VFBF ,EHZEKF’T www.maiaburchuladze.

ge

f,ecthb’tt,bc cfuf

rke,-htcnjhfyb 3ukjhbf47 hjvkbc tpjib xfgkbyf vfs[jdhj,lf7 mfkfmbc

itcfcdktksfy b.j ufysfdct,ekb7 cek hfvltybvt vtnhib lblb vtabc crfylfkehb
crekgnehblfy8 fm vjcfqotdfl xfgkbyfc jhb nhfycgjhnbc ufvjwdkf eotdlf7 vfuhfv
xbnb ,hlqdyfl qbhlf8 vfhsfkbf7 vsfcfdbs ufybthb idtbwfhb o.fkj,bc vjkjlbyib
ufodlbkb [tkbc vjrdtsbs tvemht,jlf7 vfuhfv hfnjvqfw fzbfyeht,lf ufyphf[dbc
cbchektib vj.dfyfc8 vtnbw7 pju]th yfceahfkbs evfcgby’klt,jlf7 mehlekfl7
dbyvtc hjv fh lftyf[f7 xfe.hblf [jkvt ufmtmbk ikbfgfib mfsvbc [jhwpt frblt,ek ]
jy]jkc lf erfyvje[tlfdfl fh,jlf vfhvfhbkjc rb,tt,pt8 tn.j,f7 vbc w[bvvjlt,ek uekib ]th
rbltd qdbjlf sfyfuh’yj,bc tktvtynt,b7 sfyfw7 xbf vfs[jdfhb yfwtvb ’fqkbc
sdfkt,bs7 bctsb fhffvmdt.ybehb qbvbkbs gfce[j,lf cfresfhb vbcfvfhsbs ufchjkbk
cfkfy’qfd cbn.dt,c7 lfcfhn.vtkfw fqvfhsekb veinb sfdbcbs tikt,jlf [jkvt8
yfceahfkc xfgkbyf gfnbjcyfl b.jalf vfcfdbs esdbcnjvj js[at[sfy7 hjvtkcfw
gbhj,bsfl weuf itfhmdf7 ,fdidj,bc lhjbyltkb ’fqkbc gfnbdcfwtvfl8 vce.t kervbc
vjkjlbyib bcbw htcnjhybc f[kjvf[kj f,bh;fdt,lf8 gbhdtkb it[dtlhbcfc sdfkt,bs
ufpjvtc thsvfytsb7 sbsmjc flubkc twbkt,jlyty7 cfthsj df[ivbc itvltu7 itb’kt,f
bsmdfc7 lfvtuj,hlyty8
bv cfqfvjc xfgkbyf fvfjl tkjlf weufc ufvjxtyfc7 ’fqkb fh xfylf7
vfbywflfvfbyw fhw rkbtynt,b o.fkj,lyty8 thsvf obstkrfiybfyvf vfvfrfwvf xferezf
jhb kfhb lf tu b.j8 ’bhuf[dhtnbk ibgktnt,ib at[t,b uftsjif7 ufidthbk [tkib vljhtl
vbtlbyt,jlf fkrj/jkbs vjofvkekb cbc[kb8 cnevht,bc hfjltyj,fv se fh bvfnf7 itb’kt,f
ptptekfl ufb.byjc8 xfgkbyfv wfkb at[b vjrfrdf lf stshfl itcmtkt,ek wfc f[tlf8 fv
pfvsfhc dth uflfdbnfy7 ufetkdf sfdib8 tc rfhubf se welb0 xfabmhlf8 cekthsbf7
lffcrdyf cbyfyekbc ufhtit8
at[t,bs vfybgekbht,fv dth eidtkf7 cbwbdt ’dfkcf lf h,bkib fnfylf7 sfyfw
o.kbc uflfqdhf vjeylf8 yf,f[ectdpt vbhsvtekb kelbs uf’t’ubkb ifhlbc ,einb
cfcohfaj lfwkfc cfzbhjt,lf8 tpjib vjcfmvt,f ufvjhbw[ekbf7 fb7 vfiby vfhskf
vjb.dfyc cbchektib vemfhfc itvbyekb rfhbc vbqvf lf.elt,ekb idtbwfhb7 [tkcfw
vjfzhbc lf c[df hfvtcfw ptl vbf.jkt,c8 vfymfyt,bc cflujvb fmdt b.j7 rke,-
htcnjhybc udthlbsf v[fhtc7 vfuhfv kjket,fl mwtekb at[t,bc uflfflubkt,f fh
ubyljlf0 xfgkbyfv vbb[tl-vjb[tlf8 pfa[ekb vfbyw b.jc7 [tt,c vjtafht,jlf rfwb8
ghbywbgib7 [tt,b fhcfl ofcekfy7 e,hfkjl ajskt,b itvjt’fhwdfs lf cfresfh xjyx[t,c
lftvcufdcty8
hjwf vjesvtykj,fv gbrc vbfqobf7 xfgkbyfv brflhf gjcnbc lfnjdt,f7
we[we[bs uflfzhf tpj lf cmtknfybfyb fkdbc [bc ’bhib [dfy]fhc lft]f]uehf8 bc b.j7
idt,bs fvjbceymf7 hjv cflujvpt lf,bylekieibfyb 3njbjnf4 itvjchbfklf7 hfvltybvt
vtnhb ufbfhf lf ,jhlbehsfy lffve[hezf8 bvfdt ofvc vtjht vfymfyf ufvjxylf7 stshb
3ybcfyb4 keh]-obstkb kjujsb udthlbsf ahsfpt7 vfuhfv tpjib fh itvjcekf7 ijhbf[kjc
ufxthlf8 3ybcfyblfy4 uflvjcekb cfvb vjpdthbdbs vfvfrfwb cbymhjyekfl lfb’hf
ufxtht,ekb 3njbjnbcrty47 v’qjkb vfymfyblfy uflvjfshbtc7 fcafknpt lffultc lf
ob[kt,bs itluyty8
ecbn.djl7 vfuhfv ufvtnt,bs bh]t,jlyty7 yfvldbkb ghjatcbjyfkt,bdbs8
vc[dthgkb fvfjl wlbkj,lf sfdb [tkt,bs lftafhf7 sfdlfvc[vtkt,bc cmtk’bhbfyb
,fsbyrt,b ,fhf,ybc ]j[t,bdbs [njlyty cbvohbs vjrfrek7 athvrhsfk sbst,pt7 ifdb gfknj
at[cfwvkbc kfyxbc vndhbfyb fyf,tzlt,bs lfbafhf8
xfgkbyf mfvtktjybdbs ittho.f fkdbc [tc7 dtqfhw cbwbdtc uh’yj,lf7 dthw
cbw[tc7 .eht,ib v[jkjl tc cfibytkb7 vjyjnjyehb lufaeyb tluf8 luea8 luea8 luea8
/fthc a[htolf sbsmvbc lfdbo.t,ekb7 ujyt,bc .dtkfpt ijhtek gthbathbfpt uflfchjkbkb
lfhn.vbc [vf8 wjw[kfl vjrdlt,jlf7 hjv fhf vjekjlytkfl fqvjwtyt,ekb weuf7
hjvtkvfw ufsjibkb [tkb w[tkb tybs fekjrf8
2 weuff888 2 xfgkbyfv ifhdkbc xfweht,ekb cfknt lfbzbhf lf ’fqkbcrty
lfb[fhf8 2 weuf7 bm rfwc rkfdty888 cfvb thsbc obyffqvltu8 weuf7 afc= twb7
weuf7 twb888 afc7 afc7 afc=
weufv qfvehfcfdbs afhst .eht,b wmdbnf7 lheyxb ffshsjkf lf [vfvfqfkb
.tabs uf[nf fhtyfpt8 sbsmjc vbc ufvjxtyfc tkjlyty7 sfdlfvc[vtkt,vf wtvf ito.dbntc
lf ifhdkt,bc cojht,bs lfnjdtc tpj8 xfgkbyf v[jkjl vfiby ufvjdblf cfvfkfdblfy7 hjwf
3ybcfyb4 sdfkc vbtafhf8
3njbjnfc4 vf[kj,kfl tulj sfdgbhlfcbc[kbfyt,ekb vfcf wbrkjgbdbs lfz.tnbkb
wfkb sdfkbs8 bv sdfkib itvwbdyekb wf7 ikbfgbfyb vfs[jdfhb lf cbwjw[kbc
elbltcb o.ehdbkb fbhtrkf8

222

cfhlfab ,ytkb lf ytcnbfyb b.j7 zthib vbvjafynekb cfereyjdfyb f,kf,elt,bs8

ths f,kf,elf gbhlfgbh w[dbhsfy bhotjlf7 cffsbc mfymfhfcfdbs8 exfv cekb ite,thf8
f,kf,elf cb,ytktib ufexbyfhlf7 vfuhfv vfktdt ufvjxylf7 fv]thfl mctkc ufvjrblt,ekb
j,j,bsehs8 j,j,fc dbohj gbhb lf byufc sdfkt,b /mjylf8 exfv femibf7 vfuhfv j,j,fc
fhw eabmhbf erfy lf[tdf7 fkgbybcnbdbs lfbo.j vcdktkj,f ’fabdbs odhbk mctkpt7
rtyothjib vjtmwf lf f[kf ptdblfy xfvj[tlf8 hfvltybvt ofvc vjyec[ekt,bdbs
itwmthjlyty thsvfytsc8 exf 2 ibiyfhtdb ’hojkbs7 j,j,f 2 ufv’qfhb flfvbfybc
sdbsrvf.jabkb qbvbkbs8 qbvbkb sfylfsfy [bs[bsib uflfbpfhlf7 [bs[bsb 2
[fh[fhib8 odtnbfyb r,bkt,bs vjrbho.kekb gbhblfy fmjst,ekb ljh,kb wdbjlf8 i[tat,b
exfc nexpt lftwf8 uekbchtdbc ituh’yt,fv cfceysmb upt,b uflfertnf7 cek wjnfw lf
lfb[hxj,f7 dtqfhfcjltc b[bkfdc lqbc cbyfsktc7 fv ereytsib fqvj[lt,f cekb8
2 hf ubylf0 2 b.dbhf vstk [vfpt lf sdfkb uff[bkf8
jsf[b vpbc c[bdt,ib ,fyfj,lf7 zthib [njlf zflhbc [bc athvrhsfkb fsbyfsb7
afy]hbc hfafpt sfdc bojyt,lf tmdcb okbc uthfybf7 cfojkib idblb okbc ybrfc
t’byf8 sbsmvbc njkt,b b.dyty8 exfc rfhufl f[cjdc lqt7 hjwf byufv gjkbtsbktybc
zbmfib fqvjwtyt,ekb yjhxb vwtyfht cf[kib vjbnfyf8 bv lqtc ybrfv at[b fbluf8
cfvb yf,b]b bmbs7 cfvb fmts8 vjf]bhbc yfwdkfl vjcb.dfhekt vij,kt,bc ufidthbkb
[tkt,b8 hjvw ofbmwt7 lfubzthty7 vjubfkthct,ty7 ufufv[ytdt,ty7 vtjs[t yf,b]bcrty
ub,b’ut,ty8 uthfybf eobylt,ehfl f[fht,lf sdfkc7 ybrfc vfvbc udthlbs t’byf7 byuf rb
ofdblf lf f[kf cbpvhbc cfiefkt,bs fifynf;t,lf vfhnj[tkf vfvfc8
exf kjubypt ofvj]lf lf cffsc lf[tlf8 hdfc frklf [esb oesb8
2 ybrei7 ufbqdb’t8 2 itfy]qhbf cf,fyib uf[dtekb idbkb8
2 vvv888 2 uh’kfl ofbpvedkf ,bzvf8 exf vbtxdbf ghjntcnbc fv ajhvfc8 hf
lfcfvfkbf7 ybrfpt vtnfl tpfht,jlf flujvf8 lbkbc ’bkb b.j bc cbfvjdyt,f7 hjvtkptw
efhbc smvf ’fkbfy ezbhlf8
2 crjkfib lfufudbfylt,f8
2 [esb oesbw8
2 rfhub7 b.jc [esb oesb8 2 exfv vpbc c[bdt,c uflff,b]f lf [fkfsvjc[vekb
uftvfhsf cfvpfhtekjcrty8
 lbkbc ’bkbc lfahs[j,f vjyfujyb b.j bv ecbfvjdyj ituh’yt,fcsfy itlfht,bs7
hfcfw cfepvbc vjvpflt,f bodtdlf8 bct vbfqobf jwlfs[esvtn okfvlt7 th,j-rdthw[b fh
iteodbf sfdbcbs8 vpfvpfhtekc b.j vbxdtekb8 ]th ltlf tvcf[eht,jlf7 vtht wjkb8
byufc ofcdkbc itvltu cbnefwbf itbwdfkf7 th,j-rdthw[bc rb fhf7 rfnktnbc ufrtst,f
bcofdkf888 sevwf7 ybrfc fh vjtojyf vfvbc ufrtst,ekb rfnktnt,b7 vcemfybfj lf
eajhvj7 ’kbdc itfzfvf thsb wfkb8 cbvfhskt bsmdfc7 vtnfl fqfh vbrfht,bf
[jhwtekc7 vtnobkfl yf[tdfhaf,hbrfnt,pt uflflbjlyty fylf j]f[eh cfvpfhtekjib
.blekj,lyty vpf rth’t,c8
exfv vbpfyvbvfhsekfl lf/rhf lfyf vfwbdhblfy ufvjqt,ek rdthw[t,c lf
tythubekfl fsmdbaf8 flht [tkib tvndhtjlf7 wbkf wfkrt bqdht,jlf7 uekb wfkrt7
yfzezb rb staiib wdbjlf8 hfvltybvt ofhevfnt,tkb wlbc itvltu bct lffv[twf7
fqahsjdfyt,fc dth vfkfdlf cfresfhb yf[tkfdbs8
fsbjlt oesib lf,hfoekb .b.kb.jt,b kfyufhpt to.j7 ufpmehfpt xfblfyb
ibibyt,lf7 abfkfib stshfl mfsmfst,lf fhf;fyvjc[vekb [fzj8
2 ybrf7 [esb oesbw ufdblf lf fsbw8 2 exf [fkfsbc rfkst,bc ahbfkbs
it,heylf cf’byt,tkib8
ybrfv kjubypt ofvj]lf lf afy]hbcrty vbvfhsf cbahbafyf ghjabkb8 ltlfcfdbs
kfvfpb b.j8 rj[nf w[dbhb7 cfdct next,b7 h,bkb ybrfgb7 [ibhb7 cojhb svf
,hby]fjcathb tkathbs8 vfhnj ufvj[tldf /mjylf c[dfyfbhb7 sbsmjc ,fdidb rb fhf7
vhfdfkzbhyf[ekb ,thbrfwb ub.eht,lf8 ytnfd ufvfut,byf7 hfpt abmhj,c7 ndbyc
bz.ktnlf exf7 vfuhfv ybrf bctdt vjekjlytkfl ufvjblfht,lf7 hjujhw bmeaht,jlf8
e,hfkjl [fcbfsb /mjylf fctsb7 .jdtksdbc fh b.j [fkbcj,bc [fcbfspt8 seylfw lqtc8
exfv idbkbc vpthfc uff.jkf sdfkb8 ufhts ltrtv,hbc mfhbfyb lbkf bluf8 [bc
rtyothjpt vj,epekb ,tqehf mfyfj,lf8 ,tqehfc crjkfib fh fudbfylt,jlf7 vfuhfv vfbyw
e[fcbfsjl b.j7 fvbylbc itcfathbcfl8 fcts e;veh lqtc ufrdtsbkt,bc ufwltyfc fhfathb
c]j,c7 vfuhfv fv kjubrbs vstkb pfvsfhb cf[kib eylf b.eh.enj8 vtnbw fh eylf
byufc7 ,fdidc ufyfskt,bc vbqt,fib eikbcj [tkc7 wbkc lfcofvt,c8
2 .tkb vnrbdf8 2 voe[fht cf[bs ofhvjsmdf ybrfv8
2 vjhxb fathbcnj,fc7 ufby’thb7 ufwbdlf cfepvt8 2 exfv ,fdidc vrkfdt,ib
[tkb xffdkj lf cf,yblfy fvjn.jhwyf8
2 fathbcnj,f hf fhbc0
2 fb7 hjwf crjkfib fh eylfs ofcdkf lf .tkbc nrbdbkc bvbptpt,ty8
2 vfhskf vnrbdf8 2 ybrfv .jdtk itvs[dtdfib xff[dtkf7 cfrvfjl yfnehfkehfl8
2 uflfo.dbnt f[kf7 .tkb unrbdf se uf[dtkt,c0
2 jhbdt hjv vnrbjltc fh itb’kt,f0
2 fhf7 [dtkf flfvbfyc fh cnrbdf8
2 hfnjv0
2 bvbnjv7 hjv [dtkf [dtkff8 [dtkf ufwbt,bc itltubf8
2 vfiby ufwbt,ekb dfh8
2 cfl [fh ufwbt,ekb0 cehlj fh ufmdc7 fh uf;hbfkt,c888
exfv qfvbc gb;fvf uf[flf lf sfdpt .tkbfyb gekjdthb xfvjfwdf8
2 ,hhh7 vf;hbfkt,c= yf[t7 hjujh vf;hbfkt,c7 cek lfv,eh’ukf8 2 ybrfv s[tkb
rbleht,b fbmybf8 ,fdidj,fib ,es[epf b.j7 rfhkj ,f,ef gfnfhf ujkbfsc t’f[lf7 hfw nfyb
fb.fhf7 cfuh’yj,kfl uf[lf7 vfhnj sfdb lfhxf ,jv,jhf7 sbsmjc ,ehfnbyjc nfyc
vfkdbyfc sfdb vbfvfuhtc8
2 gbhc wbdb o.kbs lfdb,fys lf ewt, ufs,t,b8
ufybthvf cfhrtv vfvf-idbkbc r,bkbc gfcnbs vjs[egyekb gbht,b fbhtrkf7
cbymhjyekfl fvj’hfdt,lyty [tkib xf,qe]ek ]fuhbct,c8
2 vf7 htrkfvfib vfvf-idbkb odthc hjv bgfhcfdty7 bvfs fh dufdfhs0 2
uff[ctylf ybrfc8
 2 odthbc ufgfhcdfvlt ,tdhb ubrkbf8
2 vfbyw hfvltyb0
2 idblb-hdf otkb8
2 idbl-hdf otkboflib odthb fvjvbdf0
2 qbyqkb8 2 exfv ]fuhbcb o.kbc zfdkc iteidbhf8
vfvf’fqkb ,fdidbf7 cfl vjfcohj bv htrkfvbc lfvf[cjdht,f8 vf[dbkb sdfkb lf
rfhub vt[cbtht,f fmdc8 ueiby jh]th ofrbs[ekb ktmcb xffhfrhf ptgbhfl7 exfc
/evfybnfhekb cfuyt,b fhfcjltc t[th[t,jlf7 abpbrf-vfstvfnbrfib bwjw[kt7 gbhdtkb
b.j8 thsb regktnbc lfvf[cjdht,fc7 fsb ajhvekbc cofdkf thxbf8 ajhvekt,b
.jdtkudfhb ’fklfnfyt,bc ufhtit bktmt,jlf vt[cbtht,fib7 ktmcb rb7 hfubyl vfhnbdb
fh eylf .jabkb.j7 hfnjvqfw fdbo.lt,jlf8
2 ueibyltkb ktmcb uf[cjdc0 2 lftrbs[f .jdtkb itvs[dtdbcsdbc8
2 [j8
2 xfvf,fht8 cohfafl7 cohfafl8 2 exf idbkc cfvpfhtekjib ite’qdf7 .b.kb.j
uflvjeqj lf ufvjvwltkfl vbfinthlf8
2 dzfvj se xfuf,fhj0
2 rfhub7 ]th zfvt8
2 fhf7 ]th xfuf,fht,8 2 ybrfv ervf.jabkjl lf[tlf lf,hfoek .b.kb.jc7 bv
bvtlbs7 hjv rfhufl yfsmdfvb ktmcbc itvltu vfvfv zfvf fh lff’fkjc8
2 3vbvbyjv xbnb itbg.hj7 thsb cfo.fkb zbkz.dfdb8884
vfv7 zbk.dfdb hf fhbc0
2 vujyb ,tqehf8 /j7 ,tqehf8 vtht0
2 3vbvbyjv xbnb itbg.hj7 thsb cfo.fkb zbk.dfdb vbfmdc lf vbfofyofkt,c7
vbahbyfdc7 hjujhw ybfdb8884 2 sfdblfy ,jkjvlt xffhfrhfrf7 vfhsfkbf ufvjsmvbc
ufhtit7 vfuhfv ths[tk fh itikbf8 idblb okbc ,fdidc lbkfestybf ktmcbs hjv
lffw[ht,b7 yfvecb eylf bmjybj8
2 rfhubf7 2 itfmj exfv8 2 zfvt lf ufdbmtwbs7 sjhtv lfbo.j ufrdtsbkb8
2 ity cek tuht b’f[b8
2 hfc0
2 3sjhtv lfbo.j ufrdtsbkb7 sjhtv lfbo.j ufrdtsbkb74 cbyfvldbktib fh
lfo.t,ekf7 cfylhj xtvpt udbfy vjlbc [jkvt8 ltlfvbcb cek ,jlbit,c b[lbc8
2 vtht7 lhjpt dth ff.tyt,c0
2 twjlt,f8 ity rb fh utwjlt,b7 f;hbfkt,ekb vbu.fdfh crjkfib8
2 vjhxb ;hbfkc lf zfvt8
2 fe7 hjlbc lfbo.t,f fhlfltut,b0 2 fvjbrdytcf ybrfv8
2 vfkt8
2 vfv7 vfbjytpb udfmdc0
2 udfmdc7 vfuhfv fh vjuwtv8
2 hfnjv0
2 vfdytf8 .dtkfathc vfbjytpb eylf vbfnfyj0
2 vb.dfhc8
2 vtw ,tdhb hfvt vb.dfhc8
2 ltlf fh vbikblf8
2 vt ubikb8
ybrfv ghjntcnbc ybiyfl .b.kb.jkbfyb staib ufypt ufcobf8 exfv buh’yj 2
vjsvbyt,bc abfkf tdct,f8 xfshtdf c]j,c se xf.jkf0 xfshtdf crjkfib lfudbfyt,fc
ufvjbodtdc7 ybrf ]benbf lf sfdbcyfsmdfvf7 crjkf bmbs b.jc7 fsbc yf[tdfhpt
cfmvbfyb it[dtlhf fmdc fvthbrtk rjktut,sfy7 lfudbfyt,f ufvjhbw[ekbf7 ]th thsb
ew[jtkt,c fh e.dfhs fhfgeymnefkehb flfvbfyt,b7 vtjhtw7 f[fkb ghjtmnb cthbjpek
bvb]c itc’tyc exfc cfvityt,kj abhvfc7 hjv fhfathb dsmdfs abyfyceh
gthcgtmnbdt,pt8
vfwbdhblfy vfbjytpbc gfrtnb ufvjbqj lf ltvjycnhfwbekfl lflj vfublfpt8
ybrfv ths[fyc sfdb bafcf7 vtht .b.kb.jc fsdbct,fc iteluf7 vfbjytpbc ufhtit8 exfv fh
itbvxybf7 vfuhfv uekib gfnfhf ufvfh]dt,f fqybiyf8 fhf eifdc7 .dtkfathb rfhufl
bmyt,f7 e,hfkjl vjsvbyt,f vfhst,c8 hsekbf7 vfuhfv ite’kt,tkb fv mdt.fyfpt
fhfathbf8 exf fh lfeidt,c vbcb idbkb ew[j rfwvf ufpfhljc7 fhw byufc bvtlb
fmdc7 bub fhfcjltc .jabkf rfhub ltlf888 mvfhb7 idbkb lf c[df odhbkvfyt,b
rfhbthbc erfy vjxfyxfkt,lf7 lhjvjhzvekb fnfdbpvt,bdbs8 b]ltc sfdbc
ntktrjvgfybfib7 fhrdbjc dbc hfnjv lftyuhf j]f[b7 mtmjc c[dbcb zez.bfyb
stshtekb7 ufrdbhdt,ekb sdfkt,b ufbrtsjc7 vhfdfkvybidytkjdyfl fmybjc sfdb7
,h’yekb hxtdt,bs lfvj’qdhjc ueke,h.dbkj htcgjltynt,b888 exfpt erts dby bwbc
byufc byntktmnefkehb itcf’kt,kj,t,b7 nhfgtwbf hjv,bcufy dth ufehxtdbf7
pfhfnecnhf rb acbmjfyfkbpbc vfvf /ujybf8 cfvfubthjl kfvfpbf7 bvltyfl kfvfpb7
exfc lqtcfw erdbhc7 hjujh vjbyflbhf byufcsfyf vptseyf[fdbc uekb bctsvf
nkfymvf vfvfrfwvf7 hjujhbw sdbsjyff8 vfhsfkbf fsb okbc oby fsb rbkjuhfvbs
yfrkt,b b.j7 vfuhfv fkty ltkjyb fhw vfiby .jabkf8 bmyt, vfvfvsbkbc7 rfhkj
f,ecthb’bc cf[tkc lf[fh,lf ghjdbywbblfy xfvjcekb cneltynb ujujyf0 hfnjvfw fhf7
cfhabfyvf mjhobyt,fv futh7 hfvcbvfqktpt fn.jhwyf 2 uflfwtvf vb/.fdc mfkc7
bynthdbec fhsvtdty7 lhjufvjidt,bs .dbstk ghtcfib wbvwbvt,c7 tkbnfhek
cnjvfnjkjusfy ufcojht,ek r,bkt,c ertst,c ltvjycnhbht,fc888 exf dby fhbc0 thsb
veifj,fpt uflfut,ekb rfwb7 mdbibc lf uf]bc iktbab hjv vj/.dt,f cfvcf[ehblfy8 byuf
jhufyekfl dth bnfylf fv iktbac7 fvjceysmdbc cfiefkt,fc fh f’ktdlf cfvcf[ehblfy
vj,heyt,ek mvfhc7 vfibydt f,fpfyfib fwbkt,lf8 exfc fh o.bylf7 gbhbmbs7
cbfvjdyt,bs odt,jlf cehytkjdfy f,fpfyfib8 3lfkjwdbkj7 lqtib hfvlty]thvt vbotdc
vityt,fht j,btmnt,bc vjyf[ekt,f7 uf]bc ceyb fvbdf7 3/juj ,jcbc4 [jv fhf=4 2 .fcblfl
buthbt,lf wjkbc cf.dtleht,c8 bc rb sehvt cthbjpekfl ,hfpj,lf7 vfufkbsbcsdbc
vj/.fdlf ntktdbpbfib vjveifdt htcgtmnf,tkehb vfvfrfwt,b7 rfvtht,bc sfy[kt,bs hjv
itlbfy cfgbhafhtijib8 hjwf ptlvtnt,ib uflflbjlf7 exf htcgtmnf,tkeht,bc f[kj
yfstcfdt,c enhbfkt,lf vrdlfhcf lf wjw[fkc8 byufc sbsmjc fh o.bylf7 vfuhfv vfbyw
rfvthbfyb gb;jyb fhxbf ghfhf,t,bc hbc[dfc8 cbcektktf sfdbcvfhskt,f7 .jabkb wjkb
uf.hbc cf,f,c t’t,lf7 tc b.j lf tc8
2 [fzjw zfvt7 2 itf[ctyf .b.kb.jc kjqybs ufhsek ybrfc8
2 fh vbylf8
2 vfiby h’t lfkbt lf ofdtlbs8
ufhts bvfpt vtnfl wbjlf7 dblht cf[kbc afy]hblfy xfylf8 exfv idbkc
rfgbeijyb sfdpt xfvjfwdf lf fdnjafht[blfy 3vbwe,bibc4 ibylbcathb ]bgb
ufvjb.dfyf8 vfymfyf cfvb sdbc oby ufvjwdfkf7 byufc hjv uekb fh lfo.dtnjlf7
vfcfw f[fkb e.blf8 wjkvf [vfehbfyb rjwybs lff]bkljdf lf vjrkt [fyib vfymfybfyf
lfn.lf8 fh lft’t,c7 qvthsvf vidblj,fib vjf[vfhjc7 jqjyl ,fdidb fh offhsdfc8
rth’j crjkf7 cflfw ybrf cofdkj,lf7 cfqfvjc tmdc cffsfvlt aeymwbjybht,lf8
fmdt b.j cfwehfj fepb lf efvhfdb oht7 ufrdtsbkt,cfw vfcofdkt,kt,bc
ptlfv[tldtkj,bc mdti fvpflt,lyty8 sfdlfgbhdtkfl exfc fh vjcojylf ybrfc udbfyj,fvlt
crjkfib .jaybc bltf7 vfuhfv byufv sfdbcb ufbnfyf7 cfl vwfkbf vstkb lqt ,fdidbc
cfvo.tvcflj lf idbkb mvhbc lfoeyt,ek crjkfib itb.dfyf8 fv uflfcf[tlblfy exf
rvf.jabkb b.j .jabkb wjkbc fhxtdfybs7 idbkbc vbvfhs lblb cb.dfhekbc vbe[tlfdfl7
cfvcf[ehbc ufhtit sfdb dth ofhvjtlubyf8 e.dfhlf sfdbcb fhfhjvfynbekb ghjatcbf8
ufcfqt,bc uflfnhbfkt,f lf hflbjc xfhsdf thsb b.j8 cfbyajhvfwbj ufvjidt,bc
ofv.dfyvf kfhbc rehcbs lfbo.j lf jgjpbwbbc mjyt,hbdb ltrkfhfwbt,bs lffvsfdhf8
cbyjgnbrjct,c se lft]tht,fs7 fv lqtt,ib sjdkbf vjcfkjlytkb7 fhflf7 ths-ths vityt,fht
j,btmnpt ,tnjyb fmdc xfcfc[vtkb7 .bydf se lf/rhfdc7 o.fkib xft.ht,f vstkb cfveifj8
ghfhf,b eylf uffahs[bkjc8
2 utyflb= 2 xf/.dbhf vj,bkehc8 2 cfl [fh0888 jabcib hf lfuhxtybf7
flfvbfyj= .fdfc cf[kibw lfktd8 f[kfdt fdfhlb o.ytsib lf veit,c es[fhb ,tnjybc xfc[vf
uflfljy8 erdt es[fhb0 cfqjk= zbirfhsfy vbof vjzhtc0 888lff,fht0 hfc /mdbf lff,fht7
lf,fht,ekb cfmvbc fh v]thf7 sfdpt eylf lfflut7 sfdpt= se vbobc vjzhfptw vt
dbh,byj0=
2 hf uf.dbht,c7 vfvbrj0 2 v[fhpt vberfreyf ybrfv8
2 fh d.dbhb7 e,hfkjl [vfvfqkf dkfgfhfrj,8 2 sfdb bvfhskf exfv lf vj,bkehb
itbyf[f8
2 .dbhb8
2 ye vfcofdkb zrefc7 hjwf cf.dbhtkbf7 d.dbhb8 itybs of[dfk se rkfcfvlt
vbufwbkj0 2 vfymfyf crjkfcsfy uffxthf lf idbkc uf[tlf8
2 vt sdbsjy8
2 f,f7 ity bwb=
ybreif vfymfyblfy xfvj[nf lf crjkbcrty ufreynheilf8 afhs[eyf7 ]b,tt,bfyb
ifhdfkb twdf7 vfqfk.tkbfyb ,jnfct,b8 epfhvfpfhb pehuxfysf wbwmyf cf]ljvbc
vblfvjt,ib nbrzjhfcfdbs kf.kf.t,lf8 exfc bctsb cbyfpt vjfodf7 nexbw rb
vjbrdybnf8 hjujh eylf ufbpfhljc ltlbc ufhtit7 dby bwbc hf [lt,f vbc gfnfhf uekib8
ecfsejl ufbdkbc obuybc vfqfpbfib7 kfvfpfl bkecnhbht,ek pqfgfhc e.blbc lf
’bkbc oby oferbs[fdc8 byuf fhfcjltc erbs[fdlf ’bkbc oby888 fh ’bkbc oby7 fhw
vtht8 idbksfy ehsbthsj,fc htcgjntynt,sfy ehsbthsj,f thxbf8 vij,bfhj,bcsfyfdt
vrthlb fbrhf7 ’e’ec ajhvf eylf itdbyfxeyjj8 eylf bsmdfc itbyfhxeyf 2 vrthlbw7
ghtcbw7 leylekt,bw7 vjmybkb otkbw888 .dtkf fv cbrtsbc ofhvjlutyfpt7 exfv
w[jdtkehb cehdbkb buh’yj7 zreblfy uflfcekb7 endbyj vfvhb7 fctst,c jhvfub
hmt,b eylf lfflufy7 hmt,b rdflhfnib8
exfv vfymfyf lf’hf lf fvthbrtkt,sfy itcf[dtlhfl ufenbf8

