“Optical Transport Systems/Networks and Control by

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)”

Susumu Kinoshita* and Richard Rabbat**

*Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd.
** Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc.

Email: s.kinoshita@jp.fujitsu.com
richard.rabbat@us.fujitsu.com

September 28, 2005

1 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

I. Optical Transport Systems/Networks

Outline
1. Introduction
2. Basics of Optical Fiber Communication
„ Basic system configuration and key elements
„ Optical fiber
„ Semiconductor Lasers / Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), and Photodiodes
3. WDM Transmission Technologies
„ Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier and Distributed Raman Amplifier
„ WDM technologies
4. Photonic Network Technologies
„ Optical add / drop multiplexing and optical cross connect
„ Regional / Metro networks
„ Passive optical networks
„ LAN / Enterprise networks
„ 40Gb/s transmission
„ All-optical re-generator, etc.

2 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

694
History in Communication
Increasing in Bit rate – Distance Product
1018
WDM
1015
BL [ ( bit/s ) - km ]

Optical amplifiers
1012

109
Lightwave

Microwave
106
Coaxial cables
Telephone
103
Telegraph
1
1850 1900 1950 2000
Year

3 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Ultra-broad Bandwidth of
Optical Fiber Transmission
1kHz 1MHz 1GHz 1THz 1PHz 1EHz
Frequency
TV(BS)
Optical fiber
Radio (FM) transmission
Applied
band
Radio (AM)
TV (UHF)
TV (VHF)
Loss of optical fiber

120 MHz 20 THz

ch.1 ch.4 ch.12 ...

1300 1500
NHK NTV TV-Tokyo wavelength (nm)

4 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

695
Optical Fiber Communication Trends

Part 3: Photonic Network

TRANSMISSION CAPACITY (bits/sec)
10T -

1T - Part 2: 10G~ >100

WDM
10G~32
100G - 2.4G~16 40G
Part 1: 10G
10G - TDM (SDH/SONET)

1G - 2.4G
1.6G
810M
100M - 400M
6M 100M
32M
10M - I
1975
I
1980
I
1985 1990
I I
1995
I
2000
I
2005 (Year)
HIGH SPEED INTERNET
TELEPHONE, N-ISDN INTRODUCTION ON OPTICAL ACCESS

TDM; Time Division Multiplexing, WDM; Wavelength Division Multiplexing

SDH; Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SONET; Synchronous Optical Network

5 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Introduction

Telecommunication: sending signals and messages over long distances

Optical Communication: beginning from, signal fire in ancient days,
flag signaling, series of lenses, and optical fiber

Information Information
(Voice) (Voice)

Converter Converter
(Voice to Electric Signal) (Electric Signal to Voice)
[Microphone] [Speaker]

Transmitter Optical fiber Receiver

(Converter, (Converter,
Electric to Optical) Optical to Electrical)
[LEDs, Laser Diodes] [ Photodiodes]

Features: (1) Long-distance, (2) Large Capacity (Bandwidth)

6 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

696
Transmitter

„ Transmitter uses Laser / LED as signal source

z Optical fiber transmission widnow is in infra-red region
- Longer wavelength (1500nm) than visible light’s one (500-700nm)
- You cannot see the light used in fiber optic transmission
z The transmitter wavelength must be very tightly tuned for Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Backplane High speed

signals Electrical Direct
driver Modulation
Parallel LASER
To or LED
Serial External
Modulation
LASER
Modulator
(Continuous wave)

7 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Receiver

„ Receiver use a photodiode to convert photons back

to electrons
z PIN photodiodes
- Simplest and fastest
z Avalanche photodiodes
- High sensitivity
(Signal is multiplied by avalanche breakdown)
Optical Electrical
signal signal
Electrical Data
Amplifier Recovery Serial
To
Photodiode Clock Parallel
Recovery
( 3R function)

8 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

697
Signal Formats

„ Need to carry binary “1”s and “0”s

„ Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
z A “1” is light for complete bit period
z A “0” is no light for complete bit period
1 1 0 1 0
z More tolerant to dispersion
„ Return to Zero (RZ)
z A “1” is light for half a bit period 1 1 0 1 0
(in duty ratio)
z A “0” is no light for complete bit period
z Less tolerant to dispersion
„ Others
z CS-RZ
z ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, RZ-DPSK

9 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

The 3 Rs

„ Repeaters are defined as type 1R, 2R, or 3R

„ 1R, Re-amplify
„ 2R, Re-amplify and Re-shape
„ 3R, Re-amplify, Re-shape, and Re-time

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Original Signal

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Attenuated, noisy signal

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1R, Amplification

2R, Best guess pulse

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 reshaping
3R, Retiming to get back
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 original pulse edges
(very close)

10 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

698
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Drop; electrically
TDM Time slots are synchronized in the system

…..
Time
Add; electrically

WDM Signal of one channel

Wavelength

λ4

λ3

λ2

λ1 Time
11 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

- Standardized TDM System-
……
0
Time
125µs
STM-1 Frame Format (Synchronous Transfer Module Level One)
1 9 270
1 Section 261 columns
Overhead
(SOH) STS-1
9 AU PTR Synchronous
Payload Payload
rows Envelope (SPE)

Section
Overhead
9 (SOH)

125µs (=8 kHz)

9 Rows x 270 columns = 2430 bytes/frame
155.52 Mbit/s

12 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

699
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)
DS1
new services, data,
DS3 video, etc.
VT1.5

STS-1 STS-1 STS-1

OC-3
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 other other other
VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 VT1.5
STS-1
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 other other other

Standard SONET Rates

equivalent voice calls
OC-1 51.84 Mb/s 672 (STM-0)
OC-3 155.52 Mb/s 2,016 (STM-1)
OC-12 622.08 Mb/s 8,064 (STM-4)
OC-48 2488.32 Mb/s 32,256 (STM-16)
OC-192 9953.28 Mb/s 129,024 (STM-64)

13 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Transmission Media

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable

-10 megabit/sec (Mb/s) -100 megabit/sec
1-10 kilometers 1-10 kilometers

Fiber Optic
Digital Microwave Radio Transmission Systems
-100 megabit/sec Multimode: -100 megabit/sec
10-100 kilometers Singlemode: 10,000+ megabit/sec
10-100-10,000 kilometers

14 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

700
Optical Fiber Communication System

Optical fiber

Transmitter Receiver

Input Output

Electric Light source Detector Electric

circuit (LD, LED) circuit
Optical fiber Features Application

- SiO2 glass - abundant resources - Trunk line

- small radius - insulation, no electromagnetic - Submarine
induction transmission
- light weight
- easy for cabling - Access NW
- low loss
- long-haul and large capacity - LAN
- broad bandwidth
transmission

15 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Long-distance and Capacity (1/4)

Optical fiber cable:

