Course Overview

• Motivation
• Standardization issues
• UMTS architecture basics
• UMTS radio link
– Physical layer
– Signaling
• UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
• Basic functionalities: • IMS
– Accessing the network • Charging
– Transferring data
– Detaching from the network • UMTS Evolution:
– Information storage from R99 to Rel7
• Mobility • Beyond UMTS
• QoS
• Security
WS 04/05, TKN TU Berlin, Cornelia Kappler Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS 1
 Where can we go from today?

What new services?

What new technology?

What is 4G?

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 Outline
• What is 4G?
– Evolution from 1G to 4G
– Technology
– Services
• Current 4G Activities

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 Evolution from 1G to 4G:
Generations of mobile communication systems
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation Beyond 3G / 4G
(1G) (2G) (3G)
Timeframe 50s - mid 90s 90s – 2020? 2001 - ...? in 10 to 15 years?
Technology NMT, AMPS,... GSM (worldwide), IMT 2000 , e.g. ?
IS-95 (Americas, Asia), UMTS, CDMA2000
PDC (Japan),...
One “umbrella” standard
Standards proprietary, A number of international Few, open integrating
domestic standards standards heterogeneous
technologies?
Bandwidth Initially < 10kbps, up to 2 Mbps Yet more
evolves to 384 kbps
A/D Analogue radio, Digital Digital Digital
analogue /digital
network
CS/PS Circuit switched Circuit switched Circuit and packet All-IP?
switched

Cell radius Up to 150 km kilometers Meters to kms Meters to kms?

Mobility Basic Advanced Global (within same Global,

(national scope) (continental scope) technology) intertechnology

Services Speech Speech, some data Speech, data, All services,

(MMS, SMS, WAP) multimedia networking of
networks, ubiquity,…
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 What is 4G?
• There is not yet a universally agreed-upon
definition of 4G
– for some seamless integration of 3G and
WLAN / WiMAX /… access is 4G
– for some bandwidth > 2Mb/s is 4G
– for some, only a qualitative step forward
in technology and services becomes 4G
• See next slides

• When will 4G be available?

– (depending on definition)
may be 2010 or earlier...or later…

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 What is 4G? – Technology I
• Often cited technology features of 4G include
– Lower cost/bit (than 3G)
– Bandwidth on air interface > 2Mb/s
• "translate desktop experience to mobile world“
• New radio technologies
• What spectrum?
– smooth evolution path from 3G / integration of 3G
• In order to protect existing investment
• In order to allow localized deployment
– “All-IP”
• Integration of “network controlled” technologies such as UMTS
possible as “lower-layer”

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 What is 4G? – Technology II
• Often cited technology features of 4G include…
– Transparent integration of heterogeneous access
technologies
• Any fixed access and RAN technology (UTRAN von UMTS,
WLAN, Bluetooth,...)
– integrated by means of IP-layer
• IP-based core network
– Seamless mobility across heterogeneous access
technologies
– reconfigurable multi-mode multiband terminals
• terminals can be adapted to local RAN technology by
downloading appropriate software (SDR - Software Defined
Radio)

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 What is 4G? - Services
• Often cited service features of 4G include
– empowerment of user to act as service provider
• movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a
decentralized peer-to-peer paradigm
• intelligence moves towards the edge of the network
– "Ambient Intelligence"
• multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment
("ubiquitous computing")
• they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings
– learning and adaptive environment
– location-aware, context-aware, person-aware
– raises interesting security issues
» what information is spread and stored where
» user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)
– e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same
favorite meal"...

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 What is 4G? – Technology III
• Technology for supporting new services
– integration and networking
of a multitude of interacting devices
• moving networks
– a network moves as a whole, thereby changing its point of
attachment
– e.g. passengers using train networks as access network
• Ad-hoc networks
– wireless devices communicating without infrastructure
– all nodes can act as routers
– autoconfiguration
» E.g. for specific, possibly short-lived tasks involving variable network
elements and devices
– e.g.
» PANs (Personal Area Networks)
» BANs (Body Area Networks)
» WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks)
» vehicular networks
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 What is 4G? – Technology IV
• Technology for supporting new service cont'.
– Distributed, flexible management and control
• Fixed, hierarchical management structures unfeasible for
dynamic, ubiquitous networks

– Self-organizing networks
– Intelligent Agent technology
• Software agents acting on behalf of the user

– speech / gesture recognition?