222

rfhkj f,ecthb’t cf.dfhtk cfdfh’tkib b]lf lf vteqkbc okbcsfdpt

lfcfgfnb;t,tkb cnevht,bc cbfc flutylf8 ufobt-ufvjobt fc rfwpt vtnb ufvjlbjlf8
lff[kjt,bs fcjhvjwlffsb8 hf fv,fdbf fcjhvjwlffsb rfwb7 mjhobkb [jv fh fhbc0
rfhkj cbbc ufvjw[hbkdfc iteluf8 itvwbht,eksf cbfib vtnobkfl egthcgtmnbdj
yfstcfdt,b lf 3xfvjkf,jhfynt,ekb4 yfwyj,t,b vj[dlyty8 f,f7 yfdsj,rjhgjhfwbbc
lbhtmnjhc [jv fh fvjfult,lf cbblfy fylf vtjht vjodtdbc ltgenfnc7 hjvtkbw ,bpytc
bynthtct,c rfhkjc eahjcb df;b ubjhub cfcfvfhskjib bwfdlf8
idbkt,ib rfhkjc ufevfhskf8 cfvbdt df;vf fcf[tkf f,ecthb’tt,bc ’bh’dtkb
udfhb8 ubjhub gthcgtmnbekb fldjrfnbf7 fvfcobyfs7 itsfdfpt,f vbbqj cfrvfjl
cjkblehb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbblfy7 c[df vbc flubkpt cb[fhekbs lfsfy[vlt,jlf7 vfuhfv
ubjhubv sfdb itbrfdf7 cffhxtdyj rfyjyt,bc lf[dtofc lfdtkjlt,bj8 ghfuvfnekb ujyt,bc
gfnhjybf7 cf[tkvobaj vj[tkbc rkfcbrehb nbgf;b8 rfhkj cbfvjdyt,bs lftkjlt,f lqtc7
hjwf ubjhubc cf[tkb mdt.ybc afhukt,c ufwlt,f8 tc lqt hjv fhw bct ijhc b.j7 tzdb
fh tgfht,jlf8
iefsfyf df;b7 exf7 ghjatcbbs by;bythbf8 aekbc rtst,f hrbyf-,tnjybc gfnfhf
cffvmhjc itc.bldbs lfbo.j7 lqtc rb cfvityt,kj rjvgfybfc [tkv’qdfytkj,c8 tc
.dtkfathb bvbc ajypt7 hjv exfc fhfcjltc lfecf[fdc vbpyfl ufv[lfhb.j ofhvfnt,ekb
,bpytcvtyb8 gbhbmbs7 ptlvtnfl eghtntypbj flfvbfybc isf,tzlbkt,fc njdt,lf8 rfhkjc
tibyjlf rbltw7 iefsfyf fh lfvtxfuhjcj7 sjhtv ubjhubc lf cbrjc bvtlb .jdtksdbcfw
/mjylf8 .dtkfathb sfdbcsfdfl vj[lf7 ybzvf lf sfdlfepjufdvf ihjvfv itltub ufvjbqj8
rfhkjc uekb cbfvf.bs tdct,f7 hjwf ntktdbpjhib exfc abhvbc cfhtrkfvj hujkt,b
nhbfkt,c8 /jj7 cfhtrkfvj hujkb rfhubf7 vfuhfv exfc lf byufc vjekjlytkb uf.hf
rfhkjcsdbc yfvldbkb lfhn.vf fqvjxylf8 ubjhubc wjkbc7 vfyfyfcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7
byuf fhfcjltc .jabkf cfjwyt,j h’fkb7 vfuhfv vfs cfthsj idbkb /.fds7 ]th]thj,s
thsflthsb ’t f,ecthb’tt,bc udfhblfy7 hjvtkcfw dthw exf ittktdf7 dthw rfhkj8
ubjhubc jhb vjphlbkb mfkbidbkb /.fdlf7 ufs[jdlt,bfy lf mvhbc udfhpt uflfdkty7
se fh uflfdkty7 c[df udfhbc idbkt,c uffxtyty8 cbrjc wjkbc vj.dfyf lfeudbfylf7
rfhkj vstk bvtlt,c gfnfhf ybrfpt fv.fht,lf8 vfc7 hjujhw yfvldbk vtvrdblhtc7 eylf
uflfcwtvjlf cfudfhtekj vjyjuhfvbfyb cffsb7 ,f,ebc vbth cfvfvekj jvib vjgfdt,ekb
vtlkt,b lf c[df j]f[ehb htkbmdbt,b7 hjvkt,bw cgtwbfkeh ctbaib byf[t,jlf8
cfvb df;bidbkblfy vfhnj evwhjcb7 cbrj uf/.df vfvbc rdfkc8 vtqdbyt
ufvjdblf8 ,bpytcbc fo.j,fib rfhkj vbt[vfhf8 t8o8 gthtcnhjbrbc gthbjlib xfkbc afcfl
itc.blekb qdbybc mfh[fyf cbrjc vtwflbytj,bs lqtc vidtybdhfl aeymwbjybht,lf8
thsb okbc oby7 cfyfv hectsb cfymwbt,c lffotct,lf7 vjut,f ufwbkt,bs vtnb b.j8
afkcbabwbht,ekb qdbyj hb[by-hb[bybs uflbjlf vtpj,tkb cf[tkvobajc erbltufyj
nthbnjhbfpt8 .dtkf rvf.jabkb b.j7 fmtseht,bw lf bmbseht,bs8 lhjt,f itbwdfkf7
eahj cojhtl gjkbnbrehb cbnefwbf8 fv]thfl tdhjgekb ,fpfhbf lfcfg.hj,b8 tdhjgtkc
cfqt,fdbs itathbk qdbyjc dth itfgfht,7 bvfs yfqlb cfathfdb vbfhsdb8 bvltyb
.eh’tyb7 yfqlb cfathfdb lfoehj7 htrkfvf ufertsj7 uf.blj lf rbltd hfvt lfuhxtc7
hsekb ofhvjcflutybf8 vfuhfv cbrj bgjdbc ufvjcfdfkc7 ufv,tlfdbf lf gfnbdvj.dfht7
rfhub w[jdht,f e.dfhc7 vfvfvbcbdbs8
rfhkjv rvf.jabkvf uflfbcdf [tkb itzfqfhfdt,ek ekdfipt8 b.j lhj7
ifmfhvj.hbkb rfhfmbfyb gehb tyfnht,jlf7 3nhfbyjb4 jltrjkjyb vfvfrfwbc
ufhlthj,bc evfqktc fnhb,enfl vbfxylf8 lqtc .dtkfathb fmdc7 vfhsfkbf thsuekb
vteqkbc cbrdlbkvf uekb lfo.dbnf7 vfuhfv bct lfnfy]f cfo.fkb ytkb erehyt,tk
ctysfy ,h’jkfv7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 lfbcdtyf8 rfhkjc tibyjlf fctsb cbrdlbkbc7
thsflthsb7 hfw uekc es,j,lf7 b.j afhekb abmhb tdsfyfpbbc itcf[t,8 tdhjgbc
pjubths mdt.fyfib yt,flfhsekbf t8o8 3qbhctekb4 cbrdlbkb7 xdtysfy htkbubf
rh’fkfdc7 fhw cf[tkvobaj ezthc v[fhc sdbsvrdktkj,bc ktufkbpfwbfc8 rfhkjcsdbc
rb ofhvjelutytkb b.j evotj vlujvfhtj,f7 hjwf dthw abpbjkjubeh vjs[jdybkt,t,c
frjynhjkt,7 dth ujyt,hbdc7 vwtyfhtcfdbs otd[fh lf .jdtklqt o.fkc ubc[fvty7 ,jkjvlt
hjv fh uf[vt7 sbsmjc wjw[fkb udfvbc ufcfwjlfdt,ekb7 lhjib ufotkbkb cbwjw[kt
dbyvtc offlut,f8 gbhlfl rfhkjc yfflhtdb cbrdlbkb thxbf7 vsfdfhbf lhjpt itfhxbjc
vjvtynb7 vskfl cfq-cfkfvfsb hjv fh ofdbltc fv mdt.yblfy8
idbkt,sfy fv stvfpt kfgfhfrc thblt,jlf7 bwjlf7 ofe.het,ty8 fhfdbc eylf
gfce[bcvut,kj,bc fqt,f cfresfh sfdpt7 ufycfresht,bs7 hjwf stvf tcjlty ltkbrfnehbf8
ytkbc ufhlfwdfkt,blfy lqt fh ufcekf7 rfhkjc cbrdlbkpt fh tabmhf8 bltfabmcfl
tmwf oesbcjakbc evnrbdytekjl lfnjdt,f7 .jdtk sdtib tmbvsfy ufh,jlf7 rjvgbenthek
njvjuhfabt,c brtst,lf7 tvfyl hfvt fh ufvjvtgfhjcj8 idbkt,c fk,fs /ujybfs7 vfvf sfdc
eahs[bklt,f7 cbwjw[ktc tgjnbyt,f888 cbcektktf7 rfhkjc nrbdbkbc tibybf7
vj[ewt,bc gfvgthcbc tibybf7 vfhfpvfnbrbc vjqhtwbkb qbvbkbc tibybf888
vfuhfv idbkt,c itfuyt,byt,0 dby bwbc7 evfk acbmbfnhsfy uffmfyjy8
byufc hjv /rbs[j7 lblb acbmjkjubf7 vfuhfv rfhkjpt isf,tzlbkt,fc fh
njdt,lf .jabkb h’kbc if,kjyehb gthbgtnbt,b8 cfthsjl7 welb sdfkbs e.eht,lf rfvtht,bc
oby cekbc ufibidkt,fc8 hfnjv eylf bvc]tkjc chekbfl mdt.ybtht,fv vfdfybc
uf,pfhek uekpt fy jhbtynfwbfpt8
byufc 3.jabkbc4 cnfnecbs vj[ctyt,fv wel [fcbfspt lff.tyf8 ,hfpbs vjbchjkf
okbcsfdbcsdbc itlutybkb cbf8 bmyt, ithbulyty7 ufetkdf bvtlbfyvf abmhvf7 hf
vj[lt,f byufw lfgfnb;jc ltlfvsbkbc mtkt[pt0 exf uf]benlt,f7 vfuhfv rfhkj fh
fgbht,c fyufhbib xff,fhjc iefsfyf df;bidbkc8 hjujh lfeidf wjkbc cf[kblfy ofcdkf0
cbrjc fy ubjhubc mfkt,b fvltyc fh ufe,tlfdlyty8 exf thsb it[tldbsff ,hfpbfyb7
cbyfvldbktib h,bkb lf [fshbfybf7 se cojhtl vbelut,b7 sfy uflfu.dt,f8 byuf
byntktmnbs fh ,ho.byfdc7 vfuhfv ukt[bdbs ghfmnbrekb ndbyb fmdc8 hfib eylf
fo.j,ltc j]f[bc lfyuhtdf0 uflfo.lf8 eylf lfgfnb;jc8 cfrbs[fdbf7 exfc se f[cjdc
ltlfvbcbc okbcsfdb8
rfhkjv vj,bkehpt yjvthb frhbaf8
2 /j7 vfvf8 2 exfc [vf zhbfkbcf lf ,fuf,eubc sfy[kt,bs ufbcvf8
2 cfl [fh flfvbfyj7 hf [vfehbf0
2 j,btmnpt7 cfl dbmyt,b8
2 rfwj7 ity ghfhf,b [fh se lbhtmnjhb7 dth lftntdb rf,bytnib0
2 rf,bytnib hf lfvhxtybf0
2 ghtcnb;bc fv,fdbf8
2 ghtcnb;b rjveybcnt,bc uflvjyfisbf8 ityb ’dtkb vtuj,ht,b mekt,bc lfothfl
[t[fdlyty rf,bytnbc crfvt,c8 vt fhfdbcsfy vfmdc sfdb vjcfojyb7 se cfmvtc
lfczbhlf rtlkt,bc itktcdfw fh vbn.lt,f8 fvfs sfdpt se fh lffltmb ,tnjybc vfubdhfl
[htic xfub.hbfy fgfkjdrfib8 tb7 dfcbf7 cfl vbfshtd vfu [fvest,c7 lflt fmf8
vfh]dybd8 vfh]dtyf-vfhw[tyf fh bwb7 it xtvf0= utyflb7 vb[tlt fvfs= /j7 vfvf7
ubcvty8
2 vt vbcvty se vfyl ,j,jmhj,0 2 xff[dtkf rfhkjv8
2 b,j,jmht,7 hjwf fhfghjatcbjyfkt,sfy ufmdc cfmvt7 hjv /rbs[j lbgkjvb
eltds ]b,tib8 fqfh vbdbqt, cfveifjl kfobhfrt,c7 ndbybc vfubdhfl yf[th[b e.hbfs
sfdib8 ubyljlf hfvt0
2 vt se fh vjubrbs[t7 ity [jv fh ufuf[ctylt,f vfvfitybc fhct,j,f8
2 cf.dtleht,bc cfsmvtkfl vbhtrfd0
2 fhf7 ltlfitybc okbcsfdpt utgfnb;t,b8 2 vjezhf rfhkjv8
exf ufxevlf8
2 tyf xfubdfhlf0 2 ybiybcvjut,bs lftrbs[f vfvf7 2 ufvjn.lb7 hjv fh
uf[cjdlf=
2 hjlbc uflfo.dbnts0
2 if,fsc7 jh cffspt8
2 xtvb lf[vfht,f ubylf0
2 erdt fqfh7 itub’kbf vpfvpfhtekpt vj,h’fylt8 2 rfhkjv vj,bkehb ufsbif lf
ofh,itrhekb vbfxthlf ufhlfwdkbkb wjkbc gjhnhtnc8
ytkbc ifd-stshb ufvjcf[ekt,f sbsmjc cf.dtlehbs ewmthlf8 w[jyt,ekc7
ufvjhxtekfl e.dfhlf iefsfyf df;b7 hfnjvqfw vbfxylf7 hjv rfhkj exfc xfuhfdlf7 exf
rb cfsfyfljl dth buthbt,lf vfvbc fuhtcbek itvjntdt,c8 wjldf ufv[tkbkb c]j,c lf
rfhkjc yt,bthf cbrj b.j7 vtjht vcjakbj jvib lfqegekb ,b’bc ct[ybf8 vtht hjujh
/ufdlf888 bctsbdt ti[bfyb7 v[ht,ib ufikbkb7 kfpfsbfyb vb[dhf-vj[dhbs8 n.ebkfl
rb fh lffnfht,lf ytkb mfhsek wtrdt,pt0 exf jhb ufrdtsbkbc itvltu ufvjtmwf7
vfcofdkt,tkvf7 nfreyt,b itrevit lf bct bfhtj888 ufub;lf ,bzb7 vtjhtl hjv vbs[hfc7
gfyxehc fvjdfhn.fvj8 hfc fh lfgbhlyty7 vfuhfv wtrdfpt dth itbn.etc7 ’beljpt rb
cbfvjdyt,bs bfhf hfvltybvt otkb7 hfqfw sfyhbut,bw fbqj888
2 ,fnjyj rfhkj7 cflbkb vpflff8 2 jsf[ib vpfhtekvf wbwjv itvjbz.bnf8
2 ,bzt,b fh lfvtodtdbfy0 2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib brbs[f7 sevwf itcfybiyfdfl
bwjlf7 3,bzt,b4 cfvcf[eht,ib fhbfy uf[dtnbkt,b8
2 cbrj utkjlt,fs8
2 /jj0 2 ufe[fhlf rfhkjc8 2 vjdlbdfh8
vfbyw7 rfhub bltf b.j cjatk lbqjvib rth’j cf[kbc fityt,f8 mfkfmfvlt jhb
yf,b]bf7 idbkt,bw udthlbs /.fdc8 vfhsfkbf wfk-wfkrt w[jdhj,ty7 vfuhfv hf
ghj,ktvff vtjht cfhsekblfy gbhdtkpt xfh,tyf8 vfhnj exfv fh vjbcehdf ceasf /fthpt
w[jdht,f7 fmfw wjkbc afmnjhvf bsfvfif7 cjatkib hjv vljvjlf ufs[jdt,f7 exfpt
ertstc dfhbfync ufvjdrhfdlb [tkcj8 fctf7 exf byufcsdbc dfhbfynb b.j lf fhf
cf.dfhtkb vfvfrfwb8 ytkbc ,hfkbf7 hjujh fh smdfc rfwvf7 byufc cbkfvfptv
lff,hvfdf7 3xtvb h’fkb yfvldbkb ghbywtcffj4 sfdc bojyt,lf vtpj,kt,ib8
,t,bfvbcbcf7 ghbywtcf= [tlfdltc7 hf lqtib xffulj vbcb cf.dfhtkb ,bzb ’fkfs
ghbywtcfv8 rbltd rfhub fh vjtcohj fv lqtc8 uffcohj8
gfnbdvj.dfht vfvfrfwbc .dtkf fnhb,enbs itbfhfqt,ekb cbrj ufikbk
ceahfcsfy b]lf lf cbufhtnc totjlf8 nbr-nbr-nbr888 2 wf[wf[t,lf 3rfhnbtc4 cffsbc
jmhjc bcfhb9 ahh888 2 fvj[njvfc kfvj,lf dthw[kbcahfl lfathbkb cfdbpbnj ,fhfsb9
zhh888 2 cfcbfvjdyjl resfdlf bnfkbehb at[cfwvtkb9 ihh888 2 nfyc trdhjlf
byukbcehb rjcnbevb9 zbnf888 2 sdfkc erfhdlf vtjs[t sfj,bc vj,bkehbc obstkb
yfsehf8 fb7 3fhvfybc4 fzbvt,b wjnf ezthlf7 cfvfubthjl cnbkib ]lt,jlf8 hflfw fh
eylf lfe]ltc fpbblfy xfvjcek cnevht,pt lfvfyuhtdtkb isf,tzlbkt,f eylf vjf[lbyjc7 fh
babmhjy7 dbqfw uflfv.bldtksfy fmds cfmvt8 fmctcefht,c uffvfhb;t,c7
3cfathfdc4 xffwtw[kt,c888 se .dtkfathb bct vj.jvfhlf7 hjujhw cbrj utuvfc7 vujyb
ufhfynbt,bc ufhtit ufhbcrjy 3nfdfhbc4 itvjnfyf8
2 vt rb cfvcf[ehib vtuekt,jlb8 2 jsf[ib lfs,bkek cgjhnekt,ib ufvjo.j,bkvf
rfhkjv itvjf,b]f8 ]th fh b.j bv fcfrib7 hjwf vj[ewt,b vevbabwbht,fc bo.t,ty7
cfrvfjl ath-[jhwbfyfl ufvjb.eht,jlf8 vf[dbkb sdfkb7 cfdct kj.t,b7 qf,f,b7 pjvbthb
qbgb8 odthc .jdtklqt cfueklfuekjl bgfhcfdlf7 gtlbrbehbc ufcfrtst,kfl cfkjyblfy
ufvjb’f[t,lf [jkvt yfwyj, mfk,fnjyc7 sdtib ths[tk vfcf;bcnb frbs[fdlf 2 jhvtnhbfyb
fv,fkb ifdb rbrbybs8 thsflthsb7 cbfhekbc vfythf ittwdfkf7 cf[cht,ib xf,elt,ekb
vfhbkt,b eikblf [tkc v[tlhekb yf,b]b uflftluf8 ahfneybs lflbjlf7 jlyfd vjqeyekb
ve[kbcsfdt,bs8
2 xtvb yt,ff7 vbylf ofdfk7 vbylf lfdhxt,b8 hbcsdbc v.fdc jhb vjflubkt0
2 vjflubktt,b ity ’vfcfw /.fdc7 vfuhfv fnt[bkb w[tybdbs lfztyfj,c
j,btmnblfy j,btmnpt8 fh vtcvbc7 hbcsdbc vbfaidybnf fvjltyf aekbc jabcbc
vityt,kj,fib7 fhmbntmnjht,vf hjv b[tbhjy0
2 fhmbntmnjht,cfw eylfs rfhub w[jdht,f8
2 bw[jdhjy7 ,fnjyj7 vfuhfv xtvb idbkbc [fh]pt0
2 hfc uflftrblt7 bwbc rfwvf sfdbcb cfmvt8
2 yfvtnfyb rfhufl bwbc7 bvbnjvfw uftmwf wjkb8 .dtkfc aeymwbfc tu
bsfdct,c7 veibc7 ghfhf,bc7 fhmbntmnjhbc7 rjvgbenthibrbc7 lbpfbythbc888
hjvtkb thsb xfvjdsdfkj888 .dtkufy w[dbhb fmdc of.jabkb7 j]f[b rb sfdpt
lftyuhf8 kfvfp mfkc hjv lf[fh,lt,b7 .ehflqt,f fh eylf vjfrkj8 qfvbc sjhvtn cffspt
hjv vbt[tnt,b cf[kib7 sfdpt eylf uflfbcdf [tkb7 hmt,b [jv fh fvjvlbcj8 2 rfhkj
its[tkt,ek s[tvc itt[j xfyukbfyb [tkbs8
2 rfb7 thsb8 fhw byuf frkt,lf8 iefqfvtvlt b]lf [jkvt cfvjynf;jib7
ufvjvbdblf fm jghf ebyab8
2 dbyf0 2 vfh]dtyf .ehb vbeidbhf rfhkjv8
2 ifdrfybfyb ;ehyfkbcnbf8
2 rfybc athb hf iefibf7 it rfwj0
2 bct dsmdb7 cbn.dbc vfcfkfl8 2 cbrjv jmhjcahfl lf,hfoekb rfkvf[b staipt
uflfbqj8
2 ]th odybfyb utzfvf8 2 rfhkjv afbaehbc cfodytc [eab vj[flf lf xfvxbs
vjehbf8
2 odybfyb fh fhbc xtvb cnbmbf8
2 vt rb fh itvb’kbf w[tkb rth’bc ufhtit7 thsb lqt hjv ufdvfpj7 cfvb lqt dth
ufdlbdfh rezib8
 cbrjv ’kbdc uflf.kfgf vflbfyfl ufqtzbkb kervf8 bct hjujh bmyt,f7 vfvfv
fabibht,f fh ufertsjc sfdbc fdflv.jaj,fc7 hf enfmnj,ff zfvbc lhjc itrhekj,fpt
kfgfhfrb8 cek ufvjgheneylf ,thbrfwb7 .ehsfcvtyfw lffrklf8
2 ueiby lfh,fpb itdfvjovt7 .dtkfathb evfqktc ljytptf8 2 stvf uflfbnfyf
cbrjv8
2 [bpbkfkf bmyt,f0
2 [bpbkfkfw bmyt,f7 cfsfkbw7 kjmjw7 ibkfw8 lfhlb ye ufmdc7 fh
itdhw[dt,bs8
2 ityb bvtlb vfmdc8 2 rfhkjv vc[dbkfl lfaktsbkb ijsb odybfybs
ufgbgbyt,ek vfskfafib xf.fhf lf next,bc wvfweybs fsdbct,fc iteluf8
2 vt rb ityb8 2 cbrj ufvjvwltkfl vbfxthlf vfskfafcsfy lfh[bk vij,tkc8
rfhkjv vbcb vpthf lfbzbhf7 vfuhfv qtzdf fh iteo.dtnbf8 n.ebkfl fh it.jdylf
evwhjcb df;b7 firfhfl cfsmvtkb fmdc7 vfuhfv .j.vfyj,c7 itcfathbc cbnefwbfc
t’t,c8 t’t,jc8 rfhkj fh vbt[vfht,f8
2 vfvf7 s[jdyf vfmdc8 2 fh lff.jdyf cbrjv8
2 hf0
2 s[jdyf vfmdc7 s[jdyf8
2 smdb7 hfqfc zbvfd0
2 aekb vzbhlt,f8
2 j/j=
2 cfrvfjl cjkblehb sfy[f8
2 vtht7 gtycbjyth rfwc vjvfltmb0 hfw vmjylf7 fv cf[kbc vityt,kj,fib
xfd.fht7 bctd lf bctd smdtyc ufvj7 rjvajhnib hjv utw[jdhfs7 vj[ewb vij,kt,bc
uekb ufut[fht,byfs cb,thtib8 fh vjufn.et,7 vskfl erfgbrjl fhw f[kf dfh7 vfuhfv
hfw vfmdc7 fmfehj,fc eylf vjdf[vfhj8 fvjltyf vtehytj,fc vb[tldf czbhlt,f7
vpfhtekc lf vt,fqtc [jv fh lfdbs[jd cf[kblfy0 ]b,bc aekbw [jv vbylf0=
2 tu fhw vbabmhbf7 vfvf8
2 vfiby dth ufdbut7 cfbs vbu.fdc888
2 ctc[bc fqt,fib lfvt[vfht8
2 ctc[bc0 2 rfhkjv [tkcf[jwbs vjbovbylf w[bvbyb next,b8 2 fsb okbc oby
hjv utsmdf7 hfqfwfc vjub[th[t,lb7 xtvb sfj,bc aekjcyt,b fy vbofib ufybcdtyt,ty
fy idbkt,bc rvf.jafpt c[tlfy8 vfbyw7 hf sfy[fptf kfgfhfrb0
2 jhfcb fsfcb ljkfhb8 fcb fsfcbc vjmexdf vjdf[th[t7 lfyfhxtyb ityptf
lfvjrblt,ekb8
2 hfc xfvfwbdlb7 flfvbfyj7 cfblfw ufvjubxtrj fcb fsfcb7 cf[kb ufd.blj se
hfc vsfdfpj,0 hjvw vbyljltc7 dth ufd.blb7 yf[tdfhb ubjhubcbf7 cfresfh idbkc [jv
itdecf[kt, ew[j j]f[c0 2 rfhkjc vjsvbyt,bc abfkf ftdcj7 e[tifl vjbchjkf lfzvezyekb
[tkcf[jwb8 tctw ityb yfmt,b idbkb7 kervf fh itfhuj7 ceksfv[esfdbdbs lffluf
sfdpt8
2 exfc cs[jdt8 2 vidblfl smdf cbrjv8
2 exfc0
2 /j7 exfc8
2 cfl fmdc exfc vfujltyf sfdbceafkb aekb0
2 vfctc[jc7 xemt,fc [jv fh ds[jd8 cfv sdtib ufdbcnevht,7 se rfhufl ofvbdf
cfmvt7 eahj flhtw8
2 ity hfnjv fh cs[jd7 ’vf fh fhbc0
cbrjv xfyukbc odthbs ufwbwmyf yf[tdhfl itzvekb stdpb8 vfvfc [jv fh
tn.jlf7 hjv ]th rbltd ifhify yfctc[t,b hdf fsfcb fh xfectc[t,bf ’vbcsdbc8 exf v[jkjl
thsb it[tldbs xfylf lfv.jkb7 ufvj’fkdbc ceyb se b.yjcf7 bct uf]bmlt,f7 rfgbrc dth
uffult,byt, [tkblfy8
 2 vbgfce[t8 2 rfhkjv ybfyubdbs vj[ehf sdfkt,b7 cec[bfyb vpthf
lfyfjzt,ekvf mesesjc itfafhf8
2 [jv bwb7 hf e;vehbf7 vtibybf efhb fh vbs[hfc8
2 cwflt7 it rfwj7 bmyt, fh ute,yt,f efhc=
2 dwlb8 2 cbrjv gb]frbc ]b,blfy ifdb vj,bkehb fvjbqj lf jhfphjdfyb
qbvbkbs frhbaf yjvthb8 2 ghbdtn7 exf888 hfdf [fh7 ,hfn= 888 vtw ybxbdj8
itysfy thsb gfnfhf cfmvt vfmdc7 itub’kbf aekb vfctc[j0 8888 fhf0 tuhtw
dbwjlb8 888rfhub7 rfhub7 ye fbmfat gbhb7 ufcfut,bf8 2 vj,bkehb itbyf[f lf
vfvfc vbe,heylf8 2 fb7 [jv ute,yt,jlb0 e;vehbf8 e]buhj8 ’vf ’vbcsdbcfj7 ifdb
lqbcsdbcfj7 vfubcsdbc wfhbtkb cbn.dt,bf7 cflqtuh’tkjc dfhbfynib8 .888pt /rblbf
j]f[bc bynthtct,b=
2 ’vfpt ’dbhb fh smdf8 fhw ity ituathbc ’dtkb ,bzbdbs kfgfhfrb7 lhjf
lfqdbylt8 exfpt ,jqvfc ye xfblt,7 ufythdbekt,ekbf ,bzb888 sfdbcb ufzbhdt,f t.jaf7
wjkb fh ufvjfluf7 ,fdidc vfhnj phlbc888
2 Tоже мне, отец одиночка.
2 vt ufufahs[bkt8 2 rfhkjv cf[bafsjl lfeobf [vfc8
2 rfhub7 [vfc fh fvjdbqt,7 ity s[jdt7 ity efhc fh utn.dbc8
2 ufvjhbw[ekbf8
2 vbcvbyt7 vfvf7 rfhufl vbcvtyt lf ittwflt ufvbuj8 vfufhb nepb lfvtwf7
cthbjpek ufhbut,fptf ,fpfhb7 itb’kt,f bctsb cfmvt ufdxfh[j7 fcvf ljkfhvf fsfcb
vjvbnfyjc8 hfw hectsbc ,fpfhb lfbrtnf7 cek pfhfkpt dveifj,8 abyfycehb gjkbwbf
wfkrt vfodt,f7 cftmcgthnj kf,jhfnjhbf wfkrt7 ubylf se fhf cby]t,b eylf ofdbqj lf
lfcrdyf cfsfyflj bycnfywbfib uflfdfupfdyjj8 bwb hf vj.dt,f vfufs htblt,c0 cfsfyflj
bycnfywbblfy ,hfpbfyb ,b’bt,b vjdkty lf wbcnthyblfy qdbyjvfcfkfc
uflvjqdhbfy8 vtht vt.jkt dfhlbdbs8 2 cbrj crfvbc cfpehutpt uflfodf lf cffsc it[tlf8
ths cffsib .bhubpt,b tkjlt,bfy7 bvfs vzthvtn.dtkt,bs dth lff,jkt,7 pecn gfce[c
vjs[jdty8
2 afkcbabwbht,ekb qdbyj eylf lfbqdfhjc8 2 smdf rfhkjv8
2 yfobkj,hbd7 sdfkbc f[dtdbc dfhbfynib8 yfobkbc uf.bldf rb eylf
vjdfcohj8 fv ufpfa[ekpt cfthsfijhbcj cthsbabrfnc ufdfxfkbxt,7 vtht at[t,c
vjvzfvty8
2 vjuzfvty7 se vfvf’fqkj,fc sfdc fh lffyt,t,8
2 lfdfyt,t,= hf ]j,bf yfql yfnehfkeh qdbyjc0 vfuhfv ew[jehb
bydtcnbwbbc ufhtit ajyc dth ufdfk7 hflfw fh eylf lfvb]ltc7 eylf vjdbpblj8
bydtcnbwbfc ,fpf czbhlt,f888 ,fpf vfmdc7 aekb se dbijdt7 bydtcnjhb xtvc
[tkibf8 obkib xfdb]ty lf vjhxf7 vt.jkt dfhlbdbs8 /f7 /f= ew[jtk bydtcnjhpt rfhu
rhbifc cfl dbijdb0 se hfvtf7 [vfehc fnt[fdc7 vfrjynhjkt,tk jhufyjc vbvfhsfdc7
tmcgthnbpfc lfybiyfdc7 cfcfvfhskjib uffmfyt,c cfhxtkc888 fe7 vfvb7 hf utuvt,b
vfmdc bwb0= 2 cbrjv cbyfyekbs fqcfdct ufvjvtn.dtkt,f vjrthf8
2 rb7 vfuhfv cek yekpt pb[fh0
2 fcb fsfcb aekb fhff0 mfh[fyfc [jv fh ufd.blb lfyfhxtyb sfy[bc
fvjcfqt,fl0 hfqfw jh-cfv sdtptf kfgfhfrb7 vtht xtvc ,tlc ’fqkb fh lf/.tac8 aekbc
fvjqt,bc itvs[dtdfib qdbybc htf,bkbnfwbfpt dbabmht,7 fepc ufdvfhsfd tpjib7
,flty-,fltyib ufubidt, cfvrehyfkjl8
2 hfj0
2 cfvrehyfkjl ufubidt,7 o.kt,pt8
2 fff888 ubjhubc lftkfgfhfrt8 2 eahjcb df;b uff[ctylf rfhkjc8
2 lfdtkfgfhfrt lf efhb vbs[hf8
2 ubjhubcufy hfnjvqfw fh uto.byf=888 2 tivfrehfl itybiyf rfhkjv8
 2 fhf fmdc ubjhubc vfujltyf sfy[f7 hfw /mjylf cffldjrfnj rfynjhbc
vityt,kj,fib lflj8
2 fhw exff vbkbjythb8
2 cfvb sdbc oby vfymfyf vfymfyf ufvjwdfkf7 vfyfw lf vbcvf
f[eheit,ekvf vteqktvfw8
2 otcbthfl7 hf uzbhc flfvbfyj7 hf ,pbrvf ubr,byf fv pfvsfhc0= 2 rfhkjv
cfxdtyt,ekb sbsb vfublfc xfvjfhn.f8 2 wbwj7 xfb vjvbnfyt= 2 lfb’f[f cfvpfhtekjc
vbvfhsekt,bs8
2 sjhtv n.ebkc dfv,j,=
2 byuf ityb ’vbcidbkbc ltlff7 cek hjv mexbc mfkb b.jc7 eylf db’f[js7
xdtybcsfyf rfhub h’fkb fhfdbc /.fdc-smj8 seylfw .jabkb8
2 itysfy dkfgfhfrj,7 c[dfcsfy [jv fhf8 2 [tkb xfbmybf cbrjv8
2 uekibw fh ufbdkj ,by’ehb abmhb8 xdty vfs ithbut,fc eylf dtwfljs7
welbf se rfhub7 ,fdidc ltlf eylf /.dltc8 hfc /ufdc exfc cfmwbtkb7 ,fhtv obycfafhb
itb,fc lf rfnktnt,b itodfc8
2 vtnbc qbhcbf7 yfql rfwc wjkb fh uftmwtdf8 yfqlb hjv fhff7 ity sdbsjy
lfhoveylb8 bcbw fh vrbs[f7 aekb hfib uzbhlt,fj7 tuhtdt .dbhbkpt uflfdblf8
dbhbf7 dbhb=
2 cccce= 2 rfhkjv nexpt vbblj vjrfrekb sbsb8
2 rfhjxt7 fh lfehtrfd exfc0
2 fhf8 vt xtvc idbkt,c sfdpt dth uflfdf[nt,b8
2 tu fhbc ,jkj gfce[b0
2 /j8
cbrj crfvblfy ofvjbvfhsf7 rbyfqfv ufbnfyf xfbc zbmbs itbfhfqt,ek wbwj
lf cf[tvjqhtwbkb ufdfhlf ufhts8

