
SH ED]D SUREHORU FDUH VH vQI LúDX MXGHFWRULORU DFWH VFULVH PDUWRUL MXUWRUL PUWXULVLUL
ordalii etc.)
2.2.2. 1R LXQLJHQHUDOH
Proba: într-XQ SULQ VHQV DO WHUPHQXOXL HVWH SUH]HQWDUHD vQ ID D LQVWDQ HL GH
MXGHFDWDPLMORDFHORUOHJDOHGHFRQYLQJHUHDDFHVWHLDDVXSUDH[LVWHQ HLXQRUDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL
úLREOLJD LLFLYLOHÌQWU-XQDOGRLOHDVHQVSUREDHVWHPLMORFXOMXULGLFGHVWDELOLUHDH[LVWHQ HL
GUHSWXULORUVXELHFWLYHúLREOLJD LLORUFLYLOH
Materia probelor HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW vQ DUt. 1169 - GLQ &RGXO FLYLO úL DUW
167 - 225, 235-GLQ&RGXOGHSURFHGXUFLYLO
Obiectul probeiHVWHHOHPHQWXOGHGRYDG-WRDWHvPSUHMXUULOHDFWHVDXIDSWH
juridice care sunt izvoare ale raporturilor juridice civile concrete - menit a demonstra
H[LVWHQ DXQXLGUHSWVXELHFWLYFLYLOúLDREOLJD LHLFRUHODWLYH
Sarcina probeiUHYLQHvQSULPXOUkQGUHFODPDQWXOXLDSRLSkUkWXOXLMXGHFWRUXO
SXWkQGGLVSXQHGLQRILFLXDGPLQLVWUDUHDSUREHORUSHFDUHOHFRQVLGHUQHFHVDUH
0LMORDFHOHGH SURE sunW SURED SULQ vQFULVXUL PUWXULD PUWXULVLUHD
UHFXQRDúWHUHDúLSUH]XP LLOH
2.2.3.1. Proba prin înscrisuri
1R LXQHúLFODVLILFDUH
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mijloc adecvat pe un suport material.
„Înscrisul autentic
Potrivit art. 1171 din Codul civil, actul autentic ”este acela ce s-D IFXW FX
VROHPQLW LOHFHUXWHGHOHJHGHXQIXQF LRQDUSXEOLFFDUHDUHGUHSWXOGHDIXQF LRQDvQORFXO
unde actul s-DIFXW´
„ vQVFULVXOVXEVHPQWXUDSULYDW
Poate ILVFULVGHPkQvQWRWDOLWDWHGHXQDVDXDOWDGLQWUHSU LRULSDU LDOGH
XQDGLQWUHSU LúLSDU LDOGHFHDODOWSDUWHVDXGHFWUHXQWHU $FHVWvQVFULVvúLDUHSXWHUHD
SUREDQWvQVHPQWXUDSU LORUFDUHvúLH[SULPDVWIHOYRLQ D
„
alte înscrisuri
6XQW  FHOH FDUH SHQWUX D IL FRQVLGHUDWH SUREH QX QHFHVLW D IL VHPQDWH ILLQG
GHQXPLWHúLvQVFULVXULQHVHPQDWH([HPSOHGHDVWIHOGHvQFULVXULVXQWUHJLVWUHOHFRPHUFLDOH
UHJLVWUHOH FU LOH úL KkUWLLOH GRPHVWLFH PHQ LXQLOH IFXWH GH FUHGLWRU SH WLWOXO GH FUHDQ 
VFULVRULOHúLWHOHJUDPHOH
2.2.3.2.0UWXULDSUREDWHVWLPRQLDO
D1R LXQHDGHPDUWRUúLGHPUWXULH
E7UVWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHPU-turiei
F&RQGL LLOHGHDGPLVLELOLWDWHDOHSUREHLWHVWLPRQLDOH
0DUWRUXOHVWHSHUVRDQDVWULQGHSURFHVFHDUHFXQRúWLQ HSURSULLGHVSUHIDSWH
FDUHVXQWFRQFOXGHQWHvQUH]ROYDUHDSULFLQLL0UWXULDHVWHUHODWDUHDRUDOIFXWGHRSHUVRDQ
vQ ID  LQVWDQ HL GH MXGHFDW FX SULYLUHODDFWHVDXIDSWHOLWLJLRDVHVYkUúLWHvQWUHFXWGHVSUH
FDUHDUHFXQRúWLQ SHUVRQDO(VWHUHJOHPHQWDWGHDUW-1192 din Codul civil.
2.2.2.3.0UWXULVLUHDUHFXQRDúWHUHD
D1R LXQHDGHPUWXULVLUHúLQDWXUDMXULGLFDDFHVWHLD
E&DUDFWHUHOHPUWXULVLULLúLFRQVHFLQ HOHORUMXULGLFH
F'RPHQLXOGHDSOLFDUHDOPUWX-risirii
d. FelXULOHPUWXULVLULL
H3XWHUHDGRYHGLWRDUHDPUWXULVLULL
f. Interogatoriul
 7
0UWXULVLUHDHVWHUHFXQRDúWHUHDGHFWUHRSHUVRDQDXQXLDFWVDXIDSWSHFDUH
R DOW SHUVRDQ vúL vQWHPHLD] R  SUHWHQ LH VDX R DSUDUH úL FDUH HVWH GH QDWXU V SURGXF
consecLQ H MXULGLFH vPSRWULYD DXWRUXOXL HL (D HVWH DGPLV vQ WRDWH PDWHULLOH FX H[FHS LD
VLWXD LLORU vQ FDUH HVWH LQWHU]LV GH OHJH VDX FkQG SULQ DGPLWHUHD PUWXULVLULL V-ar eluda
GLVSR]L LLOH OHJLL VDX V-DU SLHUGH XQ GUHSW OD FDUH QX VH SRDWHUHQXQ DVDXFDUH nu poate face
RELHFWXOXQHLWUDQ]DF LL
2.2.3.4.3UH]XP LLOH
a. 1R LXQHD
3RWULYLWDUWGLQ&RGXOFLYLOSUH]XP LLOHVXQW³FRQVHFLQ HOHSHFDUHOHJHD
sau magistratul le trage dintr-un fapt cunoscut la un fapt necunoscut”.
b. Clasificarea
([LVWSUH]XP LLOHJDle - limitate numeric, determinate special prin de lege -úL
SUH]XP LLVLPSOHDOHRPXOXLFDUHVXQWRSHUDMXGHFWRUXOXLúLFDUHVXQWQHQXPUDWH

Capitolul IV

Actul juridic civil

1. 1R LXQHDúLFODVLILFDUHDDFWHORUMXULGLFHFLYLOH

1.1.1R LXQHD
Actul MXULGLF HVWH DFHD PDQLIHVWDUH GH YRLQ  D VXELHFWHORU GH GUHSW FLYLO
H[SULPkQG LQWHQ LD GH D SURGXFH HIHFWH MXULGLFH FLYLOH vQ VHQVXO GH D QDúWH PRGLILFD VDX
stinge un raport juridic civil concret.
1.2. Clasificarea actelor juridice civile
1.2.1.Criterii de clasificare
$FWHOH VH FODVLILF GXS QXPUXO SU LORU DFWH XQLODWHUDOH ELODWHUDOH
PXOWLODWHUDOHGXSHIHFWXOORUFRQVWLWXWLYHWUDQVODWLYHGHFODUDWLYHGXSVFRSXOXUPULWOD
vQFKHLHUHDORUFXWLWOXRQHURVúLFXWLWOXJUDWXLWHWF
1.2.2. Actele juridice civile
D$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHXQLODWHUDOHELODWHUDOHúLPXOWLODWHUDOH
E$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHFXWLWOXRQHURVúLDFWHFXWLWOXJUDWXLW
F$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHFRQVWLWXWLYHWUDQVODWLYHúLGHFODUDWLYH
G$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHGHDGPLQLVWUDUHúLGHGLVSR]L LH
H$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHSDWULPRQLDOHúLQHSDWULPRQLDOH
I$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHFRQVHQVXDOHVROHPQHúLUHDOH
J$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHvQWUHYLLúLSHQWUXFDX]GHPRDUWH
K$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHVXELHFWLYHúLDFWHFRQGL LH
i. Acte juridice civiOH SXUH VL VLPSOH úL DFWH DIHFWDWH GH
PRGDOLW L
M$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHSULQFLSDOHúLDFFHVRULL
N$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHFDX]DOHúLDFWHDEVWUDFWH
O$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHSHUVRQDOHúLDFWHSULQUHSUH]HQWDUH
P$FWHMXULGLFHFLYLOHQXPLWHúLDFWHQHQXPLWH
n. Acte juridice civile cu executare dintr-R GDW úL DFWH FX
H[HFXWDUHVXFFHVLY
2. &RQGL LLOHDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
1R LXQHúLFODVLILFDUH
&RQGL LLOHDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOVXQWFRPSRQHQWHFDUHWUHEXLHVDXSRWVIDF
parte din structura acestuia. Acestea sunt: capacitatea de a încheia actul juridic,
FRQVLP PkQWXORELHFWXOúLFDX]D
2.2.Capacitatea de a încheia actul juridic civil
 8
1R LXQH
Este aptitudinea subiectului de drept civil -SHUVRDQIL]LFVDXMXULGLF- de a
deveni titular dHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOHSULQvQFKHLHUHDGHDFWHMXULGLFHFLYLOH
3ULQFLSLXOFDSDFLW LL
Capacitatea de a încheia actul juridic civil constituie regula, incapacitatea fiind
H[FHS LDH[SUHVSUHY]XWGHOHJHGHVWULFWLQWHUSUHWDUHúLDSOLcare).
&RQVLP PkQWXO
2.3.1. 1R LXQH
(VWHKRWUkUHDVXELHFWXOXLGHGUHSWFLYLOPDQLIHVWDWvQH[WHULRUGHDvQFKHLDXQ
act juridic civil.
&RQGL LLOHGHYDODELOLWDWHDFRQVLP -mântului
3HQWUX D IL YDODELO FRQVLP PkQWXO WUHEXLH H[WHULRUL]DW V emane de la o
SHUVRDQFXGLVFHUQPkQWVVHILH[SULPDWFXLQWHQ LDGHDSURGXFHHIHFWHMXULGLFHúLVQX
ILHDIHFWDWGHYUHXQYLFLXGHFRQVLP PkQW
9LFLLOHGHFRQVLP PkQW
A. Eroarea
)DOVDUHSUH]HQWDUHDUHDOLW LLODvQFKHLHUHDXQXLDFWMXULGLFFivil.
B. Dolul (viclenia)
Inducerea în eroare a unei persoane folosind mijloace viclene în vederea
GHWHUPLQULLVDOHVvQFKHLHXQDFWMXULGLFFLYLO
C. 9LROHQ D
$PHQLQ DUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH FX VXIHULQ H IL]LFH VDX PRUDOH FDUH-i induc o
DVHPHQHDWHDPvQFkWRGHWHUPLQVvQFKHLHXQDFWMXULGLFFLYLO
D. Leziunea
'LVSURSRU LDGHYDORDUHHYLGHQWvQWUHGRXSUHVWD LL

