1 CLEMENT AND THE OT: WHAT AND WHY?

A Paper

Submitted to Drs. Bill Warren and Daniel Holcomb

of the

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Seminar

HIST9401/NTGK9404

In the Division of Biblical Studies

Joshua N. Burnham

BBA, BS, Mississippi State University, 2005

MDiv, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008

28 November 2011
ii
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1

METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................3

HISTORY OF RESEARCH............................................................................................................4

ANALYSIS OF OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS...................................................................9

EXAMINATION OF HERMENEUTICAL APPROACH...........................................................16

CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................21

APPENDIX I.................................................................................................................................22

APPENDIX II................................................................................................................................23

APPENDIX III...............................................................................................................................24

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................30

iii
 INTRODUCTION

The early church and the Patristic Fathers relied upon tradition, both oral and written, to

shape their spiritual formation, ecclesiology, and theology. This tradition included the Hebrew

Scriptures, which held significant value for urging Christianity forward. However, apart from the

New Testament little is known about the extant use of the Old Testament in early Christian

documents. One of the few available and earliest examples of initial Christian literature is First

Clement, generally dated near the end of Domitian’s reign or the first of Nerva’s control 95-97

CE.1 The best primary source for Clement is the Codex Alexandrinus, with the only complete

Greek text hailing from the Codex Hierosolymintanus dated to AD 1056.2

1 Clement not only affords the reader a glimpse into the early church, the manuscript also

contains extensive use of the Hebrew Scriptures. DeYoung noted, “Clemet stands unique in his

frequent and extensive use of the Old Testament. No other Father cites or alludes to Scripture as

frequently as 1 Clement does.”3 This heavy utilization led some to call Clement a “born quoter”

and Clement cites the Hebrew Bible more than any other NT book.4 Barnabas is the only
1
Michael Holmes, The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations 3rd ed
(Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), 36. The detail of Nero’s persecution and the possible
allusion to some apostles still living helps the dating of 1 Clement.
2
Ibid., 38. Also known as Codex Constantinopolitanus.
3
James DeYoung, “1 Clement: A Model for Christian Hermeneutics and Eschatology?”
(1999): 4.
4
Donald Alfred Hagner, The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome.
Supplements to Novum Testamentum (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973), 23.
 2
Apostolic Father to use the OT as much as Clement, which is not surprising due to the occasion

of writing.5 The early date of Clement combined with the extensive use of the OT affords the

book a primary position in the study of the use of the OT in the Apostolic Fathers and the early

church.

Although 1 Clement holds a significant position in the early church, the books use of the

Jewish Scriptures has been of little interest in the scholarly community. Donald Hagner in 1973

and James DeYoung in 1999 were the few to publish on the nuances of Old Testament

quotations in 1 Clement. Even though two different studies have been conducted on the

quotations found within Clement, research has yet been conducted pattern of quotations found in

these citations.This paper will provide a new and fresh look at these quotations. Specifically the

follow research attempts to examine through statistical analysis the vast amount of Old

Testament quotations in Clement with specific emphasis on the hermeneutical approach of the

author toward these biblical texts. It is hypothesized that the research will evidence a systematic

approach by the author of Clement in his use and application of the Old Testament quotations.

5
Hagner, 25
 METHODOLOGY

1. The research will analyze Old Testament quotations in 1 Clement beginning with larger

divisions in the Hebrew Bible and ending with a statistical breakdown of smaller individual

passages. The following strategy will be employed: Hebrew Bible divisions, Individual

Books, Parts of Books, and Genre within the specified passages.6

2. The above examination will allow for an appraisal Clement’s hermeneutical approach to the

Old Testament through introductory formulas and application including how the author

applies the OT text to his current situation.

6
For the purposes of this study, strong allusions are also used in the statistical analysis. A
strong allusion is considered any allusion to the OT in Clement that allows the reader to
specifically reference an Old Testament book, chapter, and verse. The research verified 37 total
allusions and 99 quotations.

3
 HISTORY OF RESEARCH

Joseph Barber Lightfoot

A thorough review of Clement literature must first begin with one of the foundational

works in the field The Apostolic Fathers Part I: S. Clment of Rome: A Revised Text with

Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations. Lightfoot is widely recognized as a great

New Testament scholar and, “it is his work on the Apostolic Fathers which must be reckoned as

his most enduring contribution.”7 To say Lightfoot’s work is detailed would be a major injustice.