222

2 uhbkbf7 uhbkb= f[kf w[tkbf7 lfvtaeamf rfyb8 hf vjubdblf7 ujuj7

o.fkb dth ufubytkt,bf0 2 fuytcfv ervf.jabkjl f[tlf f,fpfyfib cfyf[tdhjl of.elt,ek
idbkbidbkc8
2 hf xtvb ,hfkbf7 jyrfybf ufaezt,ekb8 2 sfdb bvfhskf vfijv8
2 vtht7 lfe’f[t djdfc lf uffrtst,byt8
2 djdf dby fhbc0
2 xdtyb vtpj,tkb cfyntmybrb8 ths[tkfw ofvbcdb ifvgeyb lf vt.jaf8
2 cfyntmybrb djdf8 fh dbwyj, tutsc8 2 vfij otkib ufcojhlf7 ifvgeybc
,jskb uflvjfgbhmdfdf lf ,t,bfc fdfhlbcatht,ek sfdpt lffc[f8
2 rfhbc vtpj,tkc fh bwyj,7 udthlbsf cflfh,fpjcb utwjlbyt,f0 rfhxfrtnbkb
gbhjdyt,f [fh7 it’dht,b ityc jsf[ib lf qvthsvf eo.bc hfc frtst,8
vfijc lblb cehdbkb ufexylf ’bhatcdbfyfl fvjtukb]f vj[ewbc sfdpt
ithxtybkb jhbjl qthb7 vfuhfv ltlbij,bkf fuytcf bct ececehfl ufvjb.eht,jlf7 bmdt
efh.j vrdht[tkehb fphb8 lhjf ittuejc vbc mhjybrek ervf.jabkt,fc7 ,t,bf fhw bctsb
welbf7 hjujhflfw sfdc fxdtyt,c8 e,hfkjl7 yfqdkbc ,einbc aeymwbf fmdc
lfhqdtekb7 vjeytkt,tkb yfqdtkb jhufybpvib lf,jhbfkj,c7 ndbyib ehn.fvc lf tyfpt
bktmt,f [bzdbfy cbn.dt,fl8
2 sfdpt vtnb fh vbylf8 pehupt ofvbcdb8 2 fuytcf jlyfd vj,heylf lf
gbuvtynehb kfmt,bs lfafhekb pehub fxdtyf8
vfijv ufcfgyekb qhe,tkb ,tzt,pt xfvjecdf8
 2 fb7 utn.j,f7 hjv euekjl vbcdfv7 rfybs duh’yj,7 rfybs888
ofhvjvblutybf7 hjujhb cf[t ufmdc fv oesfc8
2 hf cf[t vfmdc0
2 sbsmjc ufn.fdt,ekb ]j]j pbc xtvc vfubdhfl f,fpfyfib8 fhf7 fh ub.dfhc
,t,bfityb8 ufvjn.lb7 hjv fh ub.dfhdfh8
2 uujybfs7 fldbkbf smdtybcsfyf mfkbc it.dfht,f0 [tkpt vjcfvcf[ehtcfdbs
vtmwtdbs7 lqt thsbf lf w[hf itybidyfc vf’ktds8 2 dth vjbsvbyf vfijv8
2 se lfbvcf[eht,7 fscfw vjuwtv8 sfdyt,f lf sfdbcyfsmdfvf [fh888
2 smdtycfdbs8
2 xtvfvlt ,tdhb ubrkbf8 ye vfo.dtnbyt, cbn.dfc7 erdt lfvfdbo.lf hf eylf
vtsmdf8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub se lfufdbo.lfs8 lf[fhts sfdb7 rbcthb lfvhxf ufcfcfgyb8
2 e[tifl ye vbukfceyt,7 yfpfl vjvbcdb7 yfpfl888 /j7 tuht8 fb7 bctd wbdb
ofvjdblf8 tc hf e,tleht,ff7 otcbthfl dth lfvb,fybf8 hfc dbabmht,lb7 cfyntmybrfw
se xtvb ufvjcfwdktkb bmyt,jlf7 fctf7 rfwb ,zj,lf lf qvthsb bwbyjlfj888 t/8
uffytkt7 uffytkt= f[kf w[tkbf7 lfdbaeamt7 ujuj= wjw[kfl ubylf vjv[fhij7 hjv
vtht utvhbtkfl b,fbhfvj xtvc lfnjdt,ek ,byfib0= ufvjn.lb7 ubylf hjv vjdrdlt0
2 djwyt,j,8 2 fult,ekfl vbeuj vfijv8
fuytcfv udthlekfl it[tlf8 vleqfhtit fvjdkt,ek sesb.eic /ufdlf 2
’dkt,fvjxhbkb7 xfvjn.fekb7 vjobsfkj kfmt,bs lfafhekb7 tujbpvbs itg.hj,bkb8 fv
cfwjlfj,bcufy e[th[ekbwff hfvt uto.byjc8 vfijv itvhbut,kehfl vben.fgeyf v[fhpt
[tkb7 pehupt s,bkb o.kbc zfdkb vbeidf8
2 cf’futkb ujuj [fh= 2 xfbkfgfhfrf fuytcfv8 fv]thfl ,jqvbc ufhtit8
vfij fh itobyffqvltut,bf8 hdf cffspt cvtyf eylf xft,fht,byf7 ,t,bfv rb tmdcc
cffspt fbnt[f ,fyfj,f7 sbsmjc lqbc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib vybidytkjdfyb cfmvtt,bs b.j
lfrfdt,ekb8 cgtwbfkehfl lfevbpyf7 bctd yfqdtkvf se itvjenbf8 jwlfcfvb okbc
idbkbidbkc t]b,ht,f .dfdbc [ybc ltlfrfwb7 sbsmjc vfijc gftvfypt fudbfylt,f8 fh
ub.dfhdfhj7 hjv lfextvt,bf7 hjujh itb’kt,f ub.dfhltc mfkb7 hjvtkbw gbhdtkfl
sjhvtnb okbc fcfrib ufbwfyb lf hjvtkcfw fhfathb /mjylf cfthsj ityc ofhvjlutyfib
lf[fnek ,t,bfcsfy8
vfijc rfhufl f[cjdc bc lqt7 hjwf gbhdtkfl ofhelubytc dbhnefkeh ,t,bfc8
ubjhuj,f b.j7 itvjlujvbc vboehekb8 ltlfv cfufyut,jl ufvjghfyzf7 cfkjyib ofb.dfyf
svt,bc itcfzhtkfl7 vfvf bct qtkfdlf7 /fkcne[bc rdfy’bc itrdhf ’kbdc vjf[th[f8 vfijv
vjudbfyt,bs uffhrdbf vij,kt,bc fqtkdt,bc vbptpb8 sehvt ,t,bf bvsfdbst boeyt,lf
df;bc uflfo.dtnbkt,fc wjkfl vjt.dfyf vfcpt hfyubs lf,fkb sfyfvihjvtkb7 fye
sfdbcbdt tmsfyb7 hjvtkbw cfufyut,jl xfe[nf kjubyib gthcgtmnbek
tmbvc~fuytcfc fphbs`7 hfsf lfat[v’bvt,ekb.j7 idbkb uftxbyf lf fv upbs
itv’dhfkb.j ifhfityb’tt,bc ’bh’dtk j]f[ib8 dth vjfhsdtc= fuytcfv thsflthsb df;b
cf[kblfy lfbs[jdf7 fhw idbkbidbkbc yf[df byt,f7 h’fkpt [jv kfgfhfrb ptlvtnbf8
tuqf frklf7 dbqfw ujv,bj uft]t]bkt,byf8
vfijc bvsfdbsdt fh vjtojyf cbufhtnbfyb vj[ewb ufvjvwltkb vpthbs7 vfvfc
ftrhj lf vstkb cfqfvj rhbynb fh lfe’hfdc8 jhcfhsekbfyb bfhect,bs ufhitvjhn.vekb7
fynbrdfhekb zfqb sbsmjc ,tzt,pt fodt,jlf lf ufchtcbs tvemht,jlf7 bctdt hjujhw
f[fkufvjvw[dfhb ,t,bbc zf[zf[f [vf8 hjujh itb’kt,f ,t,bf thmdfc cbufhtnbc ,jkib
uf[dtek veylinerbfy mfkc0888 ,t,bfc lfrj;hbkb sbst,b eylf /mjyltc7 vfn.kbc
obylt,b twdfc lf xehx[tkfc fdkt,ltc7 hjujhw vbcb cf.dfhtkb pqfghbc
bkecnhfwbfib8 vfvfw ufew[jt,ekb txdtyf7 fhf,eyt,hbdfl vjobot,ekb7 .fk,fl
vj[bs[bst7 ie,kpt ufvjcekb jakbs7 hjvtkcfw ofvlfeoev bovtyllf uf[fvt,ekb
w[dbhcf[jwbs8 vij,kbc qtkdf vfijcfw uflftlj7 thsb cekb /mjylf lhjpt ufwkj,f
veptevbdbs wbdcf lf lbl cf[kc7 cflfw rtltkpt xfvjrblt,ekb cehfst,bw rb vnhekfl
lfcwmthjlyty cfresfhb evotj,bs lfgfnfhfdt,ek vfvf-idbkc8
,t,bfcsfy cnevhj,fv velvbdb [fcbfsb vbbqj8 rdbhfib ths[tk vfijc
ufvjothbkb /mjylf vj[ewbc athevfhbkbfy kj.fpt fv,jhb8 vfiby fh bwjlf7 hjv vfvf
erehyt,tkb ctybs b.j fdfl lf ,t,bbc yfudbfytdb bybwbfnbdf cojhtl fv afmnvf
ufyfgbhj,f8 cfv otkboflib vfvf abkndbc cbvcbdybs ufhlfbwdfkf8 vfijv
vjvtynfkehfl ito.dbnf rfghbpek ,t,bfcsfy cnevhj,f7 cfbvbcj fhw cehdbkb /mjylf7
fhw [fkbcb8 ths vidtybth lqtc7 hjwf cfthsjl fvjeahbylf sfdblfy ,t,bbc fhct,j,f7
sfdfl fuytcf tf[kfs vjrh’fkt,ek ,byfib8
2 vjrktl fct7 2 lfbo.j .jdtkudfhb itcfdkbc ufhtit lf [tksfsvfybfyb [tkb
vfublfpt lffcdtyf8 2 vt vjd[ewlb7 fob vjdkf-gfnhjyj,f vzbhlt,f8 se vfij sfyf[vff
xtvsfy uflvjdltc cfw[jdht,kfl7 ,byfc lfdevnrbwt,8 yjnfhbfkehfl ufdfajhvt,7
rfyjybc .dtkf otcbs lfwdbs8 efhbc itvs[dtdfib7 vjb’t,yt,f f[kj yfstcfdt,bc vstkb
fhvbf888 xtvb at[bc yf,fyc lfktdty7 jqjyl rb mjyt,f xfbuljy [tkib8 hfc bn.dbs0 2
eahj vfijc ltlfc vbvfhsfdlf7 sbsmjc vfijc fh t[t,jlf itsfdfpt,ekb obyflflt,f8
vfijc ltlf b.j b.j lfpfahekb 3wjw[fkb4 ltlfvsbkbc [bkdbs7 tyf vewtkib
xfedfhlf8 vfhnj ofvofvt,c f[fv[fvt,lf [ibh-[ibhfl8 bybwbfnbdbc fqt,f vfijc
vjeobf8
2 vt chekokjdfyb dfh7 xtvb uflfcfo.dtnbf cfl dbw[jdht,8
fuytcfv lfoeyt,ekb h’kbcufy vpthf idbkbidbkpt uflfbnfyf8 ujujyf fh
/ufdlf itibyt,ekc7 sfvfvfl e.eht,lf sdfkt,ib7 fhw [vfib tn.j,jlf lblb vjobot,f8 fctsb
fy vjedkbc7 fy fhf7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib at[bc yf,fybc lfktdfpt efhc bn.dbc8
2 [dfk utn.dbs gfce[c8 2 ufyevfhnf vfijv8
3[dfk4 bct es[hf7 cbn.dbc vfcfkfl7 sjhtv bvsfdbsdt uflfo.dbnf ,t,bfcsfy
uflf,fhut,f8 ]th thsb7 fuytcf cfvtlbwbyj bycnbnensfy f[kjc w[jdhj,lf7 vfij rb
bvfdt bycnbnenbc gbhdtkb rehcbc cneltynb b.j8 lhjcfw lfpjufdlf7 aekcfw8 aekb
vfvbc cbrdlbkbc itvltu cfuh’yj,kfl itvjfrklfs7 xtmvbc .bldfw dth vjf[th[f7
s[tk’bhbfyb at[cfwvtkt,bs uffnfhf vstkb pfvsfhb8 vtjhtw7 ,jkj [fyt,ib tzdb
ufexylf7 hjv ltlfvbcc cf.dfhtkb /.fdlf8 vfij fh b.j fhmfekb fphjdyt,bc
mfkbidbkb7 vfuhfv cb,thtitgfhekb ltlbc eflubkj rtrkewj,f hfnjvqfw fqbpbfyt,lf8
fvfc lftvfnf cjakblfy xfvjcekb yfstcfdt,bc ufzbfyeht,ekb cnevhj,f8 thsb rdbhbs
xfvjcekt,b thsb sdbc vthtw dth uftnbty vfsb gfnfhf ,byblfy8 ew[j [fk[bc
hephepb vfijc vtwflbytj,fib [tkc eikblf8 sfdbc lfafct,fc fphb fh /mjylf7 [dfkdt
tn.dbc lflt,bs gfce[c8
2 rbltd thsb8 2 fuytcfc [tksfsvfybfyvf sbst,vf vfublfpt ufbh,byf lf
cfo.bcc gjpbwbfc lfe,heylf8 2 vt gtycbjythb dfh7 cfresfhb sfdbc hxtyf fh
ufvbzbhlt,f7 vfuhfv vjphlbkb mfkbidbkbc vpfhlb vjs[jdybkt,t,bc lfrvf.jabkt,fc
dth itugbhlt,bs8 xtvvf ’dbhafctekj,fv fh vjufn.ejs7 fh dfgbht, vfssfy
lfvidblj,t,fc8
vfijv ltlbc fwvfweyt,ek next,c it[tlf7 3uekvjrkekb4 mdhbdb firfhfl
dfzhj,bcsdbc tvpflt,jlf8
2 lfhlb ye ufmds8 vt dbveifdt,8 2 lffcohj ufvjhxtybc vjkjlbyib
fwvfweyt,ek vij,tkc8
2 .dtkfathb rfhufl fojy-lfojyt7 itcf[dtob fhfathb vfmdc8 2 fuytcfv ikfgf
itbcojhf lf vtlblehfl ufdblf jsf[blfy7 sfy ufb.jkf flfvbfyeh gbhj,t,ib w[jdht,bc
vfwlehb gthcgtmnbdf8
ths rdbhfib vfij ,t,bfcsfy uflf,fhulf8
2 gbhcf[jwb vjvfojlt8 2 fuytcfc [vfv htfkj,fib lff,heyf7 bv
3gthcgtmnbdfib47 hjvtkbc bvtlfl lfnjdf ltlbctekb ,byf8
 vfijv nbrbyfcfdbs itaesf ufoeoekb vj[ewb lf f,fpfyblfy uflvjcdkfib
vbt[vfhf8
2 kjubyb lfvbs,bkt0
2 lbf[8
2 ufptst,bw vjvbnfyt lf sfdbceafkb [fh8
2 ufptst,bc .bldfc dth vjdfcoht,7 cfvcf[ehib lfvfudbfylt,f8
2 lbkbs ut.blf7 .dtkfathb vt eylf ituf[ctyj0
2 lbkbs cflbkc dfrtst,lb8 2 vfijv ,t,bf cfojkpt lfcdf lf ufvihfkt,fc iteluf8
2 fh uto.byjc7 vfuhfv ity ufrtst,ekb a[fkc ybujpb frklf8
2 hfw vmjylf7 bc de.fdb8 bwbs7 hf qbhc ybujpb0
2 hf qbhc0
2 rbkj sdhfvtnb kfhb8 cff[fkokjl eahj uf’dbhlt,f8 2 cfs,ehpt itvj[dtek
qfvbc gthfyuc qbkt,b ite[cyf lf sfdpt xfvjfwdf8 gthfyub s,bkb b.j7 ,fv,fpbbc7
stshb qhe,kt,bs wbcath ajypt8
fuytcf rhbf[bs uflfodf cfojkpt7 cf,fyb ufbcojhf lf nev,jcrty ufbidbhf
abrecbc atcdbdbs vjrfezt,ekb sbsb8
2 ufvjfqt e]hf8 aekc [tlfd0 jwlffsb kfhb fvjbqt8 jwbc ybujpb b.blt8
cbufhtnb lf ghtcf fh lfufdbo.ltc7 xtvvf vnthvf e.ehf vstkb lqt cthbfkt,c8
3fbtnbc4 ,bzt,b se ufvjxylyty7 fh ufeidf7 ]fyb ufdfhltc7 uflfdb[lb8 sjhvtnb kfhb
fhw bmbsff7 fhw fmts8 fbqt aekb0 /j888 cff[fkokjl rbltd vjuwtv7 jqjyl gbhj,f
eylf lfvblj8
2 hf gbhj,f0
2 f[fk otkc xtvsfy thsfl it[dlt,b8 ut.jaf ifhify hjv vfhnj itvfnjdt vfmcbv
ufkrbyc8 /j7 hfc vjvxtht,b[fh7 c[df utuvt,b umjylf0
2 fhf7 fh vmjybf8 2 vjhxbkfl egfce[f vfijv8
2 bv pfpeyfv [jv fh lfugfnb;f cflvt0
2 dby pfpeyfv0
2 r,bkt,bfyb sthfgtdnb hjv vjvb.dfyt fvfcobyfs7 vujyb ubukf /mdbf8
uujybf dth d[dlt,b7 hjv utghfyzt,f0
2 vtghfyzt,f7 vtht hf0
2 fh fhbc ityb itcfathbcb7 fcfrjdfybf888 sfyfw vqhqytkc /ufdc8 rfwb
itb’kt,f /ufdltc vfbveyc lf vfbyw vjutojyjc7 vqhqytkb vtnbcvtnbf8 lfhoveyt,ekb
dfh ufvjhxtybc vbpybs utpjvt,f7 sdfkib vjedblf xtvb fynbrdfhekb ctrhtnthb8
tuqf vfrkbf dbqfw gkt,tb t[t,jltc vfhrbp lt vjyntcrbtc [tkityfdkt, ybdst,c= lf
cfthsjl7 cfyfv bycnbnenc fh lffvsfdht,7 ufs[jdt,fpt rhbynb fh lf’hf8
vfijv yfvbfyb gbhcf[jwb v[fhpt uflfblj lf rfhbcrty ofdblf8
2 utcvbc7 hfw ubs[fhb0
2 /j8
2 vtht7 hfnjv fh vgfce[j,0 vt kfgfhfrib ubodtd7 ity rb buyjhbht,fc
vbrtst,8 rfhu j]f[ib ufphlbkb mfkbidbkt,b fct fh bmwtdbfy8
2 hjv itvb.dfhltc7 vfibyfw fh lfd’hf rhbynb0
2 vjbsvty8 cb.dfhekvf bct fh eylf lfuf,hvfdjc7 gbhdtk itv[dtlhc xfeodt
kjubyib8 cnf,bkehb j]f[bc itcfmvtytkfl vjsvbyt,f uvfhst,c8 bwb hfvlty [fyc
dtkjlb ,f,efityc0 js[b otkb8 cftzdjl vfsdfkbtht,7 bmyt, dbyvt u.fdc lf vfkfd0
vfijv efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb uffmybf8
2 se xtvc cfobyffqvltuj mvtlt,fc xfblty7 fylth’blfy fvjufult,8 hfc
ufb[fht,ty ityb ltblfidbkbidbkt,b0=
ufb[fht,ty7 uekib lftsfy[vf vfij7 smvbs fhfathb esmdfvc8 ,t,bfc hjv
/rbs[j7 fhfcjltc eylf ufs[jdltc7 vbc vjdkf-gfnhjyj,fc itcobhjc vstkb f[fkufphlj,f8 ]
th]thj,bs fctw ufvjlbjlf7 tktvtynfkehfl fh /mjylf sfdbceafkb lhj8 lbkbs
ktmwbt,b7 rdbhfib cfv]th vjhbutj,f cfcohfaj cfvtlbwbyj lf[vfht,bc wtynhib7
ieflqtpt cfvpfhekj7 cfhtw[b7 ,f,efc [tkyfotht,bc ufhxtdf7 ufvjwlbcsdbc vpflt,f8
fct se ufuh’tklf7 fuytcfc fhfathb fmdc cfythdbekj7 [tkib itf,thlt,f thsflthsb
idbkbidbkb7 vfhrbp lt vjyntcrbtc cthrtnthc rb yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib ew[j
flfvbfyt,b lftgfnhjyt,bfy8
vfijv yfxmfhtdfl uflf.kfgf fuytcfc lfoeyt,ekb a[fkb7 nfycfwvtkb
ufvjbwdfkf lf cfvcf[ehib ufbmwf8

222

cfcohfaj-cfvtlbwbyj lf[vfht,bc wtynhb7 cflfw vfij tmsyfl veifj,lf7

vtwybtht,f frfltvbbc gbhdtk cfhsekpt b.j ufysfdct,ekb8 htfyjvj,bkt,bc v’qjkt,b
ufvj’f[t,bc vjkjlbyib tpjib cbufhtnc totjlyty lf thsvfytsc gjkbnbreh cbf[ktt,c
epbfht,lyty8
2 ufvfh]j,fs8 2 xfemhjlf vfijv lf ityj,fib ufexbyfhlf8
upfib sfdbc cvtyfc uflffo.lf7 st’jufybthb lf mjsmjsf yfsbf ufqtqbkb
gfknjsb vjlbjlf rfhbljhib8 [tkib vjphlbk gfhrc vjfshtdlf7 tn.j,f itcdtyt,fpt vjfcohj
vfqfpbfib uflfh,tyf8
2 cfl [fh fvlty [fyc7 lfvtkbf cekb8 2 itc’f[f fmjibyt,ekvf8
2 lfvfudbfylf0 2 vfijv cffsc lf[tlf8
2 fhf7 vfuhfv vfbyw lfvtkbf cekb7 w[hf]th lfhtrf xtvvf mvfhvf7
vutkbdbs vibthb pbc cf[kib cfdct vfwbdfhsfy8 vt se fh vbdtlb mdf,c fh
ufvjbqt,c7 ufpmehbc fyst,fpt [jv kfgfhfrbw ptlvtnbf8
2 ,tdhb ufvj’f[t,f b.j0
2 bct hf888 vtnobkfl /bgthnjybrb vj[ewt,b lf uhbgbfyb ,fdidt,b8 vujyb
vtw uflfvtlj7 w[dbhib vbzthc cftzdjl8 vt hjv kjubyib xfdodt xtvt,b vibdht,b
lfb[jwt,bfy7 fhf utyfwdfkt7 xtvb /jhbpjynfkeh vlujvfhtj,fib .jayf vfhnj re,jibf
itcf’kt,tkb8 bmyt, vfiby vfbyw vjdbltc fphpt8 f,f7 ufdbmtwb=
vfijv 3gbkjnrf4 lf [tkxfysf rfhflfib lff,byfdf7 stshb [fkfsb vjbc[f lf
cfvjhbutib itdblf8
2 vfijw vjcekf= 2 ofvjb’f[f ybyekb tmbvvf7 cfdfh’tkib v.elhjl
vjrfkfst,ekvf vfylbkjcfyvf mhjybrekb cehljsb8 2 wbdf ufhts0
2 vujyb fm eahj wbdf8 2 vfijv tzdbs it[tlf afy]hbc mdti xfvjynf;t,ek
3rfhvfc47 hjvtkbw vfhnj cfresfh sfdc lf udthlbs vbvc[lfh gthcjyfkc fs,j,lf8
2 tc bvbnjv7 hjv fv[tkf jsf[ib thsb mtwbfyb ufvfs,j,tkb lff.tytc7 vfiby7
hjwf cfjgthfnjhjib 3/bnfxbc4 3pbvf-ktnfsb4 s,t,bfy8 dbsjv hbsb dfhs yfrkt,b0 2
fqybiyf ubukfv7 uf[fvt,ek [fkfsib ufvjortgbkvf tmbvvf oby ofvjotekb r,bkt,bs7
sfy vfijcrty uffgfhf vpthf7 sbsmjc gjktvbrfib bodtdlf8
2 xdty cek vj’hfj,fib dfhs7 jgthfnjht,b rb ths flubkpt c[tlfy8 3pbvf-ktnf4
bvfssdbc eahj eghbfybf8 2 vtpj,tk jsf[ib v]lfhb sfyfvihjvkt,b lfbwdf vfijv8
2 f,f7 cfl dfh vj’hfj,fib7 dpbdfh lf dtkjlt,b8 2 [tkt,b ufifkf ubukfv8
sbst,bw bctsbdt cnthbkehb /mjylf7 hjujhw [fkfsb7 gthfyub7 ifhdfkb7
at[cfwvtkb7 cfdfhfeljl cfwdfkbw8 vstkb vbcb [fkbcbfyb abpbjyjvbf f,fyjlfy
ufvjcekb flfvbfybc bvgekct,c fahmdtdlf8
2 vtidblt ,hbuflf ufvj’f[t,fpt8 2 ufbcvf vbrhjajyib8
2 hf dmyfs7 ,fnjyj ubukf7 vjdblts vj’hfj,fib0 2 ufeqbvf vfijv8
2 c[df hf upf udfmdc8 2 ubukf vfhlfl ofvj[nf crfvblfy7 vfij cfjgthfnjhjib
ufbmwf vbcfvfhsbc lf fdflv.jabc vjyfwtvt,bc lfcflutyfl8
 wtynhblfy thsfl ufvjdblyty7 ubukfc fhw eabmhbf cfrvfjl ntdflb
cfvtlbwbyj xtvjlfyb ufvjhsvbf vfijcsdbc7 sevwf htfyjvj,bkbc rfhb vt[est sfj,bc ]
tyknvtybdbs ufvjfqj8
2 dbcsfy vbdlbdfhs0 2 brbs[f xf]ljvbcsfyfdt8
2 idblb okbc ,bzsfy vfqfkb ntvgthfnehbs8 2 vfijc ytcnjt,c gfhabevbc
v’fahb cehytkb vbodlf7 cfdfhfeljl ubukfv ufvjcdkbcfc itbi[fgeyf7 tatmnbc
vjcf[ltyfl8
2 hfvltyb fmdc0
2 jwlfw[hfvtnb8
2 vtht7 gfhfwtnfvjkc dth lffktdbyt,ty0 hf bwbfy [jkvt sfdbc ufub;t,f8
lfhoveyt,ekb dfh e,hfkj ufwbt,bc ufvj ufdh,bdfhs8
2 hfc dbpfvs7 ,fnjyj ubukf7 tc fhbc xdtyb cfvcf[ehb8
2 hfnjv vt’f[b ,fnjy ubukfc7 lfdb]thj fct cjkblehfl ufvjdb.eht,b ity
sdfkib0 2 ubukfc gfnbjcfy cf[tpt vfwlehb qbvbkb lfb[fnf8 fh vje[lf8 fuytcf
,t,bfc ufchjkbkvf i[fvbfyvf bcfhvf vbpfyc vbfqobf8 vfij ubukfc e.eht,lf lf
vjvqbvfh pfpeyfc [tlfdlf8
2 hf fhbc fvfib welb0
2 hfib0
2 cjkblehfl hjv ufvjb.eht,bs8
2 itysfy vtuj,hj,fib vbikbc [tkc8 smdtyj,bs vtkfgfhfrt,b7 ,fnjy ubukfc
vt’f[b7 sfdb ,f,ef vujybf8
vfijv afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 ubukf7 sfdbcb vtynjhekb njybs vfhskf xfvj/ufdlf
f[fkufphlf ,f,efc8 hfw itt[t,f vtuj,hj,fc7 ,fnjyb sthfgtdnb vfc itvltu uffmnbehlf7
hfw ifhify gbhdtkfl vj[dlf vfijc cf[kib lf fuytcfc abkndt,c vjecvbyf8 bmyt,
vfhskf ctrhtnthibf cfmvt0 eahj cojhtl cf[kib7 cflfw lufc fuytcfc cffvf.j
ctrhtnthb8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib vfij cojhtl fv dbpbnbc itvltu fqbmdf mfkfl8 bmfvlt
ptlfw fh e.eht,lf7 ew[jehb cthsbabrfnt,bs lf[ey’kek vfhbrfpt tzbhf sdfkb7 vfuhfv
ufes[jdlf7 ufvut,tkc uf/.df wjkfl lf hfbjyib ufmeckf8 vfc vtht ubukf fv vsfdhj,fc
thxbc7 ufycfresht,bs vtcfvt titkjybc vj[tktt,c8
htfyjvj,bkvf .fp,tubc ufvpbhpt7 [escfhsekbfyb rjhgecbc tpjib ite[dbf8
cflfh,fpjcsfy ,jksfc cwtvlf vfqfkb7 xfacrdybkb vfvfrfwb v[ht,pt vjc[vekb pfvitc
mehserbs8 htfyjvj,bkblfy uflvjcekb stsh[fkfsbfyt,bc lfyf[fdfpt cbufhtnb
fcafknpt vjbchjkf lf [tkbs fybiyf7 ofvjlbsj8
2 xtvb ,bzb uf[lf fdfl7 2 lfbo.j fmjibyt,ekvf lf rb,tpt vcdktkj,fc iteluf7 2
vfqfkb cbw[t fmdc7 fwbt,c8 lbkbs .tkc bnrbt,lf7 vfuhfv vfbyw ufdeidb crjkfib7
dbabmht vfn.et,c8 vtibybf7 hfvt byatmwbf fh b.jc8
2 [jv ute,yt,jlb0 2 vfijc uflfexehxekf ubukfv8
2 ,fnjyj0 2 lffve[hezf rfwvf8
2 cbw[bc lfvotdb se vbtwbs0
2 hfqfw cbhjgb vbdtwb7 ufxdtyt,s8
cf’byt,tk jsf[ib7 ufybth cfojkpt kfvfpb7 sdfkt,vb,ytlbkb ,bzeyf bodf8
afhs[eyf gb;fvflfy ufvjv[nfhb ufv[lfhb [tkt,b ybx,t,bdbs t.fhf aevaekf cf,fypt8
2 fb7 tmbvt,b vjub.dfyt8 2 vbf[fhf vfvfv7 vfuhfv ,bzeyfc fh uf[fht,bf
stsh[fkfsbfyb flfvbfyt,bc yf[df7 vnhekfl vbfxthlf vbc cfvakj,tkjib itvjcekt,c8
2 f,f7 vjvb.tdb7 hf unrbdf8 2 lfe.dfdf ubukfv8
2 fh utn.db8
2 ybrf7 ye ]benj,7 vje.tdb tmbvc hf unrbdf8 2 lffyfvecf vfvfvbcvf8
2 es[fhb ofdblyty8 2 ,fdidvf ghjntcnbc ybiyfl sfdb vbf,heyf8
vfijv sdfkb uff.jkf8 cf’byt,kbc rtlkt,pt v[bfhekyf[fnbfyb lhfgbht,ekb
igfkbthb uftrhfs7 dbc fh b.j fm 2 gfhfienpt itvjv]lfh cfynf rkfecb7 ,exmblfy
ufvjv[nfhb ,tv,b7 vbrb vfecb7 abambf lf idblb ]e]f7 ufqbvt,ekb vsdfht7
uf,ho.byt,ekb dfhcrdkfdt,b888 vfij vjujyt,t,bc s,bkvf nfkqfv lfafhf8 hf rfhb b.j
,fdidj,f7 vfvf wjw[fkb b.j7 ufpmehfcsfy ltlf qbqbyt,lf7 vtpj,kbc ,bzb ahfyt,c
eidt,lf fbdyblfy7 ’by-ljy 2 htrlf cfvhtrdkjc pfht,b888
2 vj,heylb lf gbhb uffqt8 2 fvjbj[hf ubukfv8
2 ofdblyty8 2 sfdbcfc fodt,jlf ybrf8
2 cfyfv gbhc fh uffqt,7 fhcflfw fh ofdfks8 2 ubukf jabwbfkeh njypt
uflfdblf7 sbsmjc idblb okbc ,fdidsfy rb fhf7 jvufvjdkbk dtnthfysfy /mjylf
cfmvt8
2 of[dfk8
2 eahjct,c smdtyj,bs hjv eylf tkfgfhfrj7 fh ufcofdktc0
2 fhf8
2 ’fkbfy welb8 vbcvbyt utyfwdfkt7 obyffqvltuj,bc ufotdfc fphb fhf
fmdc8 cfyfv gbhc fh uffqt,7 at[c fh vjdbwdkb fmtlfy8
2 b]tmb7 vfbyw fh ufdfqt,8
ubukfv fvhtpbs f[tlf vij,tkc7 bvfy ljby]b itvjb.fhf lf vhbc[fyt
ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs lfcx[fdkf idbkc5
2 f,f7 f[kfdt vjb[tlt8
,bzb fhw ufmfyt,ekf7 uekuhbkfl ufyfuh’j,lf igfkbthbc sdfkbtht,fc8 vfijv
cfojkc itvjefhf lf kjubysfy xfbwewmf8
2 ity ybrf umdbf7 fhf0
2 [j8
2 crjkfib cofdkj, se ,fqib lflb[fh0
2 crjkfib8
2 erdt lblb ,bzb .jabk[fh7 othf-rbs[dfw utwjlbyt,f=
2 dbwb8
2 bc cbvqthf se bwb7 3ttc cffo.fkbb rehlqttkb7 ’kbtth fdfl
ufudb[lfff8884 2 xehxekbs ofevqthf vfijv8
2 dbwb8
2 vfiby bcbw ut[cjvt,f7 dby vje.dfytc fdflv.ja rehlqtkc8 f,f7 vbs[fhb7
dby vje.dfytc0
2 tmbvb8
2 tmbvb7 hjvtkvfw vjfhxbyf cfo.fkb rehlqtkb8
2 vt cfo.fkb fh dfh8
2 vfibrj7 sfvfibc lhj fhbc f[kf0 2 ubukfv ltvjycnhfwbekfl uflfblj at[b
at[pt8
vfijv ,bzc ufdfhdfht,ek ie,kpt [tkb lfflj8 jwlfw[hfvtnb [fpt,bs8
2 xdty ity lfcf[vfht,kfl vjdtlbs7 gfnfhf7 xff[tlt tmbvc .tkib7 ufvjubothc
ofvfkc lf ofdfks8
2 ity se ubylf lfhxb8 2 yt,f lfhsj ,fdidvf8
2 lfhxtybs dth lfdhxt,b7 vfuhfv fewbkt,kfl vjubrbs[fd8 f[kf uflvj,heylb lf
.tkb fxdtyt ubukf tmbvc8
ybrf e[fkbcjl uflvj,heylf8 ubukfv ,bzbc sfdb [tkbcuekt,ib vjbmwbf lf
.tkib xf[tlf8
2 smdb fff888
2 fff888
2 .tkb obstkb fmdc8 eahj lblb gbhb888 .jxfq888 ukfylt,bw fvjcfzhtkb
/mjybf7 hfnjv fh ertst,s jgthfwbfc7 yeiehf ]bhrdkt,pt xbhmjdfyb yflt,b
fqtybiyt,f8
2 fh vbylf jgthfwbf= 2 ybrfv gbhb vjveof lf itibyt,ekb vbfwmthlf vfvfc8
 2 jgthfwbf vjvfdfkbc cfmvtf8 fv]thfl fyubyfc devrehyfkt,s8
2 fyubyf hf fhbc0 2 brbs[f ybrfv8
2 fyubyf0 fyubyf kfsbyehb cbn.dff lf ofzthfc ybiyfdc8 ubzthc .tkib0
2 rb8
2 ytvct,b lfudzbhlt,f8 2 ubukfv .tkpt xfvjrblt,ekb ajytyljcrjgb vjbvfh]df
lf ,fdidc gb;fvfc fotdf e,h’fyf8
2 fh vbylf ytvct,b= vfvf7 es[fhb7 ofdbltc8
2 feobts8 2 rfwc vbvfhsf ubukfv8
ytvct,bc afmnjhbs fhfyfrkt, lfpfahekb vfvf ,fpfknbc vjyevtynbdbs bluf
cfojksfy8 mdtlf .,f ufvjtobf7 ybxf,bdbs lblb [tkt,b vewtkpt uflft]dfhtlbyt,byf8
vstkb vbcb isfv,tzlfdb abuehf sfditrfdt,ek vhbc[fyt,fpt vtn.dtkt,lf8
2 vjlb fdbobjs7 tmbvb vfhnj vjubcvtyc7 2 vfij fqfh lfkjlt,bf vfvbc ujypt
vjcdkfc7 gb;fvf feobf8 ajytyljcrjgbc ghbfkf ptlfgbhb ybrfc uek-vrthlpt
ufchbfklf8
2 wbdbf= 2 b.dbhf ,fdidvf7 vfuhfv tmbvvf .ehflqt,f fh vbfmwbf7
lf’f,ekb ecvtylf abkndt,blfy ofvjcek cf[bafsj [vt,c8
2 lff[dtkt8 bceysmt8 rbltd lff[dtkt888 [b[byt,b fmdc8 2 lffcrdyf ,jkjc8
vfvf vjvtynfkehfl ufvjdblf nhfycblfy7 ie,kib bnrbwf [tkb lf jsf[ib ufbfh-
ufvjbfhf8
2 cfufyufij fhfathbf7 fyst,fib hjv fh uflfbpfhljc7 vrehyfkj,fc lfdeybiyfd8
2 lffvidblf tmbvvf8
2 ,fdidb bodbc7 f;hbfkt,c7 fwf[wf[t,c7 smdty rb fv,j,s cfufyufij
fhfathbf8 rheyx[dt,b hjv lfto.jc0
2 jhb sdbc fh fhbc rheyx[dt,b lfto.jc8
2 tn.j,f ntktdbpjhc fh e.eht,s7 fsfc e,tleht,fc uflvjcwtvty7 rhegbj7
vtybyubnbj7 hf dbwb888
2 se fh udtylj,bs7 cffdflv.jajib uflfdb.dfyjs8
2 /j7 rfhub7 utylj,bs8 2 e[tifl bchjkf rfwvf7 sbsmjc fmts flt,lf dfkc8 2
uffrtsts hfw cfzbhjf8
2 vfij7 ytvcb vjfpflt8
2 fff7 fh vbylf ytvcb= 2 ybrfv vjvezekb [tkbcuekt,b cf,fypt ffn.fgeyf8
2 ye utibybf7 evnrbdytekjl ufubrtst,8 2 vfijv ths]thfl ighbwc wtkjafyb
vjfwfkf7 fvgekf ufnt[f lf ofvkbc fvjnev,dfc iteluf8
2 ybrf7 uflf,heylb vfvf7 2 itt[dtof rfwb8
2 fh vtnrbyt,f0
2 gfnfhf gortyfc buh’yj,7 vtnc fhfathc8 uflf,heylb7 vfxdtyt nfreyt,b8
2 vwdtybff888 2 ofbryfdkf ybrfv7 vfuhfv uflf,heylf8
vfijv ighbwblfy /fthb fvjeidf8 [tkt,fotekb rfwb vfnbcbc yf[fnc lftvcufdcf
wbrkblfy 3vjwtrdfdtt,b47 ,bzb 2 yfvnbhfktd mthedbvc7 vfhnj ubukf /ufdlf
sfdbc sfdc 2 bltfkeh vfvfrfwc vqhqytkbc qbvbkbs8
[dtoyf-velfhbcf lf it’f[bkt,bc sfy[kt,bs ytvcb ufrtslf8
2 fh vtnrbyf8 2 uferdbhlf ybrfc8
2 xdtyc tmsfyc rfhub [tkb fmdc8 2 fqybiyf ubukfv lf lfybiyekt,bc
lfcfothfl lf]lf8 2 ,fdidbc udfhb itvf[ctyts8
2 f,ecthb’t8 ybrjkjp f,ecthb’t8 2 rfwvf ie,kb itzve[yf lf .ehc erfy
vjba[fyf7 sbsmjc hfqfwbc uf[ctyt,fc wlbkj,lf8 2 bcf888 bcf888 hfvltyflfw
vbd[dlb ytvcb rbltd lfczbhlt,f8
2 lbkbc idbl cffspt vjeotdc vtjht ytvcb8 2 vihfkfl egfce[f ubukfv8
.dtkfathpt tn.j,jlf7 atsbfyb vfvf sfdbcb ephltkb idbkbs firfhfl fqbpbfyt,lf8
mjxhbc ajhvfw rb ittwdfkf7 vfvkbc ,b,bkjcfdbs lfeluf8
 2 vtht7 dby ufertst,c0
2 tu smdtyb ghj,ktvff7 itub’kbfs e,ybc gjkbrkbybrfc vbvfhsjs8
2 fv qfvbfyfl dby bmyt,f gjkbrkbybrfib0
2 ye7 vtpj,tkc s[jdts7 yfstcfdc888
2 lbkbc idbl cffspt0 2 xfabmhlf rfwb8
2 ye qtkfds7 vt vjdfk lf ufdertst,8 2 vfijc ittwjlf ufvjedfk vlujvfhtj,fib
xfdfhlybkb vij,tkb8
2 vfij= 2 ubukfv lfybiyekt,bc othf ito.dbnf lf cf.dtlehbs it[tlf vfijc8
2 hf vj[lf7 ,fnjyj ubukf7 vjhbutj,f tmdcpt vbvsfdhlt,f7 itvjdbh,ty lf
ufdertst,8 fvfcj,fib ufstylt,f7 gjkbrkbybrt,bw fveifdlt,bfy lf ghj,ktvfw vjudfhlt,f8
2 lblfl lfvfdfkt,s8 2 hjujhw bmyf rfwvf ufvjblfhf7 2 hfvltycfw vtn.dbs7
uflfdb[lb8
vfijv ybrfc cf,fyb itecojhf7 ubukfv v;fdt cf[bs lfybiyekt,bc othf
ufyfuh’j8
2 ufvjlbc7 fvfqfvdt eylf lfdfktdbyj ofvkt,b8 2 rfwvf sdfkb uflffdkj
lfybiyekt,fc lf bctd vjbo.byf8
2 lbf[8 2 lfelfcnehf ubukfv8
2 vfiby thsb s[jdyfw itvbchekts8 dblht vt fasbfmib xfdbh,ty7 lfhxbs
,fdidsfy8 cflqtqfvbcj fasbfmb fmdtf7 xtvb cf[kbc mdti8 ofvkt,c db.blb lf [tkfs
ufdxylt,b8 [esb oesb bmbs7 [esb fmts7 /f7 hfc bn.dbs0
2 fs oesib vjfcoht,s0 2 ubukfv vtlblehfl lf[tlf vf]bc cffsc8
2 erdt ufdh,bdfh8 2 rfwb atsbfybdbs ufdfhlf jsf[blfy8 bvfdt ofvc
itvjcfcdktkb rfhb uf]f[eylf8
2 /jj7 hsekb itvs[dtdff8 2 ubukfv kjubysfy xfvjv]lfh vfijc itsmvekbdbs
ufeqbvf8
2 hf myfc7 tibybf ,bzbc vfhnj lfnjdt,f8
2 vt fh vtibybf vfhnj lfhxtyf8 2 [vf vbfodlbyf ybrfv8 2 lblb ,bzb dfh lf
uelbfyb rfwt,bc fh v]thf8
2 ityb ltlbrj cfl fhbc7 uekflj ,bzj0 2 zjhbrfyf ltlfrfwbc itcfiehb
wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bs /rbs[f ubukfv8
2 ijhc8
2 cfl ijhc7 vsdfhtpt0
2 vbdkbyt,fib8
2 vbdkbyt,fib888 [tlfd7 vfij7 hjujh itbwdfkf lhjt,f7 mfkt,b vbdkbyt,fib
lflbfy7 rfwt,b ,fdidt,c vo.tvcfdty8 fb7 hf vjudbnfyf .,flfqt,ekvf tvfycbgfwbfv8
fh babmhj7 mfkbc hjkc dfrybyt,lt7 gbhbmbs7 mfkb cbwjw[kbc vfvj’hdt,tkb
’fkff7 vfuhfv lfvtsfy[vt7 vltlhbc egbhdtktcb aeymwbf idbkt,bc ufxtyf lf j]f[pt
pheydff lf fhf vfvfrfwbc flubkbc lfrfdt,f8 ufyf mfkbc veifj,bc obyffqvltub dfh7
gbhbmbs7 xtvc wjkc yfvldbkfl fh lfdeikb veifj,fc7 cekfw fh vjvojyc
cfvpfhtekjc vb]fzdekb mfkt,b7 vfuhfv uffxybf fv,bwbt,c888 ,bpytc devtyb wjkb
fhfathib vzbhlt,f8 bveifjc7 ity [fh xtvb ,fnjyb7 vfcofdkt,kfl7 seylfw tmbvfl7
bubdt gjkbrkbybrfib7 lqbc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib cf[kib baecaect,c7 vtht cfvcf[ehib
ofdf7 ufvjbveifdt,c sfdbc cffst,c7 rjktut,sfy ofbzjhfdt,c7 vjdf cf[kib lf mvfhc
w[tk df[ifvc lff[dtlht,c888 t/7 cflqff fctsb mfkt,b7 lbyjpfdht,bdbs uflfitylyty8 vt
nhflbwbt,bc vbvltdfhb rfwb dfh7 xtvsdbc j]f[ehb cbv.elhjdtf ghbjhbntnb888
ufyf vt fh itvt’kj ,bpytcb ofvjvto.j7 fh lfubvfkfd7 b.j itvjsfdfpt,f7 vfuhfv aekb
[jv vsfdfhb fh fhbc7 vsfdfhbf ityb cfmvbc thsuekt,f888
ubukf rbltd lbl[fyc kfgfhfrj,lf thsuekt,fcf lf qfkfnpt7 /bgjrhfnbc abwpt7
ufsfd[tlt,ek aekbfyt,fcf lf gfnbjcfy eaekjt,pt7 fhct,ek htfkj,fcsfy ituet,bc
egbhfntcj,fpt ofhvjlutybksfy itlfht,bs7 vbpfycf lf vbpybc vbcfqotdfl .dtkfathpt
ofvcdktk rfhbthbcnt,pt888 rbltd ,tdh hfvtpt kfgfhfrj,lf7 vfuhfv vfij fh ecvtylf7
bc e.eht,lf sdktvfvjhtek gfnfhf ,bzc lf lhfgbht,ek igfkbthpt ufvjcf[ekb
veknabkvt,bc uvbht,pt abmhj,lf8