3. Obiectul actului juridic

3.1.1R LXQH
2ELHFWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HVWH FRQGXLWD SU LORU FDUH VH VWDELOHúWH SULQ DFHO DFW
UHSUH]HQWkQGDF LXQLOHVDXLQDF LXQLOHODFDUHSU LOHVXQWvQGUHSW LWHVDXODFDUHVXQWREOLJDWH
3.2.&RQGL LLGHYDODELOLWDWH
Obiectul actului juridic civil trebuie :
„ VH[LVWH
„ VILHvQFLUFXLWXOFLYLO
„ VILHGHWHUPLQDWVDXGHWHUPLQDELO
„ VILHSRVLELO
„ VILHOLFLWúLPoral
4. Cauza actului juridic civil
4.1.1R LXQH
Este obiectivul avut în vedere la încheierea actului juridic civil.
ÌQ VWUXFWXUD  FDX]HL LQWU GRX HOHPHQWH  VFRSXO LPHGLDW QXPLW VFRSXO
REOLJD LHLúLVFRSXOPHGLDWFDHOHPHQWDEVWUDFWúLLQYDULDELO
4.2.&RQGL LLGHYDODELOLWDWH
&DX]DSHQWUXDILYDODELOWUHEXLHVH[LVWHVILHUHDOVILHOLFLWúLPRUDO
4.3.5ROXOúLSUREDFDX]HL
5ROXOFDX]HLFRQVWvQLPSRUWDQ DSUDFWLFDDFHVWHLFRQGL LLGHIRQGDDFWXOXL
MXULGLF FLYLO ³&DX]D HVWH SUH]XPDW SkQ  OD GRYDGD FRQWUDULH´ DUW DOLQ GLQ &RGXO
civil).
5. Forma actului juridic civil
 9
5.1.1R LXQH
(VWH DFHD FRQGL LHFDUHUHSUH]LQWPRGDOLWDWHDGHH[WHULRUL]DUHDPDQLIHVWULL
GHYRLQ IFXWFXLQWHQ LDGHDFUHDPRGLILFDVDXVWLQJHXQUDSRUWMuridic civil.
5.2. Principiul consensualismului
3RWULYLW SULQFLSLXOXL FRQVHQVXDOLVPXOXL VLPSOD PDQLIHVWDUH GH YRLQ  HVWH
QHFHVDUúLVXILFLHQWSHQWUXFDDFWXOVVHQDVFYDODELOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOIRUPHL
([FHS LLOHGHODDFHVWSULQFLSLXVXQW
„ forPDFHUXWSHQWUXYDODELOLWDWHDDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOIRUPDad validitatem);
„ IRUPDFHUXWSHQWUXSUREDUHDDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOIRUPDad probationem);
„ IRUPDFHUXWSHQWUXRSR]DELOLWDWHDID DGHWHU L
5.3.&ODVLILFDUHDFRQGL LLORUGHIRUPDOHDFWXOXLMXULGLc civil
6HIDFHGXSFRQVHFLQ HOHMXULGLFHDOHQHUHVSHFWULLORUIRUPDad validitatem,
forma ad probationemúLIRUPDFHUXWSHQWUXRSR]DELOLWDWHDID GHWHU LúLGXSL]YRUXOFDUH
FHUHRDQXPLWIRUPIRUPDOHJDOúLIRUPDFRQYHQ LRQDO
5.3.1. Forma ad validitatem a actului juridic civil
5.3.2. Forma ad probationem a actului juridic civil
 )RUPD FHUXW SHQWUX RSR]DELOLWDWH ID  GH WHU L D DFWXOXL MXULGLF
civil
6. 0RGDOLW LOHDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
1R iune
6.2. Termenul
'HILQL LH
(VWH XQ HYHQLPHQW YLLWRU úL VLJXU F VH YD UHDOL]D SkQ OD FDUH HVWH DPkQDW
vQFHSHUHD VDX vQFHWDUHD GXS FD] D  H[HUFL LXOXL GUHSWXULORU VXELHFWLYH VDX D H[HFXWULL
REOLJD LLORUFLYLOH
6.2.2. Clasificare
'XS GLIHULWH FULWHULL GLVWLQJHP vQWUH WHUPHQ VXVSHQVLY úL H[WLQFWLY WHUPHQ
YROXQWDUOHJDOúLMXGLFLDUWHUPHQFHUWúLLQFHUW
6.2.3. Efecte juridice
7HUPHQXODIHFWHD]GRDUH[HFXWDUHDDFWXOXLQXúLH[LVWHQ DVD
&RQGL LD
6.3.1. 'HILQL LH
(VWH XQ HYHQLPHQW YLLWRU úL QHVLJXU FD UHDOL]DUH GH FDUH GHSLQGH QDúWHUHD VDX
GHVILLQ DUHDDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
6.3.2. Clasificare
'XS FULWHULLOH VWDELOLWH vQ OLWHUDWXUD MXULGLF GH VSHFLDOLWDWH  FRQGL LD HVWH
VXVSHQVLYúLUH]ROXWRULHFDX]DOPL[WúLSURWHVWDWLYSR]LWLYúLQHJDWLY
6.3.3. Efecte juridice
&RQGL LD DIHFWHD] vQVúL H[LVWHQ D DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO úL vúL SURGXFH HIHFWHOH
retroactiv.
6.4. Sarcina
6.4.1. 'HILQL LH
(VWHRREOLJD LHGHDGDDIDFHVDXQXIDFHFHYDLPSXVGHFHOFDUHGLVSXQH
JUDWLILFDWXOXLSULQOLEHUDOLW L
6.4.2. Clasificare
([LVW VDUFLQ vQ IDYRDUHD GLVSXQWRUXOXL VDUFLQ vQ IDYRDUHD JUDWLILFDWXOXL úL
VDUFLQvQIDYRDUHDXQHLWHU HSHUVRDQH
6.4.3. Efecte juridice
6DUFLQD QHH[HFXWDW   DIHFWHD] GRDU HILFDFLWDWHD úL QX YDODELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL
juridic civil.
7. Efectele actului juridic civil
 10
7.1.1R LXQH
(IHFWHOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO VXQW GUHSWXULOH VXELHFWLYH úL REOLJD LLOH FLYLOH OD
FDUHGQDúWHUHSHFDUHOHPRGLILFVDXVWLQJHXQDVHPHQHDDFW
7.2. Principiile efectelor actului juridic civil
'HILQL LH
Sunt regXOLGHGUHSWFDUHDUDWFXPúLID GHFLQHVHSURGXFDFHVWHHIHFWH
7.2.2. 3ULQFLSLXOIRU HLREOLJDWRULLDDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
(VWH UHJXOD SRWULYLW FUHLD  DFWXO MXULGLF FLYLO vQFKHLDW vQ FRQGL LLOH OHJLL VH
LPSXQH DXWRULORU VL DVHPHQHD OHJLL ([FHS LLOH Ge la acest principiu sunt cazurile în care
HIHFWHOH QX VH SURGXF DúD FXP DX GRULW SU LOH DFHVWH HIHFWH ILLQG PDL vQWLQVH VDX PDL
UHVWUkQVHLQGHSHQGHQWGHYRLQ DORUVDXDXQHLDGLQWUHHOH
7.2.3. 3ULQFLSLXOLUHYRFDELOLW LLDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
Potrivit acHVWXLSULQFLSLXDFWHOHMXULGLFHFLYLOHQXSRWILUHYRFDWHSULQYRLQ D
XQHLD GLQWUH SU L - în cazul actelor bilaterale -úLQLFLSULQPDQLIHVWDUHDFRQWUDUGHYRLQ 
GLQ SDUWHD DXWRUXOXL DFWXOXL XQLODWHUDO ([FHS LLOH GH OD DFHVW SULQFLSLX  VXQW UHYRFarea “din
cauze autorizate de lege” (art. 969 alin.2 din Codul civil) - vQ FD]XO FRQYHQ LLORU - úL FHOH
H[SUHVSUHY]XWHGHOHJHSHQWUXDFWHOHXQLODWHUDOH
7.2.4. 3ULQFLSLXOUHODWLYLW LLHIHFWHORUDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
(VWH SULQFLSLXO SRWULYLW FUXLD DFWXO MXULGLFFLYLOSURGXFHHIHFWHQXPDLID GH
DXWRULL VDX  GH DXWRUXO DFHVWXLD ([FHS LLOH GH OD DFHVW SULQFLSLX VXQW FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DFWXO
MXULGLF FLYLO DU SURGXFH HIHFWH úL ID  GH DOWH SHUVRDQH  GHFkW SU LOH SHQWUX F DFHDVWD HVWH
YRLQ DSU LORUDFWXOXL.
8. Nulitatea actului juridic civil
8.1.1R LXQH
(VWH VDQF LXQHD GH GUHSW FLYLO FDUH vQOWXU HIHFWHOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDUH
VFRSXOXL XUPULW GH GLVSR]L LLOH OHJDOH FH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQGL LLOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD VD
YDODELO
&ODVLILFDUHDFDX]HORUúLUHJLPXOXLMXULGLFDOQXOLW LLDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
'XSQDWXUDLQWHUHVXOXL- general sau individual -RFURWLWSULQQRUPDMXULGLF
vQFOFDW GLVWLQJHP vQWUH QXOLWDWH DEVROXW úL QXOLWDWH UHODWLY ÌQ IXQF LH GH vQWLQGHUHD
efectelor sale, nulitatea esWH WRWDO VDX SDU LDO 'XS PRGXO GH FRQVDFUDUH OHJLVODWLY
QXOLWDWHDVHFODVLILFvQQXOLWDWHH[SUHVúLQXOLWDWHYLUWXDO 'XS IHOXO FRQGL LHL GH
YDODELOLWDWHQHUHVSHFWDWHQXOLWDWHDSRDWHILGHIRQGúLGHIRUP
8.3.Cauzele de nulitate
Sunt considHUDWH FDX]H GH QXOLWDWH DEVROXW D DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO vQFOFDUHD
UHJXOLORU SULYLQG FDSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHORU OLSVD WRWDO D FRQVLP PkQWXOXL
QHYDODELOLWDWHD RELHFWXOXL vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OHJLL OLSVD FDX]HL FDX]D LOLFLW
sau LPRUDOHWF
&RQVWLWXLH FDX]H GH QXOLWDWH UHODWLY YLFLLOH GH FRQVLP PkQW OLSVD
GLVFHUQPkQWXOXLvQPRPHQWXOvQFKHLHULLDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLOQHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUSULYLQG
FDSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHORUúLQHUHVSHFWDUHDGUHSWXOXLGHSUHHP LXne.
8.4.5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQXOLW LL
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQXOLW LLDEVROXWH
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO QXOLW LL DEVROXWH HVWH H[SULPDW vQ XUPWRDUHOH UHJXOL
D QXOLWDWHD DEVROXW SRDWH IL LQYRFDWGHRULFLQHDUHLQWHUHVEDF LXQHDvQQXOLWDWHDEVROXW
HVWHLPSUHVFULSWLELOFQXOLWDWHDDEVROXWQXSRDWHILDFRSHULWSULQFRQILUPDUH

8.4.2. 5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQXOLW LLUHODWLYH

5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO QXOLW LL UHODWLYH HVWH FkUPXLW GH WUHL UHJXOL D QXOLWDWHD
UHODWLY SRDWH IL LQYRFDW QXPDL GH SHUVRDQD DO FUXL LQWHUHV D IRVW QHVRFRWLW OD vQFKHLHUHD
DFWXOXL  MXULGLF E DF LXQHD vQ DQXODELOLWDWH HVWH SUHVFULSWLELO F QXOLWDWHD UHODWLY SRDWH IL
FRQILUPDWH[SUHVVDXWDFLW
 11
(IHFWHOHQXOLW LL
8.5.1. 'HILQL LH
6XQWFRQVHFLQ HOHMXULGLFHDOHDSOLFULLVDQF LXQLLQXOLW LL
3ULQFLSLLOHHIHFWHORUQXOLW LLDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
A. 3ULQFLSLXOUHWURDFWLYLW LL
(VWHUHJXODSRWULYLWFUHLDQXOLWDWHDQXSURGXFHHIHFWHQXPDLSHQWUXYLLWRUFL
úL SHQWUX WUHFXW DGLF DFHVWH HIHFWH XUF SkQ OD PRPHQWXO vQFKHierii actului juridic civil.
([FHS LLOH GH OD SULQFLSLX VXQW VLWXD LLOH vQ FDUH HIHFWHOH SURGXVH vQWUH PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL
DFWXOXLúLDFHODDODQXOULLVDOHVXQWPHQ LQXWH
B. 3ULQFLSLXOUHSXQHULLvQVLWXD LDDQWH-ULRDU
(VWH UHJXOD GH GUHSW  SRWULYLW FUeia tot ceea ce s-a executat în baza unui act
DQXODWVHUHVWLWXLHDVWIHOvQFkWSU LOHUDSRUWXOXLMXULGLFVDMXQJvQVLWXD LDvQFDUHDFHODFWQX
s-DUILvQFKHLDW6XQWH[FHS LLGHODSULQFLSLXFD]XULOHvQFDUHSUHVWD LLOHHIHFWXDWHvQWHPHLXO
actuluiDQXODWQXVHVXSXQUHVWLWXLULLPHQ LQkQGX-se.
C. 3ULQFLSLXO DQXOULL DFWXOXL VXEVHFYHQW FD XUPDUH D DQXOULL
DFWXOXLLQL LDO
3ULQFLSLXOSULYHúWHHIHFWHOHQXOLW LLID GHWHU L(VWHUHJXODGHGUHSWSRWULYLW
FUHLD DQXODUHD DFWXOXL SULQFLSDO DWUDJH DQXODUHD úL D DFWXOXL VXEVHFYHQW &RQVWLWXLH H[FHS LL
FD]XULOH vQ FDUH GHúL VH DQXOHD] úL DFWXO LQL LDO DFWXO VXEVHFYHQW HVWH PHQ LQXW GDWRULW
SULQFLSLXOXLRFURWLULLEXQHLFUHGLQ HDVXEGREkQGLWRUXOXLXQXLEXQFXWLWOXRQHURVSULQFLSLXOXL
DVLJXUULLVWDELOLW LLFLUFXLWXOXLFLYLO
' 3ULQFLSLXO FRQYHUVLXQLL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO DO YDOLGLW LL
DSDUHQ HLvQGUHSWúLDOUVSXQGHULLFLYLOHGHOLFWXDOH
(VWH XQ SULQFLSLX FDUH vQOWXU UHJXOD FHHD FH HVWH QXO GH OD vQFHSXW QX-úL
produce nici un efect (quod nullum est, nullum producit efectum). Conversiunea este
vQORFXLUHDDFWXOXLQXOFXXQDFWMXULGLFYDODELO(DDUHFDWHPHLUHJXODGHLQWHUSUHWDUHVWDELOLW
vQDUWGLQ&RGXOFLYLODFWXOVHLQWHUSUHWHD]vQVHQVXOvQFDUHDUSXWHDSURGXFHXQHIHFW
nu în acela în care nu ar produce nici unul (actus interpretandus est potius ut valeat quam ut
pereat).
3HQWUXDRSHUDFRQYHUVLXQHDWUHEXLHvQGHSOLQLWHFRQGL LLOH
-VH[LVWHXQHOHPHQWGHGLIHUHQ vQWUHDFWXOQXOúLDFWXOYDODELOXQXOGLQWUHDFWHVfie anulat
HIHFWLY úL  WRWDO DFWXO VRFRWLW YDODELO V vQWUXQHDVF WRDWH FRQGL LLOH GH YDODELOLWDWH úL DFHVWH
FRQGL LLVVHUHJVHDVFvQFKLDUFXSULQVXODFWXOXLDQXODWGLQPDQLIHVWDUHDGHYRLQ DSU LORU
VQXUH]XOWHLQDGPLVLELOLWDWHDFRQYHUVLXQLL

CAPITOLUL V

3UHVFULS LDH[WLQFWLY

1. 1R LXQHDúLHIHFWXOSUHVFULS LHLH[WLQFWLYH
1.1.1R LXQHD
3UHVFULS LDH[WLQFWLYvQGUHSWXOFLYLOHVWHVWLQJHUHDGUHSWXOXLODDF LXQHvQVHQV
material prin neexercitarea sa în termenul stabilit de lege.
1.2. Efectul SUHVFULS LHLH[WLQFWLYH
$UW  GLQ &RGXO FLYLO HQXPHU SUHVFULS LD SULQWUH PRGXULOH GH VWLQJHUH D
REOLJD LLORUFLYLOH
Într-R SUHUH PDMRULWDU D DXWRULORU GH OLWHUDWXU MXULGLF SULQ SUHVFULS LH VH
VWLQJH GRDU GUHSWXO OD DF LXQH vQ VHQV PDWHULDO LDU QX vQVXúL GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY &RQVHFLQ HOH
DFHVWXL HIHFW DO SUHVFULS LHL H[WLQFWLYH VXQW  VXSUDYLH XLUHD GUHSWXOXL VXELHFWLY FLYLO FD úL D
REOLJD LHLFLYLOHFRUHODWLYHúLLPSUHVFULSWLELOLWDWHDGUHSWXOXLODDF LXQHvQVHQVSURFHVXDO
1.3. Drepturile subiective civile prescriptibile extinctiv
1.3.1. Criterii de determinare
 12
Un prim criteriu de determinare a drepturilor subiective civile prescriptibile
H[WLQFWLYvOUHSUH]LQWQDWXUDGUHSWXULORUVXELHFWLYHFLYLOHSDWULPRQLDOHúLQHSDWULPRQLDOH$O
doilea criteULX HVWH FHO DO DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] SUHVFULS LD 'HFUHWXO QU
167/1958, Codul civil sau alte acte normative).
1.3.2. Drepturile patrimoniale
A. 'UHSWXULOHGHFUHDQ 
Conform primului criteriu, în categoria drepturilor patrimoniale, principalul
domeniXDOSUHVFULS LHLH[WLQFWLYHvOIRUPHD]GUHSWXULOHGHFUHDQ $VWIHODF LXQLOHSHUVRQDOH
FDUH vQVR HVF GUHSWXULOH GH FUHDQ  VXQW SUHVFULSWLELOH 3ULQ H[FHS LH DF LXQHD vQ UHVWLWXLUHD
GUHSWXULORUOD&DVDGH(FRQRPLLúL&RQVHPQD LXQLúLDF LXQHDDYkQGFDRELHFWSDUWHDFXYHQLW
GLQUH]HUYDGHSULPHvQDVLJXUULOHIDFXOWDWLYHGHSHUVRDQHQXVXQWSUHVFULSWLELOH
B. Drepturile reale principale
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de drept civil.
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3.1.2. Reguli speciale
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 14
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4.2.1. Efectul general
Efectele generale alHVXVSHQGULLVXQWXUPWRDUHOHSHQWUXSHULRDGDDQWHULRDU
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4.2.2. Efectul special
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5.ÌQWUHUXSHUHDSUHVFULS LHLH[WLQFWLYH
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VHQVXOvQOWXUULLSUHVFULS LHLVFXUVHvQDLQWHGHDVHLYLFDX]DGHvQWUHUXSHUHúLvQFHSHUHDXQHL
DOWHSUHVFULS LLH[WLQFWLYH
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„ anterior datei întreruperii, prescrLS LDHVWHúWHDUVvQOWXUDWFDúLFXPQ-ar fi curs;
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Titlul II
Persoanele

Capitolul I

1R LXQLJHQHUDOH
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Capitolul II