Attenuation; 0.3dB/km Attenuated by 7% /km
Diameter; (Example) 2.5 mm, Weight; 6 kg/km

Coaxial cable (RG-19/U):

Attenuation; 22.6dB/km Attenuated by 99.5% /km
(@100MHz)
Diameter; 28.4 mm, Weight; 1,110 kg/km

16 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

701
Long-distance and Capacity (2/4)

Capacity (Bandwidth): 800nm to 1700nm at attenuation < 3dB/km

3dB/km

Reference: John Gowar, “Optical communication systems, ” 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)

17 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Long-distance and Capacity (3/4)

Capacity (Bandwidth): 800nm to 1700nm at attenuation < 3dB/km

Frequency(Hz):f, Light speed (m/sec) :C0, Wavelength:λ (m)

C0
f= , (C0= 3.00x108 m/s )
λ
3.00x108
λ= 800nm = 375x1012Hz = 375 THz
800x10-9
3.00x108
λ= 1700nm = 176x1012Hz = 176 THz
1700x10-9

Optical Fiber Bandwidth: about 200THz! ( =375 -176THz )

at attenuation < 3dB/km
18 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

702
Long-distance and Capacity (4/4)

Voice(required bandwidth): 4kHz = 4x103Hz per channel:

200x1012Hz / 4x103(Hz/ch) = 5x1010 channels

TV (required bandwidth) : 6MHz = 6x106Hz per channel:

200x1012Hz / 6x106 (Hz/ch) = 33x106 channels

19 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Reflection and Total Internal Reflection

(a) ray AA’ is refracted according to Snell’s law: n1 sin φ = n2 sin φ’

(b) ray BB’ is the critical ray: n1 sin φC = n2
(C) ray CC’ is totally reflected at the interface: φr = φ’r’

Reference: John Gowar, “Optical communication systems, ” 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)

20 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

703
Fiber Types

„ Multi-mode fiber (MMF)

z A fiber that support multiple “lanes” of light
- Multiple electromagnetic transmission modes
z Each lane is a different speed so that a pulse of
light gets distorted sooner than in SMF
„ Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
z One “lane” of light
z Minimum distortion

21 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Several Kinds of Optical Fibers

Step-index Graded-index
Single-mode fiber
multi-mode fiber multi-mode fiber
10µm

125µm 125µm 125µm

50µm 50µm
n n n
n0
n1 n2 n1
l l l n
n2 2

a b r a b r a b r

Reference: John Gowar, “Optical communication systems, ” 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)

22 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

704
Fiber Attenuation

„ Fiber has attenuation

z 1550 nm window has lowest attenuation
„ Large spike is due to absorption by water molecules
z This has been greatly reduced, allowing almost optimum attenuation
Recently-developed fiber
Reduced

Experimental Infrared
absorption
Rayleigh
scattering
<0.2dB/km Ultraviolet
absorption Waveguide
imperfections

23 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Dispersion in Optical Fiber

“Dispersion ” is a group-velocity difference with color (wavelength).

Input pulse Output pulse

Decreased intensity
Optical fiber causing the decision
error; either “1” or “0”

(composed of slightly Dispersed

different colors) in the fiber Pulse-broadening causing
the overlapping with
neighboring pulses

GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) or Dispersion ; ## ps/km/nm

24 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

705
Newly-Developed Fibers

Single Mode Fiber (SMF) D: 17 ps/km/nm

Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) D: ~0 ps/km/nm
Non-Zero DSF (NZ-DSF) D: ~5 ps/km/nm
Dispersion (ps/km/nm)

20 SMF
NZ-DSF
10 DSF
0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
-10 Wavelength (nm)

-20

Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) D: - ## ps/km/nm

25 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

SMF Fiber Designs

Step Index

Dispersion Shifted

Quadruple Clad
Core and cladding are (reduced slope)
same material with
slightly different index
of refraction
Large-effective-area

26 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

706
Fiber Loss in C, L and S bands

0.30
Loss (dB/km)

0.28 1460nm
S-band
0.26
0.24 C-band
L-band
1550nm
0.22
0.20
0.18
1450 1500 1550 1600
Wavelength (nm)

C-band; Conventional wavelength band

L-band; Long wavelength band
S-band; Short wavelength band

27 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Light-Source and Photo-Detector

Light-Source Photo-Detector
Electrons into material Electrons out of material
Excited State Excited State

Electron drops and photon Photon energy pumps

Energy

is created from its energy. electron to excited state.

Ground State Ground State

28 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

707
Light Emitting Diode and Photodiodes

Optical semiconductor devices are basically pn junction diode structure.

Light emitting diode Photodiode (detector)

- +

+ Light
-
p p Light
Forward
Biased
Reverse i
Biased
n n

- +
Driving current Photo-current

29 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Double Hetero-structure Semiconductor Lasers

Transmitted Light
Reflecting Mirror
(cleaved plane)
(a) Electric-field
(c) distribution
Electrode Electrode

p n
0V
(Earth)
Light

(a) Layer structure ,

(b) energy band,
Reflecting Mirror (c) refractive-index and electric-field
(cleaved plane)
(b) Distributions.
Injection When a Voltage V approximately
Hetero-
barrier Electrons equal to the energy gap of the GaAs
active layer is applied, electrons and
Energy
eV holes are injected into the active layer.

p p n Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, “Process technology for

Ga1-xAlxAs GaAs Ga1-xAlxAs semiconductor lasers,” (Springer)

30 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

708
III-V Compound Semiconductor Materials
for Lasers
Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, “Process technology for semiconductor lasers,” (Springer)

0.8 µm: GaxAl(1-x)As/ GaAs

on GaAs substrate

1.55µm: GaxIn(1-x)AsyP(1-y) / InP

on InP substrate

31 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fabry-Perot Semiconductor Lasers

Refractive Index n Mirror

1 2 3 4
q+2 q+1 q q-1 q-2 q-3
Gain
Output
λ Standing Wave
a 2n b λ
L ∆λ
Laser cavity: Fabry-Perot etalon Standing waves and spectra in a laser cavity
Intensity Distribution
Of Propagating Mode Mirror 2
Active Layer
Horizontal Distribution
Mirror 1
z
Standing Wave
z=L

Wavefront λ/2n eq
Near Field Pattern L
(NFP) E
Vertical Distribution
Far Field Pattern
(FFP)
Intensity distribution and beam divergence of a semiconductor laser
Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, “Process technology for semiconductor lasers,” (Springer)

32 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

709
Modulation Issue in Fabry-Perot Laser

Fabry-Perot laser spectrum

Power (mW)

Power (mW)
Wavelength Wavelength
Single-mode oscillation at DC, Multi-mode operation
or continuous wave(CW) operation at direct modulation
(w/o modulation) (ON-OFF keying)

Many modes have possibility to be activated due to periodic characteristic of

Fabry-Perot etalon and wide semiconductor gain-bandwidth.
Fabry-Perot modes
gain Multi-mode operation
…... …... causes waveform distortion
due to fiber dispersion.