222

htcnjhfyb7 cflfw cbrj ,birtrblfy xfvjcek cnevht,c it[dlf dbmnjhbfyek

cnbkib b.j uflfo.dtnbkb8 akfvbyrjc vtkjlbf7 njybht,ekb cfhrtt,b7 cehytkjdfyb
cfyskt,b7 trpjnbrehb vtybe7 jwlffsb lfcf[tkt,bc qdbyj8 bcbyb jhyb b.dyty7 thsc
lfybfhb thmdf7 vtjhtc 2 ]tybi,trb8 thsyfbhfl ufvjortgbkt,b7 sfdfpbfyt,b7 fpbehb
eylj,kj,bs ifd sdfkt,ib8 cbrjv lblt,ekb ceahf lff[dtlhf7 .bhubpt,vf wjnf
ufwbwmytc7 qdbyj lffutvjdytc lf cfmvtpt uflfdblyty8
2 vjrktl7 .bhubptsblfy fpth,fb]fybc cfpqdhfvlt cfmjykbc xfvjnfybc
ufhfynbfc xdty sfdpt dbqt,s8 smdty hbc itvjsfdfpt,f itub’kbfs0 2 lfybfhvf
vfublfc vbf,]byf odtnbfyb blf.dt,b8
2 cfmfhsdtkjib itvjnfybc ef[kjtcb upf obstk [blpt uflbc7 ,jkj lhjc cf,f;j
rjynhjkb bct ufvrfwhlf7 ths njvfhf amdbkc dth itvjbnfy ufy,f;t,bc ufhtit8
vcufdcb qjybc’bt,f gjkbnbreh uflf]ueat,fcsfyff lfrfdibht,ekb lf gbfh fmwbfc
tvcf[eht,f7 fvbnjv lhjt,bsbf8 b[vfeht,ty7 jh rfwc lfbzthty7 vtht .dtkfathb eobyltk
rfkfgjnib xflut,f8 cbvfhskt ubs[hfs7 xtvb yfwyj,b vt,f;tt,b vj[cytc7 sevwf
c[dt,sfyfw itb’kt,f cfthsj tybc ufvjyf[df fy fknthyfnbekb upt,bc vj’bt,f8 2 cbrjv
lfybfhblfy vpthf ]tybi,trpt uffchbfkf8
vblb lf ufbut fv jhblfy hjvtkbf eahj vybidytkjdfyb abuehf7 n.egt,bdbs
udfyfy thsvfytsc8 fhf7 ]tybi,trb eahj genreyff7 lfybfhc rb ifdb [fkb fmdc
qfodpt8 fk,fs eahj lfybfhb7 bybwbfnbdfw vfy fbqj8
2 xdty cfmvtib 3itb’kt,f4 ufvjhbw[ekbf8 lfpecnt,bs eylf dbwjlts
cfmjykbc uflfflubkt,bc sfhbqb lf vfhihenb8 2 smdf ]fybi,trvf8
2 sfdbcsfdfl w[flbf8 cmtvf ef[kjtc ths rdbhfib bmyt,f8
2 yfqlb aekbw8 2 itf[ctyf lfybfhvf8
2 bmyt,f7 lfhlb ye ufmds8 2 cbrjv vjyjuhfvbfyb gjhncbufhblfy
cbufhtnbc qthb fvjfwjwf lf 3pbgjc4 cfyst,tkbs vjerblf8 2 vt vfbynthtct,c
cfmjykbc hfjltyj,f lf [fhbc[b8 2 yfafpb lffhn.f lf ,jkbcufy vjzenekb sdfkb
.bhubpt,bcrty uffgfhf8 itybiytc8 dthw[kbc gjhncbufhbw itybiytc7 jmhjc
cfyst,tkfw7 3hjktmcbc4 cffsbw8 vfbyw fh tylj,bfy7 obyfcofh s[jekj,ty aekc tc
ltlffatsmt,ekt,b8
2 [fhbc[b ufhfynbht,ekbf7 fv v[hbd itub’kbfs vidblfl b.js8 jgbevb
fdqfytsblfy itvjudfmdc7 vfhb[efyf flubkj,hbdb gkfynfwbt,blfy8 dbyfblfy tc
xdtyb gbhdtkb thsj,kbdb cfmvtf7 ]th]thj,bs kfgfhfrb bmyt,f fc rbkjuhfvpt7
hjvkt,cfw ,fv,bc gfhnbfcsfy thsfl itvjdfgfht,s8
2 fvfcobyfs nf]brtsblfy hectsbc ufdkbs itvjdblf yfhrjnbrt,bc gfhnbf7
e[fhbc[j rfyfab b.j7 fhfahfl dfhujlf8 2 cbrjv ervf.jabkjl lfmfxf [jhwcfdct next,b8
2 uffxybf cfl bphlt,f rfyfab7 xdtycrty xdtekt,hbdb cfhtdtkfw rb
uf;qtysbkbf yfhrjnbrbc itvwdtkb ybdsbtht,bs7 ybflfub udfmdc fctsb8 2 cbfvf.bs
ufyfw[flf ]tybi,trvf8
2 lf vpt8 2 lffvfnf lfybfhvf8 2 tatlhfc itcf[t, ucvtybfs0
2 .ehvjrdhbs8
2 xdtekt,hbdb vsbc ,fkf[bf7 ,tdhufy bphlt,f7 vfuhfv bctsb fhfxdtekt,hbdb
rfbac lfufzthbyt,c7 vbvbmfhfdc rkfcbrehb rfyfab8 cfmvt bmfvlt vbdblf7
cf[tkvobajv vbcb fvj’bhrdf frh’fkf7 hflufy vtlbwbyfib ufvjb.tyt,f8 vjrktl7
cf[tkvobaj xfudb]lf obkib8
2 tu tatlhf se hfqfwff7 bmyt,f0 2 lfbynthtclf cbrj8
2 bmyt,f7 smdty sdbsjy lfhoveylt,bs xdtyb yfsmdfvbc cbcojhtib8
2 hf ubs[hfs7 vt rjrfbyc dfybzt, egbhfntcj,fc7 fct hjv888 2 [tkt,b ufifkf
cbrjv8
2 se rfbapt vbluf cfmvt7 gbhflfl xdty fh dfhs yfhrjnbrt,bc vjv[vfht,kt,b8
f[fkufphlj,fib dvfbveyj,lbs7 hfw ,bpytcb ofvjdbo.ts7 fyfifptw rb vjudbobf efhbc
smvf8 fct fhff7 lfybfh0
2 utsfy[vt,b8 yfhrjvfyb ,bpytcc dth fofhvjt,c8 2 lfelfcnehf lfybfhvf8
cbrjc tybiyf ]tybi,trbc yfsmdfvb8 ufvjlbc7 serb cbrj yfhrjvfybf7 fhfcfylj
gfhnybjhfl vjbfpht,f7 tctyb rb a[bptkb yfhrj,fhjyt,bf8 /v7 mtwbfyb lbktht,b8
,tdhb erkbfs ,fhjyt,fvlt8888 bct7 rfwvf hjv smdfc7 fhfathbf ufcfrdbhb7 flht
ufvcfqt,tkc ,fhbufc t’f[lyty7 hfw wjnf fh b.jc fult,ekfl ;qthlf8 lqtc cbn.df ,fhbuf
fvqt,vf itwdfkf8 fvqt,b eahj tatmnehfl ;qthc7 bctdt hjujhw ue,thyfnjhb7
ghtatmnb7 cekfw vthb8 fhcb rb bubdtf8 itcfrht,sf uflfyfwdkt,bs ]fvb fh
bwdkt,f8
2 vsfdfhbf fh uflfcwbklt pqdfhc7 hjvkbc bmbs lfvjrblt,ekb [lt,b ofvfkpt8
xtvsdbc rjrfbyb fynbltghtcfynbf7 vtnb fhfathb7 lfqkbkj,fc vb[cybc8 2 sfdb
bvfhskfcfdbs cbrjv8
2 fct vc]tkj,lf thsb xtvb hecb vtuj,fhb7 hjvtkbw lqtc yfpfhfkbtdbc
rkbybrfib uflbc vrehyfkj,bc rehcc8 2 xfbwbyf ]tybi,trvf8
2 ewyfehb yfwbf [fhs7 .bhubpt,b7 yfhrjvfabfc totdbs7 sfdfl rb fh
rfbaj,s8 fh vtcvbc7 hjujh [lt,f fct8 2 cbrjv mfsbyfehbs cwflf otqfy ofvjhjibkb
cbcektkbc rjvgtycbht,f8 vfbyw7 lfybfhb bqt,c uflfo.dtnbkt,fc se ]tybi,trb0
hjvtkpt lffabmcbhjc vpthf7 lfbqfkf sdfkt,bc wtwt,bs8
2 ufyut,fv .dtkf [fk[c sfdbct,ehb [fcbfsb lfeotcf8 2 egfce[f lfybfhvf8 2
bidbfsb ufvjyfrkbcbc ufhlf7 .bhubpt,b yfhrjnbrc fh tnfyt,bfy8 itb’kt,f bsmdfc
utytnbrehb itesfdct,kj,f udfmdc8 vfufkbsfl7 bfrent,cf lf bylbtkt,bc pjubths njvc
f,cjkenehb itesfdct,kj,f fmdc fkrj/jksfy8 vjvtynfkehfl txdtdbfy7 vtht dtqfh
ufvjlbfy vlujvfhtj,blfy8
2 fye kjslt,bfy0 2 uferdbhlf cbrjc8
2 lbf[8
2 vfiby fh fhbc ufcfrdbhb yfpfhfkbtdbc rkbybrfib hect,bc cbzfh,t8
2 xdty fh udbrdbhc8 2 lfybfhvf gb]frbc ]b,tib xfb.j [tkb lf fyufhbib
vjbs[jdf8 cbrjv sfdb ufbub;f7 bvfs sfdfpbfyfl ffrfynehtc sfdt,b8 rfkst,b fh
xfvje[tdbfs7 lfgfnb;tc lf vjhxf8 mfhsdtkt,c e.dfhs sfdbc ufvjxtyf8
2 ths rdbhfib7 fm7 fv lhjc8 utuvbs7 yfqlb aekbs7 vjvfdkbc bvtlt,bs8 2
lfcfchek lfvj’qdhf ]tybiytrvf lf next,bs ufeqbvf8 sdfkt,ib bctsbdt eylj,kj,f tothf7
hjujhw sfdlfgbhdtkfl8
.bhubpt,b sdfkc vbtafhty7 cbrj b’ekt,ekb uf[lf tqbfht,byf7 hjv
ufycfresht,bs lfvfyuhtdtkb isf,tzlbkt,f dth vjf[lbyf ,birtrtk yfhrjlbktht,pt8 .jdtk
itvs[dtdfib cbnefwbbc ufrjynhjkt,f dth vjf[th[f8 tc jhb sfyfcojhbdbs
tkfgfhfrt,jlf7 at[t,pt trblfs mfhsdtkb vtqdbybc sdfkbcvjvzhtkb fmctcefht,b8
lfybfhvf cfdbpbnj ,fhfsb bct xfbwehf ]b,tib7 ptlfw fh ite[tlfdc dthw[kbcahfl
vjdfhf.t,ekb mj,t,bcsdbc8 aekptw bct vrfwhfl uffahs[bktc7 pqfght,b 3gjcktib4
uflf[lbc itcf[t, fh ufzhbc8 fhflf7 hjujhb bvtlb /mjylf8 cfl7 cfl bijdjc lfhxtybkb
fcb fsfcb0=
 vjekjlytkfl sfdib fphvf ufetkdf7 rb fh ufetkdf7 vjrkt xfhsdfcfdbs uf/rhf lf
kfvbc crfvblfy uflvjf.bhfdf8 vfy bwbc7 cfl bijdjc aekb= afhs[faehs[bs fvjbqj
vj,bkehb lf vtybeib .jabkb h’kbc yjvthb vjb’bf8
2 byuf ufvfh]j,f7 vbwfyb0
2 ity sfdc hf lfvfdbo.t,c7 xtvj cf.dfhtkj vfpkj0 bc vbrdbhc7 ity hfv
ufuf[ctyf xtvb sfdb0
2 vt .jdtksdbc vf[cjd[fh8 2 cbrjv bynbvehfl lfblf,kf [vf8
cbrjc lf byufc ijhbc bvsfdbsdt vtuj,hekb ehsbthsj,f lfv.fhlf8 ,tdhb cfthsj
yfwyj,b fqvjxylfs7 thsvfw lf vtjhtvfw bwjlf efvhfdb zjh-vfhsfkb dbg gthcjyt,bc
itcf[t,8 exfcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 cbrjc e.dfhlf necjdrt,b7 ghtptynfwbt,b7
ufvjatyt,b888 byufw wlbkj,lf vfqfk cfpjufljt,fib tnhbfkf8 h’fksfy afvbkbfhj,f
v[jkjl vfiby itfh,bkf7 hjwf vb[dlf 2 ’vf tzdbfyj,c8 cbrjc hjv byufcsfyf wjkb
/.jkjlf7 bcbw btzdbfyt,lf8 byufc fhitvxytdf ite’kt,tkb b.j7 bub .jdtksdbc wlbkj,lf
[fpb uftcdf c[tekbc vjvut,bfyb ajhvt,bcsdbc8 rf,f bvfpt vjrkt eylf cwvjlf7 dblht
tsbrtnb bsdfkbcobyt,lf7 ifhdfkb ,fh’f.t,pt fcrlt,jlf7 rfwt,b sdfkc dth o.dtnlty
wtkmfl ufvj,ptrbk cf]ljvc7 ltrjknbht,ekb ,kepblfy yfvptehb vrthlb fz.bnfdlf7
.ehib vfwlehfl bh[tjlf vc[dbkb ,hbkbfynb8 svf hjv .dbskfl ittqt,f vthkby
vjyhjcufy dth uffhxtdlb7 vfuhfv byuf ,eyt,hbd of,kbcathc fybzt,lf egbhfntcj,fc8
2 [jv vidblj,ff0 2 .jdtk itv[dtdfib brbs[f byufv8
2 vidblj,f bc bmyt,jlf7 j]f[b fh lfutyuhbf8
2 rfhub hf cbrj7 fh ubylf tc rfhkjc ntmcnt,bs kfgfhfrb8 3j]f[b fh
lfutyuhbf47 sbsmjc xdtyc thsj,kbd sfyfw[jdht,fc thmdf j]f[b8 fhf7 xtvj rfhuj7 fh
vjdbcvty cf.dtleht,c8 c[df7 xtvc flubkpt7 lblb [ybc oby fbrhfdlf uelf-yf,flc8
lfvqfkf ityc ’vfcsfy jhsf,h’jkfv7 acbmjkjubehfl ufvnt[f8 vt xtvcfc devnrbwt,7 bc
sfdbcfc vbthtrt,f8 vbcsdbc fhw emvt lqt fhct,j,c7 fhw lqtcfcofekb7 fhw
bynbvehb sfhbqt,b888 /rbs[t7 hfvltyb otkb fh feqbf idt,ekt,f0 urbs[t lf
ubgfce[t,c888
cbrj euekjl ecvtylf byufc gbhblfy uflvjqdhbk cf.dtleht,c lf abmhj,lf5
.dtkfathc itb’kt,f /mjyltc lfcfchekb rjcvjcbcf lf mfkbc endbyj,bc ufhlf8 tn.j,f
vfhskf lfb]thf7 hjv ghbywtcff lf itcfathb ghbywbc ’t,yfib uflftidf8 cektkb=
ghbywc itb’kt,f vstkb w[jdht,f tkjlj7 rfwb rb .jdtk lqt uzbhlt,f888 lf fhf vfhnj
ctmcbcsdbc8 vfuhfv byufc itfuyt,byt,0 sfdb ztivfhbnt,bc evfqktcb bycnfywbf
/ujybf8 w[jdht,bctekb ufvjwlbkt,f c[df fhfathbf7 se fhf byajhvfwbf bvbc itcf[t,7
hjujh fh eylf vjbmwt cbnefwbfib7 hjvtkbw erdt fqfhfcjltc ufyvtjhlt,f8
cfbynthtcjf7 hfc bn.dbc thsb okbc itvltu0
2 888 hfw tc ,bpytcb uffafhsjdf7 cek sfdc ufdblf7 qfvbc sjhvtn cffsfvlt
dth itvjbn.et, cf[kib8 2 stvfc ufyfuh’j,lf byuf8
2 f[kf fh vbs[hf dtzdbfyj,lbj8
2 mfkb hjv .jabkb.j vbptpb ufdbut,lb7 hmbfyb [jv fh dfh7 itdbljlb
vlujvfhtj,fib888 cb.dfhekb bctsb fdflv.jaj,ff7 hjlbc itut.ht,f fh bwb7 vfuhfv exfv
j]f[ehb ,tlybtht,fc cfvcf[ehb fyfwdfkf= utcvbc0=
2 bct kfgfhfrj,7 sbsmjc fmts vbufnjdf8
2 tuqf vfrkbf= byufcsfyf mfkt,c fh njdt,ty7 xtvj rfhuj7 byufcsfyf mfkt,b
sdbsjy vblbfy8
2 itb’kt,f dbwjlt dbcsfy vblbfy itybcsfyf vjo.dtnbkb dfhcrdkfdt,b0
2 bvbc smvf ubylf7 hjv cf.dfhkbc ufvj lfnjdt ityb ’vf0
2 ’vfw lf ’vbcidbkbw8 se ybrf fh fhbc cfsdfkfdib xfcflut,b0
2 fh ufvfnfyf ,fnjyj7 rhe[bdbs fpbc7 sbsmjc c[dfc fh /.jkbf idbkb8
2 ufvjn.lb byuf7 fhw ity vjubrkfdc sfdb ,fdidbc of.dfybs8 vfvfcsfy
lfhxtyf ybrfc fhxtdfyb b.j8
 2 vt gfnbdc dwtv c[dbc fhxtdfyc7 seylfw idblb okbc ,fdidbc8 2 ufbwbyf
byufv8
2 rfhub7 lfdfyt,js sfdb aez ,fpfhc8 cfmvt vfmdc itysfy7 ’fkbfy
vybidytkjdfyb cfmvt7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 cfcohfaj8
2 e/7 vfmtlfy lfuto.j7 hfc vfvfhskt,byt, sfdc=
2 itub’kbf itv[dlt0
2 jh cffsib xfothf vfmdc7 vjdfcoht,0
2 pfghfcnf8
2 cfl [fh0
2 htcnjhfyb 3ukjhbf48
2 lfvtkjlt8
cbrjv afmnbehfl [tke[kt,tk ceahfc uflf[tlf8 n.ebke,hfkjl lfb[fh]f7 fv
j[th .bhubpt,c fy fh ibjlfs fy ob[kb erhtc ceahfpt8 vfbyw7 hjvtkb b.j eahjcb0
kj.t,bfyb ]tybi,trb se [fkbfyb lfybfhb0888 fhf eifdc7 byufcsfy thsfl fbsdbct,c7
c[df cfrbs[bf7 hfvltyfl bmyt,f .jabkb h’fkb zfvbc [fcbfspt7 hjwf .jabkb vfpkb
gbhj,fc ofe.tyt,c8
byufv htcnjhfyib itcdkbcsfyfdt vbbg.hj .ehflqt,f8 v[ht,ib ufikbkb vjlbjlf7
fvf.fl vjqtht,ekb .tkbs7 upflfupf h’bfyb.fdbcathb ofekbc mehmbc qbkt,c
b[cyblf7 hfsf cfpjufljt,fc rfhufl ittsdfkbtht,byf xfvjmybkb at[t,b8 fkbcathb
xtmvt,bc gfrfgerbs uflfzhf lfh,fpb lf cbrjc vfublfcsfy lftidf8 cbrjv rtabs buh’yj
vfvfrfwsf iehbfyb vpthf7 byufc jhbjl ufwdtsbkb rjvgkbvtynb tchjkf lf qdbyj
xfvjfc[f8
2 f,f7 vjvb.tdb7 hf ufuzbhdt,bf0 2 byufv [tkc xfvjf.hlyj vjvhudfkt,ekb
ybrfgb8
2 ]th zfvt8 fb7 tc [fvfyort,b ufcby]t7 eutvhbtktcbf8
2 dfbvt7 hf utvhbtkj,t,bf7 fh dbwb cfblfy lfdbo.j8 tc hf fhbc0
2 wbwhbc abkt ;jkjc cfot,tkib7 tc rb kfyuecnbc ptabhbf8
2 j/j= gbhlfgbh cfvtaj ceahff7 gfnfh’fkb [jv fh ufutmwf7 cbrj0
2 tuht vbwyj,0 2 ofh,b itfsfvfif cbrjv8
byufv uflfbrbcrbcf lf xfyufkb vjbvfh]df8 cbrjc rfhufl f[cjdc bc lqt7 hjwf
exfv vjvfdfkb cfwjkt vij,kt,c uffwyj8 byuf vfibyfw kfvfpb7 vfuhfv fct
sdfkibcfwtvfl 2 fhff8 lfyf-xfyukbc [vfht,fw fh bwjlf [tbhbfyfl7 f[kf bct vfh]dtl
forfgeyt,c7 babmht, lfyf-xfyukbs lfb,flf8 itbathf rfhub w[jdht,f7 .dtkf fvfc dth
f[th[t,c8 vjvfdfk ltlfvsbkc vjtojyf vjrh’fkt,ekb7 ghjdbywbtkb ujujyf 2 fhw vfubc
j]f[bidbkj,f vfbynthtct,c7 fhw vpbstdb7 rjzt,ib tn.j,f rfhub wjkb bmyt,f xtvb
exfcsdbc7 ]fyvhstk idbkt,c ufextyc7 j]f[c ufe’qdt,fj8 hfw vsfdfhbf7 3gfgbhjcc
fh mfxfdlf47 hjujhw vbcb obyfvjh,tlt,b8 ytkbcsdbc cbufhtnb b.j otcbtht,bc
rhbnthbevb8 cfo.fkb ltlf7 rbltd rfhub fh vjtcohj cf.dfhtkb exbrjc lfvwbht,fc8
yfstkib fv.jajc eafkvf8
hjwf sfdb lfyf.ht,ekfl buh’yj7 byufv 3lfy/bkbc4 qthb vjbvfh]df8
2 fhbcnjrhfnt,bc cbufhtnc totdb0 2 cbrjv cfyst,tkf lff[dtlhf8
byufv ufvjvwltkfl it[tlf8 fh cbfvjdyt,lf hjwf vbc ghjdbywbek ofhvjij,fpt
frtst,lyty vbybiyt,fc7 vbfxylf7 hjv ufvjcekb mfkb s,bkbctkb eylf b.jc7 tkbnfhek
e,fyib ufbpfhljc7 ufdktybfyb vij,kt,b /.fdltc lf 3lfy/bkc4 totjltc8 exfc twbyt,jlf
wjkbc rjvgktmct,pt7 yfvldbkb byntkbutywbf cjatkib lfb,flf lf mfkfmib
xfvj.fkb,lfj7 vfuhfv byufc ufujyt,f fh cehlf7 .dtkfyfbhfl wlbkj,lf vbtxevfst,byf
cfresfhb ofhvjvfdkj,f7 sbsmjc yfufdcf.htkpt lfb,flf lf fhf xdtekt,hbd j]f[ib8
vfhsfkbf7 vbcb rfkfnjpb vfvf .jdkbcitv’kt vfvfvsbkc fh ittlht,jlf7 vfuhfv fvbcufy
nhfutlbfc byufc ufhlf fhfdby mvyblf8
2 byuf7 aekb vzbhlt,f8 2 vpthf ufecojhf cbrjv8
 2 aekb0 2 byufc ufrdbhdt,bcufy ,jkbw rb uflft.kfgf7 sdfkt,lfmfxekvf
lff[dtkf8
2 /j7 aekb7 hf ufubrdbhlf0
2 vt hjv lfvb’f[t cfidtkfl7 bc ufvbrdbhlf7 sjhtv pjuflfl aekb vtw vzbhlt,f8
2 fsb ghjwtynb ityb b.jc8
2 hbcb fsb ghjwtynb7 hf mfhfuvt,bs vtkfgfhfrt,b0
2 exfcufy eylf ufvjodtkj fcb fsfcb ljkfhb8
byufv bct uh’kfl lfecndbyf7 ufhitvjv.jat,vf rbcht,b vjqhbwtc8
rfnfkjublfy uflvjv[nfhb vfylbkjcfyb ifhfupfpt ufvjcekb .fxfqbdbs ecndtylf8
2 hfc /mdbf ufvjdodtkj7 hjvtkb vodtkfdb vt vyf[t0 fy tc sfy[f cfblfy
vjs[fht0
2 lfdbo.t, ,jkj itrbs[dblfy8 fcb fsfcb gbhflfl vt vzbhlt,f7 ity bvbnjv
fubhxbt7 hjv ybrfc ltlf [fh7 ,fdidbc ufvj exf n.fdblfy fvj[nt,f8
2 ,fdidb bctlfw exfcsfyff7 itcfybiyfdfl uh’yj,ty sfdc7 fh vfmdc
ghtntypbf xtvsfy bphlt,jltc8
2 ity eylf ofvjf.tyj tc ghtntypbf7 ’dbhafcj byuf7 hfw itb’kt,f cohfafl7
lhjib dbodt,b8 2 cbrjc [vf vemfhfcfdbs ;qthlf7 cfxdtyt,tkb sbsb fuhtcbekfl
frfreylf cffsbc ieifpt7 sbsmjc lhjbc ufxtht,f eylf8
2 ity hfnjv fh cs[jd0
2 ds[jdt lf efhb vbs[hf8
2 vt hjv ds[jdj7 cb[fhekbs itvj,phbfklt,f lf ihbfk-ihbfkbs xfvbsdkbc0
2 ity tn.j,f fh vbcvty7 rb fh eylf cs[jdj7 ghtntypbf ofe.tyj7 eahj rfhufl hjv
vb[dlt7 lffifynf;j8 tn.db7 se aekt,c fh xfvjvb.fzfd7 ,fdidc ofufhsvtd-smj8 otkc
mdtdbs vbxtmvt7 otkc mdtdbs8
2 dsmdfs vbdxtmvt7 dsmdfs lfdbsfy[vt7 ,fhtv bcbw vbs[fhb hfnjv eylf
vjufhsdf kfyufhpt fcb fsfcb ljkfhb7 v[jkjl bvbnjv hjv bltf vjvfojlt0 2 ufobovfnlf
byuf8
2 bvbnjv7 hjv ityb cfblevkj fh ufdtwb8 2 cbrj fh bqbvjlf8 vemb
yfwhbcathb sdfkt,bc vbqvf evbcfvfhsj fuhtcbf brbs[t,jlf8 2 vt dbwb7 dbcb
idbkbwff ybrf8
byufc gbhb vjtqhbwf7 kfvbc erfy uflvjfys[bf utvhbtkfl vbhsvtekb
[fvfyort,b sfdbcb kfyuecnbc ptabhbs8
2 fye0 2 brbs[f vjudbfyt,bs7 hjwf vtn.dtkt,bc eyfhb fqeluf8
2 fye7 ybrf exf f,ecthb’bc qdb’kb idbkb fhff7 xtvj vidtybthj ueuekj8
2 dby ubs[hf0
2 xbnvf vjvbnfyf fv,fdb7 vfvfkvf ueuekvf7 rfb udfhbfyb relbs7
ybcrfhnbs7 ,hz.fkt,bs lf rbltd hfvt hevtt,bs7 fct hjv vju[b,kf8
2 cbcektktf7 hfc vbtl-vjtlt,b=888 relb7 ,hz.fkt,b888 pjjabkb rb fh dfh0=
2 itcfybiyfdb vbuyt,ff7 ertstcc dth vjbabmht,lf rfwb= nbgehb pjjabkb
[fh888 xtv dbh ’vfc bv mtwbfy s[fcsfy eqfkfnt7 f[kf rb ufztyt,ek vecnfyusfy
ufxfqt,ekt hjvfyb8 fhf7 ity pjjabkpt efhtcb [fh7 qfkfnb fh brvfht7 dbqfwbc
yf,bzdfhb itfcfqt xtvc ’vfc7 vtht vbfnjdt lf yfukfl fphltdbyt,8 2 c[dfgfc[egbs
vbf.fhf cbrjv8 2 ,bzbf7 ,bzb= cfwjlfdvf vfvfxtvvf sjabw rb ufbchjkf7 /fbn7
udtqbhcf ,bzb f,ecthb’tt,bc cf[tkjdfy udfhcj= [b[fsf thsbcsfdsthbcsfdbc
isfvjvfdfkbj888 hfnjv qvthsb fh ufbwbyt,c0= ,hn.tk-,hn.tkb cflqtuh’tkjt,bs
ofudktrf7 utytfkjubehb inj itfdcj7 f,ecthbc’t n,tkblfy dblht ybrjkjp
f,ecthb’tvlt8 /v7 tqbhcfs7 hjujhw fhf= fb7 hmt,b rb bctsb tqbhcfs7 ye,beh s[fc
itiehlt,f8 byuf7 ubyf[fdc ye,behb hmf0
byufv ytrbs vjbovbylf kj.fpt xfvjujht,ekb whtvkb8 sbst,ib vjmwtekb
cbufhtnb lblb [fybf xfbodf7 athakb staipt wdbjlf vjyfwhbcahj cdtnt,fl8 bc rb dth
uh’yj,lf7 ufhledfkj,bc ituh’yt,fv weyfvbdbs lfafhf7 acrthc vbf[tsmf7 yfgbhpt
ufhb.f7 vjujyt,f feifkf888
vfc lf exfc [esb otkb fh /.fdlfs idbkb8 ltlfvsbkb fvhtpbs ewmthlf ths lhjc
cf.dfhtk h’fkc7 vfvfvsbkb vhfdfkvybidytkjdyfl levlf7 exf ghjtmnt,bc [fpdfib
fstyt,lf qfvtt,c8 ubytrjkjut,sfy cbh,bkvf dthfathb itltub ufvjbqj7 bctsb fhfathb
uzbhc7 jltcvt lfat[v’bvlt,bj8 byufv ythdbekj,bc ybflfupt ufcemt,f lfbo.j8 hjwf
cfcojhbc ybiyekb cfvjw rbkjuhfvc vbef[kjdlf7 byufv mfkfmib wyj,bk
lbtnjkjuc7 jybct kbgfhntkbfyc vbfrbs[f8 fv erfycfrytkvf lbtnfw lfeybiyf lf
kjubyibw itbn.ef8 mvhbc qfkfnb fhw bctsb vjhfkehb rfnfcnhjaf fqvjxylf7
hjujhw flht ofhvjtlbyf7 gbhbmbs7 vjgfhekb yf.jabc [b,kb cfcbfvjdyjl eqbnbyt,lf
ythdt,c7 hjvfyt,ib ofrbs[ek mfkt,c fvcufdct,lf8 hfqf fyf rfhtybyf7 hfqf byuf
f,ecthb’bcf7 c[df cfrbs[bf dhjycrbc hfvltyfl mfxfdlf s[bcodthf lbtnjkjub8
fhf7 byufc lfjhcekt,f fhw eabmhbf7 vfuhfv hjwf at[v’bvj,f buh’yj7
,fdidbc ityfhxeyt,f uflfo.dbnf8 exfcsfy uf.hbs .dtkfathc rfhufdlf 2 ,byfc7
rjvajhnc7 aekc7 ohtc7 ofhvfnt,ekb w[jdht,bc gthcgtmnbdfc8 ,jkjc lf ,jkjc7
mvfhbw sfdbct,ehfl e.dfhlf7 sevwf vbc enbahj,fc pju]th bct ufvj.fdlf
vjsvbyt,blfy7 vpfl b.j [vfvfqkf t.vedkf8
hjujhw rb ntcnvf lfvfrvf.jabkt,tkb gfce[b exdtyf7 byuf lbtnjkjuc
ufvjtvidblj,f lf mvfhc f[fhf f[fkb fv,fdb8 exf cb[fhekbs wfc tobf7 vfibydt
rfhkjcsfy uffmfyf7 cflfw j]f[eh ohtib fqybiytc yfyfnhb at[v’bvj,f8 ltlfvsbkb sfdc
tdkt,jlf7 hfqfb fv lqtc vjdtcofhb7 hf vjvrkfdcj7 vfpkt,b sfy /.dt,jlyty888
cbnefwbf ,fdidbc lf,flt,bcsfyfdt itbwdfkf8 byuf fh fqvjxylf vpfl
ltlj,bcsdbc7 ybrf ezvtkb ,fdidb b.j7 qfvt welfl t’byf7 lqt zbhdtekj,lf8 byufc
acbmjpb lfto.j7 pju]th bct lfcx[fjlf ,fdidc7 cfresfhb [vbc tibyjlf8 exf gbhdtkfl
lfto.j ufew[jt,f wjkbc vbvfhs7 cfresfh .eht,c fh e]tht,lf7 yese tc vx[fdfyf ltlfrfwb
vbcb cf.dfhtkb wjkbf0 fvfy hjujhb ,fdidb eylf ufpfhljc0 vjrkt [fyib sdbsjy
itfhxbf ’b’f7 wjkb uekbc uflfcf.jkt,kfl ntktrjvgfybfib vjfo.j cfveifjl8 byufv
uekbw uflff.jkf lf evjrktc lhjib f[fk fvgkefib vjtdkbyf cfpjufljt,fc8 cthbjpekb
uflfwtvbc ofv.dfyj,f rjltmct,bc pes[df fh fhbc7 .dtkf dth ufmfxfdc8 f[kf hfqfw
bn.jlf eahjcb h’fkb vfyfyf0 byuf .jdtksdbc uh’yj,lf vbcufy ofvjcek egbhfntcj,bc
bvgekct,c8 sfdb vj/mjylf7 fmfjlf7 /fhdfhlib vbcofdkbfj8 bcofdkb utyfwdfkt7
hjwf lbgkjvfnt,bc j]f[ib lfahsbfylt,b8 byuf rb lfy]qhtekb fdnj,ecbs xfvjt[thuf
mfkfmib7 thsb ufwdtsbkb xtvjlybc fvfhf7 jhb otkb cfthsj cfw[jdht,tkib uffnfhf7
wbwmyf jsf[ib it.e;ekb vfcfdbs egfnhjyj cneltynt,cf lf ekdfif nfhfryt,sfy thsfl8
exf hjv fhf7 dby bwbc7 lqtcfw bm vjeotdlf .eh.enb888 fhf7 byuf fh lfeidt,c
vsfdfhb rjpbhbc [tkblfy ufidt,fc8 cbrj vfc fifynf;t,c7 ite’kt,tkbf jybctc cflvt
tnhf,f[f7 vbs eahj7 ofhvjlutyf fh /mjylf byufc at[v’bvj,bc itcf[t,8
2 /f7 hfc bn.db7 h’fkj7 rfhufl lfodbs rfkjhbt,b ity lf ityvf lbtnjkjuvf se
rbltd lfuhxfs vfhfub0 2 ituhbkt,ekb cbrjc qtzdbs vbvfhsf cbrjv8
bwbc7 ,hfpbs ufbabmhf byufv8 yese jybctv uf.blf0 fct itb’kt,f
yt,bcvbthvf vjbojyjc sfdb c[dbcb wjkbc cf.dfhkj,bs7 vfuhfv .dtkfc [jv fh
lft]tht,f0
2 se tzdb umjylf7 hfnjv flht fh smdb0
2 fh vbyljlf fv cb,by’ehbc uf]fpt,f7 gbhdtk hbuib vfvfxtvb itvtwjlf7
f[kfw vtcvbc .ehib bv sjabc [vf7 ybrfc lf,flt,bcfc hjv ufbchjkf8 chekokjdfyb hjv
uf[lt,f7 ofhothfc ufdertst,j5 ybrfc ,f,efcfufy8 /t7 /t=
2 vtjht hbuib0
2 exfc ufvj8 e.dfhlb vfu cektkc7 ityw lf ,fdidbw8
2 f[kf fh utwjlt,f0
 2 vtwjlt,f7 vfuhfv rbltd eahj vtwjlt,f xtvb sfdb7 serb bv lfcfodfd vf.esc
dth dbijdb8
2 fhf fmdc exfc fctsb sfy[vf7 lfvb]tht7 2 vjk,f byuf8 hfc vbcwtvc
cbrjcsfy rfvfsb0 c]j,c ofdbltc lfsvj,fpt7 bmyt, nr,bkb cbn.dbsf lf itujyt,bs ufdbltc
ajyc7 ghjatcbfw eo.j,c [tkc lf ufhtuyj,fw8 kfvfp mfksfy rfvfsib yt,bcvbthb
vfvfrfwb vfhw[lt,f7 fhw cbrjf ufvjyfrkbcb8
2 fmdc7 ye vfcofdkb8 fyufhbiptw tmyt,f lf vityt,kj,fibw fmdc xflt,ekb8
2 vityt,fht j,btmnt,c [jv fh uf.blbc0=
2 fh vfbynthtct,c7 vfiby ,kjrbc wt[b uf.bljc7 fhvfnehf7 [htib7 mdbif7
jabcb7 fhmbntmnjht,b7 ]fylf,f lf j[hj,f= ybrfc uekbcsdbc .dtkfathpt ofdf7
dbwyj, ’vfc8
2 hjujh ufde,tlj s[jdyf7 hjwf bctlfw .jdtksdbehfl vb[lbc ,bybc mbhbc
aekc7 f[fkb vfymfyfw vb.blf7 yt,bcvbth s[jdyfc vbchekt,c7 jqjyl sfdb
lfdfyt,j888
2 ’fkbfy rfhub7 uf.blt .dtkfathb lf vjvtwb sfy[f8 ,fhb ,fhib dbmyt,bs7
ityw ce7 vtw ce8 2 cbrjv nexpt vbblj cfxdtyt,tkb sbsb8
2 hjujh fhf7 lfub]tht=
2 sbsmjc c[df fhxtdfyb umjyltc8
2 hfc vbidt,b7 cbrj7 hfc vbidt,b888 2 ythdbekj,bcufy byufc gjvflf
itvjtzfvf7 voe[fhtl itzve[yek ofh,t,ib cfcjofhrdtsf brbs[t,jlf8
2 ut.jaf oeoeyb7 ity bctsb fvjhfkehb cfmwbtkb xfblbyt7 fhfathb ubzbhc
f[kfw vjbmfxkj sfdb8 vblb7 vblb7 lfhtrt8 cbsfvfvbcsdbc itub’kbf qdbyjw
uflf.kehoj7 lfwfkt tu zbmf lf lfhtrt8
2 itbifkt0 fmtlfy ubylf vjkfgfhfrt,f dfofhvjj0 2 byufv itibyt,ekvf
vbvjb[tlf8
2 t8b8 itdsfy[vlbs0 2 cf[t ufeyfslf cbrjc8
2 vbnjdt, ufvjcfdfkc0
2 fhf7 fh ubnjdt,8
2 hjv fh lfsfy[vltc0 hjv vbs[hfc7 ofb.dfyt ityb idbkb lf rbcthb ubnt[bfs
jhbdtcj0
2 welfl uwyj,bf cfresfhb mvfhb7 exf ev ,fkf[c vj’jdc lf ityyfbh mfkc
,fdidc fh vbcwtvc ufcfphltkfl8
2 hfc ybiyfdc 3ityyfbh mfkc40 dbsjv dbcpt yfrkt,b dfh0
2 bc7 hfw w[jdtkcfw bycnbmnbc ljytpt fmdc7 ity flfvbfyeh ljytptw fh
uffxybf8
bvbc vb[tldbs7 hjujh lffrdtcf sdfkt,b byufv7 cbrj vb[dlf 2 ptlvtnb
vjedblf8 [jv itb’kt,f cbylbcvf itfoe[jc lf mvfhsfy lf,heyt,f uflfo.dbnjc0 ths[tk
lfo.dbkt,ekb jajat,b vstkb w[jdht,f thsfl fhbfy8 exf rb jajasf j]f[blfyff8
ufvjhbw[ekb fhff itehbultc rbltw .jabk wjkc8 tc bmyt,f rfnfcnhjaf8 cbrjv
itvhbut,kehfl xferhf sdfkb cfjvhfl vjvfhsek h’fkc8
2 lf fvfc vte,yt,f rfwb7 dbyw cfresfhb ’vbc ]b,tib ifynf;bc upbs ’dht,f8
2 rfhub f[kf7 sjhtv uekb fvbxe.lt,f lf uflfdbabmht,8
2 ’fkbfy lfvfdfkt,8 2 byufv qdbybs cfdct ,jrfkc [tkb cnfwf lf
cekvjesmvtkfl uflfrhf8
2 uffvjc8 2 cbrjv jabwbfync vje[vj lf fyufhbib vjcs[df8