The author’s effort included extensive critical notes and apparatus. Although the various notes

are difficult to navigate, the wealth of information is invaluable. The majority of English texts

are still indebted to Lightfoot’s meticulous research and translation. One example of the critical

apparatus is found in 1 Clement 3:1. Lightfoot noted that this verse was a “very free quotation

from the LXX of Deut. XXXII. 14.”8 This quotation is acknowledged by most scholars, yet

Lightfoot concluded the quote diverges greatly from the original Hebrew and Justin quoted this

passage with little resemblance to the author of Clement.9 The value of this work is found in the

author’s critical apparatus that compares not only the LXX quotations, but the Hebrew and like

7
Holmes, xvi.
8
J. B. Lightfoot. The Apostolic Fathers (New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1973), 20.
9
Ibid.
 5
works among other apostolic fathers and early Greek literature. The breadth of information on 1

Clement is unparalleled.

Donald Alfred Hagner

The first publication with particular emphasis on the Old Testament quotations in the

book of Clement were penned by Donald Hagner now George Eldon Ladd Professor Emeritus of

NT at Fuller Theological Seminary.10 First writing in 1973, Hagner attributed seventy-nine direct

quotations from the OT to Clement. Although he concentrated his manuscript on both Old

Testament and New Testament quotations, Hagner’s work was the first to examine specifically

the Old Testament within Clement.

As referenced above, the author counted seventy-nine total quotations within Clement.

The writer also provided an excellent appendix that included “only citations and the most

important verbal allusions” broken down by Old Testament book and corresponding Clement

reference.11 Next, the author broke new ground in his analysis of the introductory formula

evidenced with these Old Testament quotations. Although this analysis will be examined later,

his conclusion found four main formulas with a fifth category for miscellaneous.12 Hagner’s

study revealed “that Clement is by no means mechanical in his use of formulae, but that he freely

varies in his choice, occasionally revealing both stylistic and dogmatic motivations.”13
10
“Donald A. Hagner Faculty Website,” Fuller Theological Seminary, available from
http://www.fuller.edu/academics/faculty/donald-hagner.aspx; accessed 27 November 2011.

11
Hagner, Donald Alfred. The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome.
Supplements to Novum Testamentum (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973), 351.
12
See Hagner, 27. His four main formula are as follows: 1= grafh, 2= legei 3= eipen,
and 4= fhsi.
13
Ibid., 29.
 6
Hagner furthered his research by examining the relation of Clement to the LXX. The

author categorized quotations into exact, moderate, composite, or strong allusion. The writer

found that Clement relied heavily upon the LXX rather than the Masoretic Text. In particular,

Forty-one of the OT quotations are exact matches to the LXX and approximately ten more are

mild variations. Some of the remaining quotations do not follow the LXX text of the MT. One

suggestion for these unknown variations is memory. Hagner concluded that “the importance of

memory in the first century, and the difficulty of reference in the papyrus MSS of the OT

writings, together constitute an a priori probability that at least some of Clement’s quotations

derive from memory.”14 In summation, the author’s publications greatly advanced the research

on the quotations found in Clement. This work offered an orderly appendix, evidenced

introductory formulas, and examined the relationship of Clement’s quotations with the LXX text.

James DeYoung

DeYoung’s research, published in 1999 had three specific purposes: to give an overview

of how 1 Clement used the Old Testament, to discuss one particular Old Testament passage that

was crucial to Clement, and finally to summarize the features of Clement’s hermeneutic.15 This

study furthered by field of study by offering a specialized and methodological driven paper

aimed at the hermeneutic approach of Clement’s quotations.

14
Ibid., 106.
15
DeYoung, 2
 7
Initially the author gave an overview of Old Testament quotations and submitted that

Clement quoted the OT one hundred and five times and alluded eighty-eight times.16 The writer

gave clear data tables outlining his research and noted a predisposition towards the poetic books

in the Old Testament.17 DeYoung went great distance providing his research broken down by

book and divisions within the Old Testament.

Next, DeYoung examined Clement’s use of Isaiah 60:17 as an example of the author’s

“creative use of Scripture.”18 The pericope in Isaiah was crucial to the passage in Clement and

DeYoung argued that this quotation was pivotal in legitimizing the role of overseers. Isaiah

chapter sixty was a messianic passage and used by the author to shape his message. DeYoung

noted several interesting aspects of this quotations. First, by this use of Isaiah Clement

understood the church to be living in the “era of the New Covenant.”19 Also Clement

contemporized the OT passage and appropriates, “the symbolism of the text for his situation.”20

These conclusions led DeYoung to then study the overall hermeneutic of 1 Clement.

