DESIGN OF PCC RETAINING WALL

Active Earth Pressure Calculation

Properties of Soil :-
3
Density of Soil = 18 kN/m
f = Angle of internal friction of backfill soil = 30 0
a = Angle of taper at backside of Retaining wall = 24.44 0
d = Angle of friction bet wall & Earthfill. (2 f /3) = 20 0
i = Surcharge Angle. = 0 0
3
Safe Bearing Capacity of Founding Strata = 350 kN/m

Factor of Safety
Vide Cl:-706.2.2 of IRC:-78 -1983.
Check for Overturning = Stabilising Moment 2 For Normal Condition
>
Overturning Moment 1.5 Under Seismic Condition
Check for Sliding = m x Vertical Force 1.50 For Normal Condition
>
Horizontal Force 1.25 Under Seismic Condition
m = Coefficient of Friction = 0.5 For rock Strata

Calculation of Coeffecient of Active Earth Pressure for inclined back fills .

This Formula is adopted from Terzaghi 's Theory
Ground Surface Line
i

a f Line

f = Angle of internal friction of backfill soil = 30 = 0.5236

a = Angle of taper at backside of Retaining wall = 24.44 = 0.4266
d = Angle of friction bet wall & Earthfill. (2 f /3) = 20 = 0.3491
i = Surcharge Angle. = 0.00 = 0.0000
Ka 1 = Coeffecient of Active Earth Pressure.
= Cos 2 ( f - a ) 2
( a ) x Cos ( a + d ) 1 + Sin ( f + d ) x Sin ( f - I )
2
Cos
Cos ( a + d ) x Cos ( a - I )
= 0.990626
0.8287671 x 0.7139357 x 3.1246556
Ka 1 = 0.536

Calculation of Coeffecient of Active Earth Pressure for Vertical back fills .

Degrees Radians
f = Angle of internal friction of backfill soil = 30 = 0.5236
a = Angle of taper at backside of Retaining wall = 0 = 0
d = Angle of friction bet wall & Earthfill. (2 f /3) = 20 = 0.3491
i = Surcharge Angle. = 0.00 = 0.0000
Ka 2 = Coeffecient of Active Earth Pressure.
= Cos 2 ( f - a ) 2
( a ) x Cos ( a + d ) 1 + Sin ( f + d ) x Sin ( f - I )
2
Cos
Cos ( a + d ) x Cos ( a - I )
= 0.75000
1 x 0.9396926 x 2.6844808
Ka 2 = 0.2973
Kp = 3.363
 Design calulations for PCC Ret. Wall
(Height from foundation till formation level = 2.1 m)

Data for Ret. wall Design :-

Total Depth of Ret. wall = 2100 mm (Overwhich earthpressure will act)
Taper Depth of Ret. wall = 1350 mm
Width of Ret. wall @ Base = 1300 mm
Rear Batter Provided = 1 in 2.2
Front Batter Provided = 1 in 1000.0
F. Batter below G.L = 1 2.0
Width of Ret. Wall at top = 400 mm
Depth of Ret. wall Cap = 0 mm
Base projection rear 3020 mm 100 front
Depth of footing = 150 mm 3990
Grade of Concrete M 40 s cbc direct comp flexural comp tension
Depth of Abut below GL 750 mm 500 T/m2 670 T/m2 61 T/m2
Area of concrete = 2.02 m2
SBC of soil = 17 T/m2
Density of mass concrete = 2.3 T/m3 Free board = 1000 mm
Desnity of R C C = 2.4 T/m3
Density of Earthfill = 1.8 T/m3

1
3 1
1950 1000
1200

1 1 GL-
1 2
750
150 150 -1220
-1820.0
1300.0
Result for base
CONDITIONS Overturning Sliding Ptoe Pmin
1 Selfweight +EP -6.11 3.47 10.4 16.12
2 Selfweight + EP+HFL 14.03 2.92 -73.99 -53.76
unsafe Safe Safe Safe