222

ubjhub f,ecthb’t rf,bytnib ,jksfc cwtvlf7 lhjlflhj vfublfpt lf.hbk

ajnjcehfst,sfy xthlt,jlf7 cflfw c[dflfc[df hfrecib ofhvjlutybkb b.j ,bpytcvtyb
rjnt .fhfekfidbkb8 wtvbcufy bct /mjylf sfd-.,f ufcbt,ekb7 fldjrfnb rb fhf7
cfresfhb ltlf dth bwyj,lf8 vrdktkj,f fh itlbjlf sfdlfvc[vtkt,bc utuvfib7 tc b.j
ufvfahs[bkt,tkb fmwbf8 se zrebs fh vjbmwtdb7 vtjht tnfgb kbrdblfwbf bmyt,fj8
uflfhxtybkb ,bpytcvtyb fh fgbht,lf 3zrebs vjmwtdfc47 fye efhbc smvfc cfresfhb
ofhvjt,bc ufafhsjt,fpt7 vbs eahj fv tnfgpt7 hjwf ew[jtkb bydtcnjht,b vjbpblf lf
cfmvt afmnbehfl lf’hf vrdlfhb othnbkblfy8 vbcb bybwbfnbdf ’bhfdlf rjyrehtyn
abhvfc7 hjvtkcfw vpf ghjlemwbf itvj/mjylf thjdyek ,fpfhpt lf cthbjpek vjut,fcfw
yf[ekj,lf8
rjnt ths[tk ofdblf rjvghjvbcpt 2 uflfhbw[f sfy[vf fhfhct,ekb ajylbc
fhfhct,ek cfkfhjib8 hjujhw xfyc twjnfdfs7 rjyrehtynb abhvbc vafhdtkvf rjntc
f[kfyltkb lf vjvfdfkb ghjlemwbbc ,fphblfy uf’tdt,f ufybphf[f8 dth vjfhsdtc=
cfresfh cbvfhsktib lfhoveyt,ekvf ,bpytcvtyvf cffdflv.jajibdt itbnfyf cfhxtkb lf
ubjhub f,ecthb’bc cf[bs fldjrfnb fb.dfyf8
sfdlfgbhdtkfl cfmvt cfrvfjl cev,ehekfl ufvjb.eht,jlf8 lfpfhfkt,ekb cf[tptf7
fhw vjnbdb b.j cfrfvfsj7 vfuhfv lfvrdtsbc dbyfj,bc lfcf[tkt,fc elfyfifekj,bc
ghtpevwbf eikblf [tkc8 vnrbwt,ekt,t,bc fhmjybc ufvj .fhfekfidbkbc cfhxtkb
vjhbu vfrekfnehfl lfbvndtht,jlf ghjrehfnehbc hjvtkbqfw bycnfywbfib7 hjv fhf
thsb ufhtvjt,f8 ufvjxylf vjovt7 [bc erfy lfvfkekb vfs[jdfhb dbyvt xfgkbyf7
hjvtkvfw fhf vfhnj lfbyf[f hjujh uflvjfshbtc vfymfyblfy htcnjhfyib lfylj,bkfl
vbvfdfkb ,bpytcvtyb7 fhfvtl lfbvf[cjdhf sfflfvc[vtkt,bc resdybkb stshb
3ybcfyb4 keh]-obstkb kjujsb8 .dtkfpt cfbynthtcj bc b.j7 hjv vfymfyf rjyrehtynb
abhvbc ,fkfycpt bhbw[t,jlf8
rjntc vbth ofvj.tyt,ekb dthcbf thsb thsib ]lt,jlf8 f[kf sfvfvfl itb’kt,jlf
ghjwtcpt xfgkbyfc vjovtl ufvj.dfyf8 bvfc7 hjv cojhtl vfy vbecohj ,todpt
evjo.fkjl yfwtv ,bpytcvtyc7 bwjlf rke,-htcnjhfybc sbsmvbc .dtkf sfyfvihjvtkvf 2
lbhtmnjhblfy lfo.t,ekb idtbwfhbs lfvsfdht,ekb8 rjyrehtyn abhvfc7 cf[tkojlt,bs
3vfhrj4 cfsfdtib tluf ,bpytcvtyb ]eyf n.fdf’t7 rfwb rhbvbyfkehb ofhcekbs lf
lfyfkl nhfvgbc fv,bwbt,bs8 cbnefwbfc fhsekt,lf bc ufhtvjt,f7 hjv ]eyfc vafhdtkb
tuekt,jlf [tkbceakt,bc vfqfk titkjyt,ib8 hfvltyfl itt’kj t8 o8 vafhdtkc ufdktybc
vj[ltyf cfcfvfhskjc uflfo.dtnbkt,fpt7 ubjhubv lfpecnt,bs fh bwjlf8 rekefhek
byajhvfwbfpt lf.hlyj,bs vafhdtkc o.fkb fmdc it.tyt,ekb lf f[fkb okbc itvltu f[fkb
cfdfh’kbc ’t,yfib eylf uflfbn.fjc ve[kt,b8
2 ity rbltd fh xfubwdfvc0 hfc tkjlt,b7 lfudfudbfylt,f8 2 rf,bytnib cfufhtjl
ufvjo.j,bkvf vfyfyfv itvjb[tlf8
2 hf xfdbwdf0 2 brbs[f ubjhubv7 bv bvtlbs7 hjv wjkb yt,fc lfhsfdlf ]
byct,bsf lf ]tvghbs ofcekb.j ltlbc okbcsfdpt8
vfyfyfv bwjlf mvhbc [fcbfsb7 se w[dbhoby fh lfekfut,lf tnbrtnbc
itcfathbc cfvjcc7 ubjhub .dtkfyfbhfl ittwlt,jlf ftwbkt,byf nfycfwvkbc ufvjwdkbc
3hsekb4 ghjwtlehf8
2 ifd rjcnbevc ufubvpflt,8
2 vfbywflfvfyw .dfdt,bdbs ufvjdto.js vstkb j]f[b0 2 ubjhubv rhbnbrekfl
itfsdfkbthf wjkbc tktufynehb rf,fpt vjc[vekb ufvzdbhdfkt ifdb ifhab7 kfmbc
vfqfkmeckbfyb xtmvt,b8 mvhbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs vfyfyf rkfcbreh cnbkc fybzt,lf
egbhfntcj,fc7 cfvcf[ehibw .jdtksdbc vrfwhfl xfwvekb lflbjlf7 hjujhw
vjcfvfhsktc ittatht,f8
2 cfgfce[bcvut,kj vjvtynt,ib flfvbfyc ifdt,b eylf twdfc8
2 cfgfce[bcvut,kj vjvtynib okbcsfdc uekbc[vj,0
2 .dtkfathc7 hfw cbrdlbksfy fcjwbhlt,f8
2 dbsjv ]byct,bs fh vbvbqt,ty bv mdt.yfl0 2 ubjhubv vfublfpt lf.hbkb
cehfst,b f[brf lf e]hf ufvjfqj8
 2 cfv]th vberfreyt8 /j7 tuht888 vfxdtyt7 hfc xehsfd vfu e]hfib0
ubjhubv ajnjt,b ufeojlf7 vfyfyfv sdfkb uflffdkj lf lfyfyt,bs uffmybf
sfdb8
2 n.ebkfl vj/rblt fv cfmvtc [tkb7 xtvsdbc hjv utrbs[f7 fh ubhxtdlb8
2 dbsjv hfnjv0 2 ubjhubv lflfhf]t,ekb vpthf tchjkf wjkc8 vfyfyfc fphc
vbcsdbc vybidytkj,f /mjylf7 hjujhw ghjatcbekb7 bct flfvbfyehb sdfkcfphbcbs8
2 xfu’bhfdty8
2 hfc ybiyfdc xfu’bhfdty7 hjvtkb nbnfybrb vyf[t0
2 ye7 offut,8
2 ]th fhfathb ofvbubf7 hfqf fvfc ofdfut,0= xfgkbyfpt hjv fh
ufdcekb.fdbs7 rbltd vtcvbc8 fhf7 fh ofdfut,8
2 bctd u.fds uflfvfkekb0
2 rb8 bvbcsfyf jfpbcib dfv.jat,s7 elf,yjib lfrfhuek ,tlebyc fh vjkfylt,bf8 2
ubjhubv wjkc v[fhpt [tkb uflf[dbf8 2 lfhlb ye ufmdc7 ]b,tib v.fdc ]efyith
n.fdf’t8 cfmvt afmnbehfl vjut,ekbf7 ity rb7 bvbc yfwdkfl ufvfv[ytdj7 xf’bhdfpt
vtkfgfhfrt,b8 tc bmyt,f .dtkfpt [vfehbfyb ghjwtcb7 hjvtkcfw hb[by-hb[bybs
vjdbut,8 yf[fd se fhf=
2 vjut,bs tut, vjbuj rbltw7 vfuhfv vfqfk gjcnc becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjib
itub’kbf ufvjts[jdj8
2 dth ufdbut7 dbhnefkehb gjcnbc ufvj vjvut,bfy cfmvtpt efhb
ufydfw[flj0
2 fv t8o8 vjvut,bfy cfmvtc itb’kt,f ityb rfhbthf ittobhjc8 lfhoveyt,ekb
[fh7 hjv bv n.fdf’bc erfy becnbwbbc vbybcnhb fh lufc0 rfwc7 hjvtkcfw
cthbjpekb utuvt,b fmdc ityc vjvfdfksfy lfrfdibht,bs8 2 vfyfyfv neibs lfv’bvt,ekb
mesesjt,b fcobf lf bhjybekb vpthf mvfhc vbfg.hj8
2 xtvc vjvfdfksfy lfrfdibht,bs0888 dby ubs[hf0
2 vfvfxtvvf8 fvfcobyfs7 f[fkb ghjuhfvbc ghtptynfwbfpt uflft.fhty
thsvfytsc888 ’fkbfy ufmj vbybcnhvf7 ityb cb’t yjvth gbhdtkb fldjrfnbf7 vfuhfv
rjnt .fhfekfidbksfy lfrfdibht,bs itwlfj8 vtht fhfjhfphjdyfl vbfybiyf7 hjv rfhub
bmyt,jlf xfvjijht,jlb fv cfmvtc8
ubjhubv ofh,b vjba[fyf8 rjvgkbvtynb tcbfvjdyf7 ufycfresht,bs bc
afmnb7 hjv cojhtl cbvfvhsfy itfmtc8 vfyfyf fqvthst,lf sfdbc lbgkjvfn vfvfc7 hfw
ubjhubc cfresfh sdfkib frybyt,lf8 ptlvtnb fhfathb dfhuf7 ufycfresht,bs mvhbc
sfylfcoht,bs vij,kt,bc mt,f8
2 vfyfyf7 lfabmhlb= hfc ybiyfdc xfvjdijhlt7 rfwc xtvb bvtlb fmdc= 2
smdf [vfvfqkf8
2 hjujhw fqvjxylf7 vfhnj fv rfwc fh /mjybf ityb bvtlb7 itypt ptlf
titkjyt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bw fv.fht,ty bvtlc8
2 se vfs lfrhekpt dbwtrdt,8 2 ubjhubv ajnjt,b e]hfib xf.fhf lf ]b,tib
[tkt,xfo.j,bkb itluf vfublfcsfy8
2 vfct se ofdblf7 .dtkfyb dbqfwbc lfrhekpt dwtrdfds8 vfhnj ub;bf
sfdbceafkb8 2 vfyfyfv afy]fhfpt afhlt,b uffcojhf8 vt,fqt uhbif tpjib itifc
xt[fdlf7 ,e[hbcsdbc8 fb vjdf okbcsfdblfy7 fubpubpt,ek ,e[fhsfy xfvj]lt,f lf f[fk
obuyc ofbrbs[fdc8 se vfvfvsbkb ’fkbfy fh ufvjsdhf7 zflhfrbc sfvfibw itb’kt,f8
se obuyb c]j,c0888
2 vt sfdbceafkb fldjrfnb dfh8 cbvfhskt ubs[hf fhfyfbhfl fh v[b,kfdc
xbyjcfybc rfhbthf888 ubylf-fh ubylf7 dbqfwfc eylf embwbyj relb7
fdfynbehbcnekb uflfo.dtnbkt,t,b vbbqj7 .dtkf cbn.df rjynhjkpt fb.dfyj8
 2 eylf fb.dfyj7 f,f hjujh0 cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,f fh uekbc[vj,c hfw tyfpt
vjuflut,f7 lff,hf[eyj8 rjvghjvbcpt ofcdkf rb cekfw fhff cbcecnbc ybifyb8 flht se
udbfy yt,bcvbth gjkbnbrjcc eotdc rjvghjvbcpt ofcdkf8
2 vjhxb /thjbrekb gfsjcbs vtn.dtkt,fc7 fct vujybf cbvfvhb vbrbs[fdc
yjnfwbt,c8
2 hf ufcfrdbhbf7 vt [jv vfvfxtvbc idbkb dfh0
2 /jlf7 vb[tlt ityc rfhbthfc7 uffvfhskt vfvbrjc fv,bwbt,b7 vt sfdb lfvfyt,t8
fh dfgbht, gjkbnbrfib xf,vfc7 fh vfoe[t,c ufylblt,bc vfybf8 vjhxf lf ufsfdlf=
2 yt,f itybf7 fhfathc uf’fkt,8 e,hfkjl ufahs[bkt,7 cfyfyt,kfl fh ufub[ltc8
2 ity rjvghjvbcc vsfdfpj, cfresfh cbylbcsfy= gbhflfl vt itvhw[dt,jlf fctsb
rfwbc wjkj,f8 rjnt .fhfekfidbkb elfyfifekjf lf vt vfc lfdbwfd7 [dfkdt hjv
itvjvsfdfpjy vbybcnbhbc cfdfh’tkb7 efhc dbn.db lf vfbyw lfdbwfd8 hfnjv eylf
ofvjtujc gfnbjcfyb ,bpytcvtyb dbqfwbc7 seylfw sfyfvlt,j,bc gbhbc ifynf;c7
vbgfce[t7 hfnjv0
2 gfnbjcfyb ,bpytcvtyb= 2 vfyfyfv ythdbekb vj’hfj,bs itbcojhf vrkfdpt
xfvjweht,ekb ifhab8 2 fctsb vwyt,f ,eyt,fib fh fhct,j,c7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib
cfmfhsdtkjib8
2 cfvfubthjl fhct,j,c gfnbjcfyb fldjrfnbc vwyt,f8
2 vbgfce[t7 ubjhub7 gfnbjcfybf fldjrfnb7 hjvtkbw vfufkbsfl vrdktkc
bwfdc0
2 ufycfc]tkbc lfwdf yt,bcvbthb fldjrfnbc vjdfktj,ff8
2 vfufibf cfmvt= fldjrfnj,f7 vjdfktj,bc ghjatcbff8
2 vfhsfkbf8 vt vjdfkt dfh lfdbwdf rjnt .fhfekfidbkbc bynthtct,b8 vjhxf lf
ufsfdlf8
2 qvthsvf [tkb vjubvfhsjc8 2 vfyfyfv htdthfycb uffrtsf lf rfhbcrty
vbesbsf uf]bmt,ek mvfhc8 2 hfqfc elut[fh7 xfbwdb7 sjhtv vfhskf
lfudfudbfylt,f8 2 lffvfnf h,bkfl8
ubjhub vjhxbkfl uf.df7 vfyfyf cflqfw vfhsfkbf7 vfuhfv vsfdfhbf
ghbywbgb8
vfyfyfc lf ubjhubc mfkbidbkb7 w[hfvtnb okbc ytkbrj cfhrtcsfy b]lf lf
ahx[bkt,pt kfmc bcdfvlf8 js[b okbs evwhjcb sfvhj fqahsjdfyt,bs fltdyt,lf sdfkc
lbc cfmvbfyj,fc8 ytkbrj kfvfpb b.j7 tmcnhfdfufynekfl bwdfvlf7 uhfwbjpekfl
vj’hfj,lf7 tyfvjcoht,ekfl [evhj,lf8 lbc ajypt erfht,f7 cfsdfkbfyb sfvhj thsj,
eqbvqfvjl ufvjb.eht,jlf7 hjujhw sb[bc mjsfyib vjsfdct,ekb ltrjhfnbekb rfmnecb8
pju]th rfmnecbw .dfdbc7 sfyfw bcts kfvfp .dfdbkc ufvjbc[vc [jkvt7 ibhfpbc
dfhlb uf[eylt,f8 sfvhj mdtwyj,bthfl tkjlf fv lqtc7 vstkb w[jdht,f lbc ifhfdfyltlib
.jaybs dth lfrvf.jabklt,jlf8
2 ,t,bfitybc okbcsfdpt se fh f,hz.dbfkt ahx[bkt,b fdfl uf[lt,b0 2 jsf[ib
itvjcekvf vfyfyfv ervf.jabkjl lfceyf kfmbc sfdvj[lbk akfrjyc8
2 ytnfb ity7 dby e.eht,c xtvc ahxbkt,c0 2 ytkbrjv blf.db ufifkf lf
ufxfx[ek sbst,c ijhblfy lffrdbhlf8
kfvfpb [tkb /mjylf7 s[tkb vf]bs7 vjmybkb sbst,bs8 stshb rtlkbc ajypt
ibylbcathb kfmb fuhtcbekfl fz.bnfdlf7 vfuhfv ytkbrjc vjcojylf fuhtcbekb bvb]b8
vbcb yt,f hjv b.jc7 svfc vodfytl itbqt,fdlf7 vrkfdpt cdbhbyuc ufbrtst,lf7 ytcnjib
rb dthw[kbc cf.ehtc ufb.hblf8
2 ,f,efityb e.eht,c7 vfvfityb888
2 rfhub hf ltlf888 rfhkbxb .jdtksdbc vjyf[fdc ervf.jabkj,bc vbptpc7
vfubc vjcfojyb mfkb ,t,bfxtvb b.j lf bcbw vjrdlf7 cfo.fkb8 vfvfxtvc dbrbyubc
iktvbs hjv ufvjdtw[flj .ehflqt,fc fh vjvfmwtdc7 sfdbcb cffldjrfnj cfmvtt,bc ufhlf
fhfathb fbynthtct,c8
 2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib idbkbc ]fyvhstkj,f yfvldbkfl fbynthtct,c8 kfmb frhbkc
itbwfdc7 frhbkb ahx[bkc ceysmdbc cfiefkt,fc fh f’ktdc8
2 ,ehsekbfyb ltpjljhb rb fkevbybc yfthsc7 hjvtkbw ajht,c f[ij,c lf [tkc
eikbc vfdyt njmcbyt,bc ufvjcdkfc8 2 lffchekf ytkbrjv8 2 ltlf7 fh vju,tphlf
.jdtklqt thsb lf bubdtc kfgfhfrb0 sfvhj7 ceyfvj vjvfojlt8
2 ytkbrj=
2 cf[tkbw ujbvehb lfvfhmdbs7 ltlfvsbkc vjfojyt sfdb7 idbkb rb ufobht8
2 tyf uffxtht7 ,t,bfityc itypt fvjclbjlf vpt lf vsdfht8
2 sfvhj7 ceyfvj8
2 hjvtkb0 2 sfvhjv vpfl.jaybs ufvjfqj nhbkbf;bc e]hf8
2 hjvtkb0888 ytkb ,t,bfc okbcsfdc 3kfbs ,ke4 vje[lt,f8
2 wbybrjcb [fh8 2 e,jhjnjl fqybiyf vfyfyfv8
2 .dtkfathc hjv sfdbc cf[tkc dfhmvtd7 bvbnjv0 2 ytkbrjv rbcthb vjbqthf
lf ceyfvj itbc[ehf8 2 ubylf ubs[hf hfptw abmhj,0 ceyfvj itbwfdc vfdyt
byuhtlbtynt,cf lf [tkjdyeh fhjvfnbpfnjht,c lf fhf .dfdbkt,bc tmcnhfnc7 hjujhw
pjubthst,c /ujybfs8 2 ltlfvbcbc bynjyfwbbs xffhfrhfrf ytkbrjv8
sfvhjv xfba[ereyf7 vfyfyf ifhabc cojht,bs ufdfhlf jsf[blfy7 hjv fh
ufcwbyt,jlf8 ytkbrjpt uf,hfpt,f ite’kt,tkbf7 vbcb utckbfyb ufvjyfsmdfvt,b
flfvbfybc lfvwbht,fc fh bcf[fdlf vbpyfl7 vfuhfv vfyfyfv vfbyw sfdbc lfafct,f
uflfo.dbnf8 idbkt,sfy ptlvtn afvbkbfhj,fc thblt,jlf7 cfthsjlfw7 fh e.dfhlf
ufibyfeht,f7 ufycfresht,bs ytkbrjcsfyf zrefv[bfhek gbhjdyt,fcsfy8 fb7 sfvhj
c[dfyfbhbf7 ’fkbfyfw hjv ubyljltc7 dth ufeibyfehlt,b8 fh vbubidt,c7 [tkfl
ufvjbc[fvc rfmnecbc trkt,c7 sfdbc rjvgbenthc xfeqhvfdlt,f8 evwhjcb mfkbidbkb
hfqfwbs cfresfh cb.vfodbktc fujyt,lf7 vfuhfv vfyfyf eahj vbpfylfcf[ekb b.j7
s[esvtnb okbc fcfrib pecnfl bwjlf 2 behbcnb eylf ufvjcekb.j8 sfvhj cfthsjl fh
abmhj,lf vjvfdfk ghjatcbfpt7 lfcfdbs vcf[bj,j,f hjv fh cehlf7 w[flpt w[flbf8 hf
[lt,jlf ewyfehb vjpfhlbc uekib fhfdby bwjlf7 vfs ijhbc sfdfl vjpfhlvf8
cfhrbc oby vlufhb ubjhub f[fk gb]frc bhut,lf8 hfqfw dth uh’yj,lf sfdc
rjvajhnekfl7 wjnf ezthlf8 se fh ezthlf0 [tkt,b blf.dib vj[fhf lf ueksfy vbbnfyf8
kbgt,b= tc cfv[htt,ib itntybkb ’jy’t,b ythdt,c eikblf8 rbcthbw eahj vjrkt xfylf7
cf[t rdflhfnekb7 .eht,b ufidthbkb8 fctsb rjvbrehb abpbjyjvbbs okbcsfdpt
ofbcdkt,f0888
vfyfyfv xfemhjkf meckt,bc gfrfgerbs7 ptlfw fh it[tlf lbcrjvajhnib
xfdfhlybk mvfhc8 tn.j,f o.tyfv fh uflfefhf8 cfrblblfy xfysf vj[cyf lf rb,tpt lftidf
ifdb afhdfyfcfdbs8
vfyfyfc lfyf[dfpt7 /jkib vlufhvf rfhkjv ekdfibc odfkt,fc sfdb lffyt,f lf
lfyfhxtyt,b vjbrbs[f8
2 ubjhub gb]frc t,h’dbc7 ujujt,b nfycfwvtkc but,ty8 2 egfce[f vfyfyfv8
2 hfc bhut,ty fvbcsfyfc7 rfhydfkpt rb fh vb,h’fylt,bfy= 2 rfhkjv vfyfyfc
[tkvrkfdb ufe.fhf lf afy]hbcrty e,b’uf7 2 vfyfyf7 [jv [fh xtvb cf.dfhtkb h’fkb0
2 /rbs[f itsmvekbc xbaxbabs8
vfyfyfv ufrdbhdt,ekvf it[tlf8 vfvfvsbkbcufy vbxdtekb b.j mfsbyfeht,c7
ufycfresht,bs7 hjwf tc erfyfcrytkb fkrj/jkehb ptvjmvtlt,bc mdti bv.jat,jlf8 f[kf
firfhfl a[bptkb xfylf7 t8b8 hfqfw s[jdyf fmdc ,t,th vbpfyshjgc8
2 f[kf dbc dtkfgfhfrt se bwb0 2 lfbo.j rfhkjv8
2 cfblfy vtwjlbyt,f7 ptdbs db.fdb8
2 byuf lfdgfnb;t okbcsfdpt8
2 hfnjv0
2 hjujhvt eylf itdfhbuj exfcsfy8
2 fh fhbc vfbywflfvfbyw rfhub bltf8
 2 ity fhfcjltc vjuojylf byuf8
2 vfhsfkb [fhs7 fh vjvojylf8 2 ufvjn.lf vfyfyf8 2 gbhflfl xtvsdbc fhfathb
lfeifdt,bf7 exf vtwjlt,f vbc [tkib7 yfvldbkfl ertstc wjkc bvcf[eht,c8
2 ybrf fh utwjlt,f0
2 rfhubs hf7 vfvf888 byuf edfhubcb ltlff7 edfhubcb wjkb lf edfhubcb
idbkb8 cfthsjl7 ’fkbfy welb flfvbfybf8 fv eudfy ltlfrfwc fhfathb fmdc cfthsj
xdty j]f[sfy8
2 [jv fh fzfh,t,0 2 rfhkjv tzdbs it[tlf eahjc h’fkc8
bmyt, vfyfyfc iehb fkfgfhfrt,c0 ltlfrfwbc ndbyb c[dfyfbhflff vjo.j,bkb7
kfvfp mfkib egbhdtktc .jdkbcf vtnjmtc [tlfdc8 byntktmnb lfcfafct,tkbf7 vfuhfv
dbpefkehb v[fhtc vfbyw uflfvzhtkb vybidytkj,f fmdc8 sfdbct,ehb ifhvb
vfyfyfcfw uffxylf7 vfuhfv rfwt,b vfcib eahj cfmvbfy gfhnybjhc [tlfdlyty7 dblht
cfcehdtk mfkc8 byufc lfyf[dfpt rb f,ecthb’tt,bc ,t,th yfufpcfw uflvjclbjlf ljh,kb
er,bkj gbhblfy8
2 fctsbf xtvb vjcfpht,f7 smdty se uflfzfh,t,ekfl utxdtyt,fs7 smdtyb
ghj,ktvff8
2 hfc xehxekt,c h’fk-vfvfsbkb0 2 pehucerfy jltrjkjybs vceysmfdb cbrj
fqvjwtylf8
ubjhubcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs byukbceh rjcnevib sfdc rjvajhnekfl uh’yj,lf7
cmtkrdfy’bfyb /fkcne[bw sfdvjvojytl tcdtyf sfudbcath gthfyupt8 ifdb svf vjlfpt
ittrhbzf7 wtkmfl fght[bk mjxjhpt ,hbjkbyb uflftcdf7 next,pt cfresfh sfdib
lfhoveyt,ekb flfvbfybc ufvjvodtdb qbvbkb lfcsfvfit,lf8 fhw ghtntypbek ubjhubc
/ufdlf7 fhw ,ehlqeyf exfc8
2 fb7 byufc dzjhfds8 2 yf,jkfhf df;bc lfyf[dfpt rfhkjc cf[t uft,flhf8
yfvtnfyb xfvj/ufdlf ,b’fvbcc7 jvib lfqegek ct[ybfc8
2 rbltd lffifdf hfvt0 2 ahs[bkfl brbs[f cbrjv8 byufcufy .dtkfathb
vjcfkjlytkb7 dby bwbc7 vfvfvbcsfy lffcvbyf8
2 vfvfityc7 exfc lf byufc ithbut,f ufyephf[fdc8 2 ybiybcvut,bs ufyevfhnf
vfyfyfv8
2 hf cbcektktf= 2 fqiajslf cbrj8
2 itbcvbyts [fk[j7 byuf fhw vt vt[fnt,f uekpt7 vfuhfv bc xtvb
idbkbidbkbc ltlff= flht se udbfy ybrfpt ghtntypbfc ufyfw[flt,c7 ltlff lf dth
lfeikb7 cfcfvfhskjw vbc v[fhtc lfbzthc8 fv thsb ,bzbc itv.eht dfhs vstkb
f,ecthb'tt,b7 fh lfdeidt, xtvb cbc[kb c[dfufy bphlt,jltc= 2 rfhkjv w[dbhcf[jwb
fvjbqj lf cdtkb next,b vjbovbylf8 fv ,jkj lhjc ytho.dbc vjzfh,t,fc uh’yj,lf7
obyflflt,f fh /mjylf lfvsfdht,ekb7 ytho.dbs tdct,jlf gbhb8 hf fhbc tc7 se fhf
dthfuefkl itvjgfhekb ewyj,b lffdflt,f8 [dfkdt xff,fht,c fyfkbpt,c7 qvthsvf ye
myfc7 hfvt ufvjtgfhjc8
2 bct fv,j,s7 sbsmjc ytkbrj lf sfvhj c[df udfhc fnfht,lyty8 2 to.byf
vfyfyfc8
2 vfufs itvjtdkjs ,f,efc cbwjw[kt7 vfuhfv mfkt,b fhbfy7 ufs[jdlt,bfy lf
rfhufl vt.jkt888 2 itcfathbcb cbn.dbc ’t,yfib rfhkjv ybrfgb vjba[fyf8 2 fb7 se ity
vtvrdblhtc uffxty888 2 bvtlbfyb vpthf vfyfyfc vewtkpt uffchbfkf8
2 hf lhjc xtvb idbkbf7 ufcfs[jdfhb mfkbidbkb v.fdc=
vfyfyfc rfhuf [fybf fh co.bylf vfvfvsbkbc gfnhbfhmfkehb ufvjcdkt,b8
flht ,hfpj,lf7 vtht vbtxdbf8 rfhkjc ecfsejl eylf xft.j w[dbhb idbkt,bc cfmvtt,ib7
,jhjnb ufyphf[dbs fhf7 [fcbfsb /mjylf fctsb8 thsflthsb7 dbyw fh tvjhxbkt,jlf
lbmnfnjhb ,f,ebc jajat,c ofvjphlbkb idbkbidbkt,b b.dyty7 pehuc erfy 3gfgf
rfhkfc4 fy rfhkbxc t’f[lyty8 ufycfresht,ekb itegjdhj,bs eahjcb idbkbidbkb
ufvjbhxtjlf8 gbhdtkb cthbjpekb ]f[b ytkbrjcf lf rfhkjc ijhbc stfnhfkeh
bycnbnensfy lfrfdibht,bs vj[lf7 hjwf ,f,efv rfntujhbekfl vjs[jdf cf,est,bc ufvjnfyf
cfvcf[bj,j afrekntnblfy7 lf se vfbywflfvfbyw fh lfbikblf7 [tkjdyt,fsvwjlytj,fpt
ittnfyf8 ytkbrjc [vfkb fh eibidkbf7 sjhtv fhfathb lferkbf 3byrdbpbnjhb4
,f,ebcsdbc7 hjvtkbw cflqfw ief cfereytt,ib uftx[bhf lf bmblfy erbs[fdlf vjhfkc
3sfdbceakt,bs vjofvkek4 idbkbidbkc8 sfdbc v[hbd7 rfhkj udfhbc xfvjhsvtdbs
lftvemyf7 hfptw ytkbrj bct xf,;bhlf7 vfvfvbcc ,fkbib hjv fh tchjkf7 ufbuelt,jlf
yfvldbkfl8
2 lblb fv,fdb7 ltlfxtvc vt hjv ufdexylb7 ,t,bfxtvb vtidblt idbkpt b.j
jhcekfl8 2 uff[ctylf rfhkjc8
2 hfnjv cbrjc fh e.tyt,s ghtntypbfc0 dby bwbc7 hf jmhjcmjxhbfyb
vtvrdblhtt,b lfuf[dbjs888 hfc bn.db7 cbrj7 hbs lfbvcf[eht fctsb ufvjhxtekb
lfvjrblt,ekt,f0 2 vfpkc vbe,heylf vfyfyf8
cbrjv uekbfyfl ufbwbyf7 rfhkjv ekdfit,pt uflfbcdf [tkb8
2 t/7 xtvj h’fkj7 hfw vt cbrjc vfu cfrbs[pt ndbyc de,ehqfd7 vbrdbhc
[dhtkb hjujh fh ufexylf sfdib8 ,f,ybrbf ityb vfpkb7 fvfc hjvtkvf wjkvf eylf
ufe’kjc=
2 ye utibybf vfvf7 bctsc vjdb.dfy7 ufvb’kjc8
2 gbhen.dbc wjkfl lfcvfc7 c]j,c cek fh vjb.dfyj8 lfbkbf mdt.fyfpt
eghtntypbj mfkt,b0888 idbkt,cfw hjv ufubxtylf lf gfof ityc vfvf’fqkj,fcfw
vjbsvtylf8 fct fh b.j ltlfityb0 hfw vt w[jyt,ekbcsdbc uekb lfvbo.dtnbf888 2
.jdtkudfhb cbyfyekbc ufhtit smdf rfhkjv8
vfyfyfv ghjntcnbc ybiyfl pehub itfmwbf lf afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 uhbifc
vjtsfdt,byf itibc lfxt[df7 yf]f[b rey’ib xfthzj lf frfwbbc [tpt itvjvc[lfh vnhtlt,c
e.eht,lf8 cbrj etzdtkb vfvbc upfc ufbvtjht,c8 fk,fs vbc ,fhj,fptw vjb’t,yt,f thsb
cfo.fkb7 esmvtkb ytkb8 cbrjcyfbht,bcsdbc qfkfnb bctsbdt xdtekt,hbdb
vjdktyff7 hjujhw cehlj pfvsfhib8 rfhkj fvf.bf sfdbcb rfpfyjdehb ofhcekbs7
uferdbhlt,f rbltw7 cfgbhbcgbhj hjv evnrbwj8 wjkbc okbcsfdpt vfbyw xfbuljc
tyf888
ewt, mvfhb vjtyfnhf8 gfnbjcfyb7 ghbywbgekb7 thsuekb7 cfhrtcsfy
itnjdt,ekb sfdbc ufzbhdt,fc8 bcbyb sbsmvbc fhfcjltc rfvfsj,lyty7 se fh xfdsdkbs
lqtdfyltk lqtc8 b.j fvfib hfqfw bctsb888 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 fhf]fyvhstkb8 wjk-
mvfhvf lhjufvjidt,bs eylf vjf[lbyjy efh.jabsb tythubt,bc ufwdkf-ufvjwdkf8
bmyt, chek.jabkb j]f[b vfhskf vjvfrdlfdb jhufybpvbf7 hjujhw fvfcobyfs fqybiyf
thsvf vbcvf vtuj,fhvf8
2 3o.fkj,fsf qdsbcfsf xdty7 ybrjkjp vtjht7 bvgthfnjhb lf sdbsvg.hj,tkb
chekbfl hectsbcf7 vtat gjkjytsbcf7 lblb vsfdfhb abykfylbbcf lf c[dfsf lf c[dfsf7
dew[flt,s xdtyc thsuek mdtitvhljvs8884 2 ptdblfy ytkbrjc vjyjnjyehb leleyb
vjbcvf8
.dtkfv fb[tlf8 rb,tpt cfptbvjl tidt,jlf cfvtekb 2 ubjhub7 ytkbrj lf sfvhj8
ytkbrjc [tkjdyehb .dfdbkt,bcufy itrjobot,ekb udbhudbyb vfvbc sfdpt fqtvfhsf lf
cneltynehb cgtmnfkblfy ahfuvtync wbnbht,lf8 ubjhub bctsb uf,ho.byt,ekb cf[bs
vjlbjlf7 babmht,lb7 otqfy c[df rfwb e,qdthlf cfhrtc8
fb7 dby fhbfy xtvt,b7 idt,bs ufbabmhf vfyfyfv8
2 hfc udbw[flt,s fvbcsfyfc0 2 mdtdblfy fvjc’f[f rfhkjv8
2 hjjv vpffl dfhs cfcfakfjpt ofcfcdktkfffl8 2 ofevqthf ytkbrjv lf xtmvt,bc
orfgeybs /jkib ufvjhjybylf8
cbrjv cfrblblfy ytkbrjc rfgbeijybfyb kf,flf vj[cyf lf vf;jhljvbc vjyljvt,bs
fvjeluf pehcerfy5
2 smdtyj fqvfnt,ekt,fd7 byt,ts vjcfc[fvb8
 ytkbrjv t8o8 udbhudbyb ,b’fc sfdpt xfvjfv[j lf kf,flfib vrkfdt,b
ufe.fhf8 .dtkfyb f[fh[fhlyty7 ufycfresht,bs udbhudbyjcfyb cbrj uf[fkbclf8 rfhkj
sfvhjc xft[enf7 ubjhubv jhbdtc uflf[dbf [tkb8
tctybw xtvt,b fhbfy7 ufbabmhf vfyfyfv lf eflubkjl ufvjv[nfhb whtvkbc
lfcfvfkfl bctd afy]fhfc itfafhf sfdb8
vt,fqt uhbif ofcekb.j8 frfwbfpt fqfh bc[lyty stshb vnhtlt,b8 vfs ufhtit [t
j,kfl ufvjb.eht,jlf7 sbsmjc cekb fvjfwfktc8

