DSCE

DEPT OF INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

EI53Control Systems

UNIT-II
TRANSFER FUNCTION USING SIGNAL FLOW
GRAPH(SFG)

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• Signal-flow graphs are an alternative to block diagrams.

• Signal flow graphs used to represent the control system
graphically.
• It was developed by S.J.Mason
• Signal flow graphs display the transmission of signals
through the system, as does the block diagrams, but it is
easier to draw and easier to manipulate than the block
diagrams.
• Unlike block diagrams, which consist of blocks, signals,
summing junctions, and pickoff points, a signal-flow graph
consists only of branches, which represent systems, and
nodes, which represent signals.

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Fundamentals of Signal Flow Graphs: Node

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• Node : It is a point representing a variable (or signal)

• Branch: A branch is directed line segment joining two
nodes. The arrow on the branch indicates direction of
signal flow. It has both gain and direction.
• Transmittance: The gain acquired by the signal when it
travel from one node to another. The transmittance
can be real or complex.

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Types of Nodes:
• Source or Input Node : The node that has only
outgoing branches.
• Output Node or Sink Node: The node that has
only incoming branches.
• Mixed Node :It is a node that having incoming
and outgoing branches.

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Path: A path is a traversal of connected branches in
the direction of branch arrows.
Open Path: A open path starts at a node ends at
another node.
Closed Path: Closed path starts and ends at same
node .
Forward Path: It is a path from an input node to
output node that does not cross any node more
than once.
Forward Path Gain: It is the product of branch gains
of a forward path
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Forward Path :Any path from input node to output node.

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• Individual Loop: It is a closed path starting
from a node and after passing through a
certain part of the graph arrives a same node
without crossing any node more than once.
• Loop gain: it is the product of the branch gains
of a loop.
• Non-touching Loops: If the loops does not
have common node then they are said to be
non-touching loops.

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Loop gain:-
• The product of all the gains forming a
loop.

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Non-touching loops for forward paths

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