1 Selfweight of Abut + Earth pressure :

0

b
c

1200
1950 2
3

750
1 4
5

6
150 A O
100 400 100
2920 700
1300
Calculation of C.G of Ret. wall Xn from 'A' .
Sl Area 'A' ( m 2 ) X from A AxX
1 1.95 x 0.10 = 0.10 2.99 0.29
( )/2
2 1.95 x 0.40 = 0.78 3.22 2.51
3 ( 1.20 x 0.70 = 0.42 3.65 1.53
)/2
4 0.75 x 0.70 = 0.53 3.77 1.98
5 ( 0.75 x 0.00 = 0.00 4.12 0.00
)/2
6 1.30 x 0.15 = 0.20 0.65 0.13
D 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.00 3.02 0.00
A 0.40 x 0.00 = 0.00 3.22 0.00
S Total 2.02 6.44
\ C.G of Ret. wall from A = AxX = 6.44 = 3.19 m
A 2.02
 Total Weight of Ret. wall =( 2.02 x 7 x 2.3 +
0.00 x 7 x 2.4 )= 32.48 T
Calculation of C.G of Earth fill behind Ret. wall from 'A' .
Sl Area 'A' ( m 2 ) X from A AxX
a 0 x 3.0200 = 0.000 1.5100 0.0000
b 1.95 x 0.1000 = 0.098 2.9533 0.2880
c ( 1.95 x 2.92 )/2 = 5.694 1.4600 8.3132
S Total 5.792 8.601
\ C.G of Earth Fill from A = AxX = 8.601 = 1.485 m
A 5.792
Total Weight of Earth Fill = 5.792 x 7 x 1.80 = 72.97 T
Calculation of Stabilising & Overturning Moment about toe 'O'.
1 ) Stabilising Moments :-
a ) Total Weight of Ret. wall Structure = 32.48 T
\ C.G of Ret. wall from O = 1.30 - 3.19 = -1.89 m
\ Stabilising Moment = 32.48 x -1.894 = -61.5 Tm
b ) Total Weight of Earth Fill = 72.97 T
\ C.G of Ret. wall from O = 1.30 - 1.49 = -0.19 m
\ Stabilising Moment = 72.97 x -0.185 = -13.51 Tm
Calculation of Vertical & Horizontal Component of Earth Pressure.
F4
0.96 1.68 F4
2.100 0.00
1.050 (H 1 +H 2 ) 1050
2
0.00 F2 H2
0.00 2 2100
1.52 1.20 F3

1.05 1.68
0.88 0.42H 2
1.75
0 2.13
A 150 0.0 1.3
100 400 100
2920 700.0 Force Diagram due to
1300 Earth Pressure & Live Load Surcharge
Ka 1 g H2 H 2 /2
F3 = 0.536 x 1.80 x 2.1 x 1.05 = 2.127 T
F4 = 1.2 x Ka 2 x g x( H1 + H2 )
= 1.2 x 0.297 1.800 x( 0 + 2.1 )
= 1.349 T
Horizontal Component :-
F 3 Cos( d+a) = 2.127 x 0.7139 = 1.518 T acting @ 0.88 m
F 4 Cos( d+a) = 1.349 x 0.7139 = 0.963 T acting @ 1.05 m