222

vcufdcb ufyo.j,bs mfkfmbc c[df e,fyib afy]fhfib bwmbht,jlf vfij

ifhdfib’t7 jqjyl frfwbbc vfubdhfl vjgbhlfgbht rjhgecbc eiyj afcflc [tlfdlf8
vjvb]yfdt jsf[ib ntktdbpjhc e.eht,lf fuytcf ,t,bf8 vfkt f[fkb otkb vjdf8 bcbyb
ufikbfy ceahfc7 vbec[lt,bfy ntktdbpjhc7 vbf.ehflt,ty ufhts fnt[bk ,fsmf,esmc7
vtht lfodt,bfy lf lfb’byt,ty8 hjltvlt itb’kt,f ufuh’tkltc fct0 thsb otkb0888 jhb0
cfvb0 yf[tdfhb cfereyt0888 cfibytkt,ff888 rfnfcnhjaf8 hfqfw eylf itbwdfkjc8
vfijv sdfkb vjo.dbnf afy]fhfc lf rjycgtmnt,c xfeqhvfdlf8 3vbnhfkehb
cfhmdtkbc ghjkfacb uekbc vbnhfkehb cfhmdkbc gfsjkjubff8 lffdflt,f fqvjfxbytc
vtjwt cfereybc cfvjwbfy okt,ib8884 fhf7 hfnjv eylf it[dltc f[fk otkc fuytcfc
ufhtvjwdfib7 hjwf vstkb ]ueab htcnjhfyib brhb,t,f0 v[jkjl bvbnjv7 hjv ybudpbc
cf.bltkb aekb ufvjbvtnf lf ,bybc ofhsvtdbs fifynf;t,c0888 hfnjv fh ite’kbf
cfresfhb gjpbwbt,bc lfwdf7 cfblfy ufvj/.df tc ececehb7 rfgbnekfynehb utyb0
vfvfv se lff]bkljdf888
vfijv rjycgtmnb lf[ehf lf vfublbc ieibc mdti fvjlt,ek rfktylfhc it[tlf8 tc b.j
vfbfc njvbc rfktylfhb7 hjvtkbw ,f,efv xfvjbnfyf udfntvfkblfy8 vfijv rfhflbc
lfkfut,bcfc fqvjfxbyf7 efvhfd cfbynthtcj tmcgjyfnsfy thsfl8 sehvt7 vfbfc njvbc
jhvjwlfsthsvtnb otkb xdtyc cfereytc elhblf8 ewyfehbf7 [fk[b7 hjvkt,bw thrdtjlf
vfstvfnbrfib7 fcnhjyjvbfib7 /mjylfs [esb fsfcfvlt bthjukbab7 rfyb,fkbpvbs
thsj,jlf8 rbltd eahj ewyfehbf7 hjujh ite.dfhlf ,f,efcsfyf cfbynthtcj rfwc
fuytcfcsfyf euekj mfkb8 ,f,ef7 ghjatcbbs fyshjgjkjub-rhbvbyfkbcnb efvhfdb
yfihjvbcf lf rdktdbc fdnjhb b.j7 cfereytt,bc oby ufhlfwdkbkb bcnjhbekb
gbhjdyt,t,bc bltynbabrfwbfpt veifj,lf8 bct vjrdlf7 dth vjfcohj xfyfabmhbc
ufy[jhwbtkt,f8 vbc [tkyfotht,ib mtmdfc vfijc fhfathb thxbf888 fb7 lffvsfdht,c
bycnbnenc7 bijdbc rfhu cfvcf[ehc lf ,f,efc lfo.t,ek cfmvtc uffuh’tkt,c8
vjgbhlfgbht cf[kbc fbdfypt mfkvf stshtekb ufvjrblf8 mfhvf ptofhb lf,thf
lf sjrbc ufhitvj lffnhbfkf8 mfkb wfkb [tkbs cfhtw[bc lfzthfc wlbkj,lf7 vtjhtsb 2
cfhzbc ofvjwvfc8 fbdfypt gfnfhf ,bzb ufvjdblf7 sfdbcb zrebs vb[vfht,fc ittwflf8
mfkvf lfewfw[fyf7 vfuhfv ,bzb flubkblfy fh lfb’hf7 w[feht,c ijhbc ufvjt.j gfnfhf
[tkt,b lf cfhtw[bc lfzthfc ittwflf8
idblb okbc bmyt,jlf7 hjujhw fvfcobyfyltkb gfwbtynb7 ybrf f,ecthb’t8
ytnfd hjujh uh’yj,c sfdc fyubybfyb ,bzeyf vfqfkb cbw[bs7 vjf[th[f rb atsbfyvf
vfvfv vrehyfkj,bc ,jkjvlt vb.dfyf0 vfijv vbwtvekb gbhj,f itfchekf7 cvtybc
xf,fht,bcsfyfdt vjhbub ytvcbc ufcfrtst,kfl vbbh,byf8 ,bzc lblb obyffqvltuj,f fh
ufeotdbf7 gfnbjcyfl vbeidbhf stshb cf]ljvb8 cfvfubthjl7 vfvfc kfvbc uekb
ofedblf8 ufnfhbc cbvbdbs lfzbvekb bluf cfojksfy7 sbsmjc vfijc ighbwbc
yfwdkfl wjw[fkb ubehpf czthjltc tzbhf8
vjgbhlfgbht rjhgecib cfhtw[b ufatyf vjt[th[t,byfs lf cf[kib itcekb.dyty8
lfjhsmkbk afy]fhfpt ,bzc abueht,b ufvj/.fdlf8 mfhb cdtk stshtekc fahbfkt,lf7 [fy
lbhb;f,kbdbs ,thfdlf7 [fy sjrpt b[dtdlf8 vfijv xfysblfy ,kjryjnb fvjbqj lf cfyfv
uflfbabmht,lf7 f,ecthb’tt,bc yjvthb frhbaf8
 2 ubcvtys8
yfwyj,b7 ,ehlqeyf [vbc ufujyt,fpt lblb cehdbkb ufexylf .ehvbkb lftrblf7
sevwf vfibydt uff[ctylf7 hjv vjvfdfkb tmbvbf lf fhf wbdcbc[kbfyb htgnbkbf8
2 ufvfh]j,fs7 ybrfc vfvf ,h’fylt,bs0 2 /rbs[f sfdfpbfyfl8
2 [j8
2 vt tmsfyb dfh8
2 dby tmsfyb0 2 vfijv ofhvjblubyf7 hjujh zve[ybc w[dbhc vfnbcbc
vfvfrfwb8 fh tcbfvjdyf8
2 fb7 bv lqtc cfcohfaj hjv ufvjb’f[ts888 vtjht lqtc vjdtlb lf ytvcb ufdertst
smdty idbkc888
2 fff7 vf[cjdc8
2 hjujh fhbc0
2 dby0 2 brbs[f ufrdbhdt,ekvf8
2 ,fdidb7 smdty [jv fhf0=
2 fff7 bct hf888 cbw[t fqfh fmdc7 vfuhfv wjnf f[dtkt,c8
2 lfybiyekt,fc qt,ekj,c0
2 ytvcb wjw[fkb sfdbs fh ufbrtsf7 gjkbrkbybrblfy vjdb.dfyt tmsfyb7
vfuhfv dthfathc uf[lf8 ofvkt,c qt,ekj,c8
2 itb’kt,f lfdtkfgfhfrj0
2 dbc0
2 ybrfc7 w[flbf8 2 vfijv vfmcbvfkehfl itbrfdf sfdb7 hjv fh te[tif8 tc rfwb
fy blbjnbf7 fy sfdc bcektkt,c8
2 lftkfgfhfrj0888 hfnjv fh itb’kt,f7 itb’kt,f8 cf[tkb0
2 hf cf[tkb0
2 ityb cf[tkb7 hf des[hf7 dby ehtrfdc0
2 fff888 vfij8 2 fv]thfl vfijv be[th[ekf8 hjwf utxdtyt,f7 hjv cfmvt
blbjnsfy ufmdc7 fhff ufvjhbw[ekb bubdt txdtyt,jltc vfcfw8
2 hff0 2 lftrbs[f rfwb8
2 vfij8 se uyt,fds vfibrj8
2 hfyfbhb cf[tkbf888
2 hfw fhbc7 tu fhbc8
2 bct7 fhw vt vmdbf ijsf fy jsfhb8 2 xfbwbyf bvfy8
2 cekbrj [jv fh umdbfs0
2 cekbrj hf iefibf0
2 vfibrjj888 cekbrjjj888 ahfuvtynb cgtmnfrkblfy 3]th lfb[jwty7 vtht
bmjhobytc48 xtvb cf[tkb sbsmvbc .dtkfpt cgtmnfrkbc fcjwbfwbfc njdt,c8
2 /f7 /f= cekbrj fhf7 exf vmdbf8
2 exf8 2 ufbvtjhf vfijv8 2 cek fh ufd[fhs exfc8
2 gfcgjhnib vfyexfhb vbothbf8 bct exfc vt’f[bfy8
2 ,f,efxtvc thmdf vfyexfhb8
2 /jj0 2 hfnjvqfw ufe[fhlf8 2 bcf7 vfij7 cfyfv .ehvbkc uflfdwtv888 bcf7
ybrf hjv cfcfakfjpt ofdb.dfyj7 itb’kt,f0
2 hfc /mdbf cfcfakfjpt7 hf eylf ,fdidc cfcfakfjpt7 sfyfw fdflv.jac0=
2 cbw[t fqfhf fmdc7 s,bkfl xfdfwvtdlb8
2 smdty888 smdty fhfyjhvfkehb [fhs8 2 vfijc kfvbc uf’dhf .ehvbkib8 2
hf cfcfakfj fubn.lfs fv pfvsfhib0=
2 cfctbhyjl rb fh vbv.fdc7 ltlfxtvbc okbcsfdbf8 2 ueklfo.dtnbkvf
ufyevfhnf8
 2 fff888 cfgfnbj vbptpb umjybfs7 vfuhfv fh itb’kt,f8 cfvb-js[b lqt
vfbyw ,fdidbc ufhts uf.dfyf fh fhbc vbpfyitojybkb8 vbsevtntc7 cfcfakfjpt8
ufb[tlts ufhts7 [tlfds hf mfhbf0 ofhvjvblutybf7 hf [lt,f cfcfakfjpt8
2 tutw vfhsfkbf8
2 lfnjdts dbyvtcsfy7 hf ghj,ktvff8
2 dbcsfy lfdnjdj7 xtvt,b cfcfakfjpt fhbfy uf[dtnbkt,b8
2 vteqkt fh xfvjcekf vbdkbyt,blfy0
2 hjvtkb vbdkbyt,blfy0
2 ybrfv7 ltlf vbdkbyt,fibfj8
2 hjlbc smdf0
2 fasbfmib hjv xf[dtlbs7 vfiby8
2 fhf7 fh xfvjcekf8 2 vjezhf exfv8
2 fh dbwb7 vtpj,tkc cs[jdts7 yfstcfdc888
2 smdty dth vj[dfks0
2 vtt0 2 vfijv afy]hbc vbyfpt cfresfhb ufvjcf[ekt,f lffabmcbhf8 tc fh b.j
ufrdbhdt,f7 tc hfqfw vtnb b.j8 gfnfhf ijrb8
2 uflfub[lbs8 hfvltycfw vtn.dbs7 bvltyc8
2 f/f7 uflfvb[lbs888 2 ufrdbhdt,f fqiajst,fv itwdfkf8 ieifvfw rb fbhtrkf
fkvjlt,ekb kj.t,b8
2 /j7 hfvltycfw vtn.dbs8 hfvltyb fmdc tmsfyc [tkafcb0 rfgbrt,b8 vt
rfhufl uflfub[lb8 itysdbcfw [tbhbf lf xtvsdbcfw8 jh cffspt vtnb fh lfvzbhlt,f8
ltlfxtvc fh to.byt,f xtvb vbecdktkj,f7 sfyfw cfgfnbj vbptpb vfmdc7 vfvfxtvc rb
yfqlfl dth uflfdehxt,b8 vstkb otkb tmyt,f cfkfgfhfrj8 hfc bn.db7 vj[dfk0
2 vjdfk8 2 cfresfhb [vf ufbuj vfijv8
2 ]bufhb [fh= nfmcbs ofvjlb7 aekc vt uflfdb[lb8
vfijc [fcbfsb ofe[lf8 bctd aekb8 fhw ]bufhbf vfbywflfvfbyw vbcfqt,b
ajhvf7 hjv fhfathb dsmdfs ityj,bs kfgfhfrpt8 vfhsfkbf ubukf7 fv ufmcet,ek
df;,fnjyc /ujybf aekb o.dtnc .dtkfathc8 se o.dtnc0 ufbabmhf tzdbs8 ’fkbfy rfhub
se fct abmhj,c7 fhw vfijc fo.tyc ptlvtnb aekb8
[es oesib vpfl b.j8 gbkjnrf xfbwdf lf vbcfqt,b jsf[bc rfhb itfqj8
2 fuytcf ,t,bf7 cfmvtpt vbdlbdfh8 2 ufc’f[f ntktdbpjhsfy lfcregek
vj[ewc8
2 hfc /mdbf cfmvtpt vblbf[fh7 lqtc fh ufmdc cfveifj lqt8 2 fuytcfv
ahbydtkbc ghjabkb lffyf[f8
2 ufvjvb’f[tc8
2 efhb es[fhb8 tuqf ufrkbf c[dbc vfubdhfl bveifdj=
2 vjrktl7 vbdlbdfh8
2 vfij= 2 [vf ufbvrfwhf fuytcfv8
2 eylf ofdblt8
2 fhcflfw fh of[dfk7 vjlb f[kfdt oytdf ufvbpjvt8
2 yf[tdfhb cffsbc oby ufubpjvts8 yjhvfkehb oytdf ufmds8
2 vfiby fh vbythdbekbf7 f[kf fvfythdbekt7 ibu rtafib vbhn.fdc cbc[kb8
vfijv oytdbc fgfhfnb ufvjbnfyf7 vfuhfv gbkjnrf fh ufe[lbf8 fuytcfv
vrkfdb vjbibidkf lf ufvfyflueht,tkb vpthbs lff]bkljdf uf]bent,ekb idbkbidbkb8
2 fccfvjwb js[vjwpt8 [jv ute,yt,jlb7 yjhvfkehb oytdf ufmdc8
2 ufb[flt tu gfknj8
2 vbdlbdfh8
2 fhf-vtsmb8
vfijv fgfhfnb ,eltib itbyf[f7 efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb uffmybf lf jsf[blfy
ufdblf8 tc b.j gbhdtkb efhb yfsmdfvb ,t,bfc vbcfvfhsbs8 vfy tc uffrtsf8
 222

