Steel Roof Trusses

UNIT 4: STEEL ROOF TRUSSES
AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

VASTUKALA ACADEMY
KAVITA REVO
INTRODUCTION:
The industrial buildings are low rise buildings are normally used for steel plants,
automobile industries, utility and process industries, thermal power station,
warehouse, assembly plants, storage, garages, small scale industries, etc.
These building required large free space areas, such that columns, walls, and partitions
are often eliminated or kept minimum. Because of the light weight, easy fabrication
and to cover large area, steel roof trusses are widely used.
Steel Roof truss and portal frames is used to cover and shelter the area of an industrial
building. As per the requirement of an industrial building the suitable kind of roof truss
and portal frame is utilized.
There are three kinds of truss namely Pitched roof truss, Parallel chord truss, and
Trapezoidal truss. Roof truss are designed for dead load, live load, wind load and their
combinations as per Indian Standards.
An economy of an industrial building depends on the configuration of structure, type of

roof truss and portal frame utilized, forces acting on building and selection of steel
sections needed as per force employed. Steel sections are categorized namely as
conventional steel section (channel, angle, rolled etc.), and Hollow steel section
(square hollow section, rectangular hollow section, circular hollow section).
VASTUKALA ACADEMY KAVITA REVO
Steel roof truss may be comprised of conventional steel sections or Tubular steel sections
(circular hollow section) and its upto a designer to select the most suitable section
according to its advantages and disadvantages .
Application of steel Trusses:

1. Trusses offer a lighter, stiffer and more economical construction for relatively large
spans when standard rolled beams or built-up girders may not be adequate.
2. Trusses may be used for spans ranging from 10 m to 90 m .However trusses are hardly
used for spans smaller than about 12 m in length, since rolled beams are more suitable
for such spans.
3. Trusses are analyzed ( to find member forces) by principles of statics . Method of
sections/method of joints are used. The forces in various members are either
compressive or tensile. The members carrying compressive forces in a roof truss are
called struts, and those carrying tensile forces are called ties.
4. The primary function of a roof truss is to support the roofing and ceiling material. The
external loads carried by roof covering are transmitted as reactions to the walls or to
the supporting stanchions(steel columns).
5. The roof trusses are used at places which require sloping roofs. The sloping roofs are
necessary at places where rainfall is more and at places where snowfall occurs. The roof
trusses have the advantages of permitting a wider variety of roof shapes and greater
unobstructed interior floor area at less cost.
The various terms used in roof trusses are described below.
Top Chord
The uppermost line of members that extend from one support to the other
through the apex is called top chord. The top chord is also known as the
upper chord of the roof truss.
Bottom Chord
The lowermost line of members of truss extending from one support to the
other is called bottom chord. The bottom chord is also known as lower chord
of the root truss.
Span
The distance between the supporting end joints of a truss is called its span.
When supported on walls, the distance between the centres of bearings would
be considered as span. When framed into columns the distance between the
column faces may be regarded as the span.
Rise
The rise of a roof truss is the vertical distance measured from the apex to the
line joining supports
Pitch
The ratio of the rise to the span is called the pitch of a roof truss. It is also
expressed sometimes as the angle between the lower and the upper chords.
Roofs are pitched to facilitate drainage of water. Where the roofs are to carry
snow loads in addition to wind load, a pitch of 1/4 is most common and
economical. The pitches 1/3 and 1/5 and corresponding to an angle of
inclination of 30 degrees are also commonly employed.
Slope
The slope of a roof is defined as the tangent of the angle that the plane of
the roof makes with horizontal. The slope of the roof therefore is not equal
to the pitch and greater care should be taken to see that the two terms are
not used. The slope of the roof is equal to twice the numerical value of
pitch in all the cases whether truss is symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
Wind Bracing- Provides stability to truss and resists wind drag along the roof

