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PIC: PC Interfaced Digital Thermometer using PIC Microcontroller | Creative Electron Page 1 of 16
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PIC: PC Interfaced Digital Thermometer

using PIC Microcontroller
Filed in Featured , PIC , Projects 28 comments
http://creativeelectron.net/blog/2009/10/pic-pc-interfaced-digital-thermometer-using-p... 18/01/2011
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In our previous posts we learned how to ;
• Simulate PIC in Proteus along with Digital Output to toggle LED using PIC16F84
• Interface 16×2 Character LCD with PIC16F876
• Interface 128×64 Pixels Graphical LCD (KS0108) using PIC16F876 after brief introduction
to Graphical LCD.
Today in this post we learn the following new stuff while developing the project mentioned in
title;
• Reading of analog values using built-in ADC in PIC

• Sending data over RS232 Serial Communication using built-in USART in PIC
Objective
Our objective in this post to create such a system which measures ambient temperature and sends
it to PC using Serial Port. To fulfill this we need the following major components ;
• PIC16F876 – PIC Microcontroller – Main Microcontroller

• LM35 – Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor – For measuring temperature
• MAX232 – Level Conversion RS232 – TTL – For interfacing MCU’s USART with PC’s
Serial Port
Analog Digital Conversion in PIC Microcontrollers
Generally PIC Microcontrollers offer 10 Bit of Analog to Digital Conversion. This means that
when they measure an incoming voltage, they compare that voltage to a reference voltage, and
give you the comparison represented as a 10-bit number (0-1023).
You can wire as many analog inputs to the PIC as there are analog ports to accept them. However,
you will notice some strange effects when you do so. The ADC circuits will affect each others’
readings, because all the circuits are pulling off the same +5V source. One thing you can do to
minimize this is by using decoupling capacitors by each analog input, to smooth out dips and
surges in the current caused by the other ADC’s. Typically 0.1µF to 1µF will do the job. Place the
capacitors between power and ground, as physically close to the ADC input as you can get.
It also helps if you increase the sampling time and the delay between conversion and reading
commands. Too much delay and you sacrifice interactivity; too little delay and you get random
numbers. Start with the numbers in the sample code above, and vary them until you get readings
you’re happy with.
Finally, it helps to sample at a lower resolution. Sampling at 8 bits instead of 10 will improve the
speed and stability of a multiple ADC program.
Since the ADC registers provide you with 10 bit number converted from the analog input, you can
use the following formula to have input voltage;
LM35 – Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor
LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical
output proportional to the temperature in cenitgrade. The main reason behind using LM35 is that it
doesn’t need amplification like thermocouples. The conversion ratio of LM35 is 10mV/’C . For
e.g at temperature of 35 degrees LM35 will output 350 mV.
MAX232 – RS232 Transceiver
MAX232 is used for level translation between TTL and RS232. It is very common and integral
component while communication between Microcontrollers and PC using RS232. The USART of
PIC works on0-5V levels while RS232 works over -15 to +15 level. The MAX232 acts as a bridge
between these two standards.
Project
By combining the above three major components along with the power of CCS C Compiler we
achieve our objectives.
Hardware
Following is the schematic of whole project;
The output of LM35 is attached to PIN A0 which is a analog input.

Pin C6 & C7 are dedicated for USART as Tx and RX respectively. MAX232 sits between RS232
and Controller to translate their voltages. A DB9 connector is used to connect PC with Controller.
Software
Following are the steps from the software we will design for the project;
1. Define ADC Resolution.

2. Configure USART with RS232 settings.
3. Initialize ADC.
4. Reading ADC Value.
5. Conversion into Centigrade.
6. Send temperature reading to PC over USART.
Steps 4 to 6 will be performed under an infinite loop. But a delay will be added explained later.
1.Define ADC Resolution
#DEVICE ADC=10
The above statement is used to define the resolution of ADC in bits. The maximum resolution for
PIC16F876 is 10-Bit. But you can define it to any number less than the maximum resolution.
2. Initialize and configure USART with RS232 settings.
The following line is used to initialize and configure USART to start communication.
#use rs232 (baud=57600,rcv=PIN_C7, xmit=PIN_C6)
This line is used just after the oscillator clock declaration.Usually you have to give it Baudrate and
the pins used for communication. If you want to use the builtin hardware USART then you use the
above declared pins. But if you like more than one serial communication ports, you can declare
communication on any pins. But note that using pins other than C6 and C7 will involve software
serial data handling. And it can compromise speed as compared to hardware USART.
3.Initialize and Configure ADC
setup_adc_ports( ALL_ANALOG );
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL );
set_adc_channel( 0 );
These three lines setup the ADC and initializes it. setup_adc_ports is used to define which pins
are to be used as analog inputs. Most suitable is ALL_ANALOG as it makes all AN pins as analog.
The next statement defines the clock source for ADC. As PIC also has external clock feature for
ADC conversion. The best is internal clock.
To select the pin from which to read the analog voltages we use set_adc_channel . In our case
LM35 is connected to Pin AN0, so we select Channel 0.
4.Reading ADC Value
value = read_adc();
The function read_adc() is used to read the value from ADC Register. It contains the digital
equivalent value of analog input.
For e.g. if we input 2.5 volts and the resolution defined for ADC is 10-Bit, we will get a value of
512 from read_adc().
5. Conversion into Centigrade
As we know that we get a digital value equivalent to in out analog voltage. So first we convert it
into voltage value;
Please note that by default the reference voltage for ADC in PIC is 5V.
For e.g if we get a value of 512 from ADC of 10-Bit resolution, the formula will have following
values ;
Invalid Application ID
We have got the voltage value which is coming from ADC, now we convert it into Temperature
with help of formula provided by LM35;
If voltage of 0.375 are read from ADC, the above formula will return Temperature of 37.5°C.
Implementing both the equations in C ;
volt = (value / 1023) * 5;