yfwyj,b tmsfybc lfyf[dfpt ybrfv ntktdbpjhbc geknb cf,fypt lffulj lf

jhfphjdfyb ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs vfvfvbcc it[tlf8
2 ye utibybf7 ytvcbc ufcfrtst,kfl fh vjdcekdfh8 2 ufeqbvf vfijv8
2 f,f0
2 fb7 obuyb vjubnfyt8 2 vfijv xfysblfy 3cfkb rjk[tkb4 fvjbqj8 2
ity[tkf ,fdidt,ptf7 hjujh w[jdhj,lf idblb lf-’vf ths cf[kib8 vt ofdbrbs[fd7 ity
vjvbcvty7 ufo.j,c0
2 hf dbwb7 f,f888
2 ybrei7 smdty ufthsts7 vt ufdbmwtdb lf vfkt vjdfk7 hjujhw
vjdbkfgfhfrts8 f,f7 /t8 2 exfv mehserbc ihbfkbs ufdblf cf’byt,kblfy8
vfijv vbf.ehflf8 rfhb fh uf,hf[eyt,ekf7 t8 b8 ]th rbltd cf[kib lff,jnt,c8
2 ybrf7 xtvb vj,bkehb fh ubyf[fdc0 2 ufbcvf ijhblfy8
2 cfvpfhtekjibf7 uhfabybc udthlbs8
jhb oesbw fh b.j ufcekb7 bctd ufbcvf5
2 rfiytc dth dgjekj,7 cfl fhbc xtvb melb lf rfiyt0
2 rjvgbenthsfy8 2 vidblfl ufc’f[f ,bzvf8
hjujhw bmyf rfhb uf,hf[eylf8 vfijv fhfvjnbdbht,ekb cb,hfkekb buh’yj
uekvfdbo.b rfwbc vbvfhs7 hjvtkbw afkfdybc itcfiehb vjyfwtvt,bc vbe[tlfdfl7
hfqfwbs xfvj/ufdlf ufodhsybk lfsdc7 cfufyut,jl ufvjo.j,bkc flfvbfybc cfvjcib8
ybrfv ie,kpt xfvj.hbk svfc cekb ite,thf lf vfijc it[tlf8
2 hf athbc sdfkt,b ufmdc0
2 vt0 2 uferdbhlf vfijc8
2 /j7 dth lfdflubyt hf athbf8
2 vujyb yfwhbcathb8 pfa[ekib qbf yfwhbcathb7 pfvsfhib vemb8
2 vthw[kbc rdthw[c /ufdc8
2 ity hf bwb7 hjujh ufvjb.eht,f vthw[kbc rdthw[b0
2 ,f,efxtvbc cf[kib vbyf[fdc8 vtjht cfhsekpt fbitytc ,elt8 gfgf rfhkfv rb,t
vbvbluf lf vfxdtyf8
2 gfgf rfhkf dby fhbc0
2 ,f,efxtvb8 rfhkj /mdbf8 gfgf rfhkf ytkbrjv itfhmdf7 xtvvf ,b’fidbkvf8
ytkbrj lf sfvhj gfgf rfhkfc t’f[bfy7 cbrj ’bf rfhkbxc8
2 rfhkj7 vfvfitybc vfvff0
2 /j8
2 ,t,bf0
2 ytkb ,t,bf vjrdlf8 wjw[fkb hjv .jabkb.j7 vfhnj fh dbmyt,jlb8
2 ltlf fh lf,heyt,ekf vbdkbyt,blfy0 2 itfgfhf vfijv8
2 fhw lf,heylt,f8 2 ybrfv .ehpt ofbdkj [tkb8 vjqbfdt,ekb gbhblfy cndtybf
ceysmdf bcvjlf8 vfijv [tkvtjhtl buh’yj fhfvjnbdbht,ekb cb,hfkekbc vjojkf8
2 hfnjv0
2 vfvfv smdf7 cfvelfvj vbdkbyt,fib ofdblfj8
vfij dth vb[dlf7 hfc ybiyfdc cfvelfvj vbdkbyt,f7 vfuhfv fqfh
xfwbt,bf7 ,bzc firfhfl fh cbfvjdyt,lf fv stvfpt kfgfhfrb8 .ehbc odfkt,f rb
rkfcbrehb ythdbekb nbrbf7 hjvtkbw vfijv ]th rbltd gbhdtkb dbpbnbcfc itybiyf8
2 tc lqtt,b vfhnj b.fdb0
2 jhb lqt vfvf b.j cf[kib7 vtht ufdblf cfvcf[ehib888 .jdtk oesib vbhtrfdlf7
vfvjovt,lf7 [jv fh vjdrdlb8
 2 hf cbcektktf7 e,hfkjl qtkfdlf7 cbw[tv [jv fh fubobf7 welfl [jv fh uf[lb7
cf,fyb [jv fh uflfb[flt888 2 vfijc fhuevtynb ufvjtkbf7 ittwflf c[df stvfpt uflfbnfyf
kfgfhfrb8 2 cf[kib vfhnj .jayf fh utibybf0
2 vtibybf7 vfuhfv vfvf fv,j,c7 rfwb bvbcff7 ibib lf’kbjcj8
2 df;rfwb .jabk[fh7 ityc fcfrib bctsb vibifhf db.fdb7 cf[kib rb fhf7 jsf[ib
fh dxthlt,jlb vfhnj8 vfvfxtvvf mfhsekb pqfght,bc xfyfotht,b vb.blf7 xfvbhsfdlf
’bkbc oby lf vtn.jlf5 vfhnj fqfh [fh7 obmfhfw itysfy thsfl fhbc lf [esreyzekfwj8
vjlb7 ityc abkndt,c vjdecvbyjs lf vtht ofdbrbs[js7 rfhub0 2 vfijv xfysblfy
cf[kblfy ofvjqt,ekb ajytyljcrjgb fvjbqj8 ybreifv vpfl.jaybs fcobf gb;fvf8
abkndt,b ceasf b.j7 vfhnj ,hjymt,ib bcvjlf cecnb [b[byb8 vfijc fh f[cjdlf7
lfybiyf se fhf ubukfv fvjcf[dtkt,tkb vbmcnehf8
2 ofvkt,c cfl byf[fds0
2 cfvpfhtekjib8
2 ofdfk7 dyf[fd hf ofvkt,b vjbvfhfuts8
2 ,tnth,hjlbw vjvbnfyt8 lf xfb8 vibf8 2 vbf’f[f ybrfv8
f,ecthb’tt,bc js[jsf[bfy ,byfib vidblb atht,b lf vfhnbdb ajhvt,b
ljvbybht,lf8 cf[kb lfkfut,ekb xfylf7 vfhnj kj]bfib ceatdlf mfjcb8 kj,bjc ajhvbc
rjvgbenthbc vfublfpt rjvgbenthbc ufhlf yf[fpt,b b.j lf[dfdt,ekb8 gbhdtkb
cfhsekbc utuvf7 zhbkb7 vfycflbc cfhsekbc utuvf7 utythfkehb utuvf888 sbsjtek
vfsufypt vfijcsdbc ufehrdtdtkb utjvtnhbekb abueht,b b.j lf[fpekb8 exf fy
fhmbntmnjhbf fy vityt,tkb by;bythb7 lffcrdyf sfdbcsdbc8
vbcb .ehflqt,f rtltkpt ufrhek gkfrfnvf vbbmwbf8 ahblhb[ cnjdfhtcbc
afy]ht,bc lbmnfnehf 2 beo.t,jlf uthvfyektyjdfyb ofhothf8 gkfrfnpt wfvtnb
c[dflfc[df nbgbc afy]fhf b.j ofhvjlutybkb8 .dtkfc sfdbct,ehb ltrjhfnbekb xfhxj
fvidtyt,lf8 cfthsj ]fvib thsj, jhbubyfkehfl ufvjb.eht,jlf8 kj]bblfy cfvpfhtekjib
ufe[dbf7 sfy ufb.jlf yf[fpt,bc mdti vbvfkekb yfvodbs cfdct cfathakt8
cfvpfhtekjc lbpfbyc yb;fhfib xf.hbkb zehzkbc rjirehf faezt,lf8 vfijv
bythwbbs uf[cyf jyrfyb7 sevwf vfibydt lfrtnf8 zehzkbc ufcfhtw[fl fh vjeodtdbfs
fv cf[kib8
vtlbrfvtynt,c vfwbdhbc udthlbs7 gfnfhf ybifib vbfuyj8 ubukfc
ufvjothbkb fvjcf[dtkt,tkb xfvjbqj lf vfwbdfhib itbz.bnf8 ’t[dbcf lf .dtkbc
fcjhnbc lfyf[dfpt gbhpt ytho.db vjfluf8 ghbywbgib fh ibjlf7 vfuhfv cfcecyfdpt
fh bn.jlf efhc8 fuytcf ,t,bf cf[kib ufrtst,ek rth’t,c fybzt,lf egbhfntcj,fc7
ltkbrfntct,c bv bidbfs itvs[dtdfib .blekj,lf7 hjwf cnevfhc tkjlf8 cnevfhb rb
bidbfsfl vjlbjlf7 fuytcfc ’vbcidbkt,vf7 hjujhw vfijc uflvjcf[kt,bc fv,fdb itbn.dtc7
at[b vjbrdtstc8 fh tvtnt,jlfs vfvblbc ,byf ueiby ufvjxtrbkb
vfvblfidbkbidbkbcsdbc8
ths-ths sfhjpt vb]hbs to.j bjuehnt,bcf lf vihfkb cegt,bc vstkb ,fnfkbjyb8
fv byuhtlbtynt,bs uf’t’ubkb cfhrkfvj rth’t,bs brdt,t,f idblb okbc fdflv.jab ,fdidb0
tc exf dth fhbc rfhufl7 wjkb se fh /.fdc7 vpfhtekb vfbyw fb.dfyjc8 aekb tn.j,f
j[hfl fmdc7 fhw uj,ctrb xfyc8 ufeut,fhbf8
hjwf gjlyjcbs itbfhfqt,ekb vfij jsf[ib itdblf7 ybrf obuybc bkecnhfwbt,c
fsdfkbtht,lf8
2 yf[t7 hf cfcfwbkj vcemfyb mfkbf0 sfudbc tibybf8
2 sfudbc vtw vtibybf8 2 vfijv xfbc zbmf nev,jpt lfluf lf ,enth,hjlbfyb
staib ybreifc uffojlf8
2 vtw= 2 ufe[fhlf ybreifc8 2 bwb7 kbasfy hfv[tkf dbhs[f dyf[ts vt lf
vfvfv0 ujzbc[tkf8 fhf7 eahj lblb888 relpt svf fh /mjylf lf w[dbhc fwvfweyt,lf8
2 zfvt8
2 ity ofvbrbs[t7 vt itdzfv8
 vfijv rbs[df lfbo.j7 ybrfv ,enth,hjlc er,bxf lf
eutvehfl ufqtzf8 firfhfl fh b.j vihfkb cfzvtkbc kjqybc [fcbfspt8
2 ubylf7 gbehtc ufubrtst,0
2 vtht ufvbrtst7 vfvf hjv vjdf8
2 vfvf hjwf vjdf7 vt ofdfk8
2 vfiby fh vbylf8
vfijv rbs[df ufyfuh’j8 ybrf ]th [fkbcj,lf7 vtht xf.exlf7 vtjwt udthlpt
xft’byf8 vfijv obuyb lfrtwf lf ie,kpt [tkb lfflj8 jwlfxdblvtnb lf [esb [fpb7
fqybiyf sfdbcsdbc8 sbsmvbc eitwljvjl uh’yj,lf ntvgthfnehfc7 cfvcf[ehib
[evhj,bs jcwbkjuhfac t’f[lyty8 cehdbkb7 vfvbc rdfkc uf/.jkjlf lf ,fdidsf
sthfgtdnb ufvjcekb.j7 vfc itvltu ufemhf7 hfw ,f,ebc [tkyfotht,c uftwyj8 ]
th]thj,bs fhfdbc ev[tklf7 vfuhfv uekib vnrbwtl /mjylf uflfo.dtnbkb vjvfdfkb
fyshjgjkjubfcsfy lftrfdibht,byf8
staiblfy idtbwfhekb .dtkbc yfzthb ffwjwf7 lf.yjcf lf gbhib ufbmfyf8
utvhbtkbf8 facecbf gehbs uffaezj8 idtbwfhekb .dtkb wfhbtkb eylf zfvj7 stsh
qdbyjcsfy thsfl8 vfbyw7 hf vj[lf f,ecthb’tt,bc j]f[ib bctsb7 hbc ufvjw exfv wjkb
cfvelfvj vbdkbyt,fib ufyfvotcf0 bmyt, vjrkf lf cflvt ,fnfhtbc erfy itxehsf0 vfijc
uff[ctylf ,fdidj,fib ofrbs[ekb ltntmnbdb7 cflfw mvfhvf vjrkekb wjkb bfnfrib
xff,tnjyf8 hjv fhf vjgbhlfgbht cf[kib vw[jdht,b bydfkblb7 rfwbidbkb dth
ufbut,lf udfvbc flubkcfv.jatkc8 lhj fmdc8 vstkb s[esvtnb oesb8 zehzkbc
htw[dfc7 vbrhj-ufvj’bt,bc xfnfht,f c]j,c8 bmyt, vfybfrsfy fmdc cfmvt7 tc rb
sfdbcb at[bs tf[kf ,eyfuib8
thsb yfzthbw fofgyf lf qtzdbs ufdblf ybrfc cf’byt,kblfy8 udthlbsf jsf[b
wjk-mvhbc cf’byt,tkb eylf .jabkb.j7 sevwf dthw mfkbc mjit,c vj/rhf sdfkb7
dthw cbxmfhtib vblut,ek [fkfsc8 jhcfojkbfyb kjubyb cfkfsbcathb
uflfcfafht,kbs7 yj[b gfcntkbc atht,ib7 jhufypbc /fthjdfyb afhlt,b7 vjvidbkleh
at[t,pt itv[nfhb nhbkbf;b7 ahfyuekb ,ekb8 afy]hbc hfafpt uthfybf bojyt,lf sfdc8
vfijv cfhrbfyb rfhflbc rfhb ufvjfqj8 udfvb fhw bm lf[dlf7 cfvfubthjl
ahfyuekb ceyfvjt,bc fhjvfnvf ceysmdf iterhf8 rfhubf888 fvfqkt,ekb lf ijhtekb7
hjujhw rflhb cf.dfhtkb vtkjlhfvblfy8 fctsb cehytkb fclbjlf [jkvt vfijc cf.dfhtk
ktmnjhc wbwbyj rj,bfidbkc8 vbc ktmwbt,pt [tkxfhsekb ,h’jkf b.j [jkvt
ufvfhsekb gbhdtk vth[pt flubkbc vjcf[dtzfl8 w[flbf7 v[jkjl ahfyuekb gfhabevbc
ufvj fhf8 wbwbyj bctsb fhnbcnbpvbs .dt,jlf byatmwbehb cytekt,t,cf lf vfsb
ufdhwtkt,bc bcnjhbek-utjuhfabekb fhtfkbc itcf[t,7 felbnjhbfib itvs[dtdbs
it[tnt,ekb lfvkfut,tkbw rb cekufyf,ekb ecvtylf8
vfvfrfwbc gb]frt,bc udthlbs hfvltybvt wfhbtkb cfrblb rjyobfkj,lf7 tn.j,f
cfvelfvj vbdkbyt,fib ufvotct,ekvf vtjht yf[tdfhvf cfresfhb fdkf-lblt,f sfy ufb.jkf7
mvfh-idbkc rb v[jkjl cehytkb lfenjdf7 lf.yjcts lf ufvb[ctytsj8 rfhflbc acrthpt
vjdfhlbcahj mcjdbkc vjrhf sdfkb8 tc fqvjxylf ytbkjybc stshb fhibt,bs ufo.j,bkb
cfqfvjc dfhlbcathb rf,f8 cojhtl bc fahmdtdlf sf,helfv[dtd fhjvfnc8 3]fy,fnbcnf
dfkbf4 2 ghtntypbekfl beo.t,jlf cf.tkjpt xfvjrjyobfkt,ekb ,bhrf8 ofhvjelutytkbf7
lbpfbyehb [tkjdyt,bc fv ybveibs eiyj mfkb itvjcbkb.j8 atsbfyb exfc wjkb lf
vidtybthb ybrfc ltlf elfdjl vjv[b,kfdb vfykbkjcfybf8 xdty ,jlbib8 vfibrjv rf,f
sfdbc flubkpt lff,heyf8
hf rhbvbyfkbcnbrehb ;bybs vjofvkekvf ,pbrvf er,byf fv eflubkj flubkfc0
bc vfnthbfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufcfev]j,tct,kfl fhbc vjcekb lf fhf ]fy,fnbcnf dfkbfc
rf,bc vakj,tkbc itcfafct,kfl8 dbsjv vfhnj fvbnjv0888 cofab vpthf tchjkf cfhrtc8
yjhvfkehb cbvfqkt7 yjhvfkehb ojyf7 yjhvfkehb yfrdst,b888 hfqfw
vtnbcvtnfl yjhvfkehb b.j7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 vjcfo.tyb8 ths[tk ltlfv es[hf7 sdfkt,ib
wtw[kb ufrkbf7 mfkb fqtkdt,ek pqdfc eylf /ufdltc7 ity rb vidblb [fh7 lfvlufhb
o.fkbdbsj8 ltlfc /ujybf7 nfypt itvjvcrlfh rf,fc se xfbwdfvc lf vstkb mexbc
ufcfujyfl uflfbrbcrbct,c7 cnbmbfc lftvcufdct,f8 dbsjv hbsbf lfvlufhb o.fkb
ufvlbyfhtpt yfrkt,b0888 dbqfwfc ,fbrfkbc n,f vjcojyc7 dbqfwfc obstkb pqdf8
vfijv ewyfehb ituh’yt,bs ufbfh-ufvjbfhf jsf[t,ib8 hfqfw eylf vj[ltc7 se
erdt vj[lf0888 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc rfhub se welb7 cbvidblbc vj.dfhek flfvbfypt
yt,bcvbthb ’kbthb tvjwbf efh.jabsfl vjmvtlt,c8
fvfcj,fib jhb cffsbw ufdblf7 cfvbw lf js[bw8 xfvj,ytklf8 mfhvf
vtkybcahfl lfzvezyekb qhe,kt,b xhlbkjtsbcrty ufhtrf lf fcafknc vbt[tsmf8
ihhh888 fihbfklyty itvjlujvfc uflfhxtybkb ajskt,b7 ahhh888 sfveybfc lfrfhuekb
vfylbkbdbs xfbmhjkf ufvzdbhdfkt gfhrvf7 zhhh888 dbqfw yfub;fhvf itvjfutkdf
afht,fyst,ekb fdnjvj,bkb8 j]f[bc eahjcb rb fh xfylf7 ltlfvbcc [jv fh vbeodf7
ytnfd0
fsbjlt oesib rb rfhpt bctsb cfptbvj pfhb ufbcvf7 cek wjnf mdt.ybc
ghtpbltynb eylf .jabkb.j8
pqeh,kpt fhw vtnb7 fhw yfrkt,b exf kf.kf.t,lf8 vjdtlbs8 ,hfpbs ufbabmhf
vfijv8 tctw ityb yfmt,b bynebwbf8 vsdhfkb rfwb frklf .dtkf cbrtstcsfy thsfl=
2 [jv fh lfduu888 lflfdfudbfyt0
2 [vflf,kf bkfgfhfrts7 ,fdidc c’byfdc8 2 r,bkt,ib ufvjwhf vfijv8
2 fff888 2 exfv uh’tkb [vjdfyb ufvjeidf lf /jkib itvjlufaeylf8
vfij b’ekt,ekb uf[lf rfhb lftrtnf7 vtnbw7 ybrfc cf’byt,kbcrty lf’hekb exf
uftxtht,byf5
2 cfl vblb[fhs7 yffdflv.jafhvf ,fdidvf ’kbdc xfb’byf7 fh uf,tljs ufqdb’t,f7
’bkb .dtkfpt et,fhb ofvfkbf8 2 mehserbc rfksfpt lft,qfezf lf ’fkbs itfshbf
cfcnevhj jsf[ib8
2 vt dbwb hfw fhbc7 eet,fhb ofvfkb888 vt7 vt dfh et,fhb oofvfkb8 vt= 2
exf mehserbfy-melbfyf lft[tsmf lbdfypt lf fvqdhtekb sdfkt,b vfijc vbfg.hj8 2 ity
dby [fh0
2 vfij8
2 ffm cfblfy ufxylb7 dby lfub’’f[f0
2 smdty vs[jdts ,fdidsfy lfhxtyf8 vbylf ituf[ctyjs7 v[jkjl jhb cffsb8
gbhj,bc lfhqdtdf fh brvfhts7 vsdhfkb ufvjw[fllbs8
2 bwjlt7 fhfdbc vbdwtv eakt,fc ybreif ofvfhsdfc8 fhfdbc= ..dtkfc
uflfdedkb7 rrfnjrbdbs= 2 exfv w[dbhsfy lfenhbfkf cfxdtyt,tkb sbsb8 vfijv erfy
lfb[bf7 fkrj/jkbs vjofvkekvf /fthvf ytcnjt,b fekjrf8 pbpqbs uff;h;jkf8
2 fhfdby fgbht,c smdtysdbc idbkbc ofhsvtdfc8
2 fgbht,c7 bc xfskf[b ltlfrfwb fgbht,c8
2 dby0
2 byuf8 ltlfvbcb8 vfubc ltlbc888
vfijc afmbpb .ehb fh b.j vbxdtekb ubyt,fc7 ofh,itrhekb ecvtylf eovfoehb
cbn.dt,bc ybfqdfhc8
2 hfc b]qfyt,b0 2 vrfwhfl lftrbs[f exf8
2 ,fdidbcsdbc ltlfcsfy .jayf c]j,c8 2 itehfw[.jaf xf.kfgf vfijv8
2 uffxybf ltlfc=
2 ltlf ltlff888
2 ltlf hjvtkbw idbkbs dfzhj,c7 fhf0 2 exfv vstkb ’fkbs lfbhn.f ve[kpt
vjvezekb [tkbcuekb8 2 /f7 vbgfce[t0 hjujh vbdwt ,fdidb ltlfc7 hjvtkvfw aekib
ufwdfkf= udtkb7 xfskf[b7 ,,jhjnb=888 qvthsj7 dbcsfy dw[jdhj,lb fvltyb otkb7
dbcb uuekbcsdbc dodfkj,lb= tu fh fhbc flfvbfyb7 nj= tu hfqfw venfynbf8 jh
at[pt vlufhb endbyj venfynb888 fhf7 ndb888 ndbyb fmdc7 vfuhfv yfqh’j,b8
dbqfwfc at[b7 vfuufc ndbyb8 /jlf7 bvfc dfv,j,lb7 uuh’’yj,f fh uffxybf8 uh’yj,bc
yfwdkfl cffyufhbij eltdc sfdib8 fe7 ytnfd vfubc ndbyib xfvf888 xfvf[t[t888
xfvf[tlf8 .dtkfc ufdedkb7 dbyw ittwt888 ittwlt,f ofvfhsdfc8 rfnjrbdbs
uflfdedkb=
2 xevfl7 ,fdidvf fh ufbujc8 2 vjcvtybkbs lfpfahekb vfij vtmfybrehfl
xfvj]lf nf[npt8
2 ufbujc7 ufbujc lf lfbvf[cjdhjc7 hjv888 hjv v[jkjl bv itvs[888
itvs[dtdfib lfhxt,f xtvsfy7 se ltlfvbcc fcb fsfc ljkfhc vbdfotgt, ie,kib8 dfzhj,f
lfvbo.j7 vjndbyt0 idbkbs dfzhj,f8 aekb vtj7 ybrf ityj8 fphpt vjlb888 vfubc
cnthdf888
2 ye bubyt,bs8
2 xtvb uf’fhwdf eylf888 vt vvfufc vbkbfythb duuybdfh8 cnj nbcbx7
t[evht,b nj0 cfblfy vjde]df cnj nbcbxb0 /r= 2 exfv lffckjrbyf lf vo.hfkfl vbfxthlf
vfijc7 sbsmjc vbcufy bs[jdlf gfce[c e[fvc rbs[dfpt8
vfijv sfdb vbf,heyf8 ,fdidj,blfy fkthubf /mjylf vsdhfk rfwt,pt7 vfvfvbcc
dth uej,lf yfcdfvc7 fhfse dbqfw exfc7 hjvtkbw cfdfhfeljl cbcektktc hjifdc8
hjujh itb’kt,f mfkvf aekbc cfafcehfl cfresfh idbkpt smdfc efhb0 ufvjhbw[ekbf8
’vt,b uhbvt,bc pqfght,c se erbs[fdlf oe[tk sfdbc idbkc8
2 vujybb lfdsdthb8 2 exfv ofvjlujvf lffgbhf7 vfuhfv ojyfcojhj,f lfrfhuf lf
yj[pt cf]ljvbs lftgthn.f8 mehserb ptdbs fwjwlf7 ufvjxylf 3rtdby rkfbybc4 ifdb
nhecb stshb htpbybs8 fvfphptyb cfyf[fdbf ifhdkblfy fvjv[nfhb cfwdfkb7
vbsevtntc7 se cfwdfkb vsdhfk gbhen.dc tresdybc8
2 ufb[flts lf xfotmbs kjubyib7 vt ofdfk8
2 hff0
2 vtxmfht,f7 qfvtf erdt8
2 ity dby [fh0 2 rbcthb uflffulj exfv8
vfijv w[dbhpt xfvjwjwt,ekb rtgb vj[flf8 eiyjl lfnrtgykvf svfv uekb
fexdbkf8 bmyt, vfhsfkc fv,j,c tc atsbfyb vfvf0888 bmyt, fhct,j,ty ,eyt,fib
htrtnbjhb ltlt,b0888 se fctf7 vbcb ufut,fw itb’kt,f8 vlff888 /jyjhfhpt jwyt,f
ptlvtnbf7 vujyb vflkj,fw fh fqbhcjy8 ufjuyt,ekb e.eht,c7 sbsmjc gbhdtkfl
[tlfdc8 w[jdtkb7 hjujh itb’kt,f fct ufvjn.dht7 hjwf cf[kib fdflv.jab ,fdidb
utuekt,f8 w[tk uekpt itb’kt,f uffqdb’jc lf ltlfvbcpt cbcektktt,b tkfgfhfrjc8
cbvfhskbc vfhwdfkbw hjv b.jc vbc vjyf.jkib7 ,fdidvf fh eylf ufbujc8 fhfdbsfh
itvs[dtdfib=
vfijv rtgb lbdfypt vbfulj lf esfdvj.dfhtjl ufi[kfhsekb rfwbc ofvj.tyt,fc
ittwflf8 lblb ’fkbc[vtdbc afcfl vjf[th[f rbltw8 exfv v[fhpt itvjfo.j epfhvfpfhb
njht,b7 vfijv kfvbc cekb uffahs[j7 vfuhfv vtlufhb ]fhbcrfwbdbs ittwflf cjkblehb
vfcbc flubkblfy lf’dhfc8
2 ’bkbc lhjf7 exf7 qfvtf erdt7 [dfk dbkfgfhfrjs8 ofdblts7 ofdblts888 2
otkpt [tkb vj[dbf lf cf’byt,kbcrty e,b’uf8
2 ..dtkfv vbqfkfnf7 ,j,jbiidbkb db.j7 .dtkfv888 wjkvf vbvfnjdf7 vfvfv
ufvobhf7 cfresfhvf vfvfv888 hjv /rbs[j7 rjhktjytf888 vf[dib8 3cfab[dyjc sfdib
lf]lt,bc7 cbn.df vfelbc a[bfyb4888 rrjhktjyt rb fhf7 ceasf rfhkbxbf7 gfgf rfhkf7
gfgf rfhkf888 cfqjk ytkbrj7 ttuht eylf7 rfhub rkbxrf itehxbt7 qbhcbf7 qbqcb=
fhf7 hjujh uf,tlf= hjujh uf,tlf ltlfxtvbc ookbcsfdpt byufc vjgfnb;t,f0 xtvb
ytm,fhsdbc ufhtit7 nj= 888vt vfufc dby dujybdfh0= vs[kt8 vs[kt dujybdfh7 cbrj
lf ubjhub vfxjt,b fhbfy7 exf vs[kt8 itehbulbj888 dbc eylf itdehbult7 bv cnthdfc7
hjvtkvfw888 hjvtkbw888 vfubc ltlbc888 mvfhb ]fylf,fc7 mfkt,bc vtnb hf fhbc7
vfuuhfv iidbkb0 ba7 ybrf ity7 aekb vtj8 fphpt vjlb7 fphpt vjlb7 hf [fk[ib vfmdc
cfmvt888
hjujh bmyf cf’byt,kfvlt vbfqobtc8 exf at[cfwvtkbfyf ufbijnf kjubypt8
 2 lfdsdthb7 [jv bwb8 2 fqbfhf ctdlbfyfl lf sdfkt,b vj[ezf8
vfijv ahs[bkfl uf[flf at[cfwvtkb lf ijhbf[kj lfluf8 jhbjlt oesib aibydf
ufbcvf7 hjvtkbw /fhvjybekfl uflfbpfhlf fuhtcbek [dhbydfib8 vfijv jhvjwlffsfvlt
lfbsdfkf7 hbc vthtw erfyvje[tlfdfl lfnjdf f,ecthb’tt,bc cf[kb7 bv bvtlbs7 hjv
fqfhfcjltc vjeotdlf erfy lf,heyt,f8

222

]efyith7 bubdt ]eyf n.fdf’t vj[th[t,ekfl b]lf h,bk lbdfypt lf rfctnbc

uflf[dtdfc tkjlf8 ,e[fhib wtw[kb ubpubpt,lf7 zbmfib wtbkjybc xfb uhbklt,jlf7 ]
eyfc rb ecbfvjdyj obyfsuh’yj,bs t,tht,jlf uekb8 flht .ehflqt,fc fh fmwtdlf cfresfh
uekbc[vfc7 f[fkufphlf b.j7 wf melfl fh vbfxylf8 fcfrvf se itf[ctyf sfdb888 ,jkj
thsb otkb mjibyb lfcxtvlf7 uekb fxvf[t,c7 uekb= vt ity utn.db itfybit,7 fy
vjbc.blb888 uekb sfdbcsdbcff7 at[t,pt /rblbf dbc vrthlib ’uthc7 fvthbrbc
ghtpbltynbc se vfs[jdfhb xfgkbyfcb8 ufhtsfw welb fvbylb bluf7 hjujhw
vtntjhjkjubehb7 bct gjkbnbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs8 [tkbceakt,fv mehlt,pt ufvjfw[flf
yflbhj,f8 ]eyf rfhuf [fybf ufvjdblf abmcfnjhbfyb lfybs vfybgekbht,bc fcfrblfy7
f[kf bc cfrvfjl ufdktybfyb ,bpytcvtybf8 dbcb hf cfmvtf hjujh bijdf gbhdtkb
vbkbjyb0888 gbhdtk vbkbjyc tdhjgfibw fh trbs[t,bfy .jabk vfabjpt,c8
]th]thj,bs fhw ]eyfc trbs[t,jlyty7 vfuhfv mhjybrek vfylhf;ib .jayf
lfvcf[eht,ek cb,thtc evofht,lf8 fb7 vjfvsfdht,c hfvltybvt lfo.t,ek cfmvtc7 thsuek
rfwc fo.j,bk ,bpytcc xff,fht,c lf lff[dtdc fmtlfy8 tcgfytsib f[kflithtvjynt,ekb dbkf
tkjlt,f7 pqdbc yfgbhpt7 jhb okbc oby itbc.blf flubkj,hbdb ntktdfhcrdkfdblfy7
vfuhfv tcgfytsibw hjv lfthbty 3vbc ’vfc40888 dthw cfmdt.yjl ufysmvekvf
fldjrfnvf eidtkf7 dth ufdktybfyvf ’vf,bzt,vf8 wb[tib pbc lf tcgfytsbc abhepbcath
ptwfc 3d rktnjxre4 ewmthc8
2 hbs dth uflff[dbf0 2 xfb,ehn.eyf gfylfv7 ntktdbpjhsfy xfwewmekvf
vfvfrfwvf ’dkjdfyb cf[bs8
vtncf[tkb gfylf thsb itvs[dtdbc ufvj itfhmdtc7 hjwf [bc rtyothjpt
fv’dhfkvf vtidblt cfhsekbc fbdfypt uflf[njvf vjf[th[f8 wbhrbc frhj,fnb dth
ufhbcrfdlf fcts hsek bktsc8 gfylfv ufhbcrf8 mexfv xfvje.fkb,f eibifhb [fcbfsb7
mexf b.j vbcb vodhsytkbw7 vfcofdkt,tkbw7 vfvf-vfhxtyfkbw8
hjujhw bmyf ufbcvf yfyfnhb x[freyb7 rfctnfv cnfhnb fbqj7 trhfypt rb
ufvjcf[ekt,f ufxylf 2 cfcfakfjcrty vbvfdfkb flfvbfyt,bc ]ueab7 .dfdbkt,bs7
udbhudbyt,bs7 cbnefwbbc itcfathbcb vjmeahekb abpbjyjvbt,bs8
2 lfbo.t lf fhfdby ufvjuhxtc7 pecnfl eylf dbwjlt dby fhbfy lf hbsb
ceysmfdty vjec.blfdb dtmbkbc j]f[bc otdht,b8 2 ,h’fyf ]eyfv8
2 stshsvbfyb ,thbrfwb hjv vbghfreyt,c7 j]f[bc eahjcbf7 rfhkj f,ecthb’t8
.jabkb vtqdbyt7 rjveybcnt,bc lhjc rfhufl vjmfaf lf f[kf vjcfdfkc bvrbc8
cfvcfhsekbfyb cf[kb ofvjzbvf cjatk lbqjvib7 [t[bkbc ,fqbs7 fepbs7 jhfy;thtbs7
idbkt,bw sfdbcsfy lffcf[kf7 thsbc ufhlf8 cfiefkj cbvfqkbc rfwb7 erfy hjv vb.dt,f
xdtyb yfwyj,b ubjhubf7 rfhkjc eahjcb df;b8
2 bc jhb vjphlbkb ujuj idbkt,bf0
2 /j8 eahjcb stfnhfkehib cofdkj,c7 evwhjcb 2 crjkbc vjofatf8 c[dfsf
ijhbc7 ubjhubc wjkb vjcfvfhsktl veifj,c8
2 /v7 feo.dbf w[jdht,f8 h’fkb vjcfvfhskt7 idbkb 2 fldjrfnb8 2 eutvehfl
xfbwbyf ]eyfv8
sfdbcb ,bzb uff[ctylf7 x[e,ib efphjl vjrkekb styuj8 rbltd rfhub
idbkbidbkb lfhxf7 thsflthsb yfstkb othnbkb idbkvrdlfhb vfvbc w[jdht,fib8 serb
hfvtc wlbkj,lf7 bctd lf bctd cfylhbrfcsdbc7 sjhtv sfdbcb cfv.jab lblb [fybf
lffuhjdf8 se fhf0888 b.j ufvlblht,bc ghjwtcib hfqfw bctsb7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc
fpfhnekb7 hfw flhtyfkbybc ufvjn.jhwyfc bodtdlf7 ]eyfc vjcojylf tc ufywlf8
3cfibib ufvlblht,bc cehdbkb rb fh fhbc7 fhfvtl .dtkfathpt ofcdkf cbvlblhbc
vjcf[dtzfl4 2 es[hf ths[tk vj’qdfhvf8 ]eyfv ufut,bs lfemybf sfdb7 sevwf
bythwbbs ufyfuh’j,lf 3cfibi4 w[jdht,fc8 gfhfktkehfl fqcfht,bc cfsmvtkfl vblbjlf8
cfbytnthtcjf7 hfc bn.dbc vj’qdfhb rjyrehtynb abhvbc vakj,tkbc7 rjnt
.fhfekfidbkbc wtvbc afmnpt8 w[flbf7 sfdpt [tkc fh uflfecdfvc7 vfuhfv fhw
fyfstvfc uflfcwtvc7 ]eyfc gbhflb cf[cht,bs fqluf lf aeymwbjybht,c rjveybcnt,bc
vbth lfyuhtekb trktcbf bvfdt vqdltkbc vij,kbeh cjatkib8
2 ytnf7 rjnt .fhfekfidbkbc ghjwtcc vfubc wjkb [jv fh ofb.dfyc0 2 gfylfv
ufafwbwt,ekb vpthf ntktdbpjhbc trhfyblfy ]eyfpt uflfbnfyf8
2 tutsb inerf rfyjybs lfeidt,tkbf8 fhw vt vbs[jdbf bv rfwbcufy
dbybuhtnbc ufrtst,f7 thsb-jhb gfyxehb eylf fvjuthn.fs lf ofvjcekb.fdbs888 cfvvf
vjpdthvf hjv ufbults ob[kmdti7 hf utujyfs0 cfcbrdlbkjl ufbvtnts-smj7 rb fh
vbsmdfvc=
2 ’fqkb rjzkj,bs fh vjrdlt,f8
2 ’fqkb fh vjrdlt,f7 vfuhfv zjhb se fujhlf7 bvfc dtqfhfathb uffxtht,c7
utjvtnhbekb ghjuhtcbbs bphlt,f7 upfib bynthcghtnfwbfc ufybwlbc7 f[fk-f[fkb
dfhbfwbt,bs bvjct,f888 bct vbmfxfd sdfkt,c7 dfn.j,7 fh utcvbc8 zjhvf bfhf7
bfhf7 vsf-,fhb itvjbfhf lf ;ehyfkbcnbc .,fib vj[dlf8 ;ehyfkbcnvf ufwj[yf7
ufvjwj[yf7 cnfnbf ufvjfw[j8 ofbrbs[t hf othbf ufptst,ib= ,bpytcvtyt,ib hjv ubylf
xfothf7 rbs[dfw eylf itb.dfhj8 ’vehfl vbs[fhb7 gfylf7 cfvcf[ehbc vfymfybs hjv
uft’ht cfmvbc ufcfhxtdfl7 erfyfkbs abmhj,lb0 fphpt vjlb7 hf bfqkbib vjubdblf=
2 ]eyfv dthfahbs vjbytkf fvfcobyfyltkb xfdfhlyf7 lqt b.j lf w[hf]th f[ctyt,lf8 2 tc
ie,bfyb rhfcfdbwf dby fhbc0 2 ]eyfc sdfksf[tldbc fhtib ]ekbfy vfrljyfklbc
pfvshbc rjktmwbblfy uflvjv[nfhb byuf vj[dlf8
2 tu f,ecthb’tt,bc iefsfyf ,bzbc7 exfc wjkbf888 vujyb hfpdjlib fhbfy8
tuth7 bcbw vjlbc888 vj[tekb nbgb hjv uflvjdblf ]bgblfy7 exff888 cfvityt,kj
rjvgfybc vtgfnhjytf8 sdbsjyfw dbhbdbs veifj,c lf c[dt,cfw fgf[fdt,c8
2 hf bwb0
2 xtvb e,ytkb kbjdf cdfhxbrfl veifj,c vfufcsfy8
2 hfnjv b,qdbht,f iefsfyf f,ecthb’t0
2 vujyb wjkbc lfyf[df fh tdfcf7 [j bwb8 yf[t7 hf hj;f vjrthf7 sbsmjc
’qythbc ceyb b.yjcf8
2 cbn.dt,b itfhxbt7 dbhbidbkj= dtqfh ufvj[dtlb mexbc fcfrblfy7 e,ybc
ce,reknehf lfhxb8
2 hfj0 2 dth ufbuj gfylfv8
2 fhfathb7 fhfathb8 2 ]eyfv rjkjablfy cbufhf fbqj8 lfceyf lf r,bkt,bs
lfbzbhf8 2 itbiyjdt7 hfqf7 rfhub w[jdht,f8 itbiyjdt cfyfv wjw[fkb dfh=
2 fh lfdtvjhxbkj eahjct,bc ,h’fyt,fc7 se hfc vbhxtd0 2 ittobyffqvltuf
gfylf7 hjvtkcfw ,fhtv eyljlf cjkbleh udfvt,ib xfothf7 vfuhfv se dbyvt b.j
ufcf,thn.b7 ]eyfc cojhtl bc f[ctylt,jlf7 lf fhf i8g8c8 2c hbubsb sfyfvihjvtkb8
2 lftvjhxbkt7 vfuhfv pqdfhb bwjlt7 crfylfkbc tgbwtynhib ye vjvf[dtlht,8
xtvsdbc vfbyw utrbs[f jabcbc vfymfyfc hjv vjf]tmb=
2 .dtkfathb bv lfvgfkb vfs[jdfhbc ,hfkbf8 vfbyw7 cfblfy ufvjn.dhf bc
ij,tk’fqkb= sbsmjc fhfdby b.j htcnjhybc tpjib8
2 cfl ufmhf8 fb7 hf fhbc cfrbs[fd-cflfhlt,tkb8 tc fldjrfnb bcts lbl uekptf7
fcbfyb rjpbhb ezbhfdc7 bv vfs[jdhbc cf[bs8 hfnjv t’f[bfy xfgkbyfc0
 2 vjrktf lf ikfgbs lflbc8 fthjgjhnbc lfcf[kt,fib w[jdhj,c7 ,fhfrib8 ,jskt,c
fuhjdt,c lf vfubs uffmdc sfdb7 sfy vfs[jdhj,c8 htcnjhybc cbf[kjtc hfvltybvt lqtf
fh ufvjxtybkf8
2 bmyt, itbwdfkf lbckjrfwbbc flubkb0
2 lqtc cfqfvjc rbltd ufdbrbs[-ufvjdbrbs[fd7 bmyt, xf’fqklf rbltw0 2
xfgkbyfc cbrdlbkbc gthcgtmnbdfv gfylf jgnbvbpvbs fqfdcj8
2 lhjc lfrfhufd8 fldjrfnc eylf lfdf]lts relpt8 vfufc t.jkt,f uflfvfkekb8 2 ]
eyfv cbufhfc vjerblf8 vjcojylf tc ,eh;efpbekb uflvjyfisb8 cbufhbfyb vfvfrfwb
ebcnjy xthxbksfy fcjwbhlt,jlf lf cfresfh sfdib fvfqkt,lf8 ]eyf xthxbkbc afyb b.j7
vbcb vtvefht,bw rb /mjylf ofrbs[ekb8 2 tc ahfynb dbqff0 2 cbufhbfyb [tkb
trhfybcrty ufbidbhf7 yfvldbkb utythfkbcbvecbdbs8
2 uh’tk gfknjib0
2 /j8 hfdf sfdflbidbkbdbs vjb]ubvt,f=
2 tuf rfhkj f,ecthb’tc evwhjcb idbkbf7 cbrj8
2 cbrj rkbxrff se yfvldbkb cf[tkb0
2 gbhdtkfl vtw rkbxrf vtujyf7 vfuhfv yfvldbkb fqvjxylf8
2 fh /ufdc lfyfhxtyt,c7 lf[t7 hf vutkbdbs brhbzt,f7 lblb it,thn.bkb dbyvt
xfyc8
2 fhbc rbltw8 fb7 tu hjv .jabkb.j ubjhubc flubkpt7 ,fpfhb fhff7
vjdbkfgfhfrt,lbs8 aekbc uekbcsdbc cfresfh ltlfc fvjs[hbc cfakfdblfy7 jmhjc
r,bkt,c lff’hj,c lf ’dbhafcb vtnfkbc fv,fdib xff,fht,c8
2 hfc ofhvjflutyc vjhflbjhj,bc rfylblfnb0 2 ]eyfv w[dbhblfy rdfvkb
ufvjidf lf .ehflqt,bs vbfxthlf ewyj, o.dbksfy vjkfgfhfrt evwhjc f,ecthb’tc8
2 tutw vtqdbytf7 3cbrj lf rfvgfybf47 fh ufububf0
2 yoe=
2 vfubc ghjlemwbf mfhsek ,fpfhpt tc-tcff brblt,c at[c7 cfvfubthjl zbgb
fmdc vjzhbkb ief fpbbc htcge,kbrt,blfy yfhrjnbrt,bc itvjnfyfib8
2 f[eht,888
2 hfnjv ubrdbhc0
2 vtn-yfrkt,fl ojybfy yfhrjlbktht,c se gbhflfl fh dbwyj,7 bct vfbyw
ufvbubf7 c[dbcufy888 zbgb se fmdc vjzhbkb7 tctw vtwjlbyt,jlf8
2 flbyjxrff8 gbhflfl uflbc pfrfpxbrpt8 fv lqtt,ib aekbc cfctc[t,kfl lfh,bc
nhfobfyb [fhbdbs7 tn.j,f cfkblkyb gfhnbc itvjcfnfyfl tvpflt,f8
2 it dbhbidbkj7 fvjltyf byajhvfwbf vjubuhjdt,bf lf xevfl b.fdb0 2
ufeqbvf ]eyfv8
2 dbltjc sfy[kt,bs vbyljlf vjvtojlt,byf7 fct eahj yfqlb tatmnb fmdc8
2 e.eht7 ity= tatmnt,ptw ubabmhbf8
gfylfv cbfvjdyt,bs vjba[fyf fgfhcekb rtaf8 ]eyf bc rfwb fhff7
rjvgkbvtynt,bs ufsfvfvt,ltc8 vjcvtybkbs firfhfl rvf.jabkbf7 sfyfw dth vfkfdc
tvjwbt,c7 hfw bidbfsfl [lt,f8 fvfcobyfyltkb bfqkbibc ajypt itb’kt,f gfnfhf
ufvfh]dt,fl xfbsdfkjc8
fvfcj,fib7 f,ehb’tt,bc rkfyvf itrht,bc flubkblfy cfcfakfjc cbqhvbcrty
uflfbyfwdkf8 exfv ewthtvjybjl uffhqdbf itvzblhjt,ekb rjhljyb lf vfvfvbcsfy
vbfzhf8 hfqfwfpt itrfvfslyty7 iefsfyf df;vf abzdbc nfyc veinb lffhn.f lf uh’tkb
yf,b]t,bs lfobyfehlf8 rfhkjv vjb[tlf7 sbsmjc dbqfwfc t’t,lf8 j,btmnbdib xfylf
vbcb [fv[fvf sdfkt,b itiegt,ekb egtt,bs8 ufehrdtdkj,fib v.ja ,f,efc eahjcvf
idbkbidbkvf vjecohj7 [tkvrkfdb ufvjclj lf cfcfakfjcrty e,b’uf8 upfl rfhkjv
[tkvtjhtl vjb[tlf8 bctd bc7 itiajst,ek-vf’bt,tkb vpthf8
cek ,jkjc rfvthfv exfc wjkb lf cbrj lffabmcbhf8 tc jhb hfnjvqfw xfvjhxf
ghjwtcbfc8 ofekbcmehmbfyb kfvfpvfyb ythdbekfl bn.fgeyt,lf [tkbcuekpt n.fdbc
ifd [tksfsvfyc7 cbrj ufypt b.eht,jlf lf lhjlflhj htgkbrfc bchjlf8 mfkc firfhfl fh
cbfvjdyt,lf htgkbrt,b7 rfghbpekfl uht[lf vjvidbkleh ofh,t,c7 next,c ,thfdlf7 firfhfl
hfqfwfc fghjntcnt,lf8 fajhbfmt,ekb cfyfstcjc ajypt vfhnj fldjrfnbc j]f[b
ufvjb.eht,jlf vidblj,bfyfl8
3fm hfqfw [lt,f888 hfqfw bctsb7 hfw xtvc cfmvtc offlut,f47 cfresfh
abmht,c ufeqbvf ]eyfv8
2 bv jhb ujujc ufhlf7 idbkbidbkb /.fdc rfhkjc0 2 brbs[f [vfvfqkf8
2 exf f,ecthb’tc /.fdc ,bzb8
2 hfnjv fh xfyc0
2 ]th gfnfhff7 fk,fs fh ofvjb.dfytc8
2 vfbyw7 hfv[tkf0
2 idblb okbc bmyt,f8
2 exfc fv mfkbcufy /.fdc idbkb0
2 rb8
]eyfv cbufhf cfathaktc vbfz.kbnf lf xfb vjcdf8 vbcb uekb dth ufe’kt,c
fvlty ybrjnbyc7 fxmfht,ekb gekcfwbf fpht,bc lfkfut,fib eikbc [tkc8 fhbc jhb upf
ehxb fldjrfnbc zrefpt vjcf.dfyfl8 gbhdtkb7 cbrjcsfy ufhbut,ff8 ]eyf f’ktdc cbrjc
ufhrdtek sfy[fc7 cbrj fodlbc byajhvfwbfc xfgkbyfc flubkcfv.jatkbc itcf[t,8 fh
fhbc flfvbfyb7 fh fhbc ghj,ktvf8 hfjlty vzthvtn.dtkbw fh eylf b.jc lfwdbc v[fht7
vjovbc ufhtit vbcb wbwthjyj,f /fthbc it.fy.fkt,ff7 c[df fhfathb8 vtjht upf rfhkjpt
uflbc8 ofhvjcflutybf7 hf [fcbfspt lflut,f ,f,ef7 serb udfhbc ufvuh’tkt,tk
idbkbidbkc cfahs[t lftvemht,f8 ]eyfv cfresfhb sfdb ofhvjblubyf rfhkjc flubkpt8
ufabmht,fw pfhfdc7 hf itb’kt,f vjbvjmvtljc8 vjphlbk ujujt,c dth ufbnfwt,7
bcbyb tktvtynfkehfl fh uf.dt,bfy ewyj, ,b’bfc gfnfhf ktrdbc cfyf[fdfl8 fb7 gfnfhf
,bzbs vfybgekbht,f itb’kt,f8 rfhkj ubjhubc vbfodt,f7 ubjhub xfgkbyfc
flubkcfv.jatkc lfamdfdc7 rjnt .fhfekfidbkb b’ekt,ekb bmyt,f sfdb lfvfhw[t,ekfl
cwyjc8 fhbc vtcfvt upfw8 bubdt rjntcsfy lfkfgfhfrt,f7 vfuhfv ths vlbyfhtib jh]th
fh itlbfy7 rjntv ths[tk erdt vjf[ctyf rfntujhbekb efhb8 dthw uffvn.eyt,7 vbc erfy
ew[jtkb bydtcnjhb lufc7 vfuhfv ]eyfc erfyfw hjv lufc vfqfkxbyjcfyb0888
hjvtkbw cekfw fh fgbht,c vce.t kervbc [tkblfy ufidt,fc8 rhbvbyfkehb ofhcekbc
vmjyt ,bpytcvtybc [tkite[t,kj,f vfsb thsj,kbdb sfyfvihjvkj,bc ufhfynbff8 rjnt
yt,bcvbth dfhbfynib eylf xfb’bhjc7 vfuhfv lqtc7 yjvth gbhdtkb fvjwfyf vjovbc
ufmhj,ff8
yj[pt xfvjv]lfhb gfylf vjsvbyt,bs tkjlf itabc fyfkbnbreh lfcrdyfc8
2 cbrjcsfy eylf vjvb[th[j it[dtlhf8 2 uflfo.dtnbkt,f vbbqj ]eyfv8
2 hjlbc0
2 hfw itb’kt,f vfkt8 sfdbceafkb [fh8
hjujhw gfylf sdfkc vbtafhf7 .ehvbkb fbqj lf idbkbidbksfy lfhtrf8
cfylbrfc [vf .jdtksbc f,heyt,lf bv cfv.fhjib7 hjvtkcfw vstkb cb.vfodbkt thxjlf lf
hjvkbc vbvfhs fv cb,thtib ’ytkfl fcf[cytkb yjcnfkubf lfcxtvlf8 ]eyf kblthb b.j7
rkfcibw7 cf[kibw7 e,fyibw8 vbcb tibyjlfs lf gfnbdc cwtvlyty8 ufycfresht,bs7
yfrkt,fl fmnbehb ,bzt,b ahbflt,bs uf’t’ubkb lqbeht,bs7 t8o8 xvjhbrt,b8 cfylhbrfw
ths-thsb bvfssfufyb b.j8 bcbw rfhufl cofdkj,lf7 ifnfkjpt bidbfsfl lflbjlf7
cbufhtnc fh totjlf7 fh ecvtylf v’bvt hjrc8 bc fhw [ekbufy vfvfc /ufdlf7 fhw
.jdkbcvitv’kt ,f,efc8 bc b.j vidblb lf eghtntypbj7 fk,fs ltlfv ufpfhlf fctsb8
cfylhbrf jhb okbc b.j7 hjwf vij,kt,b thsvfytsc lfijhlyty8 h’fkvf dth ufe’kj styujc
fqdbhf[cybkj,fc7 ,fdidc [tkb vj/rblf lf cfvelfvjl lfnjdf n.fdf’tt,bc it’kt,ekb j]f[b8
vfbywflfvfbyw fhw ]eyfc elfhlbf vfsb lfwbkt,f7 mfkt,bc vtnb hf fhbc7 vbcb
,bzb wjkcfw vjb.dfyc lf idbkt,bw t.jkt,f8 wjkb vfhskfw vjb.dfyf7 lf fhf thsb lf
jhb7 vfuhfv idbkb fhw thsc fh ufextybf7 ths sdtcfw dth e’kt,lyty styujc jajat,c8
vtht styuj vjrktc7 ]eyfc rb uff[ctylf7 hjv erdt wfvtnb okbc idbkbidbkb /.fdc8
vfs [tkvtjhtl ufbwytc thsvfytsb8 ]eyf cfcbfvjdyjl b.j ijrbht,ekb8 cfylhbrf
fhfathc s[jekj,lf7 gbhbmbs7 sfdfpbfyb efhb vjf[ctyf atityt,tkeh cf[kib
cfw[jdht,kfl uflfcfdkfpt7 bv vbptpbs7 ltlfc dth lfdnjdt,j7 fctdt fh vbbqtc
f[fksf[fkb fdnjvfymfyf7 ,f,ebc vbth cgtwbfkehfl yf.blb crjkbc lfvsfdht,bc
fqcfybiyfdfl8 3]th flhtf4 2 jhb cbn.dbs fe[cyf cfylhbrfc ltlfv8 ]eyfv7 w[jdht,fib
gbhdtkfl c[df sdfkbs it[tlf .jabk h’fkc8 mfkb vrfwhfl vjrevekb next,bs vfcib
gfnbdbcwtvfc bodtdlf lf fhf ufqbpbfyt,fc7 hjujhw flht8 bmyt, ltlf-idbkvf hfqfw
bctsb bwbfy7 hfcfw bc7 .dtkfyfbh h.tdfib ufvj,h’vtlbkb flfvbfyb dth xf[dlf8 ]
eyf vbxdtekb b.j vjdktyt,bc tgbwtynhib .jayfc7 vbcufy .dtkfc hfqfw eyljlf fv
jhbc ufhlf8 tc fv,fdb sfy frdbhdt,lf7 sfy uekc o.dtnlf8 vbcb vsfdfhb
w[jdht,bctekb rhtlj fv jhb flfvbfybcsdbc sfdbc vjojyt,f uf[lf7 hbcsdbcfw
nfmnbrbc itwdkf lf hfvltybvtokbfyb kjlbyb lfczbhlf8 .byekb sfylfsfy ufkqdf8
cfylhbrf erdt hxt,jlf ,f,efcsfy7 thsj,kbdvf ofcdkfv cfyflbhjl rbltd eahj lff[kjdf7
sevwf cfylhbrf fh fqahsjdfyt,ekf yflbhj,bc ghjwtcbs8 cfafynbs lfw[hbkek vothc
[jv ptlfw fh it[tlf8 3tc fh fhbc xtvb cfmvt84 2 h,bkfl ufvjew[flf ,f,efvbcc8 fb7
xfhufkib7 df;fj,fpt lfcfcoht,fl cbfvjdyj,bs of.df8 cehfst,c bqt,lf7 xfyf[fnt,c frtst,lf
cgtwbfkeh hdtekib7 vjcf[ktj,fc trjynfmnt,jlf7 vfuhfv pjvbthfl7 ce,jhlbyfwbbc
lfwdbs8 sehvt .jdtkudfhb 3ghfdt,bc rfxfdbcf4 lf sdfkt,bc mfxdbc ufhtit itb’kt,f
b.j kblthb7 abmhj,lf ]eyf8 cfylhbrfc lfvjerblt,kj,f7 sfditrfdt,f lf ibyfufyb
cbvidblt fynbltghtcfynbdbs vjmvtlt,lf vbc acbmbrfpt8 f[kf c[df sdfkbs e.eht,lf
ijhtek ,fdidj,fib xfhxtybk cfsdkbfy ,bzc7 hjvtkbw qbhctekb levbkbs gfce[j,lf ]
eyfc cf’vjc vbth ufchjkbk itehfw[v.jatk htgkbrt,c8
fsb oesb bkfgfhfrtc8 ]eyfv buh’yj7 hjujh lfbve[nf f[fkb tythubbs8
rdbhfc vw[tsfib ofcdkfpt itsfy[vlyty7 bmyt, cff[fkokjl ahfyuek fkgt,ib
ofcdkfptw lfbsfy[vjc0888 ]eyfc vjtyfnhf abkjcjabehb cfe,ht,b ,e[hbc gbhfc7
j]f[eh ufhtvjib888 rb fh vjtyfnhf7 fhfcjltc /mjybf8 e,hfkjl7 bvltyfl [ibhfl
jwyt,j,lf7 txdtyt,jlf fctsb lqtt,b b.j vbc w[jdht,fib8 cbyfvldbktib b.j jh[dtekbfyb
gfylf7 vjhbub fdfynbehf lf cbyfskt udbhf,bc ,jkjc8
xfvmhfk trhfyc it[tlf8 hfnjvqfw itiehlf bv stshsvbfyb vj[ewbc7 hjvtkcfw
otqfy idbkt,bcf lf idbkbidbkt,bc sfy[kt,bs vblbjlf wjkbc cfakfdpt8