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1.3.2. ÌQJUGLULOHFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHi fizice
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Pot avea FDUDFWHUGHSHGHDSVSHQDO sau caracter de VDQF LXQHFLYLO.
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stare civLO
1.4.1. 'HFODUDUHDMXGHFWRUHDVFDPRU LL
'HFODUDUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D PRU LL UHJOHPHQWDW GH 'HFUHWXO QU 
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Decretul nr. 31/1954 atunci când absen D GH OD GRPLFLOLXDUHRGXUDWPLQLPGHXQDQúL
FkQGDFHDVWDQDúWHLQFHUWLWXGLQLID GHH[LVWHQ DvQYLD DSHUVRDQHLvQFDX]
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art. 36- ILLQG VWUXFWXUDW SH SDWUX HWDSH LQWURGXFHUHD FHUHULL HWDSD SUHDODELO MXGHF LL
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1.4.1.2.'HFODUDUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D  PRU LL SUHFHGDW GH
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1.4.1.3.'HFODUDUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D PRU LL QHSUHFHGDW GH
declararea jXGHFWRUHDVFDGLVSDUL LHL
&RPRULHQ LL
&RPRULHQ LLVXQWSHUVRDQHFXYRFD LHVXFFHVRUDOUHFLSURFFDUHDXGHFHGDWvQ
DFHHDúL vPSUHMXUDUH IU SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D VHSXWHDGHWHUPLQDGDFXQDDVXSUDYLH XLWDOWHLD
SUH]XP LDGHPRDUWHVLPXOWDQ- art. 21 din Decretul nr. 31/1954).
2. &DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFH
2.1.1R LXQHúLFDUDFWHUHMXULGLFH
&DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH FRPSRQHQWD FDSDFLW LL FLYLOH
FDUHH[SULPDSWLWXGLQHDRPXOXLGHDGREkQGLúLH[HUFLWDGUHSWXULFLYLOHúLGHD-úLDVXPDúLGH
DH[HUFLWDREOLJD LLFLYLOHSULQvQFKHLHUHDGHDFWHMXULGLFHFLYLOH
&DUDFWHUHOHMXULGLFHDOHFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXVXQWOHJDOLWDWHDFDSDFLWDWHDGH
H[HUFL LX DUH XQLFXO L]YRU vQ OHJH JHQHUDOLWDWHD HVWH R DSWLWXGLQH JHQHUDO úL DEVWUDFW
LQDOLHQDELOLWDWHDQXSRDWHIRUPDRELHFWXOXQHLWUDQ]DF LLLQWDQJLELOLWDWHDQLPHQLQXSRDWHIL
OLSVLW GH DFHDVW FDSDFLWDWH HJDOLWDWHD VH[XO UDVD QD LRQDOLWDWHD VDX JUDGXO GH FXOWXU DX
LQIOXHQWDVXSUDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LX
 17
2.2.ÌPSUHMXUULDOHFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFH
/LSVDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LX
a. Categoriile de persoane fizice lipsite de capacitate de
H[HUFL LX
1XDXFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXPLQRUXOFDUHQXDvPSOLQLWDQLúLSHUVRDQHOe
SXVHVXELQWHUGLF LHDUWGLQ'HFUHWXOQU
E5HSUH]HQWDUHDOHJDODSHUVRDQHORUIL]LFHOLSVLWHGHFDSDFLWDWH
GHH[HUFL LX
5HSUH]HQWDUHDOHJDODPLQRUXOXLvQYkUVWGHDQLHVWHDVLJXUDWGHSULQ LL
DFHVWXLD 'DF DFHúWHD QX VXQW vQ YLD  VDX vQ PVXU V-úL H[HUFLWH GUHSWXULOH SULQWHúWL VH
instituie curatela asupra minorului.
c. $FWHMXULGLFHSHUPLVHFHOXLOLSVLWGHFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LX
,QFDSDELOLL QX DX SXWHUHD GH D vQFKHLD GLUHFW úL SHUVRQDO DFWH MXULGLFH FLYLOH
acest principiu fiLQGFRQFHSXWGHOHJLXLWRUFDRPVXUGHSURWHF LHDLQWHUHVHORUOHJLWLPHDOH
SHUVRDQHORUOLSVLWHGHGLVFHUQPkQW7RWXúLLQFDSDELOLLSRWIDFHDFWHGHFRQVHUYDUHFHOHFDUH
XUPUHVF RFURWLUHD úL SVWUDUHD GUHSWXOXL SHQWUX D VH HYLWD SLHUGHUHD OXL úL DFWH PUXQWH
zilnice.
d. ÌQFHWDUHD VWULL MXULGLFH D OLSVHL FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D
persoanei fizice
ÌPSUHMXUULOH FDUH GHWHUPLQ vQFHWDUHD LQFDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D PLQRUXOXL
FDUH QX D vPSOLQLW  DQL VXQW vPSOLQLUHD YkUVWHL GH  DQL úL PRDUWHD IL]LF FRQVWDWDW VDX
GHFODUDW MXGHFWRUHúWH ,QFDSDFLWDWHD LQWHU]LVXOXL MXGHFWRUHVF vQFHWHD]  vQ XUPWRDUHOH
FRQGL LLULGLFDUHDLQWHUGLF LHLMXGHFWRUHDVFFDXUPDUHDvQFHWULLFDX]HORUFDUHDXOHJLWLPDW-
RPRDUWHDIL]LFFRQVWDWDWVDXMXGHFWRUHúWHGHFODUDW
2.2.2. &DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQV
D1R LXQHDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVH
&DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVHVWHDSWLWXGLQHDPLQRUXOXLGHYkUVWvQWUH
úLDQLGHDGREkQGLúLH[HUFLWDGUHSWXULFLYLOHúLGHD-úLDVXPDúLH[HFXWDREOLJD LLFLYLOH
prin încheierea, personal, a anumitor acte juridice civile (reglementate în art. 9 din Decretul
QU0LQRUXOvQFKHLHDFWHFXvQFXYLLQ DUHDSUHDODELODSULQ LORUVDXWXWRUHOXL)U
DFHDVW vQFXYLLQ DUH HO SRDWH IDFH GHSXQHUL OD ³FDVHOH GH SVWUDUH GH VWDW´ úL V GLVSXQ GH
aceste depuneri.
EÌQFHSXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVH
'REkQGLUHD  FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQVH DUH ORF SULQ vPSOLQLUHD GH FWUH
PLQRUDYkUVWHLGHDQLYkUVWvPSOLQLWHIHFWLY-DQOXQ]L
F&RQ LQXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVH
'HWHUPLQDUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQVH VH IDFH SH ED]D
FODVLILFULL DFWHORU MXULGLFH FLYLOH SULQ UDSRUWDUHD ORU OD PLQRUXO FX YkUVW vQWUH -18 ani.
Astfel, actele juridice pe care minorul cu vârsta între 14-18 ani le poate încheia valabil,
SHUVRQDO úL VLQJXU IU YUHR vQFXYLLQ DUH VXQW DFWHOH GH FRQVHUYDUH úL FHOH PUXQWH
testamentul (minorul în vârst• de 16 ani dispune de ½ din ceea ce putea dispune ca major),
acte de administraUHúLDOWHOH
Actele juridice pe care minorul (14-18 ani) le poate încheia valabil numai cu
vQFXYLLQ DUHDSUHDODELODRFURWLWRULORUOHJDOLVXQWDFWHOHGHDGPLQLVWUDUHSULYLQGILHXQEXQ
ILHSDWULPRQLXOVX
Actele juridice pe care minorul le poate încKHLDSHUVRQDOFRQGL LRQDWGHGXEOD
vQFXYLLQ DUHDRFURWLWRUXOXLOHJDOúLDXWRULWDWHDWXWHODUVXQWDFWHOHGHGLVSR]L LH
$FWHOH MXULGLFH LQWHU]LVH PLQRUXOXL VXQW GRQD LLOH úL DFWHOH SULQ FDUH VH
JDUDQWHD]REOLJD LDDOWXLD
d. ÌQFHWDUHDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVH
&DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXvQFHWHD]ODGDWDFkQGSHUVRDQDvPSOLQHúWHDQL
SULQFVWRULDPLQRUHLGHDQLSULQSXQHUHDVXELQWHUGLF LHMXGHFWRUHDVFDSHUVRDQHLFX
 18
FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV vQ FD]XO PRU LL IL]LF FRQVWDWDWH úL D FHOHL MXGHFWRUHúWH
GHFODUDWHDSHUVRDQHLFDUHDYHDFDSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQV
2.2.3. &DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFH
D1R LXQLJHQHUDOH
&DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQUHSUH]LQWDSWLWXGLQHDRPXOXLGHDGREkQGLúL
exercitDGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHúLGHD-úLDVXPDREOLJD LLOHFLYLOHSULQvQFKHLHUHD-SHUVRQDOúLVLQJXU
- a tuturor actelor juridice civile.
EÌQFHSXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQH
'REkQGLUHDFDSDFLW LLGHSOLQHGHH[HUFL LXDUHORFODvPSOLQLUHDYkUVWHLGH8
DQLúLSULQHIHFWXOvQFKHLHULLFVWRULHLGHFWUHIHPHLHvQDLQWHGHDDYHDYkUVWDGHDQL
F&RQ LQXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQH
3HUVRDQD FX GHSOLQ FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX SRDWH vQFKHLD VLQJXU - IU
UHSUH]HQWDQWOHJDOúLIUvQFXYLLQ DUHDSUHDODELOGLQSDUWHDYUHXQXLRFURWLWRUOHJDO- orice act
MXULGLF FLYLO ÌQ DIDU GH DFWHOH VWULFW SHUVRQDOH SHUVRDQD IL]LF FX FDSDFLWDWH GHSOLQ GH
H[HUFL LXSRDWHvQFKHLDDFWHMXULGLFHúLSULQUHSUH]HQWDQWXOVXFRQYHQ LRQDO
GÌQFHWDUHDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQH
&DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX GHSOLQ vQFHWHD] SULQ HIHFWXO PRU LL IL]LF FRQVWDWDWH
VDX DO FHOHL MXGHFWRUHúWH GHFODUDWH SULQ SXQHUHD VXE LQWHUGLF LH MXGHFWRUHDVF úL SULQ
GHVILLQ DUHDFVWRULHLFDHIHFWDODQXOULLVDXQXOLW LLHLPDLvQDLQWHFDIHPHLDVILvPSOLQLW
18 ani.

2.2.4. 6DQF LXQHDQHUHVSHFWULLUHJXOLORUFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LX