Some of the more important conclusions are as follows: Clement adopted the (Old Testament)

biblical worldview as his own, the author viewed himself as writing with inspiration, Clement

cited many Old Testament passages as Scripture, the author found truth in non-biblical sources,

16
Ibid., 5.
17
DeYoung, 7.
18
Ibid., 21.
19
Ibid., 25.
20
Ibid., 25.
 8
the author generally understood OT passages in their context, and Clement evidenced a distinct

Christological approach to the Old Testament.21 This work contributed to the field of study

through a methodological approach to the hermeneutic in Clement. DeYoung was one of the first

to systematize the Old Testament quotations in Clement and examine the approach of the author

to biblical texts.

21
See DeYoung 26-7.
 ANALYSIS OF OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS

This research revealed a total of one hundred and twenty two quotes from the Old

Testament within the manuscript of 1 Clement.22 Further the author quoted most often the

Writings, followed by the Pentateuch, then Prophets.23 In addition, fifty-two or ninety-three

percent of the quotations within the Writings are rooted in the Emeth.24 When compared to the

use of the Old Testament by New Testament writers the Pentateuch had a higher concentration of

quotation than any other Hebrew Bible section.

Use of the OT in the NT25

Division

Pentateuch 148 42%

Prophets 108 31%

Writings 94 27%

22
See Appendix IV.
23
The total calculations are as follows: 56 quotations from the Writings, 40 quotations
from the Pentateuch, and 26 quotations from the Prophets.
24
The Emeth Hebrew Bible division is defined as Psalms, Job, and Proverbs.
25
See DeYoung, 6.
 10
Use of the OT in 1 Clement

Division

Pentateuch 40 33%

Prophets 26 21%

Writings 56 46%

A side-by-side comparison reveals a large increase in the amount of Writing material

used by the author of Clement against the New Testament books.26 Significantly, Clement does

not use the Pentateuch as his primary source material and instead chose the Writings that

provided the wealth of quotations. Although the use of the Pentateuch in Clement does not

evidence a drastic decrease, in number of quotations, the Books of Moses are relegated to a

secondary position. The intensification of the Writings in Clement comes at the expense of the

Prophetic and Mosaic material that both declined ten percent in Clement.

Individual Books

26
The NT used the Writing material 27% of the time compared with 46% in Clement, this
reflected nearly a 20% increase.
 11
A deeper view of the quotation use and breakdown of Clement offers the audience a

better glimpse of the author’s approach. The particulars of the this individual distinction is as

follows:

Book # Of Quotes

Psalms 36
Genesis 23
Isaiah 14
Job 8
Proverbs 8
Numbers 7
Deuteronomy 5
Exodus 5
1 Samuel 3
2 Chronicles 3
Daniel 3
Ezekiel 3
1 Kings 1
Esther 1
Jeremiah 1
Jonah 1
Joshua 1
Malachi 1

Pentateuch 40
Prophets 27
Writings 56
Total 122

The three most quoted Old Testament books in Clement are Psalms, Genesis, and Isaiah.

Compared to the examination of the Old Testament quotations in the New Testament, the

approach of Clement exhibits some uniformity.27 Similarly, two of the most quoted writers in

Clement are the Psalmist and Isaiah. Although, this research will examine the importance of

27
See DeYoung, 7. Here the author gives his analysis of OT quotations in the NT ranking
the top nine most quoted Scriptures: Psalms (79x), Isaiah (66), Deuteronomy (50), Exodus (44),
Genesis (34), Leviticus (17), Daniel and Jeremiah (5), and Ezekiel (2).
 12
these books later, one should note at present the high use of these passages. Also, Clement, like

most of the New Testament writers relies upon Genesis to bolster his argumentation. Clement

quotes Genesis at a slightly higher rate than the New Testament yet the distinction is minor.

After these initial comparables, Clement varied from the New Testament in his use of

quotation. First, Job and Proverbs made up fourteen percent of the author’s total quotation. This

is directly contrasted to the New Testament writers who seldom quoted from these books.28

Another distinction is found in the Pentateuch. Exodus accounted for only eight percent of the

quotations used by Clement. In the New Testament however, Exodus was the fourth most often

referenced book. Likewise, the New Testament authors quoted from Leviticus, especially in

reference to the Law and sacrifice. This book is strikingly absent in Clement and is the only

Pentateuchal book not quoted.29

Parts of Book

Psalms, the most often quoted book in Clement can be divided into several categories.

