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Lecture 04
Dr. Ali Sedki
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
N = number of lamps/luminaires
E = required illumination (lux)
F = luminous flux produced by lamp/luminaire (lumens)
UF = utilization factor
MF = maintenance factor (MF = 1/DF (depreciation factor)
Online fast calculator
http://www.ledstuff.co.nz/data_calculators.php
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Find the required number of luminaires for a reading space area of 20m x 20m and 3m
height and room reflectance for ceiling, walls, and floor are 50, 10, and 20 respectively. The
room is illuminated by ceiling mounted luminaires that emit 1800 lumens. Maintenance
factor is 1.
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Find the required number of luminaires for a reading space area of 20m x 20m and 3m
height and room reflectance for ceiling, walls, and floor are 50, 10, and 20 respectively. The
room is illuminated by ceiling mounted luminaires that emit 1800 lumens. Maintenance
factor is 1.
RI = 4.54 UF = 84
From function table: required illumination for reading rooms is 400 lux
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Given data:
η= 20 lumens/W
E= 150 lux A= 18 × 12 = 216 m2 UF = 0.6 MF= o.75
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
Given data:
η= 20 lumens/W
E= 150 lux A= 18 × 12 = 216 m2 UF = 0.6 MF= o.75
Lighting – Calculations of Artificial lighting
let, if 24 lamps are arranged to illuminate the desired area. For space to height ratio
unity, i.e., 6 lamps are taken along the length with a space of 18/6 = 3m, and 4 lamps
are along the width giving a space of 12/4 = 3 m.
The arrangement of 24 lamps in a hall of 18 × 12 m is shown down in the figure:
Architectural Acoustics
Architectural Acoustics ‐ Introduction
Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz.
Sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound and below 20 Hz is infrasound. Other animals have
different hearing ranges.
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical
waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound.
Architectural Acoustics – Introduction
10 Almost inaudible A leaf falling
Decibel Levels: 20 Audible Rustles of autumnal leaves
30 Very quiet Whispering
Refrigerator working, car
10 decibel: a leaf falling 50 Limited sound
driving past
………… 80 Unpleasant
Alarm clock, freight traffic,
doorbell
160 Shooting with pistol or rifle
170 Avalanche firework
180 Rocket launch platform
194 Saturn rocket
Architectural Acoustics –
• Frequency,
• Frequency bands (Octave bands),
• Velocity (sound speed)
• Wavelength,
• The decibel scale,
Architectural Acoustics – Frequency of sound
• The unit of
measure is the
Hertz (Hz)
• Suppose the upper frequency limit is (Fu) and the lower is (FL) for an
octave with a ratio 2:1, the relationship with the center frequency (Fc)
will be as following:
Fu = Fc (√2) = 1.414 Fc
FL = Fc / √2 = 0.707 Fc
• The interval between 200 and 300 Hz is not perceived to be the same as
that between 100 and 200 Hz, they appear to be smaller.
• The interval sensation between 100 and 200 Hz perceived same as that
one between 200 and 400 Hz, or between 1000 and 2000 Hz, and so on.
• Wavelength () is measured from crest‐to‐crest
– or trough‐to‐trough, or upswing to upswing, etc.
• For traveling waves (sound, light, water), there is a speed (v)
• Frequency (f) refers to how many cycles pass by per second
– measured in Hertz, or Hz: cycles per second
• These three are closely related:
V= f
Architectural Acoustics – Sound measurement and Hearing
Ear’s sensitivity
• The human ear’s has
unequal sensitivity at
various frequencies.
• A given sound level
of 40 dB, at 100 Hz
does not sound as
loud as 40 dB at 1000
Hz.
• The unequal
sensitivity of human
ear is represented as
equal loudness
contours.
• These contours is
plotted to compare
the loudness of • Each contour gives the sound level necessary
sounds at different to produce the same loudness sensation at
frequencies. different frequencies.
Architectural Acoustics – wavelength of sound
• Haas effect
• Sound masking and masking effect