33 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Single-Mode Lasers under Direct Modulation

Power (mW)
Reflection

Wavelength Wavelength

If we have mirrors having single-mode operation under

sharp wavelength dependence, high-speed (>Gb/s) modulation is feasible.

Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Lasers

Distributed FeedBack (DFB) Lasers

34 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

710
DBR Lasers / DFB Lasers

Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) lasers

Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers

Reference: John Gowar, “Optical communication systems, ” 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)

35 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Modulator Integrated (MI) DFB Laser

Electro-absorption (EA) modulator is

monolithically integrated with DFB laser.

Device structure Extinction curve

36 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

711
Design of high-speed APD
Conventional InP-APD Next-generation InP-APD
for 10 Gbit/s for 40 Gbit/s
Optical Optical
signal signal

T. Mikawa et. al., OFC’91,ThO2

Bandwidth:7 GHz Required bandwidth: 20 GHz
Limited by Improvement methods
„ Carrier transit time „ Thin absorption layer
„ RC time
„ Avalanche build up time „ Small junction area
„ Thin multiplication layer
„ Waveguide structure
Quantum efficiency: 75 %
37 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Capacity Increase Using WDM

Time-division Speed limit in electric circuit

multiplexng (TDM) (20 Gb/s - 40 Gb/s)

t
λ (arbitrary) Optical fiber
Wavelength-division
multiplexng (WDM) Capacity increase by increasing
channel numbers

λ1

λ2 10 Gb/s for each wave

Optical fiber
λn
t Multiplexer Demultiplexer

38 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

712
Optical Power Levels

„ An optical power budget is maintained

throughout the network

Receiver
Transmitter
Fiber power limit
Power (dB)

OSNR limit
(Noise accumulation along the fiber)
Transmission Distance

39 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Regenerators

„ To free from amplifier’s noise accumulation,

regeneration is required.
„ Regenerators can clean up noise.
Optical Amplifiers; Re-amplify (1R function)

Electric Regenerators; Re-amplify, Re-shape, and Re-time

processing (3R function)
Receiver Transmitter

Regeneration

40 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

713
Multiplexing
Repeater

„ We want to transport
bits cost effectively.

Transmitter Receiver

„ Why?
Multiplexing
Repeater Repeater
saves costs.

Mux Dmux

41 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

WDM

„ Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

z Multiplexing by using different wavelength/frequency
of light for each signal
z Each color of light carries a different signal.
z Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) uses
different time slots for multiplexing.
z Variations
z Dense WDM (DWDM) typically 100GHz or 50GHz WDM systems
z Coarse WDM (CWDM) typically greater than 400GHz WDM systems

Tx (λ1) Rx (λ1)
Tx (λ2) Mux Dmux Rx (λ2)
. .
Tx (λk) Rx (λk)
Repeater
..

..

Tx (λn) (Amplifier) Rx (λn)

42 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

714
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques

„ Optical Multiplexing is done by filters

z A physical device combines each wavelength with the others
z Many technologies exist for this
z Thin film filters
z Fiber Bragg gratings
z Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG)

WDM
Filter

43 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

ITU-T Grid

„ The International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

defined a “grid” of wavelengths
z ITU-T G.692
z Based on absolute reference of 193.10THz/1552.52nm
z In steps of 50GHz/0.41nm from this reference
z All terrestrial WDM systems follow this standard
z The industry has followed this standard which makes
components cheaper for everyone

50GHz

Frequency
193.10THz
(1552.52nm)

44 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

715
Principle of Optical Amplification

Relaxation Relaxation

Energy
Energy

Pump Stimulated
Spontaneous emission
Pump emission
(Current
injection) Signal

LED LASER, Optical amplifier

LASER; Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

45 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Erbium-doped fiber (EDF)

Signal flow

Signal/pump
Ps,i combiner Optical isolator
Ps,o
Input Output
port Pp: Pump Power port

Ps,i: Signal input power

Pump LD Ps,o: Signal output power
Gain (G) : Ps,o/ Ps,i

46 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

716
Optical Fiber Amplifier

Er-doped fiber amplifier

(EDFA)

Optical fiber Optical fiber

Input
Pump
PumpLD LD
1.48µm
1.48µm Output
„ Signal format independent, bit rate free
„ Simultaneous amplification of WDM signal

47 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Configuration of C&L Split-Band Amplifier

C-band amplifier module

AGC VAT DC AGC

C-band

1.55/1.58 1.55/1.58
WDM L- band amplifier module WDM

L- band AGC VAT DC AGC : optical connector

WDM coupler WDM coupler

• In-service band-upgradability in WDM transmission system

Y. Sugaya et al., Electron. Lett., vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 1361-1362, Aug. 1999.

48 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

717
Received optical spectrum (176-channels)

C-band 88 ch. L-band 88 ch.

Optical power (5 dB/div)

34.7 nm (4.40 THz) 36.6 nm(4.40 THz)

Res. 0.1 nm

1525 1545 1565 1585 1605

Wavelength (nm)

49 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Feature of EDFAs

„ Simple
„ High gain: 20-30dB
(100 to 1,000 times of input power)
„ Wide bandwidth: Conventional EDFA has
about 35nm (4 THz) gain-bandwidth.
„ Bit-rate independent
„ Modulation format independent
„ Low noise

50 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

718
New Technique of AGC Control in EDFAs
- Introduction -

40λ
working

39ch
1λ

Fiber cut
1ch
„ AGC control is needed to keep the gain of a channel constant
(ideally) no matter what is going on on the other channels
(adding, dropping, power variations etc.)

51 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fast Response Optical Amplifiers

Gain Optical networks to respond to
Medium
Input
filter
failures without impairing
unaffected wavelengths

Feedback control of Optical Amplifier transients

Input Pump Laser Output
monitor monitor

0.16
AGC Feedback Loop 40ch 1ch

0.14

0.12
Conventional AGC
Gain
relative power (r.u.)

0.1 technology
Medium
Input 0.08

0.06

0.04 New technology

0.02

Input Pump Laser Output

0
monitor monitor -2 0 2 4 6 8
time(ms)

AGC Feedforward
Feed-
Feed-forward control of Optical Amplifier transients
C. Tian and S. Kinoshita, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1728-1734, Aug. 2003.

52 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

719
Revival of Raman amplification

z 1973 : Raman gain in fiber measured by Stolen and Ippen

z 1985 : Soliton propagation demonstrated by

Mollenauer using Raman amplifier

z Practical EDFA has established WDM Reign

- 1480 nm pump lasers get matured
- WDM soars up to reach the limits of lumped
amplifier systems

z Raman revisits now with

- High-power highly-reliable pumping laser diodes

53 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fiber Raman Amplifier

Transmission fiber itself is the gain medium.

