New Control Strategy For Load Frequency Problem of A Single Area Power System Using Fuzzy Logic Control

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NEW CONTROL STRATEGY FOR LOAD FREQUENCY

PROBLEM OF A SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEM USING
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
1
B. Venkata Prasanth, 2Dr. S. V. Jayaram Kumar
1
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, N. B. K. R. I. S.T,
Vidyanagar, India.
2
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, J.N.T.U. C. E, Hyderabad, India.
E – Mail: bvenkataprasanth@yahoo.co.in , svjkumar101@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a novel method of quenching transients of load frequency of a single area
power system. The load frequency power system dynamics are represented by selecting deviation in
frequency and its derivatives as variables. The validity of this model was compared in terms of its
uncontrolled response obtained in the earlier work [1]. This new model representation is used for further
studies in this paper. For a practical single area power system the behavior of uncontrolled system with
range of values of regulation constant (R) and for various load disturbances (∆Pd) are obtained. The
responses of single area power system with range of values of load changes for different switching times,
Fuzzy control are evaluated. The time of state transfer in general is increasing with increase of load
disturbance. When fuzzy control is applied the frequency transients are quenched at much faster rates
without any oscillations.
Keywords: Load frequency control, Transient response, Single area power system and Fuzzy logic
controller
1. INTRODUCTION dynamic equations of the single area power system

as given by O. I. Elgerd [1]. The work reported
The development of design techniques for here deals with a new model derived with change
load frequency control of a power system in the in frequency ( Δf ) and derivative of frequency
last few years is very significant. The •
conventional proportional plus integral control is ( Δf ) without any integral control and the control
probably the most commonly used technique. This
parameter (u) being the speed changer position
method does not work well if the parameters are
(∆PC). The change in frequency and its derivative
changing for different load conditions. The
are taken as crisp values to the fuzzy controller and
transient response of the system will have
the output of the controller is ‘u’. An attempt is
overshoots and undershoots. In recent years many
made in this work by applying fuzzy controller at a
researchers have applied optimal control theory to
predetermined time (tc) of uncontrolled system, the
solve LFC problem [1, 2]. Many researchers have
system response is observed. The system
used fuzzy logic controllers for load frequency
responses for range of values of regulation
control of two area power system [5-7] with and
constant (R) for different values of load
without nonlinearities. In their findings it is
disturbance (∆Pd) and tc are obtained for
observed that the transient response is oscillatory
uncontrolled and with fuzzy controller. It is
and time to reach the steady state is more.
observed that in all theses studies with fuzzy
Some other elegant technique is needed to
controller the response of the system is deadbeat in
achieve a deadbeat response so that the time to
nature and the total time taken to reach final value
reach the steady state is the least. In this work a
single area power system is considered for the is Δf = 0 after disturbance is the least. Since the
study. Most of the researchers have taken the controller is simple and needs Δf and derivative
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of Δf the on line implementation may be easier T3 = (TGTTTP)

and convenient. Let the state variables be
• ••
Δf = x1 ; Δ f = x2 ; Δ f = x3
The system of equations (1.3) is

represented in state variable from using phase
variables
3. THE LOAD FREQUENCY PROBLEM

2. SYSTEM DYNAMICS USING FUZZY CONTROL
The new state variable model is derived In the so called LFC problem before the
by means of block diagram for single area power load disturbance and after the load disturbance the
system shown in fig.1 with the speed changer change in frequency is zero by the point A as
position is taken as control parameter. shown in fig.2. The uncontrolled system behavior
(u = 0) is shown as AB for a particular time ‘tc’.
The state variable equations from block Now the problem is to transfer the system
diagram are derived as follows: state from B to A using a suitable control strategy.
The physics of the original system demands that a
suitable trajectory is ‘BCA’ as shown in fig.2.
From the behaviors of the load frequency control
problem the value of the speed changer position is
selected as u (control parameter). Fuzzy control
techniques are developed to transfer the state from
B to A through C. The fuzzification and
defuzzification methods for single or multiple
techniques are discussed in literature.
Substituting the values of ∆PG from

equation (1.1) into equation (1.2)
Assuming ∆Pd is constant,

• ••
then ΔPd , ΔPd = 0 (neglected)
Where Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic establish

