PRESENTED BY:-

DiwakER PaNT
mE (EcE REgulaR)

October 9, 2012
Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 1
  Introduction.
 Need of Diversity.
 Classification of Diversity.
 Diversity Techniques.
 Frequency diversity.
 Time Diversity.
 Related Paper.
 Conclusion.
 References.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 2

  Diversity- is a powerful communication technique that
provides wireless link improvements at relatively low
cost.

 Diversity exploits the random nature of radio

propagation by finding independent signal path for
communication.

 These independent paths are highly uncorrelated.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 3

  If one radio path undergoes a deep fade another independent
path may have a strong signal.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 4

 Two criteria are necessary to obtain a high degree
of improvement from a diversity system are :

 First, the fading in individual branches should have

low cross-correlation or highly uncorrelated.

 Second, the mean power available from each branch

should be almost equal.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 5

  Macro diversity: provides a method to mitigate
the effects of shadowing , as in case of Large
scale fading.

 Micro diversity: provides a method to mitigate

the effects of multi-path fading as in case of small
scale fading.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 6

  Large scale fading is caused by shadowing due to the
presence of fixed obstacles in the radio path.

 Long term fading can be mitigated by macroscopic diversity

(apply on separated antenna sites) like the diversity using
two base stations

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 7

  Small scale fades are characterized by deep and rapid amplitude
fluctuations which occur as the mobiles moves over distances of just a few
wavelengths.

 These fades are caused by multiple reflections from surroundings in the

vicinity of the mobile.

 Short term fading can be mitigated by the diversity using multiple antennas
on the base station or mobile unit.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 8

 Space Diversity:
Using antennas spaced enough (at Tx or Rx).

Polarization Diversity:
Using antennas with different polarizations.

Frequency Diversity:
Using frequency channels separated in frequency more than
the channel coherence bandwidth.

Time Diversity:
Using time slots separated in time more than the channel
coherence time.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 9

  Use more than one antenna to receive the signal.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 10

  Polarization diversity uses antennas of
different polarizations i.e. horizontal and
vertical.

 The antennas take advantage of the multipath

propagation characteristics to receive separate
uncorrelated signals

 SNR is improved by up to 12 dB even in line-

of-sight channels.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 11

  Frequency diversity is implemented by transmitting
same information on more than one carrier
frequency.

 Our aim is to make these carrier frequency

uncorrelated to each other, so that they will not
experience the same fades.

 To make them least correlated, these carrier

frequencies are separated by more than the coherence
bandwidth of the channel.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 12

  Theoretically if the channels are uncorrelated , then the
probability of simultaneous fading will be the product of the
individual fading probabilities.

 Frequency diversity is often employed in microwave line –of-

sight links.

 These links uses Frequency division multiplexing mode(FDM).

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 13

  In Practice 1:N protection switching is used as
shown below.
Idle(Backup Frequency)
1
Normal Frequency
2
.
.
Transmitter
.
.
Normal Frequency
N

Receiver

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 14

  Protection switching is provided by a radio licensee.

 In this case one frequency is nominally idle but is

available on a stand by basis to provide frequency
diversity switching for any one of the other N
carrier.

 When diversity is needed , the appropriate traffic is

simply switched to backup frequency.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 15

  FH-SS is a special case of frequency diversity.

 New OFDM modulation and access techniques

exploit frequency diversity.

 This can be achieved by providing simultaneous

modulation signals with error control coding across
a large bandwidth.

 If a particular frequency undergoes a fade , the

composite signal will still be demodulated.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 16

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 17
  Time diversity repeatedly transmits information at
the time spacing that exceeds the coherence time of
the channel.

 Multiple repetitions of the signals will be received

with independent fading conditions, thereby
providing diversity.

 Our modern implementation of time diversity

involves the use of RAKE receiver for spread
spectrum CDMA.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 18

  The rake receiver is so named because it reminds the function of a
garden rake, each finger collecting symbol energy similarly to how tines
on a rake collect leaves.

RAKE Receiver
October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 19
  A rake receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the
effects of multipath fading, It does this by using several "sub-
receivers" called fing e rs.

 The rake receiver was patented in the US in 1956 by “ Price

and Green” .

 Each correlator detects a time-shifted version of the original

transmission, and each finger correlates to a portion of the
signal, which is delayed by at least one chip in time(1/Rc)
from the other fingers.

 This will result in higher SNR (Eb/N0) in a multipath

environment than in a "clean" environment.
October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 20
  Multipath component appears like uncorrelated noise at a
CDMA receiver and equalization is not required.

