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Name Course & Year
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Group Number Section Date
Experiment No. 1
COMMON LABORATORY OPERATIONS
Objectives: 1. To be familiar with the construction and manipulations of the Bunsen burner.
2. To become acquainted with some common laboratory operations.
Materials: mixture of 0.5 g of table salt, 0.5 g of naphthalene, 1.0 g of sand, and a dash
of food coloring
0.1 g of activated carbon
filter papers
Theory:
Several tools are used inside the laboratory and each has its own purpose. Different
laboratory operations are also practiced inside the laboratory such as lighting the Bunsen
burner, measuring volumes of liquid, etc. Since these are frequently done inside the
laboratory, proper execution of these operations and techniques is needed to ensure the
safety of the student. The purpose of this experiment is to introduce several equipment used
in the laboratory and to learn about their proper usage. This experiment also aims to teach
proper execution of common techniques done inside the laboratory.
Procedure:
a. Laboratory Operations:
1. Using a Bunsen Burner
a. Examine your Bunsen burner and locate its parts.
b. Label the parts properly (see Fig 1). Give the function of each part. Note the gas
inlet and the nozzle or gas spud at the base of the burner.
b. Half close the airholes. Open the gas regulator slightly and connect the burner to
the gas cock by means of a piece of rubber tubing.
c. Light a match stick and hold it just slightly above the mouth of the burner.
d. Slowly open the gas cock until you have a flame of about ten cm high.
e. Open and close the air holes and note the difference in the color of the flame.
Observations:
f. Put out the flame by turning off the gas cock and close the gas regulator.
NEVER BLOW OUT THE GAS FLAME.
Questions:
1. What influence does the opening and closing of the air holes have on the amount
of air mixing with the gas?
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2. What makes a flame luminous?
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3. What makes a flame nonluminous?
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4. What type of flame are you going to use in the laboratory when heating? Why?
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Why should one use a glass rod or piece of glass tubing in transferring liquids from
one vessel to another?
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Why should one heat the upper portion of the liquid rather than the bottom?
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5. Investigating odors:
a. Many substances have characteristic odors. Some have agreeable odors while
others have disagreeable or irritating odors.
b. Be cautious in investigating odors. Some vapors, when inhaled, can be lethal.
c. Never take a direct sniff of the vapor at the mouth of the container where the
concentration of the vapor is high. (see Fig. 5)
d. When it is necessary to smell chemicals in the laboratory, cup your hand above
the container and WAFT OR FAN THE VAPOR towards your face.
e. Try not to breathe in through your nose but bring in just enough to detect the smell.
Observations:
b. Physical Separation of Components of Mixtures
Theory:
Several materials occur in the environments are mixtures like the air, the food, the
processed drinks as well as medicines. Mixtures are physical combination of two or more
substances whose identity are retained. Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform in
composition) or heterogeneous (varying in composition). Mixtures can be physically
separated by using methods that are based on the differences in physical properties of the
substances like physical state, density, solubility, boiling and melting point and magnetic and
electrical properties. A physical separation process or technique is a method that removing
one substance from the given mixture until the mixture is fully divided the mixture into pure
constituents. These technique of separations are evaporation, decantation, filtration,
sublimation, magnetism, distillation, chromatography and any others.
1. Prepare a water bath and place on top of a Bunsen burner using clay flame shield and
wire gauze. Place the given mixture in a beaker. Place the beaker in the water bath
and cover it with a watch glass. Heat GENTLY until white crystals are clinging at the
bottom of the watch glass. Turn off the flame of the Bunsen burner. Carefully remove
watch glass making sure the crystals clinging to the watch glass are intact. Remove
the beaker from the water bath. Scrape off the crystals on the watch glass and on the
walls of the beaker and collect them on a piece of paper. Return the collected crystals
to the laboratory counter.
Questions:
a. What is the name of the substance clinging at the bottom of the watch glass and
on the walls of the beaker?
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b. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this operation.
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2. Add 50.0 mL water to the beaker containing the remaining mixture. Let it stand 2
minutes then slowly pour off the liquid to another beaker. Care must be taken to ensure
that the solid remains in the container.
Questions:
a. What is the term given to the clear liquid poured off to another beaker?
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b. What is the term give to the solid left in the beaker?
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c. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this operation.
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3. Add 0.1 g of activated carbon to the liquid. Mix using a stirring rod. Boil for 3 minutes
by placing the beaker on top of a Bunsen burner using clay flame shield and wire
gauze. Cool and reserve for the next procedure.
Questions:
a. What changes in the appearance or color of the liquid did you observe?
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b. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this operation.
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Figure 4
https://community.asdlib.org//imageandvideoexchangeforum/files/2013/07/Figure8.7.jpg
NOTE: The cone of the filter paper should always be smaller than that of the
funnel, that is, no part of the filter paper should protrude above the edge
of the funnel.
With the moistened filter paper in place, carefully pour the contents of the beaker
reserved in the previous procedure into the funnel.
(If some of the solid materials pass through the filter paper, pass the liquid through the
filter for a second time.)
Observations:
Questions:
a. What is the term given to the clear liquid that passed through the filter paper?
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b. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this procedure.
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5. Transfer one – half of the clear liquid to an evaporating dish. Place the evaporating
dish with liquid on the ceramic center of the wire gauze which is placed on top of the
clay flame shield. Cover it with a watch glass. Allow the liquid to evaporate SLOWLY
until all the liquid has been evaporated and crystals are formed.
Observations:
Questions:
a. What is the term given to the solid left on the evaporating dish after heating?
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b. What is its chemical name?
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c. What is its chemical formula?
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d. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this procedure.
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Additional Questions:
1. Enumerate three other methods of separating components of a mixture other than
those included this experiment.
a.
b.
c.
2. Using a schematic diagram, illustrate how to separate the components of a mixture
containing sand, iron fillings and potassium aluminum sulfate (tawas).
PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF MIXTURES
Name of the substance (residue) left in the Name of the white crystals formed at the
beaker bottom of the bottom of the watch glass
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Name of process
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Cool. Filter.
Name of process
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Name of filtrate
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Name of the substance (residue) left in the
beaker Heat
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