Panel
The portion of the truss typing between two consecutive joints in a principal
rafter of a roof truss is called a panel. It is also defined as the distance
between the two adjacent purlins.
Bay
The portion of a roof truss contained between any two consecutive trusses is
called as Bay.
Purlin
The purlins are horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses.
These are the structural members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the
top chords of root trusses. The purlins are meant to carry the loads of the
roofing material and to transfer it on the panel points.
Sub-purlins
The sub-purlins are the secondary system of purlins resting on the rafter.
These are spaced to support the tiles or slate coverings.
Rafters
The rafters are beams and rest on the purlins. The rafters support the sheathing.
They may support sub-purlins directly. These are called common rafters to
distinguish from principal rafter.
Sheathing
The sheathing are coverings of boards or reinforced concrete. They provide
support for the roof covering.
Ridge Line
The ridge line is a line joining the vertices of the trusses.
Eaves
The bottom edges of an inclined roof surface or a pitched roof is termed as
eaves.
Principal Rafter
The top chord members are called principal rafters.They carry compressive
forces.
Truss Spacing
The spacing of the truss depends on the type of roof used, the truss span, the
function of the building, the subsoil conditions etc. The spacing varies from
about 4 m for short span structures to 10 m for relatively long span
construction. Spacing as large as 10 m has occasionally been used for truss
spans of 40-50 m. A good thumb rule for the truss spacing is 1/5 to 1/3 of
their span.

Depth of a Truss
The depth of a truss determines its strength, stiffness, its first cost and the
cost of transportation to the site and subsequent erection. It should be obvious
that a deep truss develops smaller forces in the chord members thus reducing
their size and hence the cost. The height to span ratio ranging from 1/10 to
1/5 is often used in practice.
Spacing of Purlins
The spacing of purlins is defined as the distance between two adjacent panel
points, if purlins are placed at panel points only. Generally the spacing of
purlins varies from 2 m to 3 m.
Sag Tie
A sag tie is a tie member provided to join the peak of truss and the middle tie
member. The length of the middle tie member used to be large. The deflection
of this member due to self-weight may be 'large. When a sag-tie is provided as
shown in Figure ,it decreases the deflection of the middle tie member.

The king post-truss is mainly
adopted for short spans. It is
usually built of wood completely
or of wood combined with steel.
Steel rods are used as tension
members.
Queen post truss is also a wooden
truss. It is found suitable for spans
upto 10 m.

1. The fink truss has been named after its originator Albert Fink.
2. The Fink truss gives economy in terms of weight for short span high pitched roofs as
the components are segmented into shorter parts. Fink trusses are utilized for long
spans having high pitch roof, since the web members in truss are sub-divided to
obtain shorter members.
3. Used upto a span of 10m.
4. The lengths of compression members are small in these type of trusses. Fink trusses
are also called French roof truss.
5. A fink truss is constructed by drawing perpendicular to and from the centre of the
top-left and right hand chords and extending until they meet the lower chord.
6. The remaining two webs members are drawn from these intersections to the peak

1. Howe truss had been named after William Howe, from Massachusetts, USA.
2. Its remarkable strength over lengthy spans contributed to its popularity in
railroad bridges.
3. Used upto a span of 30mtrs

1. The pratt truss has been named after
Thomas W. and Caleb Pratt.
2. Pratt trusses are generally used for
flatter roof. They are made of steel.
These are less economical than fink
trusses.
3. The vertical members are
compression members and diagonal
members are tension members.
4. The diagonal members are highly
stressed at top because of their
sharp inclination.

Fan roof trusses are form of fink trusses.
They are made of steel. In fan trusses top
chord is divided into small lengths, in
order to provide supports for purlins
which would not come at joints in trusses.
The web members do not intersect the
top chord at right angles.
These features of fan truss may be
used with fink truss.
It will be useful for spans from 10-15m.
Most common types of roof trusses are pitched roof trusses wherein the top chord is
provided with a slope in order to facilitate natural drainage of rainwater and clearance
of dust/snow accumulation. These trusses have a greater depth at the mid-span.
Fan truss, Fink, Howe, Pratt truss etc are all under this category

The Warren trusses are generally used for flatter roofs. The usual span of these trusses
is 10 m to 40 m.
The sky light may be mounted on the

top of most of trusses when desired.
In factory buildings where
considerably more light is desirable
North light or saw-tooth trusses are
used. In this type the steep sides of
the trusses will be glazed. These
glazed panels are usually faced
towards North to avoid the direct
glare of the sun, and are hence
called North light roof trusses.
A built-up section is also known as compound section
The built-up sections are used when the span, load and corresponding bending
moment are of such magnitudes that rolled steel beam section becomes inadequate
to provide required section modulus.