 The outputs of each correlator are weighted to provide better

estimate of the transmitted signal than is provided by a single
component.

 The weighting coefficients are based on the power or the

SNR from each correlator output.

o If the power or SNR is small out of a particular correlator, it

will be assigned a small weighting factor or vice versa.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 21

 Interleaving is used to obtain time diversity in the digital
communication system.

Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous

way to increase performance.

It is typical for many speech coders to produce several

important bits in succession.

The function of interleaver is to spread these bits out in time

so that if there is a deep fade or error burst, the important bits
from a block of source data are not corrupted at the same time.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 22

 At the receiver , de-interleaver is used.

Convolutional interleaver can be used in place of block

interleaver and ideally suited for use with convolutional
codes.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 23

  Jin-Tao Wang, Zhi-Xing Yang, Chang-Yong Pan,
Jian Song and Lin Yang, “ Design of Space-Time-
Frequency Transmitter Diversity Scheme for TDS-
OFDM System” , IEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. 51, No. 3, AUGUST 2005 .

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 24

  Abstract
o To improve the performance of the Time Domain Synchronous -
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (TDS-OFDM)
system, an efficient space-time-frequency coding scheme is
proposed. The block coding is employed in both time and
frequency dimensions simultaneously and proved to be a quasi-
orthogonal design. The performance improvement of TDS-OFDM
system with this method is theoretically analyzed and computer
simulated, showing its superior performance in the presence of both
time and frequency selective environments. Comparing to the pure
space-time or space-frequency coding scheme with straightforward
implementations, the proposed implementation scheme reduces the
computational load by about 70% in TDS-OFDM system.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 25

  Recently, transmitter diversity has been extensively studied to
combat the detrimental effects in wireless fading channels
because of its relative simplicity in implementation.

 One attractive approach to the transmitter diversity is the

space-time block coding scheme in which a very simple
maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm is used at the
receiver.

 Space-time block codes (STBCs) from orthogonal designs

can achieve full diversity.

 The main characteristic of these codes is the orthogonality.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 26

  A design of space-time-frequency transmitter diversity
scheme is proposed in this paper and its effectiveness is
demonstrated using the Time Domain Synchronous - OFDM
(TDS-OFDM) system as an example.

Fig. (A) Diagram of the space-time-frequency diversity method for TDS-OFDM

system

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 27

  The BER performance of the introduced STFC-
OFDM method for TDS-OFDM system was further
verified by computer simulations.

 The guard interval was set to 1/9 of the length of the

frame body.

 The simulation system used rate 2/3 Convolutional

code and QPSK modulation on each subcarrier.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 28

  channel A is a six-ray model from the Brazil digital television test
report, channel model B is constructed by replacing the sixth ray with
a 0dB echo, representing a channel with severe frequency selective
fading.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 29

 The BER performance comparison among the STC-OFDM, SFC-
OFDM and STFC-OFDM systems under channel A without Doppler
shift.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 30

 The BER performance comparison among the STC-OFDM, SFC-
OFDM and STFC-OFDM systems under channel B without
Doppler shift.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 31

  To improve the transmission performance of TDS-OFDM
system developed for digital television broadcasting, an
efficient STFC-OFDM transmitter diversity scheme is
introduced and the performance improvement is both
theoretically analyzed and computer simulated.

 STFC-OFDM scheme is proved to be essentially a quasi-

orthogonal design. The block coding is employed in both time
and frequency dimensions simultaneously. Compared with the
conventional STC-OFDM and SFC-OFDM systems, this
scheme performs better in both time and frequency selective
channels because the channel condition assumption is much
more close to the reality.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 32

  Diversity is an extremely powerful technique for improving
the quality of communication systems and it is easy to achieve
gains equivalent to power savings in excess of 10 dB.

 These gains are achieved at the expense of extra hardware,

particularly in terms of extra antennas, bandwidth and
receivers, which must be balanced against the benefits.

 The key requirements for achieving the maximum benefit are

that the multiple branches of the system should encounter
substantially equal mean powers and near-zero cross-
correlation of the fading signals.

October 9, 2012 Diversity Techniques By Diwaker Pant 33

  Wireless Communications “ Principles and Practice” by
Theodore S. Rappaport. (2nd edition).

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakereceiver.

 J.T. Wang et al, “ Design of Space-Time-Frequency

Transmitter Diversity Scheme for TDS-OFDM
System” . IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,
Vol. 51, No. 3, AUGUST 2005 .

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