temp = volt * 100;
Read and conversion of voltages into digital and then temperature is done. In next we will send the
data to PC using very simple command.
6.Send temperature reading to PC over USART.
The very reason of popularity of CCS C Compiler is its ease of use and powerful commands.
Specially dealing with serial communication is very easy in this compiler. To send data to PC all
you need to do is to use the following one line function;
printf(“Temperature: %.1f\n\r”,temp);
If you have used TurboC you maybe very well familiarized with printf. This function is the same
olf function but the only difference is that when used in TurboC it displays on Monitor and when
used in PIC it sends data over to serial port.
The end result of this function at serial port would be;
Temperature: 37.5
The Complete Code
Combining all the parts together we have the following code;
#include <16F876.h>
#DEVICE ADC=10
#fuses HS,NOWDT,NOPROTECT,NOLVP
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232 (baud=57600,rcv=PIN_C7, xmit=PIN_C6)
float value;
float temp;
float volt;
void main()
{
//Initialize and Configure ADC
while(1)
{
//1 Sec Delay

delay_ms(1000);
//Read ADC Value

value = read_adc();
//Convert Value into Volts

volt = (value / 1023) * 5;
//Convert Volts into Temperature

temp = volt * 100;
//Send data to PC
printf(“Temperature: %.1f\n\r”,temp);
You can use Hyper Terminal which comes with Windows XP. Or you can use many other serial
port monitors easily available for download.
Following is the screenshot of Hyper Terminal being sent the temperature data;
In our next post we will learn how to make temperature readings more accurate by using filters
and different techniques. Also we will learn how to recieve the serial data in Visual Basic 6 for
further programming and GUI.
Happy InterfacING =)
Posted by hamzaazeem @ 21 October 2009 28 comments

Tags : lm35 , max232 , PIC , pic uart , pic usart , rs232 , serial port , temperature sensor
Share This Post
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PIC: PC Interfaced Digital Thermometer using PIC Microcontroller | Creative Elect... Page 10 of 16
shb 1 year ago
Nice one !!!

how abt we display the temperature on an Lcd..
creativeelectron and 1 more liked this Like Reply
creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to shb
That's a good idea, why don't you try it. Use http://creativeelectron.net/?p... for reference.
Like Reply
shb 1 year ago in reply to creativeelectron
i tried doing that...i am getting this Error

" ADC conversion clock period is possibly invalid for device clock frequency"
I'm using 16f877a and i've set the frequency to 20Mhz...
Like Reply
Post your code so that I can review it
Like Reply
Krishan 2 months ago
Very useful details.

Thanks
Like Reply
shb 1 year ago
One more thing...

