Instructional Process and Methodologies of Multimedia Learning

Initial
 What is the instructional process?
 What are methodologies of multimedia learning?

Definition of Instruction
 Creation and use of environments in which learning is facilitated.
 Strictly directed or open ended.
 Phases of instruction
o Presenting information
o Guiding the learner
o Practicing
o Assessing learning

Presenting Information
 Verbal or pictorial information
 Model the skills to be learned
 Perform the skills so that learners can imitate them
 Example presenting
 Presentation with any medium

Guiding the Learner

 The learner
o Answers questions about factual information
o Applies rules and principles for procedural skills in problem solving
o Takes a presentation after instruction or self reading
o Performs all under instructor guidance
 The instructor
o Asks questions
o Reminds learners
o Observes learners
o Repeats instruction
o Correct errors
o Checks learners’ work and provides feedback, suggestions, and hints

Guiding the Learner

 Discovery learning
o Learners discover principles or develop skills through experimentation
and practice.
o Learner inquiry and discovery are effective in the science or for the
development of self-directed learning strategies.
 o Not all models of teaching begin with the presentation of information.
 Guided discovery
o Is more successful in contrast to undirected, free discovery.
o Discovery activity should be apart of the guidance phase of instruction.

Practice
 To retain information and to become familiar with it.
 Is learner centered.
 Not only enhances speed and fluency but also retention.
 Fluent in a skill not only means doing it quickly, but doing it without thinking
about it.

Assessing Learning
 Level of learning
 Quality of teaching
 Future instructional needs
 As a mean of assigning grades
 As a mean of guiding instructional decisions and to determine what instruction
is needed for which learners.

Methodologies for Facilitating Learning

1. Tutorials
 Generally engage the first two phases of instruction.
 Take the role of instructor by presenting information and guiding the learner in
initial acquisition.
 used to introduce new content to learners in much the same manner that a
human teacher might
a. Tutorials Structure
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
Hypermedia
Designed for a more open-ended or constructivist learning experience.
Has less structured than tutorials.
Allows learners to choose their own paths through the meterials.
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
2. Drills
Engage learners in the third phase, helping them to practice for fluency and retention.
Repeat the material to be learned until it is mastered.
Are often combined with games for motivational purposes.
Some learning games are not repetitous, that is they do not practice to mastery, and so
we would not call them drills.
Drills
exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or body of knowledge or to
refresh an existing skill or body of knowledge
good for basic skills/knowledge where rapid student response is desired
Drills vs. Tutorials
drills are not intended to teach
drills assume that the learners have previously been introduced to the content
must be preceded by a tutorial, simulation, or non-computer based activity (e.g.
reading books)
General Structure
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
3. Simulations
a form of CBI that provides a simplified representation of a real situation,
phenomenon, or process
provides the opportunity for students to apply knowledge in a realistic format but
without the time, expense, or risk associated with the real thing
Types of Simulations
Physical Simulation
simulation of physical phenomena
graphical, thus requires multimedia
e.g. gravitation, the earth’s orbit, hard disk read/write
Types of Simulations
Process Simulation
simulates a theoretical process
deals with multiple variables and which of those can be observed and changed
figurative but may also require multimedia
e.g. manipulation of genes
Types of Simulations
Procedural
simulates procedure of a task
very graphical
contains an array of instruments, views, and controls
e.g. Flight Simulator, Driving Simulator
Types of Simulations
Situational Simulations
simulates how objects react to situations
as opposed to physical simulations, the focus here is the situation
less graphical, more on concept and theories
e.g. Simulation of How different Environments affect Human Behavior
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
Games
Support the third phase.
Practice information in a nonrepetitive manner.
As a discovery environment.
Used to integrate learning across a number of subject areas.
Are often done with the adventure game genre.
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
Tools
Are computer software that learners use in conjunction with other media or activities
for achieving some educational goal.
Are more open ended and flexible.
May be a part of any of the phases.
May be support either constructivist or objectivist learning environments.
Support for open-ended learning environment for providing exploration.
Methodologies for Facilitating Learning
Tests
Assessment of what has been learned.
Practice tests.
Web-based learning
Can be combined with any of these other methodologies.
Is used mostly in conjunction with the hypermedia methodology.
Conclusion
There is a real world out there (an objectivist belief) and that people must learn to
function appropriately in that world to survive and be successful.
Learning is a constructive process whereby each learner observes and interprets
reality and creates an understanding of it.
Conclusion
Learning is constructive, but there are essential truths to be learned.
Learning is constructive does not require that education be constructive.
Education should include direct instruction methods, experiential methods,
exploration methods, and others.
Exercise
Ending
Use a subject domain to design an instructional process based on the four-phase
model.
Survey any business CAI product and determine what methodologies it may belongs
to? Describe your reason for the decision.