1HUHVSHFWDUHDGLVSR]L LLORUFHUHJOHPHQWHD]PDWHULDLQFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LX
DWUDJH GLIHULWH FRQVHFLQ H  FRQVHFLQ H SHQDOH GDF QX V-a respectat caracterul intangibil ori
FHO GH HJDOLWDWH D FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX QXOLWDWHD UHODWLY VDQF LXQH VSHFLILF vQ GRPHQLXO
FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH  vQFKHLDWH FX vQFOFDUHD QRUPHORU OHJDOH
incidente.
3. Ocrotirea persoanei fizice
3.1.1R LXQLJHQHUDOH
6LVWHPXO PLMORDFHORU MXULGLFH GH RFURWLUH D RPXOXL FXSULQGH UHJOHPHQWUL
SURSULLILHFUHLUDPXULGHGUHSWSULQWU-o multitudine de acte normative : Codul familiei, Codul
FLYLO&RGXOGHSURFHGXUFLYLO&RGXOFRPHUFLDO&RGXOSHQDO&RGXOGHSURFHGXUSHQDO
&RGXOPXQFLL'HFUHWXOQU'HFUHWXOQUúLDOWHOH
3.2. Ocrotirea minorului
2FURWLUHDSULQWHDVF
D1R LXQH
2FURWLUHD SULQWHDVF  HVWH PLMORFXO MXULGLF FRPXQ SULQ FDUH GUHSWXULOH úL
REOLJD LLOH FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQD úL EXQXULOH PLQRUXOXL VH H[HUFLW úL VH H[HFXW GH FWUH
SULQ LLVLILUHúWLVDXDGRSWLYL
E'XUDWDRFURWLULLSULQWHúWL
3HUVRDQD IL]LF EHQHILFLD] GH RFURWLUH SULQWHDVF SH WRDW GXUDWDPLQRULW LL
sale.
F3ULQFLSLLOHRFURWLULLSULQWHúWL
$FHVWHD UH]XOW GLQ &RQVWLWX LH &RGXO IDPLOLHL úL GLQ &RQYHQ LD FX SULYLUH OD
GUHSWXULOHFRSLOXOXLUDWLILFDWSULQ/HJHDQUILLQGXUPWRDUHOH
„ 'UHSWXULOHSULQWHúWLVHH[HUFLWvQLQWHUHVXOPLQRUXOXL
„ 3ULQ LL VXQW HJDOL vQ GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL vQ H[HUFLWDUHD úL vQGHSOLQLUHD
DFHVWRUDID GHFRSLLORUPLQRUL
„ 3ULQ LL VXQW HJDOL vQ GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL vQ H[HUFLWDUHD  úL vQGHSOLQLUHD
DFHVWRUD ID  GH FRSLLL ORU PLQRUL LQGLIHUHQW GDF HL VXQW GLQ FVWRULH VDX
GLQDIDUDFVWRULHLVDXGLQDGRS LH
 19
„
6HSDUDUHDSDWULPRQLDOGLQWUHSULQ LúLFRSLLL
„
([HUFLWDUHD RFURWLULL SULQWHúWL HVWH VXSXV VXSUDYHJKHULL úL FRQWUROXOXL
statului.
D0RGDOLW LOHGHH[HUFLWDUHDRFURWLULLSULQWHúWL
5HJXOD R FRQVWLWXLH H[HUFLWDUHD RFURWLULL SULQWHúWL GH FWUH DPELL SULQ L DUW
DOLQGLQ&RGXOIDPLOLHL([FHS LDFRQVWvQH[HUFLWDUHDGUHSWXULORUSULQWHúWLGHXQVLQJXU
SULQWH DWXQFL FkQG FHOODOW HVWH PRUW GHF]XW GLQ GUHSWXULOH SULQWHúWL VDX SXV VXE
LQWHUGLF LHVDXvQQHSXWLQ GHD-úLPDQLIHVWDYRLQ D
E5VSXQGHUHDSHQWUXQHvQGHSOLQLUHDvQGDWRULULORUSULQWHúWL
1HH[HUFLWDUHD VDX H[HUFLWDUHD QHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH D GUHSWXULORU SUHFXP úL
QHvQGHSOLQLUHD VDX vQGHSOLQLUHD QHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH D vQGDWRULULORU SULQWHúWL DWUDJH
UVSXQGHUHD SULQ LORU DWkW  vQ SODQXO RFURWLULL SHUVRDQHL PLQRUXOXL FkW úL vQ DO RFURWLULL
SDWULPRQLXOXL DFHVWXLD 5VSXQGHUHD SULQ LORU SRDWH IL GH QDWXU SHQDO FRQWUDYHQ LRQDO
FLYLOVDXGHGUHSWXOIDPLOLHL
3.2.2. Tutela minorului
D1R LXQHFDUDFWHUHúLSULQFLSLL
Tutela este mijlocul juridic de ocrotire a minorului lipsit de ocrotire
SULQWHDVF$OWIHOVSXVHVWHRVDUFLQSUHY]XWGHOHJHREOLJDWRULHJUDWXLWúLSHUVRQDO în
YLUWXWHD FUHLD R SHUVRDQ QXPLW WXWRUH H[HUFLW GUHSWXUL úL vQGDWRULUL SULQWHúWL ID  GH XQ
cRSLO PLQRU DL FUXL SULQ L VXQW GHFHGD L QHFXQRVFX L VDX DIOD L vQ LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH  D-úL
vQGHSOLQLREOLJD LLOHGHSULQWH
3RWULYLW &RGXOXL )DPLOLHL WXWHOD HVWH JXYHUQDW GH XUPWRDUHOH SULQFLSLL
exercitarea tutelei exclusiv în interesul minorului (art. 114 din Codul Familiei); exercitarea
WXWHOHL VXE FRQWUROXO VWDWXOXL LQGHSHQGHQ D SDWULPRQLDO GLQWUH PLQRU úL WXWRUH DUW  GLQ
Codul Familiei).
b. Deschiderea tutelei minorului
Deschiderea tutelei se dispune când un minor este lipsit de ocrotire pULQWHDVF
DPELLSULQ LVXQWGLVSUX LGHFHGD LQHFXQRVFX LGHF]X LGLQGUHSWXULOHSULQWHúWLVDXSXúL
VXE LQWHUGLF LH VDX VH DIO vQ LPSRVLELOLWDWH SHUPDQHQW GH D-úL H[HUFLWD GUHSWXULOHúLGHD-úL
vQGHSOLQLvQGDWRULULOHSULQWHúWL
Tutela se deVFKLGH GH DVHPHQHD FkQG vQILHUHD XQXL PLQRU HVWH GHVIFXW vQ
FRQGL LLOHOHJLLLDULQVWDQ DDSUHFLD]FQXHVWHRSRUWXQFDIRVWXOvQILDW-vQFPLQRU-VVH
UHvQWRDUFODSULQ LLOXLILUHúWL
c. Capacitatea de a fi tutore
În principiu, poate fi numLW WXWRUH RULFH SHUVRDQ PDMRU FDUH VH EXFXU GH
FDSDFLWDWHGHSOLQGHH[HUFL LX7RWXúLDQXPLWHFDWHJRULLGHSHUVRDQHQXSRWILQXPLWHWXWRUH
PLQRUXOVDXFHOSXVVXELQWHUGLF LHMXGHFWRUHDVFFHOGHF]XWGLQGUHSWXULOHSULQWHúWLVDX
cel declarat incapabil de a fi tutore; cel care, din cauza intereselor potrivnice celor ale
minorului, nu ar putea îndeplini sarcina tutelei etc.
G $WULEX LLOH WXWRUHOXL FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQD  úL EXQXULOH
minorului
$WULEX LLOHWXWRUHOXLFXSULYLUHODSHUVRDQDPLQRrului constau în exercitarea, în
LQWHUHVXO PLQRUXOXL D GUHSWXULORU úL vQGDWRULULORU SULQWHúWL $WULEX LLOH WXWRUHOXL FX SULYLUH OD
EXQXULOHPLQRUXOXLGLIHUGXSFXPPLQRUXODUHYkUVWDVXEDQLVDXGLPSRWULYPLQRUXO
are vârsta între 14-18 ani.
e. ReprH]HQWDUHDOHJDODPLQRUXOXLGHFWUHWXWRUH
7XWRUHOHDUHREOLJD LDGHDDGPLQLVWUDEXQXULOHPLQRUXOXLúLGHD-l reprezenta în
DFWHFLYLOHvQVQXPDLSkQODGDWDODFDUHDFHVWDvPSOLQHúWHYkUVWDGHDQL
Actele juridice pe care tutorele le poate încheLD VLQJXU vQ QXPHOH  úL SH
VRFRWHDOD  PLQRUXOXL VXQW DFWHOH GH FRQVHUYDUH D  SDWULPRQLXOXL úL DFWHOH GH DGPLQLVWUDUH D
patrimoniului.
 20
$FWHOH MXULGLFH FDUH SRW IL vQFKHLDWH GH WXWRUH QXPDL FX  vQFXYLLQ DUHD
SUHDODELO D DXWRULW LL WXWHODUH  VXQW DFWHOH GH GLVSR]L LH MXULGLF vQVWULQDUHD FRQVWLWXLUHD
unor drepturi reale principale sau accesorii etc.).
f. ÌQFXYLLQ DUHD SUHDODELO GH FWUH WXWRUH D DFWHORU MXULGLFH
vQFKHLDWH GH FWUH PLQRUXO DYkQG FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX
UHVWUkQV
Tutorele minorului cu cDSDFLWDWH UHVWUkQV GH H[HUFL LX DUH GUHSWXO GH D
vQFXYLLQ D FD DFHVWD V vQFKHLH DFWHOH SH FDUH WXWRUHOH PLQRUXOXL OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWHD GH
H[HUFL LXOH-ar fi putut încheia singur, prin reprezentare.
g. ÌQFHWDUHD IXQF LHL WXWRUHOXL  ÌQFHWDUHD WXWHOHL 5VSXnderea
tutorelui
ÌQFHWDUHDIXQF LHLWXWRUHOXLLQWHUYLQHSHQWUXFDX]HOHJDWHGHSHUVRDQDWXWRUHOXL
decesul tutorelui; înlocuirea tutorelui la cererea sa; numirea unui alt tutore în cazul în care
PLQRUXOFXFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVHVWHSXVVXELQWHUGLF LHúLvQGHSUWDUHDGHODWXWHO
(art. 117 din Codul Familiei).
Încetarea tutelei intervine când dispare cauza care a impus instituirea ei : tutela
vQFHWHD] FkQG PLQRUXO SXV VXE LQWHUGLF LH GREkQGHúWH GHSOLQ FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX FkQG
cel pu LQXQXOGLQWUHSULQ LLPLQRUXOXLUHGREkQGHúWHFDSDFLWDWHDVDXSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDH[HUFLWD
HOvQVXúLRFURWLUHDPLQRUXOXLFkQGPRDUHPLQRUXO
5VSXQGHUHD WXWRUHOXL SHQWUX QHvQGHSOLQLUHD VDX vQGHSOLQLUHD
QHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDVDUFLQLORUVDOHSRDWHILGHQDWXUFLYLOSDWULPRQLDOúLQHSDWULPRQLDO
VDXSHQDO
3.2.3. Curatela minorului
D1R LXQH
&XUDWHOD PLQRUXOXL HVWH XQ PLMORF MXULGLF WHPSRUDU úL VXEVLGLDU GH RFURWLUH D
PLQRUXOXL (VWH R WXWHO SURYL]RULH &XUDWHOD VH LQVWLWXLH GH DXWRULWDWHD WXWHODU  GH OD
GRPLFLOLXOPLQRUXOXLILHGLQRILFLXILHODFHUHUHDRULFUHLSHUVRDQHGLQFHOHSUHY]XWHGHDUW
115 din Codul familie.
b. Cazurile de instituire a curatelei minorului
&RGXOIDPLOLHLVWDELOHúWHXUPWRDUHOHVLWXD LLFDUHQHFHVLWLQVWLWXLUHDFXUDWHOHL
 FkQG DSDUH R FRQWUDULHWDWH GH LQWHUHVH  vQWUH PLQRU úL SULQWHOH VDX WXWRUHOH VX FkQG
vQFHWHD]VDUFLQDXQXLWXWRUHSkQODQXPLUHDúLLQWUDUHDvQIXQF LHDDOWXLWXWRUHvQFD]XOXQXL
PLQRUFXFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVSXVVXELQWHUGLF LHSkQODQXPLUHDXQXLWXWRUHDO
LQWHU]LVXOXL FkQG SULQWHOH VDX WXWRUHOHHVWHvPSLHGLFDWYUHPHOQLFV-úLH[HUFLWHGUHSWXULOHúL
vQGDWRULULOHID GHSHUVRDQDVDXEXQXULOHPLQRUXOXLGLQFDX]GHERDOVDXGLQDOWHPRWLYH
3.3. Ocrotirea bolnavului psihic prLQLQWHUGLF LDMXGHFWRUHDVF
2FURWLUHDEROQDYLORUSVLKLFLHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWGH&RGXOIDPLOLHLúLGH'HFUHWXO
nr. 32/1954.
3.3.1. 1R LXQHDLQWHUGLF LHLMXGHFWRUHúWL
,QWHUGLF LD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH DQVDPEOXO PVXULORU FDUH VH SRW OXD vQ
FRQGL LLOH H[SUHV SUHY]XWH GH OHJHSHQWUXRFURWLUHDSHUVRDQHORUOLSVLWHGHGLVFHUQPkQWGLQ
FDX]DDOLHQD LHLVDXGHELOLW LLPLQWDOHGHFDUHVXIHU
3.3.2. &RQGL LLOHSXQHULLVXELQWHUGLF LHMXGHFWRUHDVF
$ &RQGL LD GH IRQG HVHQ LDO SHQWUX D VH SXWHD SURQXQ D LQWHUGLF LD
MXGHFWRUHDVF DVXSUD XQHL SHUVRDQH HVWH FD DFHDVWD  V QX DLE GLVFHUQPkQWXO QHFHVDU
SHQWUXDVHvQJULMLGHLQWHUHVHOHVDOHGLQFDX]DDOLHQD LHLVDXGHELOLW LLPLQWDOH
% &RQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH SXQHULL VXE LQWHUGLF LH UHSUH]LQW SURFHGXUD
MXGLFLDU  SULQ FDUH VH LQVWLWXLH  DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH RFURWLUH D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH SHQWUX  F
QLPHQL QX SRDWH IL SXV VXE LQWHUGLF LH GHFkW SULQWU-R KRWUkUH  MXGHFWRUHDVF UPDV
GHILQLWLY
4. ÌQFHWDUHDLQWHUGLF LHLMXGHFWRUHúWL
 21
ÌQFHWDUHDLQWHUGLF LHLMXGHFWRUHúWLVHSURGuce, fie prin moartea interzisului, fie
SULQ  ULGLFDUHD LQWHUGLF LHL SURQXQ DW SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF FX R SURFHGXU
DVHPQWRDUH FHOHL GH SXQHUH VXE LQWHUGLF LH DWXQFL FkQG DX vQFHWDW FDX]HOH FDUH DX
determinat instituirea ei.
5. Efectele punerii sXELQWHUGLF LHMXGHFWRUHDVF
+RWUkUHD SURGXFH  GRX HIHFWH DVXSUD SHUVRDQHL vQ FDX] $ /LSVLUHD
LQWHU]LVXOXL GH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX GH OD GDWD FkQG KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D UPDV
GHILQLWLY % ,QVWLWXLUHD WXWHOHL LQWHU]LVXOXL PVXU FDUH XUPUHúWH V-O RFURWHDVF úL V
asigure reprezentarea acestuia la încheierea actelor juridice.
3.3.3. Tratamentul medical obligatoriu al bolnavilor psihici
SHULFXORúL
$VLVWHQ D EROQDYLORU SVLKLFL SHULFXORúL VXE IRUPD WUDWDPHQWXOXL PHGLFDO
obligatoriu, este reglementat de Decretul nr. 313/1980. Tratamentul medical obligatoriu se
GHRVHEHúWHGHLQWHUGLF LDMXGHFWRUHDVFSULQDFHHDFHVWHRPVXUDGPLQLVWUDWLYSHFDUHR
KRWUúWHDXWRULWDWHDPHGLFDOúLQXDUHHIHFWDVXSUDFDSDFLW LLFLYLOHDSHUVRDQHLFUHLDLVH
DSOLF
2FURWLUHDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFHSULQFXUDWHO
3.4.1. 1R LXQHúLFODVLILFDUH
Curatela propriu-]LV FXUDWHOD FDSDELOXOXL VH LQVWLWXLH FX VFRSXO GH D RFURWL
SHUVRDQDFXFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXGHSOLQFDUHWHPSRUDUQXSRDWHVLQJXUV-úLDGPLQLVWUH]H
patULPRQLXOVDXV-úLvQJULMHDVFGHLQWHUHVH
&XUDWHOD VSHFLDO FXUDWHOD LQFDSDELOXOXL VH LQVWLWXLH vQ EHQHILFLXO XQRU
SHUVRDQHOLSVLWHGHFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXVDXDYkQGFDSDFLWDWHGHH[HUFL LXUHVWUkQVFDUHQX
DX WXWRUH VDX DO FURU WXWRUH QX HVWH vQ PVXU V-úL vQGHSOLQHDVF VDUFLQD $FHVW IHO GH
FXUDWHOUHSUH]LQWRWXWHOSURYL]RULH
3.4.2. ,QVWLWXLUHDFRQ LQXWXOúLvQFHWDUHDFXUDWHOHL
Instituirea curatelei se face la cerereaFHOXLFDUHXUPUHúWHDILUHSUH]HQWDWD
VR XOXLVXDUXGHORUDFHORUDUWD LODDUWGLQ&RGXOIDPLOLHLDWXWRUHOXLúLdin oficiu, de
DXWRULWDWHDWXWHODU
&RQ LQXWXO FXUDWHOHL HVWH LGHQWLF FX FHO DO UHSUH]HQWULL $VWIHO SXWHULOH
FXUDWRUXOXLYRUILQXPDLFHOHvQFUHGLQ DWHGHFWUHFHOUHSUH]HQWDWLDUvQFD]GHimposibilitate
DDFHVWXLDFHOHGHWHUPLQDWHGHDXWRULWDWHDWXWHODUFDUHO-DQXPLWDXWRULWDWHDWXWHODUSRDWHGD
LQVWUXF LXQLFXUDWRUXOXLvQORFXOFHOXLUHSUH]HQWDWFkQGDFHVWDQXHVWHvQPVXUVRIDF
ÌQFHWDUHD FXUDWHOHL SULYHúWH DWkW vQFHWDUHD IXQF LHL FXUDWRUXOXL SULQ vQORFXLUHD
VD OD FHUHUH GXS  DQL GH OD QXPLUH VDX SULQ FRQVLP PkQWXO UHSUH]HQWDWXOXL FkW úL
vQFHWDUHDFXUDWHOHLvQVúLSULQULGLFDUHDHLODvQFHWDUHDFDX]HORUFDUHDXGHWHUPLQDWLQVWLWXLUHD
DFHVWHLD GH FWUH DXWRULWDWHD WXWHODU OD FHUHUHD FXUDWRUXOXL D FHOXL UHSUH]HQWDW VDX vQ XUPD
decesului persoanei ocrotite).
4. Identificarea persoanei fizice
4.1.1R LXQH
3ULQ LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH VH vQ HOHJH LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD RPXOXL vQ
raporturile juridice civile.
4.2. Mijloacele de identificare a persoanei fizice
Mijloacele de identificare a persoanei fizice - drepturi personale
nepatrimoniale -  SUHY]XWH GH QRUPHOH GUHSWXOXL FLYLO VXQW   QXPHOH  GRPLFLOLXO úL VWDUHD
FLYLO
4.2.1. Numele
$1R LXQHúLFDUDFWHUHMXULGLFH
Numele este atributul de identificare a persoanei fizice, reprezentând dreptul
ILLQ HL XPDQH GH D IL LQGLYLGXDOL]DW vQ VRFLHWDWH úL vQ IDPLOLH SRWULYLW OHJLL SULQ DQXPLWH
FXYLQWH FX DFHVW vQ HOHV &DUDFWHUHOH MXULGLFH DOH QXPHOXL  FD GUHSW SHUVRQDO QHSDWULPRQLal
 22
sunt: legalitatea, generalitatea, egalitatea, individualitatea, imprescriptibilitatea,
LQWDQJLELOLWDWHDSHUVRQDOLWDWHDXQLYHUVDOLWDWHDXQLWDWHDúLRSR]DELOLWDWHDerga omnes.
B. Numele de familie
([LVW WUHL FD]XUL GH VWDELOLUH D QXPHOXL GH IDPLOLH DO FRSLOXOXL GXS VLWXD LD
MXULGLFDDFHVWXLDODQDúWHUHDVDFRSLOXOGLQFVWRULHSULPHúWHQXPHOHGHIDPLOLHFRPXQDO
SULQ LORU VDX QXPHOH XQXLD GLQWUH SULQ L VDX QXPHOH GH IDPLOLH DO SULQ LORU UHXQLWH
FRSLOXOGLQDIDUDFVWRULHLGDFLV-a stDELOLWILOLD LDQXPDLID GHXQSULQWHYDSXUWDQXPHOH
DFHVWXLDLDUGDFDPELLO-DXUHFXQRVFXWQXPHOHGHIDPLOLHDOXQXLDGLQSULQ LVDXQXPHOH
SULQ LORU UHXQLWH úL QXPHOH GH IDPLOLH DO FRSLOXOXL JVLW FX SULQ L QHFXQRVFX L QXPHOH GH
familie se sWDELOHúWHSULQGHFL]LDRUJDQXOXLORFDODODGPLQLVWUD LHLSXEOLFH
a. Modificarea numelui de familie
0RGLILFULOH QXPHOXL GH IDPLOLH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH ILOLD LH DGRS LH úL
FVWRULH
6FKLPEULOH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH ILOLD LD LQWHUYLQ vQ SDWUX LSRWH]H  ILOLD LD
FRSLOXOXLJVLWQVFXWGLQSULQ LQHFXQRVFX LVWDELOLUHDILOLD LHLFRSLOXOXLGLQDIDUDFVWRULHL
úL ID  GH FHOODOW SULQWH WJGXLUHD SDWHUQLW LL FRSLOXOXL GLQ FVWRULH FRQWHVWDUHD VDX
DQXODUHDUHFXQRDúWHULLGHILOLD LH
Modificarea numelui dHIDPLOLHFDXUPDUHDDGRS LHLDUHvQYHGHUHWUHLLSRWH]H
 vQFXYLLQ DUHD GHVIDFHUHD úL DQXODUHDDGRS LHL0RGLILFDUHDQXPHOXLGHIDPLOLHFDXUPDUHD
FVWRULHL SRDWH LQWHUYHQL vQ XUPWRDUHOH LSRWH]H  vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GLYRU XO úL QXOLWDWHD
FVWRULei.