Book One of Psalms is the most frequently quoted portion. This should not surprise the reader of

the Old Testament as Book One is heavily influenced by David.30 Book Two has the next
28
See DeYoung, 7. Neither Job nor Proverbs were quoted most often according to
DeYoung’s ranking of the top nine books.
29
Biblindex: Index of Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Early Christian Literature.
Available from http://www.biblindex.mom.fr/; accessed 27 November 2011. The Biblindex
database proposed four Levitical quotes found in Clement 41:2, 1:3, and 3:4. After further
examination these allusions were considered weaker echoes to the OT and were not included in
the research analysis.
30
C. Hassell Bullock, Encountering the Book of Psalms: A Literary and Theological
Introduction (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 26. The author classified Psalms 3-32 and
34-41 as Psalms of Davidic origin.
 13
highest frequency of quotation and also has the second highest occurrence of Davidic

authorship.31 The other three books of the Psalms are referenced less and each appears to

correspond to the amount of Davidic authorship in the Book.

Psalms Quotations
Book 5 (107-150); 19%

Book 1 (1-41)
Book 2 (42-72)
Book 4 (90-106); 3%
Book 3 (73-89)
Book 1 (1-41); 44% Book 4 (90-106)
Book 3 (73-89); 8% Book 5 (107-150)

Book 2 (42-72); 25%

Breaking down the quotations found from the Book of Genesis reveals interesting results.

First, quotations relating the life of Abraham far outnumber other Patriarchs. Next, the author of

Clement quotes from the Primeval History in Genesis. Jacob also influenced the writing of

Clement with few references to other portions in Genesis.

31
Ibid. Psalms 51-65 and 68-71 are attributed to David.
 14

Genesis Quotations
Gen. 37-50 (Joseph); 4%

Gen. 26-35 (Jacob); 17%

Gen. 1-11 (Primeval); 35% Gen. 1-11 (Primeval)

Gen. 12-23 (Abraham)
Gen. 24-25 (Isaac)
Gen. 26-35 (Jacob)
Gen. 37-50 (Joseph)

Gen. 12-23 (Abraham); 43%

Genre Use

Analyzing the Old Testament quotations by genre found in the LXX and the Hebrew

Bible revealed a very strong tendency toward discourse and poetry.32 Although the author often
32
For this research discourse is defined as direct speech. Often the Old Testament text
makes it difficult to distinguish between discourse and poetic device. However, the distinction
between narrative and discourse/poetry is pronounced.
 15
cites the Pentateuch, which is narrative driven, Clement predominantly chose to use the

discourse within the given narrative. In addition, the density of quotations from Psalms,

Proverbs, and Job resulted in a heavier weight for poetic and discourse in this analysis.

Genre Analysis

Narrative; 19%
Poetry
Poetry; 41% Discourse
Narrative

Discourse; 41%

EXAMINATION OF HERMENEUTICAL APPROACH

 16
OT As Scripture

The above data allows for a thorough examination of Clement’s approach to the Old

Testament. Not only does the author extensively quote from the Old Testament but the length of

his manuscript affords a vast amount of information. First, Clement understood all divisions of

the Hebrew Bible as Scripture.33 Each Hebrew Bible division is well represented with the

Writings accounting for 46% of the quotations, Pentateuch 33% and the Prophets 21%. Not only

does the author cite from each division, his employment of the various books suggests a new

authoritative emphasis on the Writings that rivaled the Pentateuch. Clement quoted from the

Writings the more than the New Testament quoted from the Pentateuch. Hagner proposed that

the use of quotation were “not only of intrinsic importance to Clement’s epistle, but are also

indirectly of great importance in indicating the state of the Old Testament Scriptures in Rome

about AD 95.”34 If Hager is correct then the Christian culture in Rome may have experienced a

shift from a predominant emphasis on the Pentateuch to the Writing material. Although the

results of the above analysis do not fully substantiate this theory, one must ask the question.

The use of quotations alone does not substantiate the complete authority of the Old

Testament for the author or audience. Consequently, Clement employed various introductory

formulas that emphasized the importance of his quotations. This research noted four specific

formulas with some varition of: 1= grafh, 2= fhsi, 3= eipen, and 4= legei. Clement’s employment

of “it is written” specifically sets an OT quotation apart as scripture and is the most authoritative

introductory prescription. This first formula is used primarily with the Psalms and is also used

33
See Appendix I.
34
Hagner, 21.
 17
with the individual books in the Pentateuch and Prophets. The data evidences that the author

understood Wisdom literature as Scripture at the time he penned 1 Clement.

The most used formula and the second most authoritative introduction is the use of “it/he

said” or legei. The author employed this formula thirty-six times. Again Psalms, Isaiah, and Job

represented the most quoted OT books. Interestingly, Clement in 21:2 urged his readers, “For it

says somewhere” and did not seem concerned with the exact location of the OT scripture

(Proverbs 20:27). The other introductory formulas were used with the Psalms and the

Pentateuch. Of the five quotations in Exodus, eipen is used three times to note this book. The

remaining introductory formulas are not concentrated on one specific book and are varied

throughout Clement. Many quotations have no introductory formula. Thirty-eight quotations

have no introductory distinction. Of these, Genesis and Numbers represent a high concentration

without introduction. One should also note that most of the quotations without introduction are

normally strong illusion and do not represent exact LXX quotations. This may explain the lack of

formula.