Signal/pump
combiner
Input Output
port port
Backward pumping
1450nm
pump
LDs
Pump power ( mW )
Raman gain (dB )

WDM bandwidth
Pump

Raman
gain

100 nm Wavelength (nm)

54 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

720
Characteristic of Raman amplification gain

Pump
Signals
~100 nm

λ
λp < λs Approx.

Fiber

Raman gain profile of silica

λ Ref: R. H. Stolen, Proc. IEEE, 68, 1232 (1980)
λp λs
55 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Distributed Raman Amplification (DRA)

OS OR
OS OR
OS OR
pump LDs pump LDs pump LDs
OS (1.43 - 1.50 um) (1.43 - 1.50 um) (1.43 - 1.50 um) OR

Merits
1. All optical transparent to modulation & signal formats
2. Simultaneous amplification of dual-band signals
3. Component availability
4. Tilt compensation capability
New Issues
1. Operation depends on
- fiber type, additional loss and signal allocation
2. Supervising boundary
3. Safety for high-power pump

56 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

721
OSNR improvement employing DRA

Pump LDs
(1.43 - 1.50 um) Distributed amplification
in transmission fibers

10
5
Reduced effective span loss
Simulation
0
Power (dBm)

-5
-10 OSNR improvement
-15 ch.1
-20 ch. 32 customer’s fiber data is
-25
Pump required to assure the
linear loss
performance
-30
0 20 40 60 80 100 (Otherwise, best effort)
Distance (km)

57 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Optical Fiber Amplifier Types

GS-
GS-EDFA
EDFA

TDFA

EDTFA
FRA GS-
GS-TDFA

S+band S band C band L band

1420 1480 1530 1560 1575 1620
Wavelength (nm)
EDFA : Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (1530 - 1565 nm)
GS-EDFA : Gain-Shifted EDFA (1570 -1610 nm)
EDTFA : Telluride-Based EDFA (1530 - 1610 nm)
TDFA : Thulium-Doped Fluoride-Based Fiber Amplifier (1450 - 1490 nm)
FRA : Fiber Raman Amplifier (1420 - 1620 nm or more)

58 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

722
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)

Signal flow

Semiconductor:
(GaxIn(1-x)AsyP(1-y) / InP on InP substrate)
In + Out

Ps,i Optical
isolator
- Ps,o

Anti-reflection coating
Advantages;
- Small size,
- Functional (Wavelength conversion)
Issues;
- Noise Figure,
- Waveform distortion (improving)

59 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Pulse Broadening due to

Chromatic Dispersion (GVD)
Optical spectrum Spectrum Broadening

∆λ Difference in group velocity

Wavelength Pulse broadening

(Waveform distortion)
Transmitter out Received pulse
Optical fiber
Group velocity

Time Time
Electric signal Demodulated
electric signal
1 0 1
1 1 1
Wavelength
Time ∆λ Time

60 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

723
Dispersion Compensation

Transmission fiber Dispersion compensating fiber

(DCF)

Positive dispersion
(Negative dispersion)
+ Negative dispersion
(Positive dispersion)
Longer wavelength Slow (Fast) Longer wavelength Fast (Slow)
Shorter wavelength Fast (Slow) Shorter wavelength Slow (Fast)

Demonstration for 40 Gb/s signal

25 ps

Transmitter out After fiber transmission After dispersion comp.

61 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Automatic Dispersion Compensation System

Provisioning
&
Provisioning Tracking
λ1 Tx #1 Rx #1
λ2 Tx #2 VDC VDC Rx #2

λ40 Tx #40 Rx #40

DC DC λi
Dispersion compensator Dispersion
Dispersion
(fixed or variable) Monitor
Monitor
VIPA variable dispersion compensator
Line-focusing DC > 0 Variable
Optical lens x-axis
circulator DC < 0

Focusing
Collimating Glass lens 3-Dimensional
lens plate Mirror
VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array

62 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

724
Polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD)

1st-order PMD simple estimation

Differential group delay (DGD)
between fast & slow propagation in fiber
e.g. for 40 Gb/s transmission < 50 km
Fiber PMD = 0.5 ps/ km

Higher-order PMD more complicated in real fiber cable

- Wavelength dependence of optical waveform degradation
due to random mode-coupling
- Fluctuation in time due to temperature
and stress change

63 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fujitsu FLASHWAVE 7700

• Capacity; 1.76Tb/s
(Largest capacity
in the world)
• 10Gb/s x 176ch
(C-band 88ch.)
(L-band 88ch.)

(at Supercomm2003,
Atlanta, Ga., June, 2003)

64 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

725
Photonic Networking Triangle

Networking
Optical Routing
OXC
Dynamic OADM
Fixed OADM
TERM, ILA,
Current status
600 km
1.76T 1500 km
3.5T
10T 3000 km
20T 6000 km
Capacity-Distance product
Capacity Target > 10-20 Pb/s • km ? Distance
- 20T x 500 -1000km
- 10T x 1000 -2000km
- 3.5 T x 3000-6000 km

65 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Photonic Networks

Photonic Network Submarine

Term. International/
Σλ Operation System Submarine Nwk
(GMPLS)
Σλ
λ3 Σλ
OXC Σλ OXC Σλ

Σλ OXC Long-
Long-Haul Terrestrial
Σλ Σλ
Backbone Nwk
OXC Σλ
Σλ OADM
Σλ Regional/Metro Nwk
OADM
WDM OADM
Term. OADM
Σλ Σλ Metro/Access Nwk
λ1 λ2
Photonic LAN/
SDH/SONET
Enterprise Nwk
100B
100B-T Gb/10Gb Ether
PON Residential Nwk
GMPLS; Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching
OADM; Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing, OXC; Optical Cross-
Cross-connect

66 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

726
Configuration & Issues of Current Network

Now; Mainly for Web Services and Telephone

Future; All-time, Bi-directional, High Quality communication
Current Network
(by Electronic node)

WDM p-to-p
Transmission Deploying ultra-high capacity
E-Router
Core Nwk
photonic network using WDM

To Core
Nwk
OEO- sw Shortage in metro nwk capacity
Metro-
Core Nwk and in switching throughput is
Metro-Access
becoming a bottleneck
E-Aggregation Nwk
Rapid deployment of FTTH is
anticipated
ハブ

ハブ

・ ・
A社本社
・
ラップトップ ラップトップ

ユーザー

SOHO SOHO: Small Office Home Office

IDC IDC: Internet Data Center

67 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Next Generation Photonic Networks

