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 (often translated as i

3 is an association in which individuals are
oriented to the large association as much if not more than to their own self interest. Furthermore,
individuals in Gemeinschaft are regulated by common mores, or beliefs about the appropriate
behavior and responsibility of members of the association, to each other and to the association at
large; associations marked by "unity of will" (Tönnies, 223. Tönnies saw the family as the most
perfect expression of Gemeinschaft; however, he expected that Gemeinschaft could be based on
shared place and shared belief as well as kinship, and he included globally dispersed religious
communities as possible examples of Gemeinschaft.


 i
 are broadly characterized by a moderate division of labour, strong
personal relationships, strong families, and relatively simple social institutions. In such societies
there is seldom a need to enforce social control externally, due to a collective sense of loyalty
individuals feel for society.





In contrast,   i
 (often translated as i or i  i or 'association'3
describes associations in which, for the individual, the larger association never takes on more
importance than the individual's self interest, and lack the same level of shared mores.
Gesellschaft is maintained through individuals acting in their own self interest. A modern
business is a good example of Gesellschaft, the workers, managers, and owners may have very
little in terms of shared orientations or beliefs, they may not care deeply for the product they are
making, but it is in all their self interest to come to work to make money, and thus the business
continues.

Unlike 
 i
,   i
 emphasize secondary relationships rather than
familial or community ties, and there is generally less individual loyalty to society. Social
cohesion in   i
 typically derives from a more elaborate division of labor. Such
societies are considered more susceptible to class conflict as well as racial and ethnic conflicts.
The sociological upheavals during the Reconstruction era of the United States complicated the
sociological category of 
 i
 because former slaves, whose kinship ties were
complicated under slavery, forged new communities that shared aspects of both 
 i

and   i


Since, for Tönnies, 
 i

 and   i
 are  
  , he considered them
a matter of Pure Sociology, whereas in Applied Sociology, on doing empirical research, he
expected to find nothing else than a mix of them. Nevertheless, following Tönnies, without
 
  one might not be able to analyze this mix.
 


 !

In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup is a social group towards which an

individual feels loyalty and respect, usually due to membership in the group. This loyalty often
manifests itself as an ingroup bias. Commonly encountered ingroups include family members,
people of the same race, culture, gender or religion, and so on. Research demonstrates that
people often privilege ingroup members over outgroup members even when the ingroup has no
actual social standing; for instance, a group of people with the same color shirts, when the other
group has another color of shirt. The term originates from social identity theory.

"  !

In sociology, an  ! is a social group towards which an individual feels contempt,

opposition, or a desire to compete. Members of outgroups may be subject to outgroup
homogeneity biases, and generally people tend to privilege ingroup members over outgroup
members in many situations. The term originates from social identity theory.






Is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and
that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will
judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with
concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and sub-divisions
serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.

#





Xenocentrism has recently been used in social philosophy to describe a particular ethical
disposition. The belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one's society are inferior to those that
originate elsewhere.

c

$!


A stereotype is a commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of
individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other
different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on
some prior assumptions.
c 


is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or
groups3 who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s3.
In other words they are events in which people attach meaning to a situation, interpret what
others are meaning, and respond accordingly.

In social science, a  


reflected in  


refers to a relationship between
two (i.e. a dyad3, three (i.e. a triad3 or more individuals (e.g. a social group3. Social relations,
derived from individual agency, form the basis of the social structure.

Social interactions can be differentiated into:

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In sociological hierarchy, social interaction is more advanced than behavior, action, social
behavior, social action and social contact, and is in turn followed by more advanced concept of
social relation. In other words, social interactions, which consist of social actions, form the basis
for social relations.

So the forms of social relation and interaction in [[[social psychology]],sociology and

anthropology may be described as follows: first and most basic are animal-like behaviors, i.e.
various physical movements of the body. Then there are actions - movements with a meaning
and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, or social actions, which address (directly or
indirectly3 other people, which solicit a response from another agent. Next are social contacts, a
pair of social actions, which form the beginning of social interactions. Social interactions in turn
form the basis of social relations.


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Forms of relation and interaction in sociology and anthropology may be described as follows:
first and most basic are animal-like behaviors, i.e. various physical movements of the body. Then
there are actions - movements with a meaning and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, or
social actions, which address (directly or indirectly3 other people, which solicit a response from
another agent. Next are social contacts, a pair of social actions, which form the beginning of
social interactions. Social interactions in turn form the basis of social relations.
 

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Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence.
Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan, and an end. They tend to grow
and improve gradually, as people get to know each other and become closer emotionally, or they
gradually deteriorate as people drift apart, move on with their lives and form new relationships
with others. One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by
psychologist George Levinger.[2] This model was formulated to describe heterosexual, adult
romantic relationships, but it has been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well.
According to the model, the natural development of a relationship follows five stages:

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