Total Horizontal Force = 1.518 + 0.96

= 2.481 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 17.368 T
Vertical Component :-
F 3 Sin( d+a) = 2.127 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.75 m
F 4 Sin( d+a) = 1.349 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.68 m
Total Vertical Force = 0.000 + 0.000 + 0.000 + 0.000
= 0.000 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 0.000 T
c ) Stabilising moment due to vertical component of Earth pressure :
= 0.000 x 1.200 + 0.000 x 1.677 +
0.000 x 1.754 + 0.000 x 1.677
= 0.000 x 7.000 (Total Length) = 0.000 Tm
2 ) Overturning Moments :-
a) Overturning Moment due to Horizontal component of Earth pressure :-
= 1.518 x 0.88 + 0.963 x 1.05
= 2.350 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 16.451 Tm
 Summary of Moments
Description Stabilising Overturning Vertical Horizontal
Moment Moment Force Force
1) Dead Load of Ret. wall 61.51 32.48
2) Earthfill on Rear Side 13.51 72.97
3) V.Component of E.Pressure 0.00 0.00
4) H.Component of E.Pressure 16.45 17.37
5) Vertical load due to surcharge 25.46 15.12
S Moments 100.48 16.45 120.57 17.37
A ) Check for Overturning = Stabilising Moment > 2
Overturning Moment
= 100.48 = 6.11 Safe
16.45
B ) Check for Sliding = m x Vertical Force > 1.5
Horizontal Force
= 120.57 x 0.50 = 3.47 Safe
17.37
C ) Check for Pressures at bottom of Foundation.
x = MR - MO x is the eccentricity of the Ret. wall section w.r.t O.
P
MR = Stabilising Moment = 100.48 Tm
M0 = Overturning Moment = 16.45 Tm
P = Vertical Load = 120.57 Tm
x = 100.48 - 16.45 = 0.70 m
120.57
e = b - x
2
e = eccentricity of the Ret. wall section w.r.t mid of its Base.
= 0.650 - 0.70
= -0.05 m < 0.22 (b/6)
P toe = P x( 1 + 6 x e )
b b
= 120.57 x( 1 + 6 x -0.05 )
1.30 1.300
=( 92.75 x 0.784 )/ 7.00
2 2
= 10.38 T/m < 17 T/m Safe
P heel = P x( 1 - 6 x e )
b b
= 120.57 x( 1 - 6 x -0.05 )
1.30 1.30
=( 92.75 x 1.216 )/ 7.00
2 2
= 16.12 T/m > 0 T/m Safe
Since the Pressures are found to be within Limits ,the Ret. wall structure is Safe under this condition.
2 Self Weight of Abut + Earth pressure + HFL :
1 ) Stabilising Moments :-
Calculation of C.G of Ret. wall Xn from 'A' .
Sl Area 'A' ( m 2 ) Density HFL'W'
Weight X from A WxX
1 1.26 x 1.00 = 0.63 2.3 1.44 2.99 4.32
2 0.86 x 0.95 = 0.81 1.3 1.06 2.99 3.16
3 (0.70 x 0.20 )/2 = 0.07 1.3 0.09 3.65 0.33
4 0.70 x 0.75 = 0.52 1.3 0.68 3.77 2.57
5 ( 0.00 x 0.75 ) / 2 = 0.00 1.3 0.00 4.12 0.00
6 -0.35 x 0.95 = -0.17 1.3 -0.22 2.68 -0.59
(
7 4.22 x 0.15 ) / 2 = 0.63 1.3 0.82 2.11 1.74
S Total
( )/2 2.50 3.88 11.54
\ C.G of Ret. wall from A = WxX = 11.54 = 2.98 m
W 3.88
Total weight of the Ret. wall structure = Weight x Total length
= 3.88 x 7.0 = 27.14 Tons
a) \ Stabilising Moment due to selfweight = 27.14 x 1.24 = 33.78 Tm
Calculation of weight of earth behind the Ret. wall
Sl Area 'A' ( m 2 ) Density Weight (T) X from A WxX
a 0 x 3.02 = 0.000 1.80 0.00 1.51 0.00
b -0.35 x 1.00 = -0.355 1.80 -0.64 2.74 -1.75
c 2.92 x 1.00 = 2.920 1.80 5.26 1.46 7.67
d 0.45 x 1.00 = 0.227 1.80 0.41 2.72 1.11
e 2.92 x 0.95 = 2.774 0.80 2.22 1.46 3.24