Deploying photonic technologies in entire

network, especially in nodes, is required.
By deploying photonic nodes,
OXC
Core - Realtime, bi-directional, high definition
Nwk image comm. service is feasible
Opt. Hub by eliminating bandwidth bottleneck.
To Core Nwk - Generation of new, flexible,
multi-functional,WDM based service
Metro-Core
Nwk - Cost reduction by optical cut-through
Opt.ADM Metro-Access (eliminating O/E conv. and
Nwk
excessive aggregation)
FTTH OXC: Optical Cross-connect
ハブ OADM: Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
ハブ

ラップトップ
・・・
ラップトップ A社本社
ユーザー
SOHO: Small Office Home Office
IDC: Internet Data Center
SOHO
IDC
68 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

727
 Main Elements in Photonic Layer
λ1
λ2 Σλ

･･･
„ Wavelength MUX/DEMUX
WDM Terminal λn
λ1
λ2

･･･
Σλ λn
„ Simultaneous amplification of
Wideband Optical Amplifier
Σλ Σλ „ WDM signal

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer Σλ Σλ „ Signal Add/Drop

(OADM) „ Transmission capacity control
λi λj

Optical Cross-Connect λi „ Network restoration

(OXC) λi „ Network Management

Optical Processing λi „ All optical regeneration

λi
λj „ Wavelength Conversion
69 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Basic Network Configurations

(Two-Fiber) Ring Network (Full) Mesh Network

Star Network
Tree Network

70 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

728
Evolution of Photonic Networks

1 st Generation 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation

Point - to - point
WDM transmission Add - Drop function
TRM WDM with Ring configuration
Optical cross connect function
with Mesh configuration
ILA REG
Optical packet/processing
OADM OADM capability with wavelength
OADM conversion
REG OXC
ILA OXC

OXC
Optical Router

Optical
processing
1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR

71 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

Node Configuration
Reconfigurable Dynamic
Fixed 2x2 SW: “Through” Cross-connect
or “Add/Drop” switch fabric

λ1 λ1
DEMUX MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX MUX

λ2
λ2
R T
T R λ n-1
λ n-1
λn

λn
R T T R T R
T R R T R T

72 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

729
Candidates of Optical Switch
[2D-PLC switch] [2D-MEMS switch]
PLC
waveguide Up-down
Crosspoint mirror
Output
fibers

Input Output
fibers fibers
Input fibers
[3D-MEMS switch]
Movable
Mirror

Input Output PLC: Planar Lightwave Circuit

MEMS: Micro-Electro
fiber fibers Mechanical System

73 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Next Generation Metro-access Network

with Photonic Gateways
IDC
Metro core
xDSL / FTTH
HUB

Metro access IDC

λi λj
Enterprise
network

IDC Photonic
gateway
LAN node
z Connection between IDCs (Internet Data Centers)
z Content delivery networks
z Enterprise networks

Leased　wavelength service, λ-LAN/WAN and λ-VPN

74 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

730
On-demand Wavelength-path Connection
using Photonic Gateway
λi λk
λi Wavelength
#4 #3 Control Technology
λ
Photonic Gateway

Photonic
#5 Gateway Tunable
#2 Filter
WDM signal
λ1, λ 2・・・ λ n
#1 AOTF
Remotely controlled wavelength path connections
Conventional system needs manual card replacement on site

λi Select any O/E E/O

#4 λi wavelength
#3
λi

λ
#5 „ Rapid re-configuration of photonic network
#2 „ Leased wavelength service
#1 (changing by hour/day )
Optical broadcast / multicast „ Broadband contents delivery networks
No latency at intermediate node (optical drop/continue) using optical broadcast and multicast

75 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF)

λ1, λ2, λ3,
λ4, λ5 PBS PBS
In
W

λ3
SA

LiNbO3 Drop

Control RF signal f3 SAW : Surface Acoustic Wave

(165-185MHz) PBS: Polarization Beam Splitter
1620
Wavelength (nm)

1600
1580
Advantages 100 nm
1560
• Fast switching speed
1540
• Wide tuning range (∼100 nm)
• Compact-size by integrated waveguide 1520
165 170 175 180 185
Control RF signal (MHz)

76 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

731
Configuration of Prototype System
and Specification
Photonic Gateway
(1+1 Network Protection)
A B Transponder
Connection (4 port)
requirement

Network Management System

Status notification (Path management, NE/system
of λ resources alarm management, etc) • 19 inch shelf
SNMP • 3U Height (132mm)
Maintenance
λ path terminal item Specification
Demand Max No. of λ 40
Alarm
notification ～2.5 Gbps　
Interface
(Prototype)
A Photonic Gateway Max ring length ～100 km
Client NE B Add drop 4λ / node
(Router, etc.)
WDM ch Spacing 0.8 nm (100 GHz)
Network configuration Network management SNMP
G. Nakagawa et al., OECC2005, 5B2-4 Network Protection 1+1 O-UPSR

This work was partly supported by the NICT (National Institute

of Information and Communications Technology) of Japan.

77 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Hub Node Configuration

with Selective Regeneration

Wavelength Blocker
Coupler Coupler
….

Coupler Coupler
….

1xn Splitter 1xn Splitter 1xn Combiner 1xn Combiner

Tunable filter (Ex. AOTF) Selective

Tx Regeneration
Rx
ECOC 2004,
We4.P.148
AOTF: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

78 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

732
2 Domain Flexible WDM Ring Network

- Work and protection path - Tx

Rx

80km (16dB)
In

In

Tx
Rx

D Hub1 A
Tx

(WB 5)

Rx
(WB 2)

Domain 2 Domain 1 Work

C B
Rx

Tx
(WB 3) Hub2 (WB 4)
Tx

Rx
In

In Protection

90km (20dB)
ECOC 2004, We4.P.148 Tx
Rx

79 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

BER Characteristics of 10Gb/s Transmission

Hub1 Node A

Hub2
Node B

ECOC 2004, We4.P.148

80 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

733
Fast Protection with Shared Regeneration
ECOC 2004, We4.P.148

AOTF: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

AOTF Output
Idling Tuning

Fiber-cut Recovery Time:

Traffic 45ms

81 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Passive Optical Network (PON) System

PON: Passive Optical Network
> High Speed, Low cost access

Fiber To The Home

Internet
(1.3 µm 155 Mb/s Burst) Computer
Tel. Office Center
ONU

OLT Video
Optical fiber Core Library
Fiber To The Building
(1.55 µm 155 / 622 Mb/s Continuous ) CATV

Cost effective FTTH / Cab / C / B

Key Tech. Burst Mode

Fiber To The Cabinet/Curb

82 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

734
Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
„ Fairness and Efficiency in Bandwidth (BW)
„ Dynamic BW assignment on demand in addition
to pre-assigned (fixed) BW
„ SLA based QoS assurance
Min. BW, Max. BW , Assured BW, Best-effort BW etc.
(1)Request queuing information by OLT

(2)Report queuing information to OLT

ONU#1
(3)Assignment of BW available to each ONU OLT

PON-IF

ONU#2 Other band (OAM etc.)