– Artificial Intelligence?

WS 04/05, TKN TU Berlin, Cornelia Kappler Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS 10
 Outline
• What is 4G?
– Evolution from 1G to 3G
– Technology
– Services
• Current 4G Activities

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 Current 4G Activities - Overview
• "Ambient Intelligence" Scenarios defined by
EU ISTAG (IST Advisory Group)
– http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm
• Vision of the future wireless world ("Book of Visions") by WWRF
(Wireless World Research Forum)
– www.wireless-world-research.org/
– founded in 2001
– over 150 members from industry and academia
• EU 6th Framework IST Programme funds large-scale 4G research
project
– Previously funded 3G projects, preceeding standardization
– WWRF initiated a group of research projects funded in this programme
under the umbrella of „WWI“ (Wireless World Initiative)
• Several industry-funded 4G research institutes
• many more activities...
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 Current 4G Activities – WWI I
• The WWI is a framework covering several coordinated
EU 6th Framework Projects, currently running
– „WINNER“
• „Wireless World Intiative New Radio“
• Radio issues
– „E2R“
• End-to-end Reconfigurability
• Reconfigurable Devices
– Ambient Networks
• Network issues
• Most major european players involved from
manufacturers / operators / research institutes / universities
– Facilitating later standardization
• Each project employing 100 or more person-years / year
•WS 04/05,
Duration 2 – 6 years Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS
TKN TU Berlin, Cornelia Kappler 13
 Current 4G Activities – WWI II
• WINNER researchs
– new radio interface technologies
• Mobile data rates 100 Mb/s
• Nomadic data rates 1Gb/s
– Radio topologies for facilitating ubiquitous coverage
– Cooperation of heterogeneous radio technologies
– Efficient spectrum use and spectrum sharing

• E2R researchs
– Reconfiguration of network nodes by downloading code and
executing it
• E.g. for adaptation to local radio technology
• Other uses …

WS 04/05, TKN TU Berlin, Cornelia Kappler Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS 14
 Current 4G Activities – WWI III
• Ambient Networks researchs
– Dynamic and flexible networking
of a multitude of interacting devices and networks (“composition”)
– Autoconfigured interworking of heterogeneous networks
• particularly on the control plane
– Today: autoconfigured routing and addressing
– Future: additionally autoconfigured mobility, security, QoS, charging,..
– Keeping the design as general and generic as possible…
• To enable
– easy deployment
– integration of heterogeneous technologies
– Integration of legacy networks
– Enables e.g.
• Travelling on the train with your PAN,
seamlessly videoconferencing with your colleagues
plugging new devices into the PAN
integrating them into the videoconference
across heterogeneous technologies…
Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS
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 Why Composition?
Blue
Toot
h
WLAN

Attaching the Access Network

PAN 2

L AN WLAN Access

to the Cellular Network

W
Network in a Café
UMTS

Creation of PAN 1

Cellular Operator Cellular Operator

Network B Network A
Automatic establishment of Roaming Agreements
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 Types of Composition
• Network Integration
– Involved networks merge into one common network
– E.g. creation of a PAN
• Control Delegation or Control Sharing
– One AN delegates certain control functions to the other AN

Increasing cooperation
– 3GPP-WLAN interworking:
WLAN delegates authentication, authorization and charging
to 3GPP network
– PANs on a train:
PANs delegate mobility management to train network à la nemo
• Network Interworking
– Cooperation according to the Composition Agreement but no control
delegation
– E.g. dynamic roaming agreements

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 Current 4G Activities – WWI III
• Ambient Networks approach
(quite generic for such projects)
– User Scenarios
– Technical Scenarios
– Requirements
– Modeling and Design (UML)
• Use cases
• Object Diagrams, Interaction Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams…
– Specification and Proof-of-Concept Implementation
– Evaluation
• Match against Requirements
• Scalability
• Deployability

WS 04/05, TKN TU Berlin, Cornelia Kappler Course UMTS Networks, XV. Beyond UMTS 18
 Summary
• The definition of what is 4G is not stable yet
• A number of 4G features are being discussed
– Higher bandwidth on radio interface
– All IP
– Ubiquity
– Seamless mobility across of heterogeneous access
technologies
– Reconfigurability / Autoconfiguration
– Flexible networking,
– Ambient Intelligence
– …
• Worldwide research on 4G has started
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