b. Schimbarea numelui de familie

6FKLPEDUHD QXPHOXL GH IDPLOLH VH IDFH SH FDOH DGPLQLVWUDWLY vQ FRQGL LLOH
SUHY]XWHGH'HFUHWXOQUFXSULYLUHODQXPH3ULQVFKLPEDUHDQXPHOXLGHIDPLOLHVH
vQ HOHJHVXEVWLWXLUHDRILFLDOúLODFHUHUHDXQXL nume de familie cu alt nume de familie prin
GHFL]LHDGPLQLVWUDWLY
c. Retranscrierea numelui de familie
5HWUDQVFULHUHDQXPHOXLGHIDPLOLHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWGH'HFUHWXOQU
úLSULYHúWHSHUVRDQDDOFUXLQXPHGHIDPLOLHDIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWvQDFWHOHGHVWDUHFLYLOWUDGXV
vQDOWOLPEGHFkWFHDPDWHUQRULFXRUWRJUDILDDOWHLOLPEL$FHDVWDSRDWHFHUHvQVFULHUHD
SULQPHQ LXQHSHDFWHOHGHVWDUHFLYLODQXPHOXLGHIDPLOLHUHWUDGXVVDXFXRUWRJUDILDOLPELL
materne atât la rubricile privind peWLWXODUFkWúLODFHOHSULYLQGSHSULQ LLVL
C. Prenumele
a. 1R LXQHUROFDUDFWHUH
Prenumele este acea parte a numelui -vQVHQVXOVXODUJ-FDUHLQGLYLGXDOL]HD]
SHUVRDQD IL]LF vQ FDGUXO IDPLOLHL úL  R GLVWLQJH vQ DIDUD DFHVWHLD GH DOWH SHUVRDQH FX DFHODúL
nume de familie. Caracterele juridice ale prenumelui sunt: legalitatea, generalitatea,
egalitatea, individualitatea, universalitatea, imprescriptibilitatea, intangibilitatea,
SHUVRQDOLWDWHDXQLWDWHDúLRSR]DELOLWDWHDerga omnes.
b. Stabilirea, schimbarHDúLUHWUDQVFULHUHDSUHQXPHOXL
6WDELOLUHDSUHQXPHOXLVHIDFHODGDWDvQUHJLVWUULLQDúWHULLSHED]DGHFODUD LHLGH
QDúWHUHIFXWHGHFHOFDUHGHFODUQDúWHUHD
6FKLPEDUHDSUHQXPHOXLVHIDFHSHFDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLY5HWUDQVFULHUHDVHSRDWH
cere pentru aFHOHDúLPRWLYHúLXUPHD]DFHHDúLSURFHGXUFDúLvQFD]XOQXPHOXL
D. 3VHXGRQLPXOúLSRUHFOD
3VHXGRQLPXO HVWH XQ FXYkQW VDX JUXS GH FXYLQWH DOHVH GH SHUVRDQD IL]LF FX
scopul de a-O LQGLYLGXDOL]D vQ VRFLHWDWH FX SUHFGHUH vQWU-un domeniu de activitate cultural-
DUWLVWLF3RUHFODHVWHQXPHOHGDWXQHLSHUVRDQHSHOkQJQXPHOHSURSULXvQVHPQGHFLQVWH
VDXGHEDWMRFXUvQOHJWXUFXRWUVWXUFDUDFWHULVWLFDDVSHFWXOXLVXH[WHULRUDSVLKLFXOXL
VDXDDFWLYLW LLVDOH
 23
4.2.2. Domiciliul
$ 1R LXQHD LPSRUWDQ D FDUDFWHUHOH MXULGLFH úL IHOXULOH
domiciliului
Domiciliul este atributul de identificare a persoanei fizice care o
LQGLYLGXDOL]HD]vQVSD LXSULQLQGLFDUHDXQXLORFFXDFHVWvQ HOHVMXULGLF
Caracterele juridice ale dreptului la domiciliu sunt unele generale (proprii
RULFUXL  GUHSW SHUVRQDO QHSDWULPRQLDO  úL XQHOH VSHFLILFH VWDELOLWDWHD XQLFLWDWHD úL
obligativitatea.
B. Domiciliul de drept comun
Domiciliul de drept comun este acel drept al persoanei fizice cu capacitate de
H[HUFL LXGHSOLQvQ -PRGH[FHS LRQDOúLDOPLQRUXOXLGHSHVWHDQL- de a se individualiza
vQVSD LXSULQORFXLQ DVDVWDWRUQLF
Schimbarea domiciliului de drept comun este un drept al persoanei fizice
FLUFXPVFULVSULQFLSLXOXLOLEHUW LLFLUFXOD LHLJDUDQWDWFHW HQLORUGH&RQVWLWX LHSULQDUW
C. Domiciliul legal
'RPLFLOLXO OHJDO HVWH GRPLFLOLXO SH FDUH OHJHD R VWDELOHúWH SHQWUX DQXPLWH
FDWHJRULL  GH SHUVRDQH IL]LFH 6WDELOLUHD GRPLFLOLXOXL OHJDO VH IDFH SRWULYLW GLVSR]L LLORU
Decretului nr. 31/1954, Legii nr. 105/199úL&RGXOXLIDPLOLHLGXSXUPWRDUHOHUHJXOL
„ PLQRUXODUHGRPLFLOLXOOHJDOODSULQ LLVLODSULQWHOHODFDUHORFXLHúWH
VWDWRUQLFODSULQWHOHFDUHvORFURWHúWHVDXODWXWRUH
„ LQWHU]LVXOMXGHFWRUHVFDUHGRPLFLOLXOOHJDOODWXWRUH
„ persoana ocrotitSULQFXUDWHODUHGRPLFLOLXOOHJDOODFXUDWRUHOHVXGDF
DFHVWDDUHGUHSWXOV-l reprezinte.
D. 'RPLFLOLXOFRQYHQ LDO
'RPLFLOLXO FRQYHQ LRQDO HVWH ORFXLQ DDGUHVDDVXSUDFUHLDVHvQ HOHJSU LOH
vQ YHGHUHD H[HFXWULL DFWXOXL MXULGLF VROX LRQULL OLWLJLXOXL VDX FRPXQLFULL DFWHORU GH
SURFHGXU(OHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWGH&RGXOFLYLOúLGH&RGXOGHSURFHGXUFLYLO
E. 5HúHGLQ D
5HúHGLQ D UHSUH]LQW DWULEXWXO GH LGHQWLILFDUH vQ VSD LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
PDWHULDOL]DW SULQ LQGLFDUHD XQHL ORFXLQ H WHPSRUDUH &DUDFWHUXO WHPSRUDU úL IDFXOWDWLY DO
UHúHGLQ HL VH RSXQH FDUDFWHUHORU GRPLFLOLXOXL 6WDELOLUHD UHúHGLQ HL VH IDFH GXS FXP FHU
LQWHUHVHOHSHUVRDQHLIL]LFHRSHUkQGSULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LLSUHY]XWGHDUWDOLQGLQ/HJHDQU
105/1996.
4.2.3. Starea civiO
$1R LXQHDúLFDUDFWHUHOHMXULGLFHDOHVWULLFLYLOH
6WDUHDFLYLOHVWHXQPLMORFMXULGLFGHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFHFDUHVH
PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ LQGLFDUHD FDOLW LORU SHUVRQDOH FX DFHDVW VHPQLILFD LH &D WRWDOLWDWH GH
vQVXúLUL SHUVRQDOH VWDUHD FLYLO VH H[SULP SULQ XUPWRDUHOH HOHPHQWH QVFXW GLQ SULQ L
QHFXQRVFX LGLQFVWRULHGLQDIDUDFVWRULHLQHFVWRULWGLYRU DWUHFVWRULWYGXYEUEDW
sau femeie.
&DUDFWHUHOH MXULGLFH DOH VWULL FLYLOH VXQW GDWH GH QDWXUD VD MXULGLF GH Grept
personal nepatrimonial : inalienabilitatea, imprescriptibilitatea, personalitatea, universalitatea,
opozabilitatea erga omnes, legalitatea.
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULL FLYLOH VH H[SULP SULQ DF LXQLOH GH VWDUH FLYLO
vQUHJLVWUULOHGHVWDUHFLYLOúLSULQSUREDVWULLFLYLOH
%$F LXQLOHGHVWDUHFLYLO
$F LXQLOH GH VWDUH FLYLO DF LXQL GH VWDW  VXQW DF LXQL vQ MXVWL LH FDUH DX FD
RELHFWVWDUHDFLYLODSHUVRDQHLIL]LFH
([LVW WUHL FULWHULL GH FODVLILFDUH D DF LXQLORU GH VWDUH FLYLO úL DQXPH GXS
RELHFWXOVDXILQDOLWDWHDORUDF LXQLvQUHFODPD LHGHVWDWDF LXQLvQFRQWHVWD LHGHVWDWúLDF LXQL
vQPRGLILFDUHGHVWDWGXSSHUVRDQHOHvQGUHSW LWHVOHH[HUFLWHDF LXQLFDUHSRWILLQWURGXVH
 24
GHRULFHSHUVRDQLQWHUHVDWDF LXQLFDUHSRWILSURPRYDWHQXPDLGHWLWXODUXOVWULLFLYLOHGH
UHSUH]HQWDQWXOVXOHJDORULGHSURFXURUúLDF LXQLFDUHSRWILSRUQLWHQXPDLGHWLWXODUXOVWULL
FLYLOH GXS FRUHOD LD ORU FX  SUHVFULS LD H[WLQFWLY DF LXQL LPSUHVFULSWLELOH úL DF LXQL
prescriptibile).
C.ÌQUHJLVWUULOHGHVWDUHFLYLO
D'HILQL LDúLIHOXULOHvQUHJLVWUULORUGHVWDUHFLYLO
3ULQ vQUHJLVWUUL GH VWDUH FLYLO  vQ HOHJHP WRWDOLWDWHD RSHUD LXQLORU MXULGLFH GH
FRQVHPQDUHDDFWHORUúLIDSWHORUGHVWDUHFLYLOvQUHJLVWUHOHGHVWDUHFLYLOSUHFXPúLDDOWRU
HOHPHQWHSUHY]XWHGHOHJHGHFWUHRUJDQHOHDELOLWDWHGHOHJH
/HJHD QU  VWDELOHúWH  GRX FDWHJRULL GH vQUHJLVWUUL GH VWDUH FLYLO 
vQUHJLVWUUL SH FDOHD vQWRFPLULL DFWHORU GH VWDUH FLYLO  úL vQUHJLVWUUL SH FDOHD vQVFULHULL Ge
PHQ LXQLSHDFWHOHGHVWDUHFLYLO
b. 2UJDQL]DUHDúLUHJXOLOHvQUHJLV-WUULORUGHVWDUHFLYLO
6XQW FRPSHWHQWH V IDF vQUHJLVWUUL GH VWDUH FLYLO  FRQVLOLLOH MXGH HQH úL
DXWRULW LOH DGPLQLVWUD LHL SXEOLFH ORFDOH  SULQ RIL HULL GH VWDUH FLYLO SULPriile locului de
FRERUkUHVDXGHGHEDUFDUHFRPDQGDQWXOQDYHLVDXDHURQDYHLúLUHSUH]HQWDQ LLGLSORPDWLFLúL
consulari ai României.
5HJXOLOHvQUHJLVWUULORUVXQW
- reguli generale:VHUHIHUODGHFODUD LDvQYHGHUHDvQUHJLVWUULLGHVWDUHFLYLO
la UHIX]XOHIHFWXULLXQHLvQUHJLVWUULGHVWDUHFLYLOODDQXODUHDUHFWLILFDUHDVDXFRPSOHWDUHD
XQHL vQUHJLVWUUL  GH VWDUH FLYLO  úL OD SULQFLSLXO error communis facit jus în materia
vQUHJLVWUULLGHVWDUHFLYLO
- regulile speciale: înregistrarea nDúWHULL vQUHJLVWUDUHD UHFXQRDúWHULL VDX
KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL GH VWDELOLUH D ILOLD LHL vQUHJLVWUDUHD DGRS LHL vQUHJLVWUDUHD FVWRULHL
vQUHJLVWUDUHDGLYRU XOXLvQUHJLVWUDUHDVFKLPEULLQXPHOXLSHFDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYvQUHJLVWUDUHD
decesului; înregiVWUDUHD DFWHORU GH VWDUH FLYLO  DOH FHW HQLORU URPkQL  DIOD L vQ VWULQWDWH
vQUHJLVWUDUHDDFWHORUGHVWDUHFLYLOvQFD]GHPRELOL]DUHU]ERLRULSDUWLFLSDUHDODPLVLXQLGH
PHQ LQHUHDSFLLVDXvQVFRSXPDQLWDU
'$FWHOHGHVWDUHFLYLO
Prin acte GHVWDUHFLYLOvQ HOHJHPDFWXOGLQUHJLVWUXOGHVWDUHFLYLOvQFDUHVXQW
FRQVHPQDWHGHFWUHRUJDQHOHFXDWULEX LLGHVWDUHFLYLOvQFRQGL LLOHOHJLLHOHPHQWHOHVWULL
civile a persoanei fizice .
1DWXUDMXULGLFDDFWXOXLGHVWDUHFLYLODSDUHFDDYând caracter complex, mixt
 GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO DFWXO GH VWDUH FLYLO HVWH XQ vQVFULV DXWHQWLF FDUH
VHUYHúWHGUHSWPLMORFGHLGHQWLILFDUHDSHUVRDQHLIL]LFHLDUGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOGUHSWXOXL
DGPLQLVWUDWLY DFWXO GH VWDUH FLYLO este înscrisul doveditor al actului administrativ individual
UHSUH]HQWDWGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDGHVWDUHFLYLOSHFDUHRFRQ LQH
)RU D SUREDQW D DFWXOXL GH VWDUH FLYLO HVWH VLPLODU RULFUXL vQVFULV DXWHQWLF
fiind aplicabile prevederile art. 1171-1174 din Codul civil.
$FWHOHGHVWDUHFLYLOSRWILUHFRQVWLWXLWHvQWRFPLWHXOWHULRUDQXODWHUHFWLILFDWH
úLFRPSOHWDWHvQFRQGL LLOH'HFUHWXOXLQUúLDOH/HJLLQU
(3UREDVWULLFLYLOH
³6WDUHD FLYLO VH GRYHGHúWH FX DFWHOH vQWRFPLWH VDX  Fu cele înscrise, potrivit
OHJLLvQUHJLVWUHOHGHVWDUHFLYLO&HUWLILFDWHOHHOLEHUDWHvQWHPHLXOUHJLVWUHORUGHVWDUHFLYLO
DX DFHHDúL SXWHUH GRYHGLWRDUH FD úL DFWHOH vQWRFPLWH VDX vQVFULVH vQ UHJLVWUH´ DUW  GLQ
Decretul nr. 31/1954).
CertificateOHGHVWDUHFLYLOVXQWGHGRXIHOXULRULJLQDOHúLGXSOLFDWHvQWUHHOH
QHH[LVWkQGGLIHUHQ HGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOIRU HLSUREDQWHFLQXPDLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDO
IRUPDOLW LORUQHFHVDUHvQWRFPLULLúLHOLEHUULLORU
6WDUHD FLYLO  VH YD SXWHD GRYHGL vQDLQWHD LQVWDQ HL MXGHFWRUHúWL SULQ RULFH
PLMORFGHSUREDGPLVGHOHJHvQFRQGL LLOHSUHY]XWHGHDUWOLWHUHOHD- d) din Decretul
nr. 31/1954.
 25
Capitolul III