Shared band
Upstream between multiple ONUs
band
ONU#n Pre-assigned band

83 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Array Tunable Laser

„ Configuration
- DFB laser array integration
- Each chip covers 4 wavelengths
(100 GHz separation)
- Temperature control w/o mode jump

DFB Laser
Waveguide
Precise wavelength control
Low loss coupler Narrow chip spacing 32ch tuning spectrum
20
Power (dBm)

SOA λ1 ~ 4. . 0
High gain .
λ29 ~ 32 -20

-40

-60
1530 1540 1550 1560
0.5 mm (W) x 1.8 mm (L) Wavelength (nm)

84 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

735
40 Gb/s NRZ LiNbO3 Modulator

•Bandwidth Typ. 30 GHz

•Operating Wavelength 1530~1610 nm
•Vπ(∗1) <
= 3.5 V
•Extinction Ratio ∗1 = 20 dB
>
•Insertion Loss <
= 10 dB
•Impedance Typ. 50 Ω
( *1: Low frequency driving)

3
Optical Response(dB)

0
-3
-6
-9
-12
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency(GHｚ)
10.0 ps/div.

85 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Optical 3R Regenerator

„ Principle

Reshaping
Optical Optical
Input signal Amp. gate 3R-regenerated
Reamplification signal
Clock
recovery
Recovered
Retiming clock pulses

„ Optical 3R-regeneration (Reamplification, Reshaping and

Retiming) is a key function containing most of the essential
optical switching functionalities.
„ Once an optical 3R-regenerator is realized, it can be applied
to any kind of optical switching.

86 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

736
Photonic Technology Roadmap
2002 - 2005 2005 - 2010 2010 - 2020 2020 -
Transmission ∼ 10 Tb/s
Capacity ∼2 Tb/s ∼5 Tb/s ≥ 40 Tb/s

λ/Fiber ∼ 200 ∼ 500 ∼1000 ≥ 1000 (?)

10G/2.5G... 40G/10G... 160G/40G/10.. > 1T (?)

Rate/ch. 10G Ether (40G Ether?)
≥ 1000 nm
Band ∼100 nm ∼200 nm ∼400 nm Noiseless amp.
≥1 Gb/s ≥10Gb/s ≥100Gb/s
CPU/Storage (Elec. connect.) (Elec./Opt. connect.) (Opt. connect.)

OADM/OXC Opt. routing All-opt. router Ubiquitous

Node/Server (1 - 5 Tb/s) (∼10Tb/s) (≥ 40Tb/s) router

Opt. packet OTDM Quantum computer

DWDM Opt. signal process. Q-PSK Quantum optical
Technologies Adaptive Opt. 3R Opt. IC communication
compensation λ-conversion Cryptography

Tunable-LD Short pulse LD Opt. nano-device

VCSEL Photonic crystal
Opt. Memory Photon Qubit
Devices Tunable filter Holey fiber Electron Qubit
Quantum dots Lower loss fiber
MEMS

87 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

II. Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)

IP Control Architecture for Data and Transport Networks

Richard Rabbat

Outline
„ Introduction
z MPLS and RSVP
„ GMPLS architecture and components
„ Link Management: LMP
„ Signaling: RSVP-TE
„ Routing: OSPF-TE
„ Conclusion
z Upcoming topics Source: Wikipedia. GNU Free Documentation License 1.2

88 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

737
Introduction and Background: MPLS

„ Around 1996, two competing proposals were developed to allow

switching of IP packets: Tag switching and IP Switching: less
processing, faster speed
„ Idea was merged into Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and
standardized at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
z The main objective at IETF is to standardize all work that deals with the
IP protocol
„ MPLS adds a “shim” header (a few more bytes) to allow fast
switching based on a (local) label
„ MPLS makes use of a signaling protocol: Resource Reservation
Protocol or RSVP
„ One of the side effects of MPLS was the ability to pin the route, so
routing changes wouldn’t affect the Label Switched Paths
„ Idea evolved to Traffic Engineering (TE) that permits more control
over the data traffic

89 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

MPLS Example

IP header

IP packet MPLS shim

header

Label swapping
operation

90 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

738
RSVP Example

Path (2) Resv (1)

Path (1)
Resv (2)

91 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

RSVP Example

„ Originally developed for individual flow reservations

„ Uses a handshake mechanism to distribute flow
information and reserve resources including QoS
(Quality of Service)

Path (2) Resv (1)

Path (1)
Resv (2)

92 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

739
MPLS-TE: Multi-Protocol Label
Switching-Traffic Engineering

„ Uses RSVP and MPLS in combination to pin the LSP

(Label Switched Path) route
z A change in the routing table does not affect the route of
the LSP
z This emulates a Virtual Circuit
z In addition, it keeps the network healthy: no fluttering
OSPF (routing) may
indicate intermittently that
S-B-C-D is shorter than
B LSP
S-E-D and vice versa

Without MPLS-TE, the C

LSP route will start
flapping between the two
S D
E

93 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

GMPLS

„ In 1999/2000, with the explosive growth in transport networks,

organizations decided to generalize the concept of MPLS to extend
beyond data networks to address legacy transport networks
(SONET/SDH), Ethernet and WDM
„ Without a control plane, the combination of EMS (Element Management
System) and NMS (Network Management System) is responsible for path
setup/teardown, link management and resource accounting
„ EMS/NMS is tied to a specific vendor and can rarely manage other
vendor equipment
„ Carriers are eager to have the capability to setup paths across different
vendor domains to be able to provide new services
„ GMPLS was designed to allow control of transport networks including link
management, OAM (Operations, Administration and Maintenance),
signaling and routing using IP as transport protocol
„ Work on GMPLS is done at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in
the Common Control And Measurement Plane (CCAMP) working group

94 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

740
GMPLS-Enabled Node

Network IP
IPNetwork
Network
Management
System

GMPLS control
plane
Element
Management
System

Data plane

95 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

GMPLS Network Architecture

Out-of-band IP network
connects GMPLS instances
IP
IPNetwork
Network

GMPLS control
GMPLS control
plane
plane

GMPLS control Data plane

Data plane
plane

Fiber ring connects

different cross-
connects
This 1:1 correspondence is Data plane
not necessary but instead
used for illustrative purposes

96 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

741
GMPLS Control Plane Components

LINK MANAGEMENT: Link -Neighbor discovery

-Maintain control channel connectivity
Management Protocol (LMP)
-Verify data link connectivity
-Correlate link property information
-Suppress downstream alarms
-Localize link failures

ROUTING: Open Shortest Path -Distribute TE link information

-Advertise nodes in the network and create
First-Traffic Engineering (OSPF- topology
TE) -Calculate constrained shorted path (CSPF)
-Routing information for control and data plane