Clement used all portions of the Old Testament in his exhortation to the Corinthians. The

author also set his quotations apart with introductory formulas that emphasized not only the

antiquity of his quotes but the authority in the Scriptures. However, Clement’s use of the Old

Testament did not necessitate authoritative introductory formulas with every quotation.

Likewise, Clement did not concern himself with the exact location of many quotations. His

employment of composite quotations and statements of “For it says somewhere, ‘The Spirit of

the Lord is a lamp searching the depths of the heart’” evidence Clement’s importance on the

Word of the text rather than location35 the lack of specific verse reference should come as no

35
Holmes, 75. 1 Clemet 21:2.
 18
surprise as many of the quotations lack introductory formula or historical reference. However,

the fact that Clement would pen “somewhere” within his epistle shows the emphasis and

authority on the message of the text. In summation concerning the formulas and use of the Old

Testament authority in Clement, Hagner explained:

The viewpoint expressed here is identical with that of early Judaism on the one hand, and
with that of the later church on the other. Although in the Apostolic Fathers there are no such
explicit statements concerning the inspiration of the OT writings, it is readily apparent that their
view has not altered from that of the NT writers. This again can be seen in the formulae used to
introduce OT quotations.

OT Application

At times, Clement cited the Old Testament and put the Scripture into the historical

message of the original quotation. In 1 Clement 4:1-6 the author used an introductory formula to

quote exactly Genesis 4:3-8 and then discussed the jealousy and envy of Cain that led to

murder.36 This episode in Genesis corresponds to the anger of Cain that was aroused toward his

brother’s accepted sacrifice. The Lord responded and rebuked the hostility of Cain. Although

Genesis did not explicitly mention jealousy, the audience understands this jealousy as part of

Cain’s sinful situation. When quoting and applying this passage Clement picked up on the

jealousy and sinfulness of Cain and applied it to the Corinthians saying: “you see, brothers,

jealousy and envy brought about a brother’s murder.”37

Yet, quoting Deuteronomy, again with an introductory formula, Clement seemingly

ignores the historical context.38 Here one must note that Clement found the Old Testament
36
See 1 Clement 4:1-7.
37
1 Clement 4:7
38
See 1 Clement 29:1-3.
 19
authority to have importance in his modern context and often, gave the text more authority to his

audience when he applied the Scriptures. Using a similar approach to his study of Isaiah, James

DeYoung observed that Clement “finds additional meaning beyond the surface of the Old

Testament. This appears not only in his finding Christ by way of quotes and allusions but also by

typology.”39

Another pattern within the quotations of Clement was the genre employed. The author’s

preference of poetic and discourse texts rather than narrative served his primary purpose of

application when using the Old Testament. Using Job, Clement sculpted the discourse to provide

examples of harmony in nature and the obedience one should have just as the waves of the

oceans obey their master.40 Again quoting from a poetic text in Psalm 141 the author selects a

passage to bolster his affirmation of the discipline of the Lord.41 The extensive use of poetry and

discourse in Clement is rooted in this genre’s ease of application verses the more difficult and

often lengthy portions of the Old Testament. When Clement quotes from narrative sections the

author often summarizes and introduces the passage for the audience. The stitching of poetic

device smoothly into the exhortation does not always follow the Old Testament context. In

Clement 57:3-7 the author quoted from Proverbs 1:23-33. The proverb is labeled as a proverb of

Solomon and is considered a general poem about the benefits of wisdom and instruction,

especially concerning the fear of the Lord. However, Clement used this general wisdom poem to

admonish the Corinthians and introduced the passage by warning “it is better for you o be found

small but included in the flock of Christ than to have a preeminent reputation and yet be

39
DeYoung, 28.
40
See 1 Clement 20:7 and Job 38:11.
41
1 Clement 56:5.
 20
excluded from his hope.”42Here the original context of the proverb and the new application given

by Clement seem incompatible. However, the use of poetry from the Old Testament allowed the

author to more easily weave citations within his new book more seamlessly than that of historical

narrative.