TRUSS MEMBERS
The members of trusses are made of either rolled steel sections or built-up sections
depending upon the span length, intensity of loading, etc. Rolled steel angles, tee
sections, hollow circular and rectangular structural tubes are used in the case of roof
trusses in industrial buildings .
In long span roof trusses and short span bridges heavier rolled steel sections, such as
channels, I sections are used .Members built-up using I sections, channels, angles and
plates are used in the case of long span bridge trusses.
Access to surface, for inspection, cleaning and repainting during service, are important
considerations in the choice of the built-up member configuration. Surfaces exposed to
the environments, but not accessible for maintenance are vulnerable to severe
corrosion during life, thus reducing the durability of the structure.
In highly corrosive environments fully closed welded box sections, and circular hollow
sections are used to reduce the maintenance cost and improve the durability of the
structure. (Refer previous slide for pictures)

Due to recent developments, high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolting and welding
have become more common in connection.
The members meeting at a joint should have their centroidal axes intersecting at
one point so as to avoid eccentric effect. The joints are designed for the forces in
the members

INTRODUCTION TO SP38-1987
Down load
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.sp.38.1987.pdf

SP38-1987 is a Handbook which provides standard designs for
1. A-type trusses
2. Lean to type trusses
This handbook provides a range of “Ready-to-Use” designs for “A” type steel roof
truss and Lean to type truss by considering parameters like span and pitch of steel
roof truss, height of column, basic wind speed of the site.
Analyzing huge trusses and working out the designs from the fundamentals is
tedious and time consuming. This cannot be resorted to the design offices these days,
where time plays an important role. Various software's have been used to analyze
these trusses and a design has been worked out and can be used
Hence this handbook is used by Architects and Engineers to simplify their work and
adopt a suitable standard truss from this handbook for their design. The Handbook is
not to be used for design of structures intended for process or heavy industries. The
Handbook may be used only for design of industrial sheds meant for storage
purposes or light industrial structres.
These trusses in the handbook are called as Standardized trusses.

Typified designs available in the handbook are for following standard spans
1. A Type Trusses- 9 ,12 ,18 ,24, 30 meter
2. Lean to Type: 9, 12 , 15 meters
Standard spacing of Trusses in meters- 4.5 and 6m
Standard Roof slopes-

Roof slopes = 1 in 3, 1 in 4 and 1 in 5
Standard wind pressure for which trusses are designed

1. Wind pressure- 1KN/m2 ; 1.5KN/m2 ; 2KN/m2
As the steel roof trusses are light weight systems, hence wind loads play
major role in the design and earthquake loads are not considered critical.
Information available in SP38 handbook
1. Configuration of trusses and sizes of the members is already
worked out for standard trusses.
2. Joint connection detail
3. Support connection detail
4. Size and connection details of Purlins and bottom runners
5. Bracing details
6. Size/connection details for base plates etc.
7. Quantities of material for each truss.
A detailed design example in. the design office format is given in

the Handbook illustrating the use of analysis and design
information presented.

Number within the circle
indicate the member and
number without the circle
indicate the joint location

Assignment 3:
Submission Date: 1st April 2020
1. What are the component parts of a steel roof truss?
2. What are standardized trusses? What information can be obtained from SP 38
How is it beneficial for Architects?
3. Refer SP 38 and mention standard spans, spacing, and slopes of roof and wind
pressures mentioned for designing purpose.
4. Write merits and demerits of tubular trusses over structural trusses.
5. What are the merits and demerits of Roof trusses as a large span structural
system.
6. What should be the max. spacing of purlin for an A type truss if the spacing is
4.5m c/c and 6m c/c. Refer SP38
7. On an A3 sheet draw sketches of following
• A type truss
• A type with skylight
• Lean to type (North light truss)
• Pratt Truss
• Warren truss
• Fink truss


Steel Roof Trusses

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UNIT 4: STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

An economy of an industrial building depends on the configuration of structure, type of

Application of steel Trusses:

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

The sky light may be mounted on the

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

These trusses in the handbook are called as Standardized trusses.

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

Standard spacing of Trusses in meters- 4.5 and 6m

Standard Roof slopes-

Standard wind pressure for which trusses are designed

A detailed design example in. the design office format is given in

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

AP222: THEORY OF STRUCTURE IV

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