3HUVRDQDMXULGLF

1. 1R LXQHDFODVLILFDUHDúLHOHPHQWHOHFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHSHrsoanei juridice
1.1.1R LXQHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
3HUVRDQD MXULGLF HVWH VXELHFWXO FROHFWLY GH  GUHSW UHSUH]HQWDW GH XQ FROHFWLY
GH RDPHQL FRQVWLWXLW vQ FRQGL LLOH OHJLL FDUH HVWH WLWXODU GH GUHSWXUL VXELHFWLYH úL REOLJD LL
civile.
1.2. Clasificarea persoanelor juridice
&ODVLILFDUHDSHUVRDQHORUMXULGLFHVHIDFHGXSPDLPXOWHFULWHULLGXSIRUPD
GUHSWXOXL GH SURSULHWDWH FDUH HVWH  OD RULJLQHD SDWULPRQLXOXL GXS QD LRQDOLWDWH GXS VHGLXO
ORUGXSOHJWXUDGLQWUHHOHGXSUHJLPXOMXULGLFFHOLVHDSOLFúLGXSHVHQ DVFRSXOXLORU
1.3. Elementele constitutive ale persoanei juridice
'LQ FRQ LQXWXO WH[WXOXL DUW  OLW H GLQ 'HFUHWXO QU  UH]XOW
XUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWHFRQVWLWXWLYHRUJDQL]DUHDGHVLQHVWWWRDUHSDWULPRQLXúLscop propriu.
2. ÎQILLQ DUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
2.1.1R LXQHDúLUHJOHPHQWDUHDvQILLQ ULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
ÌQILLQ DUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FUHDUHD vQ FRQGL LLOH SUHY]XWH GH OHJH D
XQXLVXELHFWFROHFWLYGHGUHSWFLYLO5HJOHPHQWDUHDvQILLQ ULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHV-a fFXWSULQ
QRUPHJHQHUDOH'HFUHWXOQUúLSULQQRUPHVSHFLDOHFDUHSULYHVFGLIHULWHOHFDWHJRULL
de subiecte colective de drept civil).
2.2.0RGXULOHGHvQILLQ DUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
$$FWXOGHGLVSR]L LHDORUJDQXOXLGHVWDWFRPSHWHQW
Prin act de GLVSR]L LH DO RUJDQXOXL GH VWDW FRPSHWHQW SULQ FDUH VH vQILLQ HD]
SHUVRDQD MXULGLFvQ HOHJHPOHJLOHDGRSWDWHGH3DUODPHQWKRWUkULOH*XYHUQXOXLúLKRWUkULOH
FRQVLOLXOXLMXGH HDQVDXORFDO
%$FWXOGHvQILLQ DUHUHFXQRVFXW
3ULQ³DFWGHvQILLQ DUHUHFXQRVFXW´vQ HOHJHPvQILLQ DUHDXQHLSHUVRDQHMXULGLFH
FRRSHUDWLVWH SH ED]D XQXL DFW GH FRQVWLWXLUH DSUREDW GH DGXQDUHD JHQHUDO FRQIHULQ  VDX
FRQJUHVúLDXQXLVWDWXWDFWHVXSXVHUHFXQRDúWHULLSULQYHULILFDUHDOHJDOLW LL
&$FWXOGHvQILLQ DUHDXWRUL]at
ÌQILLQ DUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQWU-un astfel de act are în vedere, potrivit
'HFUHWXOXL QU  RUJDQL]D LLOH REúWHúWL VLQGLFDWH XQLXQLOH GH VFULLWRUL DUWLúWL VDX
FRPSR]LWRUL DVRFLD LLOH FX VFRS QHSDWULPRQLDO SUHFXP úL LQVWLWX LLOH úL vQtreprinderile lor
DQH[H 3ULQ DFWXO GH vQILLQ DUH DXWRUL]DW vQ HOHJHP vQILLQ DUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH SH ED]D
XQXLDFWGHFRQVWLWXLUHvQFKHLDWvQIRUPDXWHQWLFúLDXQXLVWDWXWDFWHVXSXVHDXWRUL]ULLGH
FWUHRUJDQHOHSXWHULLMXGHFWRUHúWLVDXDOH puterii executive.
D. Alt mod reglementat de lege
ÌQILLQ DUHD SULQWU-un alt mod reglementat de lege are în vedere statul român
DUW  GLQ 'HFUHWXO QU  SUHFXP úL PLVLXQLOH GLSORPDWLFH úL RILFLLOH FRQVXODUH
(Legea nr. 37/1991).
3. Capacitatea cLYLODSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
3.1.1R LXQH
&DSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH UHSUH]LQW DSWLWXGLQHD VXELHFWXOXL
FROHFWLYGHGUHSWGHDDYHDGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOHúLDSWLWXGLQHDGHDGREkQGLúLH[HUFLWD
drepturi subiective civile de a-úL DVXPD úL  vQGHSOLQL REOLJD LLOH  SULQ vQFKHLHUHD GH DFWH
juridice civile.
3.2.&DSDFLWDWHDGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
1R LXQH
 26
&DSDFLWDWHDGHIRORVLQ DDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHHVWHDSWLWXGLQHDDFHVWHLDGHDDYHD
GUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOH
3.2.2. ÌQFHSXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
'HFUHWXO QU  SULQ DUW  úL DUW  VWDELOHúWH XUPWRDUHOH UHJXOL
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E FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ D D FHORUODOWH SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH  vQFHSH  vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH
vQILLQ DUH GH OD GDWD DFWXOXL GH GLVSR]L LH GH OD GDWD UHFXQRDúWHULL DFWXOXL GH vQILLQ DU GH OD
data autorizULLvQILLQ ULLVDXGHODGDWDvQGHSOLQLULLDOWHLFHULQ HOHJDOH
3.2.3. &RQ LQXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
&RQ LQXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ UHSUH]LQWDSWLWXGLQHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHGH
DDYHDGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOHvQFRQFRUGDQ FXVFRSXOVWDELOLWSULQOHJHDFWGHvQILLQ DUH
VDXSULQVWDWXW&RQIRUPSULQFLSLXOXLVSHFLDOLW LLFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
DFHDVWD QX SRDWH DYHD GHFkW DFHOH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL FLYLOH FDUH VXQW vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX
scopul ei.
3.2.4. ÎncetDUHDFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
&DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  UHVWUkQV D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH vQFHWHD] OD GDWD
GREkQGLULL GH FWUH DFHDVWD D FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ  UHVSHFWLY GH OD GDWD vQUHJLVWUULL
persoanei juridice, de la data înscrieriLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHGHODGDWDvQPDWULFXOULLSHUVRDQHL
MXULGLFHGHODGDWDUPkQHULLGHILQLWLYHDKRWUkULLMXGHFWRUHúWLGHDGPLWHUHDvQUHJLVWUULLHWF
&DSDFLWDWHDGHSOLQGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHvQFHWHD]ODGDWDvQFHWULL
H[LVWHQ HLSHUsoanei juridice.
4. 6DQF LXQHDQHUHVSHFWULLUHJXOLORUSULYLQGFDSDFLWDWHDGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
6DQF LXQHD QHUHVSHFWULL UHJXOLORU SULYLQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  HVWH
QXOLWDWHD DEVROXW vQ XUPWRDUHOH FD]XUL DFWXO MXULGLF  V-a încheiat în lLSVD FDSDFLW LL GH
IRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHDFWXOMXULGLFV-DvQFKHLDWFXQHVRFRWLUHDSULQFLSLXOXLVSHFLDOLW LL
FDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
3.3.&DSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
 1R LXQHD úL UHJOHPHQWDUHD OHJDO D FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D
persoanei juridice
&DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH DSWLWXGLQHD VXELHFWXOXL
FROHFWLYGHGUHSWFLYLOGHDGREkQGLúLH[HUFLWDGUHSWXULVXELHFWLYHFLYLOHúLGHD-úLDVXPDúL
vQGHSOLQL REOLJD LLOH FLYLOH SULQ vQcheierea de acte juridice. Regulile generale privind
FDSDFLWDWHDGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHVXQWVWDELOLWHGH'HFUHWXOQU
5HJXOLOH VSHFLDOH SULYLQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VXQW
cuprinse în acte normative privind diferitelor categorii ale acestora.
3.3.2. ÌQFHSXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
3HUVRDQD MXULGLF GREkQGHúWH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX GH OD GDWD vQILLQ ULL
DFHDVW FDSDFLWDWH SXWkQG IL  YDORULILFDW vQFHSkQG FX GDWD GHVHPQULL RUJDQHORU VDOH GH
conducere.
&RQ LQXWXOFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
'HWHUPLQDUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX VH IDFH LQkQG FRQW GH
SULQFLSLXOVSHFLDOLW LLFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ úLGHOLPLWDSXWHULORUFRQIHULWHRUJDQHORUVDOHGH
conducere.
5HDOL]DUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHDUHODED]
SULQFLSLXOSOXUDOLW LLRUJDQHORUGHFRQGXFHUHDOHSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHúLSULQFLSLXOUVSXQGHULL
persoanelor fizice care compun aceste organe, pentru modul de valorificarH D FDSDFLW LL GH
H[HUFL LXDDFHVWHLD
ÌQFHWDUHDFDSDFLW LLGHH[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
&DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH vQFHWHD] R GDW FX VIkUúLWXO
FDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ UHVSHFWLYFRQFRPLWHQWFXvQFHWDUHDH[LVWHQ HLSHUsoanei juridice.
 27
 6DQF LXQHD QHUHVSHFWULL UHJXOLORU SULYLQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH
H[HUFL LXDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
1HUHVSHFWDUHD QRUPHORU SULYLQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX QX DUH VDQF LXQL
H[SUHVSUHY]XWHGHOHJHDVWIHOFVHDSOLFSULQFLSLLOHFHJXYHUQHD]QXOLWDWHDDFWHORUFLYLOH
6XQW  ORYLWH GH QXOLWDWH UHODWLY DFWHOH MXULGLFH vQFKHLDWH vQ XUPWRDUHOH
FRQGL LLGHRSHUVRDQPDQGDWDWGDUFDUHDGHSúLWSXWHULOHvQFUHGLQ DWHGHRSHUVRDQGLQ
FROHFWLYXODFHOHHDúLSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHGDUFDUHQXDYHDFDOLWDWHDGHRUJDQGHFRQGXFHUHúLQLFL
vPSXWHUQLFLUHFXvQFOFDUHDGHOLPLWULORUGHDWULEX LLvQWUHRUJDQHOHGHFRQGXFHUHDOHDFHOHLDúL
persoane juridice.
4. Reorganizarea persoanei juridice
4.1.1R LXQHDUHRUJDQL]ULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
ReorganizarHD HVWH RSHUD LXQHD MXULGLF SULYLQG FHO SX LQ GRX SHUVRDQH
juridice, care produce efecte creatoare, modificatoare, sau de încetare, asupra lor.
Reorganizarea persoanei juridice se face potrivit principiului simetriei juridice, pe calea
XUPDWODvQILLQ DUHDDFHVWHLD
4.2.)RUPHOHUHRUJDQL]ULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
5HRUJDQL]DUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHVHIDFHSULQFRPDVDUHúLSULQGLYL]DUH
4.2.1. Comasarea
(VWH R IRUP GH UHRUJDQL]DUH D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ
DEVRUE LH úL SULQ IX]LXQH $EVRUE LD HVWH vQFRUSRUDUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH FDUH vQFHWHD]
DVWIHOVPDLH[LVWHGHFWUHRDOWSHUVRDQMXULGLF)X]LXQHDHVWHFRQWRSLUHDDGRXVDXPDL
PXOWHSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHFDUHvQFHWHD]DVWIHOVPDLH[LVWHúLFUHDUHDSULQDFHDVWDDXQHLnoi
persoane juridice.
4.2.2. Divizarea
(VWHRIRUPGHUHRUJDQL]DUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHFDUHFRQVWvQvPSU LUHDvQ
WRWVDXvQSDUWHDSDWULPRQLXOXLXQHLSHUVRDQHMXULGLFH'LYL]DUHDHVWHWRWDOúLSDU LDO
(IHFWHOHGHGUHSWFLYLODOHUHRUJDQL]ULLpersoanelor juridice
(IHFWHOH GH GUHSW FLYLO DOH UHRUJDQL]ULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VXQW SUHY]XWH GH
'HFUHWXOQUúLSULYHVFHIHFWXOFUHDWRUúLHIHFWXOH[WLQFWLYHIHFWXOWUDQVODWLYOLPLWHOH
UVSXQGHULL PRGXO GH WUDQVPLWHUH D FRQWUDFWHORU úL PRmentul producerii efectelor
UHRUJDQL]ULL
(IHFWXOFUHDWRUúLHIHFWXOH[WLQFWLY
(IHFWXO FUHDWRU  FRQVW vQ vQILLQ DUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FD UH]XOWDW DO
UHRUJDQL]ULL (O VH  SURGXFH vQ FD]XO IX]LXQLL úL DO GLYL]ULL (IHFWXO H[WLQFWLY FRQVW vQ
înFHWDUHD H[LVWHQ HL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FD XUPDUH D UHRUJDQL]ULL (O VH SURGXFH vQ FD]XO
FRPDVULLúLDOGLYL]ULLWRWDOH
4.3.2. Efectul translativ
&RPDVDUHD DUH FD HIHFW  R WUDQVPLVLXQH XQLYHUVDO $EVRUE LD DUH FD HIHFW
WUDQVIHUDUHD WXWXURU GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD LLORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DEVRUELWH DVXSUD SHUVRDQHL
MXULGLFHFDUHRvQFRUSRUHD]vQDFHVWIHO'LYL]DUHDDUHFDHIHFWRWUDQVPLWHUHFXWLWOXXQLYHUVDO
FDUHFRQVWvQWUDQVIHUDUHDXQRUIUDF LXQLGHSDWULPRQLXGHODSHUVRDQDMXULGLFGLYL]DWODPDL
multe persoane juridice
/LPLWHOHUVSXQGHULL
Comasarea în ambele sale forme -DEVRUE LHúLIX]LXQH-DUHGUHSWFRQVHFLQ 
UVSXQGHUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHGREkQGLWRDUHSHQWUXWRDWHREOLJD LLOHFHL-au fost transferate.
'LYL]DUHD HVWH VXSXV SULQFLSLXOXL UVSXQGHULL SURSRU LRQDOH SRWULYLW FUXLD
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF GREkQGLWRDUH FDUH D SULPLW DFHHDúL IUDF LXQH PDWHPDWLF GLQ DFWLYXO úL
SDVLYXO SHUVRDQHL GLYL]DWH YD UVSXQGH vQ OLPLWD FRWHL GH SDVLY LQGLIHUHQW GHUDSRUWXOGLQWUH
YDORDUHDDFWLYXOXLúLSDVivului
4.3.4. Modul de transmitere a contractelor
 28
ÌQ FD]XO FRPDVULL WRDWH FRQWUDFWHOH vQFKHLDWH GH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF DEVRUELW
VDX GH SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH IX]LRQHD] VH WUDQVPLW SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FH D DEVRUELW VDX
QRLLSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHGXSFD], ca elemente ale patrimoniului.
4.3.5. 0RPHQWXOSURGXFHULLHIHFWHORUUHRUJDQL]ULL
'HFUHWXOQUVWDELOHúWHXUPWRDUHOHUHJXOLvQFD]XOSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
VXSXVH vQUHJLVWUULL HIHFWHOH UHRUJDQL]ULL vQWUH SU L úL ID  GH WHU L VH SURGXF GH OD  GDWD
vQUHJLVWUULLvQFD]XOSHUVRDQHORUMXULGLFHFDUHQXVHVXSXQvQUHJLVWUULLHIHFWHOHUHRUJDQL]ULL
VH SURGXF GH OD GDWD DSUREULL GH FWUH RUJDQHOH FRPSHWHQWH D  GRFXPHQWHORU vQWRFPLWH vQ
YHGHUHDUHDOL]ULLDFHVWHLD
5. Încetarea persoanei juridice
5.1.1R LXQHDúLPRGXULOHGHvQFHWDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
ÌQFHWDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHUHSUH]LQWSLHUGHUHDFDOLW LLGHVXELHFWFROHFWLYGH
GUHSWFLYLO0RGXULOHGHvQFHWDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHVXQWUHRUJDQL]DUHDúLGL]ROYDUHD
5.2. Dizolvarea persoanei juridice
5.21R LXQHDúLUHJOHPHQWDUHDOHJDODGL]ROYULL
Dizolvarea persoanei juridice este un mod de încetare a persoanelor juridice
DVRFLDWLYHvQFD]XULOHH[SUHVSUHY]XWHGHOHJHúLFDUHVHIDFHSULQOLFKLGDUH5HJOHPHQWDUHD
JHQHUDO D FD]XULORU GH GL]ROYDUH HVWH FXSULQV vQ 'HFUHWXO QU  5HJOHPHQWDUHD
VSHFLDO D FD]XULORU GH GL]ROYDUH HVWH FXSULQV vQ XUPWRDUHOH  DFWH QRUPDWLYH  /HJHD QU
/HJHDQU/HJHDQU/HJHDQUúL/HJHDQU
5.2.2. (IHFWHOHGL]ROYULL/Lchidarea
(IHFWXOIXQGDPHQWDODOGL]ROYULLHVWHOLFKLGDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH Momentul
vQFKHLHULL OLFKLGULL PDUFKHD] vQFHWDUHD  H[LVWHQ HL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 5HJOHPHQWDUHD
JHQHUDOSULYLQGHIHFWHOHGL]ROYULLVHDIOvQ'HFUHWXOQU5HJOHPHQWDUHDVSHFLDOD
HIHFWHORUGL]ROYULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHHVWHFXSULQVvQ/HJHDQU/HJHDQU
Legea nr. 36/1991, Legea nr. 18/1991, Legea nr. 109/1996. Lichidarea este mijlocul juridic de
vQFHWDUHDH[LVWHQ HLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHVXSXVHGL]ROYULL3RWULYLWDUWDOLQúLDUWGLQ
/HJHD QU  GL]ROYDUHD SRDWH DYHD ORF IU OLFKLGDUH vQ FD]XO IX]LXQLL VDX GLYL]ULL
WRWDOHDVRFLHW LLSUHFXPúLvQFD]XOGL]ROYULLXQHLVRFLHW LFXUVSXQGHUHOLPLWDWFXDVRFLDW
unic. MomentXO SURGXFHULL HIHFWHORU OLFKLGULL UHSUH]LQW PRPHQWXO GL]ROYUL DO vQFHWULL
persoanei juridice, aceasta fiind data ultimului act de lichidare.
5.3. Transformarea persoanei juridice
1R LXQH
7UDQVIRUPDUHD HVWH RSHUD LXQHD MXULGLF vQ XUPD FUHLD vn mod consecutiv,
vQFHWHD]H[LVWHQ DXQHLSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHúLVHvQILLQ HD]vQORFXOHLRDOWSHUVRDQMXULGLF
7UDQVIRUPDUHD  VH GHRVHEHúWH DWkW GH UHRUJDQL]DUH FkW úL GH GL]ROYDUHD SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH
VLQJXUXO ORU HOHPHQW FRPXQ ILLQG DFHOD F UHSUH]LQW  PRGXUL GH vQFHWDUHD H[LVWHQ HL
subiectului colectiv de drept civil.
5.3.2. Cazurile de transformare a persoanei juridice
Cazurile de transformare a persoanei juridice sunt reglementate de Legea nr.
 2UGRQDQ D GH XUJHQ  D *XYHUQXOXL QU  úL /HJHD QU  /HJHD QU
 IRORVHúWH WHUPHQXO GH UHRUJDQL]DUH vQ VHQVXO GH  WUDQVIRUPDUH D WXWXURU XQLW LORU
HFRQRPLFHGHVWDWvQUHJLLDXWRQRPHúLVRFLHW LFRPHUFLDOHúLQXvQFHOSUHY]XWGH'HFUHWXO
QU  2UGRQDQ D GH XUJHQ  D *uvernului nr. 30/1997 privind organizarea regiilor
DXWRQRPHGHVHPQHD]FXDFHVWWHUPHQGLYL]DUHDUHJLLORUDXWRQRPHúLWUDQVIRUPDUHDUHJLLORU
DXWRQRPHúLVRFLHW LORUFRPHUFLDOH
5.3.3. (IHFWHOHWUDQVIRUPULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
Transformarea persoanei juridice SURGXFH GRX HIHFWH MXULGLFH FRQVHFXWLYH
vQFHWDUHD H[LVWHQ HL XQHL DQXPLWH SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH úL vQILLQ DUHD vQ ORFXO HL D XQHL DOWH
SHUVRDQHMXULGLFHFXXQDOWSURILOMXULGLFFDUHGHYLQHVXFFHVRDUHXQLYHUVDODSULPHL
6. Identificarea persoanei juridice
6.1.1R LXQHDúLLPSRUWDQ DLGHQWLILFULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
 29
Identificarea persoanei juridice este individualizarea subiectului colectiv de
drept civil în cadrul raporturilor civile în care este participant în nume propriu.
6.2.1DWXUDMXULGLF2FURWLUHDPLMOoacelor de identificare
3HQWUX GUHSWXO FLYLO PLMORDFHOH GH LGHQWLILFDUH D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FD QDWXU
MXULGLF VXQW GUHSWXUL VXELHFWLYH SHUVRQDOH QHSDWULPRQLDOH 2FURWLUHD PLMORDFHORU GH
LGHQWLILFDUHVHDVLJXUSRWULYLWGLVSR]L LLORUDUW-55 din Decretul nr. 31/1954 .
7. 5HJOHPHQWDUHDúLFODVLILFDUHDPLMORDFHORUGHLGHQWLILFDUHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
'HFUHWXO QU  SULQ DUW úL DUW  VWDELOHúWH PRGXO vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD
MXULGLFvúLVWDELOHúWHGHQXPLUHDúLVHGLXO
Legea nr. 15/1990, Legea nr. 31/1990 Legea nr. 26/1990, Legea nr. 36/1991,
/HJHDQUúL/HJHDQUUHJOHPHQWHD]REOLJDWLYLWDWHDVWDELOLULLODvQILLQ DUHD
GHQXPLULL VHGLXOXL úL D DOWRU DWULEXWH VSHFLILFH GH LGHQWLILFDUH SHQWUX UHJLL DXWRQRPH úL
VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH FX FDSLWDO GH VWDW VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH FX FDSLWDO SULYDW FRPHUFLDQ L
VRFLHW LEDQFDUHúLSDUWLGHSROLWLFH
&ODVLILFDUHD PLMORDFHORU GH LGHQWLILFDUH D SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH VH IDFH GXS
domeniul lor de aplicare, distingând între mijloace de identificare generale (denumire, sediu,
QD LRQDOLWDWH FRQW EDQFDU úL PLMORDFH GH LGHQWLILFDUH VSHFLDOH FRG ILVFDO ILUP PDUF
telefon, fax).
6.3.1. 'HQXPLUHDúLVHGLXOSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFH
A. Denumirea persoanelor juridice este mijlocul de identificare a
subiectului colectiv de drept civil reprezentat de cuvântul sau de grupul de cuvinte cu acest
vQ HOHVvQFRQGL LLOHOHJLL
5HJOHPHQWDUHD JHQHUDO SULYLQG VWDELOLUHD  GHQXPLULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH
FRQ LQXWGH'HFUHWXOQUSHUVRDQDMXULGLFYDSXUWDGHQXPLUHDVWDELOLWSULQDFWXO
GH vQILLQ DUH VDX SULQ VWDWXW DUW 5HJOHPHQWUL VSHFLDOH FX SULYLUH OD GHQXPLUHD  XQRU
SHUVRDQHMXULGLFHDSDUvQXUPWRDUHOHDFWHQRUPDWLYH/HJHDQU/HJHDQU
Legea nr. 36/1991.
B. Sediul persoanei juridice este mijlocul de identificare constând în
LQGLFDUHDXQXLDQXPLWORFVWDELOLWvQFRQGL LLOHOHJLLFXDFHDVWVHPQLILFD LH
6.3.1. 1D LRQDOLWDWHD
1D LRQDOLWDWHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHUHSUH]LQWRULJLQHDVDvQIXQF LHGHVWDWXOvQ
FDUH D OXDW ILLQ  úL GH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW QD LRQDO FUXLD vL DSDU LQH 3HQWUX GUHSWXO FLYLO
QD LRQDOLWDWHDSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHDUHLPSRUWDQ vQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFDSDFLWDWHDDFHVWHLDOHJL
speciale stabilind mai multe reguli în domeniu.
6.3.2. Contul bancar
Contul bancar este mijlocul de identificare a persoanei juridice prin
LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL VLPERO FLIULF DO VXFXUVDOHL EQFLL XQGH DFHDVWD DUH GHVFKLV SH ED] GH
contract, contul bancar.
6.3.3. Codul fiscal. Firma. Telefon, telex, fax.
Codul fiscal este un mijloc de identificare având rolul de a individualiza
SHUVRDQDMXULGLFvQUDSRUWXULOHILQDQFLDUHúLvQUDSRUWXULOHSULYLQGHYLGHQ DVWDWLVWLFFirma -
vQFHHDFHSULYHúWHSHUVRDQDMXULGLFHVWHXQPLMORFGHLGHQWLILFDUHVSHFLILFFRPHUFLDQ LORUvQ
VHQVXO  GDW QR LXQLi de dreptul comercial). Marca este mijlocul de identificare al persoanei
MXULGLFH SULQ FDUH DFHDVWD vúL LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] SURGXVHOH OXFUULOH úL VHUYLFLLOH vQ UDSRUW FX
FHOH LGHQWLFH VDX DVHPQWRDUH DOH DOWRU  SDUWLFLSDQ L OD FLUFXLWXO FLYLO Telefonul, telexul,
faxul sunt mijloace de identificare a persoanei juridice prin simboluri numerice, ce se înscriu,
GHUHJXOvQDFWHOHMXULGLFHSHFDUHDFHDVWDOHvQFKHLHúLSHLPSULPDWHOHSHFDUHOHIRORVHúWH
 30