SIGNALING: Resource -Signals setup/teardown/refresh of paths with

ReserVation Protocol-Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-TE)
QoS requirements (e.g., circuit size)
-Uses control channel to setup an optical LSP
-Supports refresh reduction
-Supports Explicit Route Object (ERO) and
Record Route Object (RRO)

97 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

LMP: Link Management Protocol

„ LMP is a link management protocol

that can be used for a variety of
equipment including optical cross-
connects and photonic switches
„ In new optical equipment with many
fibers and ports, each node is
connected to many other nodes, so
manual neighbor configuration is
time-consuming
„ Example: FW 7500 Reconfigurable
Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
(ROADM) with 40 wavelengths,
SONET (OC-3 to OC-192), Gigabit
Ethernet, ESCON, FICON (storage)

98 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

742
LMP: Advantages of Neighbor
Discovery
„ Automatic inventory of links between nodes
z Allows to detect incorrect physical fiber connections
„ Automatic identification between neighbors
z There is a need to accurately identify the neighbors so
that this information can be shared with the routing
protocol for dissemination in the network
z This allows the routing protocol to build an accurate
network topology
z Automatic mechanisms decrease the likelihood for
operator mistake
z Proper resource accounting increases the utilization of the
network

99 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

LMP: Control Channel Connectivity

„ We can form an LMP adjacency between neighboring nodes if we

can establish a bi-directional control channel between them
„ Control channel connectivity is maintained through LMP Hello
messages
„ LMP Hello protocol is a light-weight keep-alive mechanism
z Hello messages are transmitted in the control channel
„ LMP Hello messages can detect control channel failures quickly
z This allows the network to remediate to that failure quickly before the
routing protocol (OSPF-TE) Hello messages are lost
z Otherwise, link-state adjacencies will be removed uselessly
„ Hello messages use Transmit and Receive sequence numbers to
keep track of the sequence # they are sending and the received
sequence # they are acknowledging

100 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

743
LMP: Data Links

„ Recall that data-bearing links and control channels are not necessarily the
same
„ Out-of-band control channel connectivity does not indicate that data-
bearing link is up
„ Multiple parallel resources (links) in the transport layer may be bundled
into a traffic engineering (TE) link for efficient summarization of the
resource capacity
z This process is done through link property correlation
„ Three LMP messages are used for correlation
z LinkSummary, LinkSummaryAck and LinkSummaryNack
„ LinkSummary includes the local and remote link id’s, a list of all data links
that comprise the TE link, and various link properties
„ LinkSummary is sent by a node to its adjacent node
„ One of LinkSummaryAck and LinkSummaryNack is sent as a response by
the adjacent node
z E.g. LinkSummaryNack is sent if local and remote TE link types are different

101 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

LMP: Link Connectivity Verification

1. BeginVerify message

GMPLS control 2. BeginVerifyAck message GMPLS control

plane 4. TestStatusSuccess message plane
5. TestStatusAck message
6. EndVerify message
7. EndVerifyAck message

Data plane Data plane

3. Test message

„ This procedure is for a single link

„ For multiple data links, only messages 3, 4 and 5 (Test,
TestStatusSuccess and TestStatusAck) are repeated
„ All LMP messages (except Test) are carried over UDP
„ The Test message may or may not be carried over UDP
z It is carried over the data-bearing channel and will be limited by the
transport protocol limitation if any

102 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

744
LMP: Fault Detection and Localization
(1)

„ Note that fault localization in transparent optical

networks cannot be done easily.
z Loss of signal is detected at the end nodes. Techniques
for measuring the distance to the fiber cut are costly
„ In SONET transport networks on the other hand, faults
can be detected at many nodes and alarms generated
and propagated accordingly
„ LMP solves the problem of suppressing alarm
propagation and localizing the fault

103 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

LMP: Fault Detection and Localization

(2)

„ Failure detected at node downstream of the flow

„ Node sends ChannelStatus message upstream
z Indicates failure information
„ Upstream node send ChannelStatusAck back
„ Upstream node correlates that failure with any failure
detected locally
„ If node localizes fault, upstream node then sends
ChannelStatus message to downstream node to indicate
if the channel is failed or OK
„ Span or LSP restoration may then be started

104 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

745
OSPF-TE: Introduction

„ OSPF-TE defines traffic engineering extensions to the OSPF

routing protocol
„ OSPF originally developed to distribute link information about
data networks
„ OSPF-TE extends OSPF to allow the distribution of link
information relating to the control channel as well as the
information about the TE links in the transport network
„ Reminder: the topology of the control channel is different
from that of the transport network
„ OSPF-TE also sends information about the TE links and their
switching capability (in the case of SONET for example)

105 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

OSPF-TE: TE Links

„ Opaque LSA: type 10

„ Link local part of the TE link identifier sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ Link remote part of the TE link identifier sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ Technology specific part of the Interface Switching Capability
Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ Switching Capability field part of the Interface Switching Capability
Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ TE metric sub-TLV [RFC3630]
„ Administrative Group sub-TLV [RFC3630]
„ Unreserved bandwidth sub-TLV [RFC3630]
z Max LSP Bandwidth part of the Interface Switching Capability
Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ Link Protection sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]
„ SRLG sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]

106 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

746
 OSPF-TE: Explicit Route Object

„ OSPF-TE asks Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) for a

route based on the following constraints
z Minimum LSP Bandwidth
z Encoding Type
z Switching Type
„ Once OSPF-TE receives from CSPF a route, it can indicate
to RSVP that information to be used in the signaling message
„ An Explicit Route Object (ERO) can be strict or loose
z A strict ERO must be followed by the signaling message
z A loose ERO is a combination of at least one loose hop and 0
or more strict hops
z To reach a next loose hop, a node can request a new CSPF
calculation

107 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

OSPF-TE: TE Link example (Ethereal)

LS Type: Opaque LSA, Area-local scope (10) Remote Interface IP Address
LS Age: 3600 seconds TLV Type: 4: Remote Interface IP Address
Options: 0x2 (E) TLV Length: 4
Link State ID Opaque Type: Traffic Engineering LSA (1) MPLS/TE Remote Interface Address: 40.4.47.2 (40.4.47.2)
Link State ID TE-LSA Reserved: 0 Traffic Engineering Metric: 1
Link State ID TE-LSA Instance: 4 TLV Type: 5: Traffic Engineering Metric
Advertising Router: 192.168.47.1 (192.168.47.1) TLV Length: 4
LS Sequence Number: 0x800005a9 Traffic Engineering Metric: 1
LS Checksum: b4ea Maximum Bandwidth: 100000000
Length: 124 TLV Type: 6: Maximum Bandwidth
MPLS Traffic Engineering LSA TLV Length: 4
Link Information Maximum Bandwidth: 100000000
TLV Type: 2 - Link Information Maximum Reservable Bandwidth: 100000000
TLV Length: 100 TLV Type: 7: Maximum Reservable Bandwidth
Link Type: 1 TLV Length: 4
TLV Type: 1: Link Type Maximum Reservable Bandwidth: 100000000
TLV Length: 1 Unreserved Bandwidth
Link Type: 1 TLV Type: 8: Unreserved Bandwidth
Link ID: 192.168.4.1 (c0a80401) TLV Length: 32
TLV Type: 2: Link ID Pri 0: 100000000 bytes/s (800000000 bits/s)
TLV Length: 4 Pri 1: 100000000 bytes/s (800000000 bits/s)
MPLS/TE Link ID: 192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1) …
Local Interface IP Address Resource Class/Color: 0
TLV Type: 3: Local Interface IP Address TLV Type: 9: Resource Class/Color
TLV Length: 4 TLV Length: 4
MPLS/TE Local Interface Address: 40.4.47.1 (40.4.47.1) Resource Class/Color: 0