CONCLUSION

The author of 1 Clement deemed the Old Testament vital for his exhortation to the church

at Corinth. Particularly the writer utilized all divisions in the Old Testament in his epistle and

quoted one hundred and three times from over eighteen books. This count does not include other

vague allusions and echoes to the Old Testament. Also, the author was convinced and convicted

that the Hebrew Scriptures had present authority for the Christian life. This was evidenced in the

way the author contemporized the OT citations “repeatedly citing Scripture as written ‘for us’ or

to us’ and “he viewed the Old Testament as fulfilled in Christ or in the Christians.”43 The author

also provided a newfound emphasis on the Writings, especially the Psalms, Job, and Proverbs

and directly applied them to the church. Lastly, Clement preferred the quotation of poetry and

discourse in the Old Testament. This epistle offers the modern audience a rare glimpse into the
42
1 Clement 57:2
43
DeYoung, 31.
 21
use and application of the Old Testament in the early church and contains one of the most

lengthy and weighty resources of early OT quotations in the Apostolic Fathers.

 22

APPENDIX I

Book # Of Quotes

Psalms 36
Genesis 23
Isaiah 14
Job 8
Proverbs 8
Numbers 7
Deuteronomy 5
Exodus 5
1 Samuel 3
2 Chronicles 3
Daniel 3
Ezekiel 3
1 Kings 1
Esther 1
Jeremiah 1
Jonah 1
Joshua 1
Malachi 1

Pentateuch 40
Prophets 27
Writings 56
Emmeth 52
 23

APPENDIX II

122 OT Quotes according to Burnham

Daniel 2% Malachi 1% Esther 1%

Ezekiel 2%
Jeremiah 1%

Genesis 19%

Isaiah 11%

Exodus 4%
Proverbs 7%

Numbers 6%

Deuteronomy 4%

Joshua 1%

Psalms 29% 1 Samuel 2%

1 Kings 1%
Job 7% 2 Chronicles 2%
 24

APPENDIX III

OT Passage 1 Clement Formula44 Misc.

Pro. (7:3) 2:8 none

Deut. 32:15 (e) 3:1 1
Isa. (3:5) 3:3 attached
Isa. (59:14) 3:4 attached
Gen. 4:3-8 (e) 4:1-6 1
Gen. (27:41-28:5) 4:8 attached
Gen. (37) 4:9 attached
Ex. 2:14 (e) 4:10 attached
Num. (12:1) 4:11 attached
Num. (16:12) 4:12 attached
1 Sam. (18-31) 4:13 attached
Gen. 2:23 (e) 6:3 other
Gen. (7:1) 7:6 none
Jonah (3:4) 7:7 none
Ezek. 33:11 (mv) 8:2 other
Isa. 1:16-20 (e) 8:4 4 let us consider
Gen. (5:21-24) 9:3 none
Gen. (6-9) 9:4 none
2 Chr. (20:7) 10:1 none
Isa. (41:8) 10:1 none
Gen. 12:1-3 (e) 10:3 4
Gen. 13:14-16 (e) 10:4f. 3
Gen. 15:5f. (mv) 10:6 4
Gen. (18:1-15; 21:1-7) 10:7 attached Dia
Gen (19) 11:1 attached Dia
Gen. 19:26 (e) 11:2 attached Dia
Josh. 2:3-5, 9-14, 18f. © 12:4-6 attached Dia
1 Sam. 2:10 © 13:1 1&4
Jer. 9:22f (e) 13:1 1&4
Isa. 66:2 (e) 13:4 2
Pro. 2:21 © 14:4 1
Psalms 36:38 © 14:4 1
Psalms 36:35-37 (mv) 14:5 4
Isa. 29:13 (mv) 15:2 4