T1 = (TP+TG+TT) the rules of a non linear mapping [3]. The use of
T2 = (TGTT+ TGTP + TPTT) fuzzy sets provides a basis for a systematic way
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for the application of uncertain and indefinite

models [4]. Fuzzy control is based on a logical
system called fuzzy logic is much closed in spirit
to human thinking and natural language than
classical logical systems. Nowadays fuzzy logic is 4. RESPONSE OF UNCONTROLLED
used in almost all sectors of industry and science. AND CONTROLLED SYSTEM
One of them is load frequency control. The main
goal of LFC in power system is to protect the A practical single area power system
balance between production and consumption. having the following data [1] is considered with
Because of the complexity and multi – variable following data: the numerical data for the system
conditions of the power system, conventional are KP = 120.0, TP = 20.0 Sec, TG = 0.08 Sec, TT =
control methods may not give satisfactory 0.3 Sec and range of values of regulation constant
solutions. On the other hand, their robustness and (R) and ∆Pd. Fig.6 to 9 shows Fuzzy controlled and
reliability make fuzzy controllers useful in solving uncontrolled responses for tc = 0.5 sec and 1 sec
a wide range of control problems. with ∆Pd = 0.03 and 0.04 for different values of R.
The corresponding phase – plane trajectories are
In this proposed work, two input depicted in fig.10 to 13. Further studies are also to
• be conducted to get the response of the system for
membership functions ( Δf and Δf ) for two crisp range of values of control inputs, load changes,
inputs and one output membership function for regulation constants at different values of ‘tc’.
output (u) were defined. First input membership Table 1 shows the static errors of the uncontrolled
function corresponding to five linguistic variables system for range of values of ∆Pd and R. For
selected tc = 0.5 sec and tc = 1 sec with ∆Pd = 0.03
⎛ π π π π⎞
⎜ − ,− ,0, , ⎟ and is shown in fig.3. and ∆Pd = 0.04 the times of state transfer (from B
⎝ 2 4 4 2⎠ to A through C) are tabulated in Table 2 for range
Second input membership function corresponding of values of R.
⎛ π π π π⎞
to five linguistic variables ⎜ − ,− ,0, , ⎟
⎝ 4 8 8 4⎠
and is shown in fig.4. The output membership
function corresponding to five linguistic variables
(- 20, - 10, 0, 10, 20) and is shown in fig.5. In
addition, defuzzification has been performed by
the centre of gravity method in all the studies.
After defuzzification, the fuzzy controller output is
obtained.
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5. RESULTS
Fig. 6: Time response of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd = 0.03 and tc = 0.5 Sec
Fig.7: Time response of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd = 0.03 and tc = 1 Sec
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Fig.8: Time response of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd = 0.04 and tc = 0.5 Sec
Fig.9: Time response of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd = 0.04 and tc = 1 Sec
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Fig.10: Phase–plane trajectories of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd=0.03and tc=0.5 Sec
Fig.11: Phase–plane trajectories of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd=0.03 and tc = 1 Sec
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Fig.12: Phase–plane trajectories of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd=0.04 and tc=0.5 Sec
Fig.13: Phase–plane trajectories of controlled and uncontrolled system with ΔPd =0.04 and tc =1 Sec
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6. CONCLUSIONS [7] Young-Hyun Moon, Heon-Su Ryu, Baik Kim,

Seogioo Kim, Sung-Chul Park, “Fuzzy logic
A new model of load frequency control based extended integral control for load
dΔf d 2 Δf frequency control” Power Engineering
using Δf , and is developed with Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE,
dt dt 2 Volume: 3, 28 Jan.-1 Feb. 2001 vo1.3, pp:
ΔPC as the control parameter (u). It is observed 1289 -1293.
that the static errors are increasing as the
regulation constant is increasing for a particular
load change. Fuzzy control studies are conducted NOMENCLATURE
on a single area power system for a particular
∆PG =Generated power derivation, pu MW
load change ( ΔPd = 0.03 ) and for a ∆Pd =Change in power demand, pu MW
predetermined closing time ( tc = 0.5 sec ), ∆PC =Change in speed changer position (u),
pu MW
reveal that the response is dead beat with a less ∆f =Derivative in frequency, Hz
state transfer time. The time of state transfer is KP =Static gain of power system inertia dynamic
increasing with an increase of regulation constant. block, Hz/pu MW
Similar results are observed for different load T =Time constant of power system inertia
changes. It is also noticed that the static error and P dynamic block, sec
state transfer times are more with increase in load TG =Governor time constant, sec
disturbance.
TT =Turbine (non reheat type) time
constant, sec
R =Speed regulation parameter, Hz/pu
MW
REFERENCES tc =Switching time in seconds
[1] Elgerd O I, Electrical Energy System Theory:
An Introduction, Mc Graw – Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1971.
[2] Subramanyam B and Veera Reddy V C, New

control strategy for LFC problem, IEEE
International Conference on ECCC held at
Hotel Taj International, New Delhi, (1991).
[3] Mendel JM. Fuzzy logic systems for

engineering: A tutorial, proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 83, No. 3, March 1995, p-345 –
377.
[4] Lee CC. Fuzzy logic in control systems:

Fuzzy logic controller part –II, IEEE Trans
Syst, Man Cydern 1990, 20 (2), 404 – 18.
[5] HO Jae Lee, Jin Bae Park, Young Hoon Joo,

“Robust LFC for Uncertain nonlinear power
systems: A fuzzy logic approach”,
Information Science 176 (2006), pp: 3520 –
3537.
[6] cam E, Kocaarslan I, “Load frequency control

in two area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller” Energy conversion management
46 (2005), pp: 233 – 243.
260

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