108 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

747
OSPF-TE: Router Status Example

ID Priority State Dead time Address

15.0.1.11 200 FULL/DR_OTHER 30 15.0.1.11

15.0.1.61 1 2WAY/DR_OTHER 32 15.0.1.61

15.0.1.81 1 2WAY/DR_OTHER 37 15.0.1.81

15.0.1.91 1 2WAY/DR_OTHER 30 15.0.1.91

15.0.1.101 1 2WAY/DR_OTHER 32 15.0.1.101

15.0.1.141 1 FULL/DR_OTHER 40 15.0.1.141

15.0.1.151 0 2WAY/DR_OTHER 35 15.0.1.151

109 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

RSVP-TE

„ Signaling protocol extended from RSVP

„ Messages are sent over control channel to set up LSP (Label
Switched Paths) in the transport/data layer
„ Paths are set up for a long period of time
„ Refresh is used to keep the circuit state information
synchronized and updated between nodes
„ Transport requirements
z Paths have to survive control channel failure
z RSVP messages are not traveling in the same plane

110 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

748
RSVP-TE Example

3. Resv
4. Resv
GMPLS control
GMPLS control
plane
plane
1. Path 2. Path

GMPLS control Data plane

Data plane
plane

Data plane
LSP
setup

111 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Reliability: GMPLS-Based Recovery

Working
path 1
setup

Working
path 2
setup

Recovery
path is
Recovery path is set up to protect against failures of working path and setup
can be shared between working paths to increase network efficiency

112 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

749
Scalability: LSP Hierarchy

LSP setup at different layers

to carry upper layer traffic

113 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Upcoming Topics: Advances in

Transport Technologies
„ SONET/SDH legacy technology is improving and adopting
data-friendly features
„ Three technologies are central to Next-Generation SONET
z Virtual Concatenation: VCAT
z Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS
z Generic Framing Procedure: GFP
„ Work at CCAMP to extend GMPLS to support next-
generation SONET

114 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

750
Virtual Concatenation: VCAT (1)

Ethernet Traffic SONET without SONET with VCAT

VCAT payload payload mapping
mapping

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) STS-3c: 155 Mbps STS-1-2v: 103.5 Mbps
Efficiency: 64% Efficiency: 96%

Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps) STS-48: 2.5 Gbps STS-1-21v or STS-3-7v

Efficiency: 40% Efficiency: 92%

115 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Virtual Concatenation: VCAT (2)

SONET cloud
Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet
(100 Mbps) NE (100 Mbps)
NE

STS-1-2v Unmapped
routed over from STS-1-2v
SONET
Mapped to
STS-1-2v

Another advantage of VCAT is

the ability to do diverse routing
and make better use of network
resources

116 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

751
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS
(1)

„ Two options to add capacity with the increasing need for

bandwidth
z Set up a new circuit with the extra bandwidth
z The customer has to deploy equipment to appropriately distribute traffic
among different leased circuits.
z Tear down the currently leased circuit then set up a new one with the
appropriate bandwidth
z This creates a downtime that may breach Service Level Agreement
(SLA)
„ LCAS is a procedure developed to allow ‘hitless’ adding/removing
members to/from the VCG (Virtual Concatenation Group: group of
circuits that are concatenated)
„ LCAS provides bandwidth-on-demand capability at the transport
layer

117 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS

(2)

„ LCAS monitors VCG member status

„ LCAS can also provide a mechanism to map around VCG
member failures by allowing them to be temporarily removed from
a VCG without user intervention
„ LCAS uses the H4 byte in the path overheard for the high-over
mappings (HO-VCAT) such as STS circuits
„ It works by establishing a protocol between the source and sink
nodes to exchange information
„ Intermediate nodes do not need to be aware of VCAT or LCAS or
change their behavior
„ LCAS is unidirectional so it can monitor traffic at the sink, and in
the case of failure, send a message to the source to remove the
failing member

118 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

752
Generic Framing Procedure (1)

„ Legacy SONET/SDH carries Time

Division Multiplexing (TDM) traffic to
mostly support voice IP IP
„ With the explosive growth of data RPR Ethernet
traffic (mainly IP), it was expected to
be replaced with data transport such SONET SONET
as metro Ethernet and IP over WDM
„ Next-generation SONET has allowed
SONET to become data-friendly and Fiber or WDM layer
exist in the core network as the
unifying transport technology
„ In order to allow SONET to carry data,
a new framing mechanism called
GFP was devised
„ RPR stands for Resilient Packet Ring:
a data networking architecture for the
metropolitan network

119 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Generic Framing Procedure (2)

„ GFP is an adaptation method to carry different kinds of traffic

such as RPR, ESCON, FICON, ATM and Ethernet over SONET
„ GFP allows the adaptation of traffic, in this case packet-oriented
data streams that assume a connectionless MAC (Media Access
Control) layer to a byte-synchronous system such as
SONET/SDH
„ GFP consists of two layers
z One that encompasses the GFP common aspects (those that are
client-independent)
z the other carries client-specific aspects (the client-dependent ones).
Client in this case refers to the layer requesting SONET service and
in the previous figure consists of either Ethernet or RPR.

120 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

753
Conclusion

„ GMPLS delivers dynamic control of a range of data and transport

networks in a unified model
„ Carriers are starting to embrace this technology because it will be able to
increase their revenue and decrease their costs
„ The building blocks of GMPLS (LMP, OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE) work in
tandem to deliver control capabilities that cross domains and areas and
work across a range of vendors and carriers
„ The GMPLS control plane architecture will deliver capabilities that allow
fast and simple connectivity setup and release across the data and
transport layers
„ GMPLS is being extended to support new transport architecture such as
ASON (developed at ITU) and allow inter-area and inter-AS path
setup/teardown
„ Some ongoing work as well on GMPLS control of Ethernet networks as
well as support for VCAT/LCAS

121 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

754