Introductory formula key following the key formulas found by James

44

DeYoung:1= grafh, 2= fhsi, 3= eipen, 4= legei

 25
Psalms 61:5 (e) 15:3 4
Psalms 77:36f (e) 15:4 4
Psalms 30:19 (e) 15:5 4
Psalms 11:4-6 (e) 15:5-6 4
Psalms 21:7-9 (e) 16:16f 2
Isa. 53 (e) 16:3-14 2
2 Chr. (20:7) 17:2 none
Gen. 18:27 (e) 17:2 none
Isa. (41:8) 17:2 4
Job 1:1 (mv) 17:3 1
Job 14:4f (mv) 17:4 4
Ex. 3:11 © 17:5 3
Ex. 4:10 © 17:5 3
Num. (12:7) 17:5; 43:1 none
1 Sam. 13:14 © 18:1 3
Psalms 88:21 © 18:1 3
Psalms 50:3-19 (e) 18:2-17 4
Gen. (1:9) 20:6 none
Job 38:11 (v) 20:7 3
Pro. 20:27 (v) 21:2 4 "somewhere"
Psalms 33:12-18 (e) 22:1-7 other
Psalms 31:10 (e) 22:8 other
Isa. 13:22 © 23:5 1
Malachi 3:1 © 23:5 1
Psalms 87:11 © 26:2 4
Psalms 22:4 © 26:2 4
Psalms 27:7 (c) 26:2 4
Psalms 3:6 © 26:2 4
Job 19:26 (mv) 26:3 4
Psalms 18:2-4 (e) 27:7 none
Psalms 138:7-10 (v) 28:3 1&4
Deut. 32:8f. ((e) 29:2 1
2 Chr. (31:14) 29:3 4
Deut. (4:34) 29:3 4
Ezek. 48:12 29:3 4
Num. (18:27) 29:3 4
Pro. 3:34 (e) 30:2 2
Job 11:2f (e) 30:4f 4
Gen. (15:6) 31:2 none "study the records"
Gen. (22:7) 31:3 none
Gen. (28:5) 31:4 none
Gen. 15:5 © 32:2 none
Gen. 22:17 © 32:2 none
Gen. 26:4 © 32:2 none
Gen. 1.26f. (e) 33:5 2
Gen. 1:28 (e) 33:6 3
Isa. 40:10 © 34:3 other
Pro. 24:12 © 34:3 other
 26
Daniel 7:10 © 34:6 1&4
Isa. 6:3 © 34:6 1&4
Isa. (64:4) 34:8 4
Psalms 49:16-23 (e) 35:7-12 1&4
Psalms 103:4 (e) 36:3 1
Psalms 2:7f (e) 36:4 3
Psalms 109:1 (e) 36:5 4
Job 4:16-5:5 © 39:3-9 1
Job 15:15 © 39:5 1
Isa. 60:17 (v) 42:5 1&4
Num. 12:7 (v) 43:1 none
Num. (17) 43:2 none
Dan. (16:16) 45:6 none
Dan. (3:19-21) (v) 45:7 none
Psalms 17:26f (e) 46:3 4
Psalms 117:19f (e) 48:2f 1
Pro. (10:12) 49:5 none
Ezek. 37:12 © 50:4 1
Isa. 26:20 © 50:4 1
Psalms 31:1f (e) 50:6 1
Num. (16:33) 51:4 none examples
Psalms (48:15) 51:4 none examples
Ex. 14:23 (v) 51:5 none examples
Psalms (135:15) 51:5 none examples
Psalms 68:31-33 (mv) 52:2 2
Psalms 49:14-15 (e) 52:3 4
Psalms 50:19 (e) 52:3-4 4
Deut. 9:12-14 (e) 53:2f. 3
Deut. 9:13-14 (mv) 53:3 3
Ex. 32:32 (mv) 53:4 3
Psalms 23:1 (e) 54:3 other
Esther (5-6) 55:6 none
Pro. 3:12 (e) 56:4 2
Psalms 140:5 (e) 56:5 2
Job 5:17-26 (e) 56:6-15 4
Pro. 1:23-33 (e) 57:3-7 4
1 Kings (9:4) 60:2 none
Psalms (39:3) 60:2 none
Psalms (66:1)© 60:3 none
Psalms (144:18) 60:4 none
Psalms 117:18 (e) 56:3 2

122 Quotes
 27

APPENDIX IV

OT Passage45 1 Clement Genre

1 Kings (9:4) 60:2 (D) Discourse
1 Sam. (18-31) 4:13 (N) Narrative
1 Sam. 13:14 © 18:1 D
1 Sam. 2:10 © 13:1 (P) Poetry
2 Chr. (20:7) 10:1 D
2 Chr. (20:7) 17:2 D
2 Chr. (31:14) 29:3 N
Dan. (3:19-21) (v) 45:7 N
Dan. (6:16) 45:6 N
Daniel 7:10 © 34:6 P
Deut. (4:34) 29:3 D
Deut. 32:15 (e) 3:1 D
Deut. 32:8f. ((e) 29:2 D
Deut. 9:12-14 (e) 53:2f. D
Deut. 9:13-14 (mv) 53:3 D
Esther (5-6) 55:6 N
Ex. 14:23 (v) 51:5 N
Ex. 2:14 (e) 4:10 D
Ex. 3:11 © 17:5 D
Ex. 32:32 (mv) 53:4 D
Ex. 4:10 © 17:5 D
Ezek. 33:11 (mv) 8:2 D
Ezek. 37:12 © 50:4 D
Ezek. 48:12 29:3 D
Gen (19) 11:1 N
Gen. (1:9) 20:6 D
Gen. (15:6) 31:2 N
Gen. (18:1-15; 21:1-7) 10:7 N
Gen. (22:7) 31:3 D
Gen. (27:41-28:5) 4:8 N
Gen. (28:5) 31:4 N
Gen. (37) 4:9 N
Gen. (5:21-24) 9:3 N
Gen. (6-9) 9:4 N
Gen. (7:1) 7:6 N
Gen. 1:28 (e) 33:6 D
Gen. 1.26f. (e) 33:5 D
Gen. 12:1-3 (e) 10:3 D
Gen. 13:14-16 (e) 10:4f. D