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 $UWD L FDUH VXQW FDX]HOH GH vQWUHUXSHUH D SUHVFULS LHL H[WLQFWLYH úL FDUH VXQW
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- 1,5 pct.
'HILQL LFDSDFLWDWHDGHIRORVLQ DSHUVRDQHLIL]LFHúLDUWD LvQFHFRQVWUHJXODúL
H[FHS LDGREkQGLULLDFHVWHLDSRWULYLW'HFUHWXOXLQUúL&RGXOXLFLYLO
- 1 pct.
 'HILQL L FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH úL DUWD L FDUH VXQW
actele juridice civilH SH FDUH FHO DIODW vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LHOHSRDWHvQFKHLDYDODELOSHUVRQDOúL
singur.
- 1,5 pct.
'HILQL LVLWXD LDMXULGLFQXPLWFRPRULHQ LúLDUWD LXWLOLWDWHDSUDFWLFDDFHVWHLD
- 1 pct.
$UWD LFHVHvQ HOHJHSULQ³FXUDWHODPLQRUXOXL´úLFDUHVXQWFD]XULOHGHLQVWLWXLUHD
acesteia.
- 1 pct.
 $UWD L FDUH VXQW LSRWH]HOH PRGLILFULL QXPHOXL GH IDPLOLH GHWHUPLQDWH GH
VFKLPEULvQILOLD LH
- 1 pct.
 (QXPHUD L úL DUWD L FDUH HVWH FRQ LQXWXO HOHPHQWHORU FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH SHUVRDQHL
juridice.
- 1,5 pct.
$UWD LFDUHVXQWPRGXULOHGHvQILLQ DUHD persoanei juridice.
- 1 pct.
$UWD LvQFHPRGVHIDFHWUDQVPLWHUHDFRQWUDFWHORUvQFD]XOUHRUJDQL]ULLSHUVRDQHL
juridice.
- 1 pct.