f (-0.35 x 0.95 ) / 2 = -0.168 0.80 -0.13 2.80 -0.38
S Total 5.398 7.111 9.90
(
\ C.G of Earth Fill from A) / 2 = WxX = 9.897 = 1.392 m
W 7.111
\ C.G of Earth Fill from O = 2.83 m
Total Weight of Earth Fill = 7.111 x 7.0 = 49.78 Tons
b) \ Stabilising Moment due to rear earth = 49.78 x 2.83 = 140.79 Tm
Calculation of Vertical & Horizontal Component of Earth Pressure.
Ka 1 g H2 H 2 /2
(
F3 = 0.536 x 1.80 x 1 x 0.5 = 0.482 T
Ka 1 g H2 H3
F4 = 0.536 x 1.80 x 1 x 1.1 = 1.061 T
Ka 1 g H3 H 3 /2
F5 = 0.536 x 0.80 x 1.1 x 0.55 = 0.259 T
F6 = 1.2 x Ka 2 x g x( H1 + H2 + H3 )
= 1.2 x 0.297 x 1.800 x( 0 + 1 + 1.1
= 1.349 T
Horizontal Component :- )
F 3 Cos( d+a) = 0.482 x 0.7139 = 0.344 T acting @ 1.52 m
F 4 Cos( d+a) = 1.061 x 0.7139 = 0.757 T acting @ 0.55 m
F 5 Cos( d+a) = 0.259 x 0.7139 = 0.185 T acting @ 0.46 m
F 6 Cos( d+a) = 1.349 x 0.7139 = 0.963 T acting @ 1.05 m
Total Horiz. = 0.000 + 0.000 + 0.344 + 0.76 + 0.185 + 0.963
Force = 2.250 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 15.748 T
Vertical Component :-
F 3 Sin( d+a) = 0.482 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.46 m
F 4 Sin( d+a) = 1.061 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.90 m
F 5 Sin( d+a) = 0.259 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.94 m
F 6 Sin( d+a) = 1.349 x 0.0000 = 0.000 T acting @ 1.68 m
Total Vert. = 0.000 + 0.000 + 0.00 + 0.000
Force = 0.000 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 0.000 T
d) Stabilising moment due to Vertical Component of Earth Pressure :-
= 0.000 x 1.200 + 0.000 x 1.677 + 0.000 x 1.46
0.000 x 1.905 + 0.000 x 1.677 + 0.000 x 1.68
= 0.00 x 7.000 (Total Length) = 0.000 Tm
2 ) Overturning Moments :-
a) Overturning Moment due to Horizontal component of Earth pressure :-
= 0.00 x 2.100 + 0.000 x 1.050 + 0.344 x 1.52
0.757 x 0.55 + 0.185 x 0.46 + 0.963 x 1.05
= 2.036 x 7.00 (Total Length) = 14.255 Tm
 Summary of Moments
Description Stabilising Overturning Vertical Horizontal
Moment Moment Force Force
1) Dead Load of Ret. wall 33.78 27.14
2) Earthfill on Rear Side 140.79 49.78
3) V.Component of E.Pressure 0.00 0.00
4) H.Component of E.Pressure 14.25 15.75
6) Vertical load due to surcharge 25.46 15.12
S Moments 200.02 14.25 92.04 15.75
A ) Check for Overturning = Stabilising Moment > 2
Overturning Moment
= 200.02 = 14.03 Safe
14.25
B ) Check for Sliding = m x Vertical Force > 1.5
Horizontal Force
= 92.04 x 0.50 = 2.92 Safe
15.75
C ) Check for Pressures at bottom of Foundation.
x = (MR - MO)/ P x is the eccentricity of the Ret. wall section w.r.t O.
MR = Stabilising Moment = 200.02 Tm
M0 = Overturning Moment = 14.25 Tm
P = Vertical Load = 92.04 Tm
x = 200.02 - 14.25 = 2.02 m
92.04
e = b/2 - x = 0.650 - 2.02
= 1.37 m > 0.22 (b/6)
P toe = P x( 1 + 6 x e )
b b
= 92.04 x( 1 + 6 x 1.37 )
1.30 1.300
=( 70.80 x 7.316 )/ 7.00
2 2
= 73.99 T/m < 17 T/m Safe
P heel = P x( 1 - 6 x e )
b b
= 92.04 x( 1 - 6 x 1.37 )
1.30 1.30
=( 70.80 x 5.316 )/ 7.00
2 2
= 53.76 T/m > 0 T/m Safe
Since the Pressures are found to be within Limits ,the Ret. wall structure is Safe under this condition.