45
Scripture numbers correspond to LXX. ( ) indicates nature of quotation.
e=exact, mv= moderate variant, v= variant, c= composit, (1:1)=
allussion.Taken from Habner, Appendix I.
 28
Gen. 15:5 © 32:2 D
Gen. 15:5f. (mv) 10:6 D
Gen. 18:27 (e) 17:2 D
Gen. 19:26 (e) 11:2 N
Gen. 2:23 (e) 6:3 D
Gen. 22:17 © 32:2 D
Gen. 26:4 © 32:2 D
Gen. 4:3-8 (e) 4:1-6 N
Isa. (3:5) 3:3 D
Isa. (41:8) 10:1 D
Isa. (41:8) 17:2 D
Isa. (59:14) 3:4 P
Isa. (64:4) 34:8 P
Isa. 1:16-20 (e) 8:4 D
Isa. 13:22 © 23:5 D
Isa. 26:20 © 50:4 P
Isa. 29:13 (mv) 15:2 D
Isa. 40:10 © 34:3 P
Isa. 53:1-12 (e) 16:3-14 P
Isa. 6:3 © 34:6 D
Isa. 60:17 (v) 42:5 D
Isa. 66:2 (e) 13:4 D
Jer. 9:22f (e) 13:1 D
Job 1:1 (mv) 17:3 N
Job 11:2f (e) 30:4f D
Job 14:4f (mv) 17:4 D
Job 15:15 © 39:5 D
Job 19:26 (mv) 26:3 D
Job 38:11 (v) 20:7 D
Job 4:16-5:5 © 39:3-9 D
Job 5:17-26 (e) 56:6-15 D
Jonah (3:4) 7:7 N
Josh. 2:3-5, 9-14, 18f. © 12:4-6 D
Malachi 3:1 © 23:5 D
Num. (12:1) 4:11 N
Num. (12:7) 17:5; 43:1 D
Num. (16:12) 4:12 N
Num. (16:33) 51:4 N
Num. (17) 43:2 N
Num. (18:27) 29:3 D
Num. 12:7 (v) 43:1 D
Pro. (10:12) 49:5 P
Pro. (7:3) 2:8 P
Pro. 1:23-33 (e) 57:3-7 P
Pro. 2:21 © 14:4 P
Pro. 20:27 (v) 21:2 P
Pro. 24:12 © 34:3 P
Pro. 3:12 (e) 56:4 P
Pro. 3:34 (e) 30:2 P
 29
Psalms 103:4 (e) 36:3 P
Psalms 109:1 (e) 36:5 P
Psalms 117:18 (e) 56:3 P
Psalms 117:19f (e) 48:2f P
Psalms 138:7-10 (v) 28:3 P
Psalms 140:5 (e) 56:5 P
Psalms 50:19 (e) 52:3-4 P
Psalms 50:3-19 (e) 18:2-17 P
Psalms 61:5 (e) 15:3 P
Psalms 68:31-33 (mv) 52:2 P
Psalms 77:36f (e) 15:4 P
Psalms 87:11 © 26:2 P
Psalms 88:21 © 18:1 P
Psalms (135:15) 51:5 P
Psalms (144:18) 60:4 P
Psalms (39:3) 60:2 P
Psalms (48:15) 51:4 P
Psalms (66:1)© 60:3 P
Psalms 11:4-6 (e) 15:5-6 P
Psalms 17:26f (e) 46:3 P
Psalms 18:2-4 (e) 27:7 P
Psalms 2:7f (e) 36:4 P
Psalms 21:7-9 (e) 16:16f P
Psalms 22:4 © 26:2 P
Psalms 23:1 (e) 54:3 P
Psalms 27:7 (c) 26:2 P
Psalms 3:6 © 26:2 P
Psalms 30:19 (e) 15:5 P
Psalms 31:10 (e) 22:8 P
Psalms 31:1f (e) 50:6 P
Psalms 33:12-18 (e) 22:1-7 P
Psalms 36:35-37 (mv) 14:5 P
Psalms 36:38 © 14:4 P
Psalms 49:14-15 (e) 52:3 P
Psalms 49:14f (e) 42:3 P
Psalms 49:16-23 (e) 35:7-12 P

123 Quotes
 30

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