3XQFWDMXOúLVHPQLILFD LDVD

• 23 puncte : SUHJWLUHIRDUWHEXQ
• 18-23 puncte : SUHJWLUHEXQ
• 12-18 puncte : preJWLUHVDWLVIFWRDUH
• sub 12 puncte : SUHJWLUHLQVXILFLHQW
 32
56381685,

1. 3ULQFLSLXOQHUHWURDFWLYLW LLOHJLLFLYLOH noi -UHJXODMXULGLFSRWULYLWFUHLDR

OHJH FLYLO VH DSOLF QXPDL VLWXD LLORU FH VH LYHVF vQ SUDFWLF GXS DGRSWDUHD HL LDU QX úL
VLWXD LLORU DQWHULRDUH - úL SULQFLSLXO DSOLFULL LPHGLDWH D OHJLL FLYLOH QRL SRWULYLW FUXLD GH
vQGDW  FH D IRVW DGRSWDW OHJHD QRX VHDSOLFWXWXURUVLWXD LLORUFHDSDUGXSLQWUDUHDHLvQ
vigoare, excluzând aplicarea legii vechi.
2. RHJXOLOH GH LQWHUSUHWDUH ORJLF VXQW H[FHS LD HVWH GH VWULFW LQWHUSUHWDUH úL
DSOLFDUH XQGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL LQWHUSUHWXO QX WUHEXLH V GLVWLQJ OHJHD FLYLO WUHEXLH
LQWHUSUHWDWvQVHQVXODSOLFULLHLLDUQXvQVHQVXOQHDSOLFULL
3. 3UH]XP LD HVWHFRQVLGHUDUHDXQXLIDSWH[LVWHQWGHGXVGLQH[LVWHQ DDOWXLIDSW
YHFLQúLFRQH[
'XS IRU D ORU SUREDQW SUH]XP LLOH OHJDOH VXQW SUH]XP LL DEVROXWH MXULV HW GH
MXUHSUH]XP LLUHODWLYHMXULVWDQWXP
4. 2EOLJD LD GH D GD este îndatorirea de a constitui sau a transmite un drept
real.
2EOLJD LDGHDIDFH este îndatorirea de a executa o lucrare, a presta un serviciu, ori
de a preda un lucru.
2EOLJD LDGHDQXIDFH:
-FDREOLJD LHFRUHODWLYXQXLGUHSWUHODWLYvQVHDPQDQXIDFHFHYDFH ar fi putut face,
GDFGHELWRUXOQXV-DUILREOLJDWODDE LQHUH
-FDREOLJD LHFRUHODWLYXQXLGUHSWDEVROXWvQVHDPQvQGDWRULUHDJHQHUDOGHDQXIDFH
QLPLFGHQDWXUDDGXFHDWLQJHUHDFHOXLGUHSW
,PSRUWDQ D MXULGLF D FODVLILFULL FRQVW vQ FDOLILFDUHD DFWHORU MXULGLFH úL vQ
SRVLELOLWDWHDDGXFHULLODvQGHSOLQLUHVLOLWDREOLJD LLORU
5. Bunul este o valoare economica ce satisface nevoile materiale sau spirituale
DOHRPXOXLúLHVWHVXVFHSWLELOGHDSURSULHUHVXEIRUPDGUHSWXOXLSDWULPRQLDO
Bunurile sunt mobileSULQQDWXUDORUSULQGHWHUPLQDUHDOHJLLúLSULQDQWLFLSD LH
Bunurile sunt imobileSULQQDWXUDORUSULQRELHFWXOODFDUHVHDSOLFúLSULQGHVWLQD LH
6. &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG HVHQ LDOH DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO sunt: capacitatea
(aptiWXGLQHD VXELHFWXOXL GH GUHSW FLYLO GH D GHYHQL  WLWXODU GH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL
FRQVLP PkQWXO PDQLIHVWDUHDGHYRLQ DSULQFDUHRSDUWHvúLH[SULPKRWUkUHDGHDvQFKHLD
XQDFWMXULGLFFLYLOVDXDFRUGXOGHYRLQ DOSU LORUvQFD]XODFWHORUMXULGLFHFLYLOHELODWHUDOHúL
multilaterale); obiectul RELHFWXO REOLJD LHL FUHLD vL G QDúWHUH vQ FDGUXO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF
civil); cauzaVFRSXOFRQFUHWXUPULWODvQFKHLHUHDDFWXOXLMXULGLFFLYLO
7. EroareaHVWHIDOVDUHSUH]HQWDUHDUHDOLW LLODvQFKHLHUHD unui act juridic civil.
'XSFULWHULXOFRQVHFLQ HORUSHFDUHOHSURGXFHHURDUHDHVWHHURDUHREVWDFRO
HURDUHYLFLXGHFRQVLP PkQWHURDUHLQGLIHUHQW
&RQGL LLOH SHQWUX FD HURDUHD V ILH YLFLX GH FRQVLP PkQW VXQW  HOHPHQWXO
DVXSUDFUXLDFDGHHURDUHDVILHGHWHUPLQDQWvQFD]XODFWHORUELODWHUDOHFXWLWOXRQHURVFRFRQ
WUDFWDQWXO V ILH úWLXW VDX V IL WUHEXLW V úWLH F HOHPHQWXO DVXSUD FUXLD FDGH  IDOVD
reprezentare este determinant pentru încheierea actului juridic.
8. Regula de drept poWULYLW FUHLD DFWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO ELODWHUDO QX L VH SRDWH
SXQHFDSWSULQYRLQ DQXPDLDXQHLDGLQSU LLDUDFWXOXLXQLODWHUDOQXLVHSRDWHSXQHFDSW
SULQPDQLIHVWDUHDGHYRLQ vQVHQVFRQWUDUGLQSDUWHDDXWRUXOXLDFWXOXL
În cazul actelor juridLFH FLYLOH XQLODWHUDOH FRQVWLWXLH H[FHS LH GH ODSULQFLSLXO
LUHYRFDELOLW LL  WHVWDPHQWXO FDUH HVWH UHYRFDELO UHWUDFWDUHD UHQXQ ULL OD PRúWHQLUH
UHYRFDUHDRIHUWHLGDFVHIDFHSkQODPRPHQWXODMXQJHULLHLODGHVWLQDWDU
9.0RGDOLW LOHDFWXOXLMXUidic civil sunt : termenulHYHQLPHQWYLLWRUúLVLJXUFD
UHDOL]DUH SkQ OD FDUH HVWH DPkQDW ILH vQFHSHUHD ILH vQFHWDUHD  H[HUFL LXOXL GUHSWXULORU
VXELHFWLYHúLH[HFXWULLREOLJD LLORUFLYLOHFRQGL LDHYHQLPHQWYLLWRUúLQHVLJXUFDUHDOL]DUH
de care GHSLQGHH[LVWHQ D-QDúWHUHDVDXGHVILLQ DUHD- actului juridic civil); sarcinaREOLJD LD
 33
GH D GD D IDFH VDX D QX IDFH FHYD LPSXV GH GLVSXQWRU JUDWLILFDWXOXL vQ DFWHOH FX WLWOX
gratuit -OLEHUDOLW L
10. NulitateaHVWHVDQF LXQHDGHGUHSWFLYLOFDUHOLSVHúWHDFWXOMXULGLFFLYLOGH
HIHFWHOHFRQWUDULLQRUPHORUMXULGLFHHGLFWDWHSHQWUXvQFKHLHUHDVDYDODELO
)XQF LLOH QXOLW LL VXQW  IXQF LD SUHYHQWLY IXQF LD VDQF LRQDWRULH PLMORF GH
JDUDQ LHDSULQFLSLXOXLOHJDOLW LLvQGRPHQLXODFWHORUjuridice civile.
 3HQWUX GUHSWXO SXU úL VLPSOX SUHVFULS LD H[WLQFWLY vQFHSH V FXUJ GH OD
GDWD QDúWHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FLYLO 3HQWUX GUHSWXO DIHFWDW GH XQ WHUPHQ VXVSHQVLY RUL GH R
FRQGL LHVXVSHQVLYSUHVFULS LDvQFHSHVFXUJGHODGDWDvPSOLQLULLWHUPHQXOXLRULUHDOL]ULL
FRQGL LHL 3HQWUX DF LXQHD vQ UVSXQGHUH SHQWUX SDJXED FDX]DW SULQ IDSWD LOLFLW SUHVFULS LD
vQFHSH V FXUJ GH OD GDWD  FkQG SJXELWXO D FXQRVFXW VDX WUHEXLD RUL SXWHD V FXQRDVF
SDJXEDúLSHFHOFDUHUVSXQGHGHHDVDXGHODH[SLUDUHDWHUPHQXOXLSUHY]XWGHOHJH
12. &DX]HOH GH vQWUHUXSHUH D SUHVFULS LHL H[WLQFWLYH sunt : UHFXQRDúWHUHD
GUHSWXOXL D FUHL DF LXQH VH SUHVFULH IFXW GH FHO vQ IRORVXO FUXLD FXUJH SUHVFULS LD
introducerea unei cereri de chemare înMXGHFDWRULGHDUELWUDUHFKLDUGDFV-a introdus la o
LQVWDQ MXGHFWRUHDVFQHFRPSHWHQWXQDFWvQFHSWRUGHH[HFXWDUH
(IHFWXO vQWUHUXSHULL SUHVFULS LHL  SHQWUX SHULRDGD DQWHULRDU vQWUHUXSHULL
SUHVFULS LD VH úWHUJH SRVWHULRU GH OD GDWD vQWUHUXSHULL vQFHSH V FXUJ R QRX SUHVFULS LH
H[WLQFWLY
13. &DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH DFHD SDUWH D FDSDFLW LL
FLYLOHFDUHFRQVWvQDSWLWXGLQHDRPXOXLGHDDYHDGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLFLYLOH&DUHJXOGDWD
QDúWHULLHVWHGDWDvQFHSXWXOXLFDSDFLW LLGHIRORVLQ  ([FHS LH  ³'UHSWXULOH FRSLOXOXL VXQW
UHFXQRVFXWHGHODFRQFHS LHvQVQXPDLGDFHOVHQDúWHYLX´DUWDOLQGLQ'HFUHWXOQU
 3HQWUX D VXFFHGH WUHEXLH QHDSUDW FD SHUVRDQD FH VXFFHGH V H[LVWH vQ PRPHQWXl
deschiderii succesiunii.
&RSLOXOFRQFHSXWVHFRQVLGHUFH[LVW&RSLOXOQVFXWPRUWHVWHFRQVLGHUDWF
QXH[LVW´DUWGLQ&RGXOFLYLO
14. &DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH este aptitudinea
minorului de 14-18 ani de a doEkQGL úL H[HUFLWD GUHSWXUL FLYLOH  úL GH D-úL DVXPD úLH[HUFLWD
REOLJD LLFLYLOHSULQvQFKHLHUHDSHUVRQDODDQXPLWRUDFWHMXULGLFHFLYLOH
$FWHOHMXULGLFHFLYLOHSHFDUHOHSRDWHvQFKHLDYDODELOSHUVRQDOúLVLQJXUVXQW
actele pe care le putea închHLDSkQODvPSOLQLUHDYkUVWHLGHDQLDFWHGHFRQVHUYDUHúLDFWH
PUXQWH  GHSR]LWXO &(& DFWH GH DGPLQLVWUDUH GDF QX VXQW OH]LRQDUH GDF D vPSOLQLW 
DQLSRDWHGLVSXQHSULQWHVWDPHQWGHMXPWDWHGLQFHDUSXWHDWHVWDFDPDMRU
15. &RPRULHQ LL comuritorii VXQW SHUVRDQH FDUH DX PXULW vQ DFHHDúL
vPSUHMXUDUHIUDVHSXWHDVWDELOLFXQDDVXSUDYLH XLWFHOHLODOWH
6LWXD LD MXULGLF - FRPRULHQ L - DUH XWLOLWDWH SUDFWLF vQ PDWHULH VXFFHVRUDO
GHRDUHFHSHQWUXDVXFFHGHWUHEXLHQHDSUDWFDVXFFHVRUXOVH[LVWHvQPRPHQWXOGHVFKLGHULL
succesiunii.
16. Curatela minoruluiHVWHPLMORFXOMXULGLFWHPSRUDUúLVXEVLGLDUGHRFURWLUHD
minorului.
&D]XULOH GH LQVWLWXLUH VXQW  FD]XO FRQWUDULHW LL GH LQWHUHVH vQWUH PLQRU úL
reprezentantul, sau ocURWLWRUXOVXOHJDOFD]XOvQORFXLULLXQXLWXWRUHDOPLQRUXOXLFXDOWWXWRUH
FD]XO SXQHULL VXE LQWHUGLF LH D PLQRUXOXL FD]XO vPSLHGLFULL YUHPHOQLFH D SULQWHOXL RUL
tutorelui minorului de a-l ocroti.
17. ,SRWH]HOH PRGLILFULL QXPHOXL GH IDPLOLH GHWHUPLQDWH GH VFKLPEUL vQ
ILOLD LHVXQWLSRWH]DVWDELOLULLILOLD LHLFRSLOXOXLJVLWQVFXWGLQSULQ LQHFXQRVFX LLSRWH]D
VWDELOLULL ILOLD LHL FRSLOXOXL GLQ DIDUD FVWRULHL úL ID D GH DO GRLOHD SULQWH LSRWH]D WJGXLULL
SDWHUQLW LLFRSLOXOXLGLQFVWRULHLSRWH]DFRQWHVWULLRULDQXOULLUHFXQRDúWHULLGHILOLD LH
18. Elementele constitutive ale persoanei juridice sunt : organizarea de sine
VWWWRDUHDFHOHOHPHQWFRQVWLWXWLYFDUHFRQVWvQDOFWXLUHDFDXQWRWXQLWDURULVWUXFWXUDUHD
compartimentarea colectivului de oameni); patrimoniul propriu WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU úL
 34
REOLJD LLORUSDWULPRQLDOHFDUHDXFDWLWXODUvQVúLSHUVRDQDMXULGLFscopul propriu (obiectul
de activitate al subiectului de drept civil).
19. 0RGXULOHGHvQILLQ DUHDpersoanei juridice sunt: SULQDFWXOGHGLVSR]L LHDO
RUJDQXOXL GH VWDW FRPSHWHQW SULQ DFWXO GH vQILLQ DUH UHFXQRVFXW SULQ DFWXO GH vQILLQ DUH
autorizat; prin alt mod reglementat de lege.
,QFD]XOUHRUJDQL]ULLSHUVRDQHLMXULGLFHFRQWUDFWHOHVHWUDnsmit astfel : în
cazul FRPDVULL, contractele se transmit ca elemente ale patrimoniului; în cazul GLYL]ULL
RSHUHD]SULQFLSLXOWUDQVPLWHULLFRQWUDFWXOXLQHIUDF LRQDW

BIBLIOGRAFIE

I. Bibliografie obligatorie

1. Gheorghe Beleiu, Drept civil român - Introducere în dreptul civil,

subiectele dreptului civil (GL LD D 9, UHY]XW úL DGXJLW GH 0DULDQ
1LFRODH úL 3HWULF 7UXúF &DVD GH HGLWXU úL SUHV ³ùDQVD´ %XFXUHúWL 
2000.
2. Ion Dogaru, Drept civil român, Tratat, volumul I, Editura “Europa”,
Craiova 1996.
3. Paul Cosmovici, Introducere în dreptul civil (GLWXUD ³$OO´ %XFXUHúWL 
1998.
4. Gabriel Boroi, 'UHSW FLYLO 3DUWHD JHQHUDO HGL LD  D ,,-a, Editura “All
%HFN%XFXUHúWL
5. Valer-9DVLOLH %LF ,RDQ %XUJKHOHD Drept civil, EditurD )XQGD LHL
³5RPkQLDGH0kLQH´%XFXUHúWLvQFXUVGHDSDUL LH

,,%LEOLRJUDILHVXSOLPHQWDU

1. C. Hamangiu , I. Rossetti -%OQHVFX$O%LFRLDQXTratat de drept civil

românYRO,(GLWXUD³$OO´%XFXUHúWL
2. ,QVWLWXWXO GH &HUFHWUL -XULGice, Tratat de drept civil, volumul I, Partea
JHQHUDO FRRUGRQDWRU 3DXO &RVPRYLFL ³(GLWXUD $FDGHPLHL´ %XFXUHúWL
1989.
3. Teofil Pop, Drept civil român - 7HRULD JHQHUDO, Editura “Lumina Lex”,
%XFXUHúWL
 35
,,,%LEOLRJUDILHIDFXOWDWLY

1. M. Cantacuzino, Elementele dreptului civil(GLWXUD³&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF´

%XFXUHúWL
2. T.R. Popescu, Drept civilYRO,(GLWXUD2VFDU3ULQW%XFXUHúWL
3. 7UDLDQ,RQDúFXúD3HUVRDQDIL]LF(GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL%XFXUHúWL
4. Doru Cosma, 7HRULD JHQHUDO D actului juridic civil (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF
%XFXUHúWL
5. Iosif R. Rus, Smaranda Angheni, Drept civil. vol. I, 3DUWHD *HQHUDO
Persoanele(GLWXUD2VFDU3ULQW%XFXUHúWL
6. E. Poenaru, Introducere în dreptul civil. 7HRULDJHQHUDO. Persoanele, vol.
I, Editura Europa Nova, 1994.