MATH 3283W

Worksheet 3 answers
Tuesday, September 14, 2010

1. (a) ∀x∀y, x < y ⇒ f (x) > f (y). Negation: ∃x∃y 3 x < y ∧ f (x) ≤ f (y).
(b) ∀y ∈ B, ∃x ∈ A 3 f (x) = y. Negation: ∃y ∈ B 3 ∀x ∈ A, f (x) 6= y.
2. (a) For example, when p is true and q is false, p ⇒ q is false but q ⇒ p is true.
(b) i. If p is odd and q is odd, then p + q is even.
Contrapositive: If p + q is odd, then p is even or q is even.
Converse: If p + q is even, then p is odd and q is odd.
Inverse: If p is even or q is even, then p + q is odd.
ii. If p is even or q is even, then pq is even.
Contrapositive: If pq is odd, then p is odd and q is odd.
Converse: If pq is even, then p is even or q is even.
Inverse: If p is odd and q is odd, then pq is odd.
iii. If pq is odd and p is even, then q is odd.
Contrapositive: If q is even, then pq is even or p is odd.
Converse: If q is odd, then pq is odd and p is even.
Inverse: If pq is even or p is odd, then q is even.
(c) i. Statement is true: Suppose that p is odd and q is odd. Then p = 2k + 1 and q = 2j + 1 for
some integers k, j. Then p + q = 2k + 1 + 2j + 1 = 2(k + j + 1), which is even.
Converse is false: Take p = 2 and q = 4. Then p + q is even, but neither p nor q is odd.
ii. Statement is true: Case 1, p is even: then p = 2k for some integer k, and pq = 2kq, so pq is
even as well. Case 2, q is even, is similar.
Inverse is true: Suppose that p is odd and q is odd. Then p = 2k + 1 and q = 2j + 1 for some
integers k, j. Then pq = (2k + 1)(2j + 1) = 4kj + 2k + 2j + 1 = 2(2kj + k + j) + 1, which is
odd.
iii. Statement is true, because the hypothesis is always false; if p is even, then pq is even as above.
Converse is false: Take q = 3, p = 5. Then q is odd, but so is p, and thus the statement “pq
is odd and p is even” is false.
3. (a) [(p ∨ q) ⇒ r] ⇔ [∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ r] ⇔ [(∼ p∧ ∼ q) ∨ r] ⇔ [(∼ p ∨ r) ∧ (∼ q ∨ r)] ⇔ [(p ⇒ r) ∧ (q ⇒ r)]
(b) Case 1, n is even: Write n = 2k, for some integer k. Then n2 + 3n + 8 = (2k)2 + 3(2k) + 8 =
4k 2 + 6k + 8 = 2(2k 2 + 3k + 4), which is even.
Case 2, n is odd: Write n = 2k+1, for some integer k. Then n2 +3n+8 = (2k+1)2 +3(2k+1)+8 =
4k 2 + 4k + 1 + 6k + 3 + 8 = 4k 2 + 10k + 12 = 2(2k 2 + 5k + 6), which is even.
4. (a) [p ⇒ (q ∨ r)] ⇔ [∼ p ∨ (q ∨ r)] ⇔ [(∼ p ∨ q) ∨ r] ⇔ [(∼ p∨ ∼∼ q) ∨ r]
⇔ [∼ (p∧ ∼ q) ∨ r] ⇔ [(p∧ ∼ q) ⇒ r]
(b) Suppose x/(x − 1) ≤ 2. If x < 1, we are done. If x = 1, then x/(x − 1) is not defined, so we
suppose that x > 1 and show that x ≥ 2. Since x > 1, we have x − 1 > 0 and hence x ≤ 2(x − 1),
which implies 2 ≤ 2x − x = x.