i'm a bit confused between Vs+,Vs-,Vcc and gnd..
i mean power is connected to Vs+...why is that...shouldn't that be grounded like Vs-..
Plus In the above circuit IC's (Vcc and gnd) r not shown connected..so that is an understood thing right....so whats with Vs+ and Vs
-
Like Reply
MAX232 enhances voltage by charging and connecting capacitors in series.All is done internally by its logic controller and
voltage comparator. There polarity for series connection determines the polarity of output voltage that is TX.
Like Reply
hmmmm....
does that mean that Vs+ is to be connected to Vcc ??? and Vs- is to be connected to the common gnd ??? or are these
two to be connected to a separate connector for communication purpose????
Like Reply
no it doesn't mean that. it is just meant to be connected with capacitors.
Like Reply
no after connecting them with capacitor then what....What abt that power and gnd which r connected with
these two pins...
Like Reply
What do you mean by "then what" and "what about" ? Sorry can't understand you.
Like Reply
creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to creativeelectron
Check this http://creativeelectron.net/?p...
Like Reply
Got it..Thanxx..
Like Reply
VS are not the supply voltages, they are actually the capacitor voltages used for converting 0 volts to 9 volts and 5 volts to -9
volts.
Vs + is for positive voltages for communication while Vs - is for negative. As you can see in VS- the capacitor is connected
in inverse polarity, to have negative voltages from it.
Like Reply
kumail 1 year ago
Really interesting.....
Is the PIC printf() function polling based or interrupt based?
Like Reply
creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to kumail
As far as my knowledge is concerned it is neither polling nor interrupt. Because printf() sends the data, it doesn't receive.
Polling and interrupts come into action when you are expecting input from any port.
Polling means reading data continuously until and unless you get one. In interrupts, you get an ISR called whenever the data
is received.
Well there are also interrupts for receiving serial data. Will cover them in next post.
Like Reply
Ameen 1 year ago
Hamza Nice post... Just one thing is unclear that is how to send the same data to LCD. You have posted LCD related thing earlier
but it's still confusing about the LCD connections to the controller pins. Which pins of controller are for LCD?
Like Reply
creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to Ameen
Thanks .
in few days I will add the LCD in this post too. As far as pins are concerned you cal only use the pins which are declared in
the header file. You can also change the pins but it is not advisable.
The PIN to PIN connection is shown in this post in schematic http://creativeelectron.net/?p...
All you need to do is to add 330Ohms Pull-Down resistors on Data and CS Pins.
Like Reply
Wheres the CS pin ??
Like Reply
By CS Pins I mean Control Signal Pins which are RS, RW and E Pins.
Like Reply
ok..
And whats with ADCON0, ADCON1 registers and ADRESH, ADRESL...
Do we need to incorporate these in some way...
Like Reply
No you really don't need to worry about registers. Thats the beauty of CCS C Compiler that it has
very easily understandable functions which take care of registers.
These 3 commands are all you have to set-up.
Like Reply
Pretty interesting....
i'll fidgit with my written code and try to display it on an lcd..
if i cant in a day or two then i'll post it here...
Regards..
Like Reply
shb 1 year ago in reply to shb
One more thing...

printf(lcd_putc,"Current Temperature: %.1f\n\r ",temp);
Is the above line right....
Like Reply
printf(lcd_putc,"Current Temperature: %.1f\r ",temp);
Use only "\r" (return character). "\n" will take you to the next line which you
don't need in LCD until and unless you want to display on new line.
Like Reply
that is what i have used...

printf(lcd_putc,"Current Temperature: %.1f\r ",temp);
\n does not appear here....
Like Reply
Shahab Siddiqi 8 months ago in reply to shb
This works great on LCD as well, but only for positive values. I tried
simulating this on Proteus and it showed 0 on the LCD when I tried
negative temperatures. Am I doing something wrong?
Like Reply
creativeelectron 7 months ago in reply

to Shahab Siddiqi
Actually for negative temperature LM35 creates negative

output voltage. Since PIC's ADC can only read positive
voltage that is why it is showing zero value. You can use an op
-amp circuit to create offset in the reading if reading negative
voltages are required.
Like Reply
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PIC: PC Interfaced Digital Thermometer using PIC Microcontroller | Creative Electron Page 1 of 16

PIC: PC Interfaced Digital Thermometer

Filed in Featured , PIC , Projects 28 comments

Water Temperature Control

Temperature Sensing Label

Programmable 5.7" OEM GUI

In our previous posts we learned how to ;

• Reading of analog values using built-in ADC in PIC

• PIC16F876 – PIC Microcontroller – Main Microcontroller

Analog Digital Conversion in PIC Microcontrollers

LM35 – Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor

MAX232 – RS232 Transceiver

Following is the schematic of whole project;

The output of LM35 is attached to PIN A0 which is a analog input.

1. Define ADC Resolution.

1.Define ADC Resolution

2. Initialize and configure USART with RS232 settings.

#use rs232 (baud=57600,rcv=PIN_C7, xmit=PIN_C6)

3.Initialize and Configure ADC

4.Reading ADC Value

5. Conversion into Centigrade

Implementing both the equations in C ;

volt = (value / 1023) * 5;

6.Send temperature reading to PC over USART.

The end result of this function at serial port would be;

The Complete Code

Combining all the parts together we have the following code;

//Initialize and Configure ADC

//1 Sec Delay

//Read ADC Value

//Convert Value into Volts

//Convert Volts into Temperature

Posted by hamzaazeem @ 21 October 2009 28 comments

Share This Post

PIC: Serial Communition in PIC Microcontroller- 1

AVR: How to use serial port in ATMEGA88

AVR: How to use Interrupt in ATMEGA8.

Project: Using simple LED as a light sensor.

XBee: Making your first application – 2

GLCD: Interfacing 128×64 Pixel GLCD (KS0108) with PIC16F876

PIC:Introduction to PIC with simulation in Proteus.

PIC: Interfacing 16×2 LCD with PIC

Add New Comment

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shb 1 year ago

Nice one !!!

creativeelectron and 1 more liked this Like Reply

creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to shb

shb 1 year ago in reply to creativeelectron

i tried doing that...i am getting this Error

creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to shb

Post your code so that I can review it

Krishan 2 months ago

Very useful details.

shb 1 year ago

One more thing...

creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to shb

shb 1 year ago in reply to creativeelectron

creativeelectron 1 year ago in reply to shb

no it doesn't mean that. it is just meant to be connected with capacitors.

shb 1 year ago in reply to creativeelectron