222

ubukf tmbvb fyrtnfc fdct,lf7 sfy mfkt,bc zjhfj,fc f.ehflt,lf8 stvf7

ajnjcehfst,bc vfubeh ptvjmvtlt,bc itcf[t, wtynhbc vjhbut tmbvvf7 sfvfh
ifdbidbkvf itvjfulj8
2 sehvt7 ajnjc cfiefkt,bs gbhlfgbhb rjynfmnb v.fhlt,f ufvjcf[ekt,fcf lf
vf.eht,tkc8 dsmdfs7 dbqfw vthxbc7 hfc frtst,c se bwbs0 bqt,c xtvc ajnjcehfsc7
efh.jabsb tythubbs ve[nfdc888
2 ity rb at[t,c aibrfd8 2 lffchekf ybyekbv7 obsehvf tmbvvf neibcufy
lfv’bvt,ekb ofvofvt,bs8
2 ufaitrbs tut, fh ufdaibrj7 vfuhfv vb’byt,ekb fdflv.jaj,bc ghjdbwbht,f
ite’kbf8 smdty uujybfs ]flj vfhnj zbyzt,ib ufvj[dtekb svt,bf0 fhf7 utyfwdfkt7
cehfsblfy hjv tythubfc vjbgfhfd7 bcbw ]fljf7 jqjyl eahj lfvfyuhtdtkb8 smdtyc
ufcfujyfl dfv,j,7 ujujt,b= 2 sfvfhb ufvfs,j,tksfy vbvc[lfh f[fkufphlf tmsyt,c
vbe,heylf8 2 se ufs[jdt,f ubylfs7 fhfdbc fs[jdjs ajnjcehfsb8 ufusdfkfdty bwjlt=
2 fv ghbywbgbs cfthsjl fh eylf uflfbqj cehfsb8 hfnjv deidt,s ecfsejl
welc7 [jv itb’kt,f flfvbfyvf rtsbkufyo.j,bs itvju[tljc0= 2 smdf vfijv8
 2 tuhtw itb’kt,f8 2 lftsfy[vf f[fkufphlf tmsfyb7 vfhxbtkj,fib
ufvtwflbyt,ekb yfsbf8 2 xtvc fv[fyfuc thsb ,bzb e.dfhlf7 bc rb ptlfw fh e.eht,lf8
fvfyfw fbqj lf ,bzbc ajnj yfstkv[bkdtksfy vbbnfyf7 hfvt vjvb[th[t7 bmyt,
itde.dfhltj8 yfstkv[bkdtkvf cehfsb lfbnjdf7 itdtwlt,b lfdve[njj8 ufutwbyt,fs7
vfuhfv hfvltybvt lqtib bv ,bzvf lfhtrf8
2 dub;lt,b7 eityjl cbwjw[kt fh itvb’kbfj0 2 lfvwbyfdfl brbs[f ybyekbv8
2 fhf7 cb.dfhekb fh fe[cybf7 vfuhfv gftvfyb lfeybiyf8 bvtlbf vfkt
fe[cybc7 byntycbehfl lflbfy8
2 hfc ute,yt,jlbs0 2 ybiybcvjut,bs itc’f[f sfvfhvf8
ubukfv sfdb fcobf lf vfijc it[tlf8 vfijc ufxfx[ekb sbst,b ufvfs,j,tkpt vbtlj
lf o.yfhfl bqbvt,jlf8 ubukfc vjcojylf vbcb qbvbkb8 hf bmyt,f gbhflfl vfc
ufeqbvjc0 vfwlehfl7 hjujhw mfkb eqbvbc cfcehdtk vfvfrfwc8 ubukfv
hfvlty]thvt cwflf lftzbhf vbcb vpthf7 vfuhfv flhtcfnvf dth vbbqj cbuyfkb8 fy fh
vbbqj8 hfw yfrkt,fl cfdfhfeljf8 hf fmdc vfijc lfcfoeyb lbgkjvbfy tmbvc
cnf,bkehb [tkafcbs0 cflvt eylf lfgfnb;jc7 vfufkbsfl xbyeh htcnjhfyib8 ubukf
thrdtjlf xbyeh rth’t,ib7 sevwf htcnjhfyib cflbkj,bc eakt,fc [ibhfl dth f’ktdlf
cfresfh sfdc8 [tkafcb [tkafcfl7 vfuhfv j]f[c bvltyb vb/mjylf7 vfymfybc
ufvjwdkf dth vjf[th[f7 [fylfpvekb 3ujkabs4 lfhf[hf[t,lf cfcb’j rfwb8 cf[kib
gtycbjythb vij,kt,bc ufhlf7 mvfhuf.hbkb lf t]lf jhb vx[fdfyf ,fdidbs8 jhjsf[bfy
3[heixjdrfib4 nefktnib se ufyvfhnjdlt,jlf flfvbfyb7 bcbw lhjt,bs8 [fy ,fdidt,b
bacfdlyty7 [fy vfvfc eqbpbfylt,jlf ghjcnfnbc ]bhrdfkb7 [fy /bgthnjybrb ltlf
bwkt,jlf ifhlbcufy8 vfij rb vfqfkzthbfy js[jsf[bfyib w[jdhj,lf ufvjmfsfvt,ek
,t,bfcsfy thsfl888 ,t,bf wfc fh ufvjtrtht,f7 ,byf rb vfijc lfhxt,f8 .dtkf
sdfkcfphbcbs fo.j,c8 cbvgfsbehb7 ,t]bsb wjkb t.jkt,f7 vjvfdfkb tmbvb7 c[dfsf
ijhbc888 ubukfc vfhnj obuyt,bc uflfnfyf lf rjcvtnbrehb htvjynbc ufrtst,f
lfczbhlt,f7 c[df v[hbd cf[kb cfdctf 2 fdt]b ubylf7 zehztkb7 zfqt,b888 vfhnj
fynbrdfhekb ctrhtnthb hfl qbhc= ctrhtnthc ubukf lftgfnhjyt,f7 vfij rtsbkbf7
lfesvj,c8 ba7 hf rfhub bmyt,f0888 ufvj[dfk lbkfc fbdfypt7 vfh]dybs wbhrbc
ityj,fc uf[tlfd7 vfh]dybd 2 pjjgfhrc7 oby 2 dfhfpbc[tdbc fqvfhsb itvjutatst,f8
wjnf [vfehbfyb v[fhtf7 vfuhfv 3dfhlb etrkjl dbc vjerhtabf8848 sfdbc [heixjdrfc
lfc lfenjdt,c7 fkfkb b.jc888
ubukfv ofhvjlutybk gthcgtmnbdfc ufeqbvf7 vfijv rb ufvfs,j,tkblfy
vfublfcsfy uflfbyfwdkf7 xfysblfy rjycgtmnt,b fvjbqj lf ptptekfl lfbo.j rbs[df8
ubukfv sdfkt,bs ufpjvf8 vj[ltybkb nfyb fmdc7 e,hfkjl cflfl e.dfhc xfwvf8
fhfdbsfhb vfghjdjwbht,tkb inhb[b 2 ifdb hjkbyub7 dtkdtnbc vljudbcathb
ifhdfkb7 h,bk’bhbfyb iept,b8 [jv itb’kt,f vjnrtwbkb ]bycb xfbwdfc7 gjvflf
ofbw[jc7 svf ufbqbfdjc888 fhf8 ,eyt,hbdbf7 hjujhw ,jcnfyib fvj[tsmbkb
ubjhubyf7 ubukf vjo.dtnc fv ubjhubyfc7 ,hjkbc kfhyfrib vjfsfdct,c lf .jdtklqt
ifmhbfy o.fkc lfec[fvc8 bctsb fqvfahtyf buh’yj7 wjnfc lffrklf yfstkv[bkdtkbc
vbcfvfhsb ufvjfhsdf sfvfhf tmbvc8 vfijv hjv fh fe,fc v[fhb7 bv itvs[dtdbcsdbc8
ubukfc ghfuvfnek abmht,ib yfwyj,b v’qjkbc [vf itvjbzhf8
2 vfij ifhfityb’tc cs[jdty ufhts8
2 vt0 2 vfijv hdtekbc ptdblfy uf[tlf rfhbc qhbzjib ufvjrblt,ek v’qjkc8
2 vfi7 bvbcsfyf ]bgbs vjufrbs[tc hj7 ityb vjojyt,ekb8
2 fk,fs hfqfw utikt,fs8 2 vfij hdtekb lfrtwf lf afy]fhfcsfy vbdblf8
jsf[ib v.jat,vfw vb,f’tc8 s,bkb crfvbc lfnjdt,f ubukfvfw brflhf8 vfibydt
bwyj ]bgpt vb.hlyj,bkb vfvfrfwb 2 fyubybfyb ,bzeyfc lfvs[dtekb vij,tkb8 hf ]
fylf,f eylf vfijcufy7 hfnjv vjfrbs[f0 otqfyltkb fqvfahtyf ,jqvfv itwdfkf8 afy]hbc
vbyfc fotgbkb fqhsjdfyt,ekb cbafst,bc lfyf[dfpt rbyfqfv uekb fthbf8 cfpbpqfhb7
vthrfynbkehb ltlfrfwt,b= aekbc ceyb b.yjctc lf ljh,kt,b uflvj.fhtc8
 2 hfc elut[fh7 vfibrj7 ,tlb rfhpt vjulujvbf7 uflb= 2 ofe]brfdf sfvfhvf8
2 vidtybthb rfwbf7 lf[t7 hf cfmvbfyb ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs faebkt,c8 2 v[fhb
fe,f ybyekbv8
vfijv 3gbkjnrf4 vjbc[f lf rjvtynfht,bc ufhtit lfnjdf jsf[b8
vbc lfyf[dfpt exfv cbufhtnb fcafknpt lffulj lf lfvyfifdt qbvbkbs vbfxthlf8
2 lfbo.ts8 2 smdf vfijv8
2 hf lfdbo.j0
2 sfdbc vfhskt,f8 fvbnjv fh vj[dtlbs0
2 fff888 /j8 ,jlbib8
2 fhfahbc8
2 rfwj,fc dabwfdfh7 fhfathb vf[cjdc7 dff,it fhfathb8 2 exfv [tkt,b
ffcfdcfdf8 2 vbdmfht hfvt0 fh lfvbvfkj7 vbs[fhb8
2 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc7 hfw b.j7 b.j8 2 vfijv sfdb vbf,heyf8 afy]fhfib
ufvjrblt,ekb sfyfvihjvkt,b cfvf[cjdhj ajnjc uflfcfqt,fl itmexek nehbcnt,c
/ufdlyty8 fhw wlbkj,lyty ibidtkb wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bc itybq,dfc8
2 kjsb uujybdfh0
2 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc8
2 hfc lfubxtvt,bf7 3hf vybidytkj,f fmdc7 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc48 hf[fy
utrbs[t,b7 fmdc vybidytkj,f8
2 fhf7 fh vujyb[fhs8
2 fh dbwb7 hfv ufvjvfshj fct7 wel [fcbfspt db.fdb lf ptlvtnb vjvbdblf8
2 ye bvfhskt,s sfdc7 [lt,f [jkvt8
2 fh eylf vj[ltc8 jhb cffsbs lfunjdts lf udbfy vjdtlb7 sfyfw vsdhfkb8 2
exfv ifhdkbc erfyf ]b,blfy rjydthnb fvjfwjwf lf vfijc uffojlf8 2 tc888 tc ityb
/jyjhfhbf8 ufvjvfhsdb8
vfijv efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb lffmybf8
2 ufvjvfhsdb7 ye vfult, e[th[ek vlujvfhtj,fib=
2 fh vbylf7 xfsdfkts7 hjv ybrfcsdbc ufdfrtst8 yf[dfvlbc8 2 vfij
vbnhbfklf7 vfuhfv exfv vrkfdib xffdkj qjybthb [tkb8
2 dbzblfjs0 2 /rbs[f ythdbekb qbvbkbs8
2 ufvbidbs7 cbhw[dbkbf8
2 cbhw[dbkb bcff7 hfcfw ity frtst,8 ufvjvfhsdb tc rjydthnb7 sjhtv yfreo-
yfreo lfd[td8
vfij fqfh itobyffqvltut,bf7 vfhskf lf vfhskf7 hfc bn.dbfy afy]fhfc
vbabxbyt,ekb rjktut,b8 rjydthnb [fkfsbc ]b,tib xfblj lf ityj,bcrty ufcobf8
pehucerfy cf,ehfdt,bc zhbfkb vjtcvf8 fh vbe[tlfdc8
cfvjhbutjib cfvfhbct,ekb cbxevt lf wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bcufy lfuh’tkt,ekb
cf[tt,b lf[dlf8 vfij7 dbsjvw fhfathb7 sfdbc vfublfcsfy vbdblf lf rjycgtmnb
uflfifkf8 3tktysf8 tktysf gfnfhf7 .fdbc vfhwdkbc vj.dfybkj,bc rtynb jhufyjf888 4
rbs[dbs rbs[ekj,lf7 vfuhfv fphc dth fnfylf7 sdfkoby exfc ufyhbc[t,ekb cf[t tluf8
hjujh obobkfcfdbs lfbshbf888 sfd[tlb= vbcyfbht,b aekbs pjvfdty .dtkfathc7 dth
ofhvjelutybfs7 hjv ,eyt,fib fhct,j,c sfyfuh’yj,f7 tktvtynfkehb itwjlt,f8
fyfpqfeht,bc obyffqvltub fhw vfijf7 vfuhfv [jv itb’kt,f nfmnbfyfl vbfojlj8 hf
e,tleht,ff ief mexfib ]f]uehb= 3888 tktysf vewkbc qheib7 vfhw[tyf athlmdtif
fhtib vlt,fhtj,c4888 se wbdb ujyt,bs vbelut,b7 exfv aekb fh itbn.fgeyf7
cfvtlbwbyj wtynhbc vbcfvfhsb ufbuj lf vjcdkfw fh lfbpfhf8 bmyt, [fcbfsb fmdc
fctsb0888 [jv fhbfy bctsb flfvbfyt,b cbrtsbc ufrtst,fw hjv fh ite’kbfs kfpfsbfyfl=
se oe[fyltkb yf,jlbfktdb jlyfd vfbyw ittatht,f cbvfhsktc7 vbcb ufut,fw itb’kt,f8
mfkvf mvfhc idbkb itfnjdf7 tctw fh brvfhf lf aekc c’fkfdc8 fh fhbc cf,f,b
lfrjvgktmct,bcsdbc0 fhbc8
 2 hjltvlt eylf b]lt vevbfcfdbs7 xdty fm rjktut,b dfhs7 se cfhrjafubc
vwdtkt,b0 2 vjsvbyt,bc abfkf ftdcj sfvfhc8
2 vfbyw hjv= 2 v[fhb fe,f ybyekbv8
2 hf ubylfs0 2 vfijv sfdb fcobf8
2 fh bn.db7 dby b.j bc vlblfhb ]tyknvtyb0
2 vlblfhb itb’kt,f fhbc rbltw7 ]tyknvtyj,bc hf vjuf[ctyjs8
2 vfufc fhf fmdc vybidytkj,f= xtvb mvfhb bwb hjujhb ]tynkvtybf0 cek
3,jlbib lf utsf.df4 frthbf gbhpt7 rezib dth uflbc kbnthfnehb fkvfyf[bc ufhtit7
vfuhfv hfl ubylf7 rfgbrb fh ez.fdbc ]b,tib8 vt vfgf[fdt,c lbkblfy cfqfvjvlt7
sfdfl ;fcvbybc xfbc ohegfdc lf 3lbcmfdthbc4 e.eht,c8
2 fh fhbc tc rfwb xtvb sf.dfybcvwtvtkb7 c[df hf ubs[hfs8 2 v[ht,b fbxtxf
vfijv8
2 f,f7 hfnjv lfufluf cfvcf[ehib7 sfyfw cfmvtc ubhxtdlf8 fct fy mvfht,b
bmwtdbfy fy it.dfht,ekt,b8 fct fhff7 ubukf tmbvj0 2 ubukf lfbvjovf sfvfhvf8
2 vsfdfhb gfnbjcyt,ff8 lqtdfyltk .jafib cbvlblht lf gfnbjcyt,f thsfl fh ’jdc8
2 ufxthlb se qvthsb uofvc7 ity hf xtvb mvfhbdbs vzthvtn.dtkt,0=
cfresfhb ebq,kj,bc ufcfvfhskt,kfl gfnbjcyt,fc rb fh eylf fvjtafhjs8
2 cekfw fh vbvfxybf ebq,kjl sfdb8 2 uf,hfplf ubukf8
2 pjuflfl dfv,j,7 ity hf iefibf [fh0 2 sfvfhvf xfysblfy cfmcjdb fvjbqj lf
rfhvfc vbe]lf8
2 vtidblt ,hbuflf ufvj’f[t,fpt8 2 jgthfnjhbc [vfv lf’f,ekb cbnefwbf
ufyve[nf8
ubukfv cfresfh vfublfc vbfiehf7 vfij cfjgthfnjhjib ufbmwf8
fs oesib jhbdtyb htfyjvj,bkib bc[lyty8 ,byllt,jlf8 sfdxfmbylhekb
kfvgbjyt,b cecnfl fyfst,lyty mexfc8 byst,jlf lf mht,jlf [tt,pt ltrjhfnbekb
ubjhkbfylt,b8 mfkfmb cff[fkokjl tvpflt,jlf8
2 se vt[cbtht,f fh vqfkfnj,c7 otqfy ybrf f,ecthb’bc vij,tkvf vjurbs[f8 2
[evhj,fyfhtdb bhjybbs /rbs[f ubukfv8
2 fh uqfkfnj,c8
2 itb’kt,f dbwjlt hf cfmvt /mjylf0
2 aekb vjvbnfyf8
2 aekb0888 hfnjv0 2 ubukf vstkb nfybs vjnhbfklf8
vfijc jltrjkjybc v’fahb cehytkb vbcodlf8 hf vfythff ufvj’f[t,fpt jltrjkjybs
ltabkbht,f8 tmbvb eylf b.jc cnthbkehb lf uf[fvt,ekb [fkfsbc ceyb fclbjltc8
2 oe[tk ybrfcsfy lfdhxb hfvltybvt cffsbs7 exfv uflfo.dbnf aekbs ufvjt[fnf
vflkj,f8
2 exf7 cfdfhfeljl gfwbtynbc vfvbc cf[tkbf8
2 lbf[8
2 ufcfut,bf8 2 uf,fasekb next,b vjohegf ubukfv8 2 aekbc uflvjcfwtvfl
ecfsejl cfvcf[ehib eylf vjdfhlybkb.j0 cf[kibdt uftcojht,byf fyufhbib8
2 ufeut,hj,f vj[lf8
2 itb’kt,f dbwjlt7 hf ufeut,hj,f0
vfijv efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb uffmybf8 fuytcf ,t,bfc fh f,fht,c fyufhbic7
fhfse ecfuyjl ufaet,ek ubukfc8
2 fh uto.byjc7 vfibrj7 vfuhfv vcufdcb cfmwbtkb7 ityb v[hbd7
tktvtynfkehb egfce[bcvut,kj,ff8 bvsfdbsdt eylf utsmdf efhb ,fdidbcsdbc ytvcbc
ufrtst,fpt8 hf dfklt,ekb b.fdb gbhbcafhtibdbs [kt,jlb ,byfpt0
2 dfklt,ekt,bc ufvj fh vbdcekdfh7 vt sdbsjy ufvjdsmdb lf[vfht,bc
cehdbkb8
 2 tu [fshbfyj,f ths[tkfw bmyt,f lfuqegfdc8 fh ubhxtd vcufdc j]f[t,sfy
lff[kjt,fc8 dby dfhs xdty vfssdbc0 vtjht cjhnbc flfvbfyt,b7 vjvcf[eht gthcjyfkb7
hjvtkcfw hjwf vjtghbfyt,fs7 vfiby ofvjf[neyt,ty kjubyblfy8
2 bcbybw dbqfwfc tvcf[eht,bfy8 bubdt7 exf f,ecthb’t cf[kt,c fityt,c
xdtyyfbht,bcsdbc8
2 xdtyb [tkafcbs exfc fityt,ek cf[kib at[b fh xfudbdf8 bc sfdbcyfbhb
ufmcet,ekt,bcsdbc bh]t,f8 2 ubukfv gfknjc cf.tkj ufbcojhf lf upfc uf[tlf8 2 hf
bwb7 hjv fityt,c0 2 lffvfnf tzdbs itg.hj,bkvf8
2 cfveifj vfublfpt hfqfw ghjtmnt,c ofdfo.lb lf lfcrdyf ufvjdbnfyt8
2 hfqfw ’fkbfy bwfd7 [jv fh vjuojyc0
2 fhf7 fh vjvojyc7 vfuhfv fhw vtpbpqt,f8
2 vfij=
2 ,fnjyj0
2 ths cffsib xdtyb cvtyf vsfdhlt,f8 hf utuvt,b ufmdc0
2 cf[kib vbdlbdfh8
2 cf[kib vbcdkfc .jdtksdbc vjfcoht,8 htcnjhfyib ugfnb;t,8 hfc bn.db0 2
ubukf ufbnheyf8 f[kf hjv efhb vbbqjc7 cfresfh sfdc fh fgfnbt,c hfyubs lf,fk
sfyfvihjvtksfy sfdbc uf.flht,fc8
2 hjv fh dfh cfhtcnjhytl ufvjo.j,bkb0 2 vfijv dtkdtnbc ifhdfkpt lfb[tlf8
2 vfhnj tu fhbc ghj,ktvf0 2 bvtlb vjtwf ubukfc8
2 c[df hf eylf b.jc0
2 ofvj[dfk0
vfijv jhbjlt ofvc b.j.vfyf8 hf tkjlt,f cf[kib0 ghtntypbekb ,t,bf7 ueibyltkb
kj,bj lf [dfkbyltkb xfsdkt,b8 ubukf htcnjhfyib ofcdkfc csfdfpj,c7 hfnjv fh eylf
vbbqjc gfnbjcyt,fpt ufvtwflbyt,ekb tmbvbc itsfdfpt,f e,hfkj tmsfyvf0 vt ity
utn.db7 .jdtklqt efhbs bcnevht,c vj,tpht,ek sf.dfybcvwtvkt,c8
2 ofvjdfk7 rb8
ubukf rvf.jabkb vbfxthkf v’qjkbc rtafc8 .byekb ufkqdf8 fv ujujc
lfxmfht,ekb otcbs eylf itvjfhn.fc fk.f7 sjhtv vfkt ufvjxylt,bfy aekbfyb
ghtntyltynt,b8 dyf[js7 dbcb fbqt,c8 ,t,bfcsfy cnevhj,f lf[fnfdc7 .dfdbkt,c
vbfifdt,c rfghbpek ,t,he[fyfc7 vbcb ybrjnbybs lfxhxbkekb abkndtbs
lfbynthtclt,f7 byntktmnefkehb cfe,ht,bs uff,het,c8 vujyb fmts itt[dtojc
idbkbidbkc7 tu rfwb fh fhbc [tkblfy ufcfidt,bj8 vfhsfkbw bmyt,f8 ubukfcyfbhb
otcbthb rfwt,b на улице не валяется 2 j7 hjujhw bv rbyjib fv,j,ty8 at[xfeluvtkfl
veifj,c7 fh cdfvc7 fh totdf7 ’bkbc oby r,bkt,c b[t[fdc888 /t7 /t=
ubukfc nexbw rb ite[nf cfcbfvjdyj ofhvjlutyt,bcufy8 cfbynthtcjf7 hfc
abmhj,c fv vbvfhsekt,bs vfibrj0
vfibrjc abmht,b cek c[df vbvfhsekt,bs vbtlbyt,jlf8 hfnjvqfw ltlf
uff[ctylf8 bcnjhbf [jv fh vtjhlt,f7 ytnfd0 vfijc fh eyljlf ltlbc upf uftdkj7 fhw
fgbht,lf at[v’bvj,bs dbyvtc lfifynf;t,fc7 hjujhw tc sfdbc lhjpt ltlfvbcvf uffrtsf8
bc fhfcjltc xflut,f o.fkj,bc vjvkjlbyt mfkbc gjpfib8 hjujhw fh eylf fnhbfkj7
fuytcfc afmnjhvf lflt,bsfl bvjmvtlf vbc gbhjdyek xfvj.fkb,t,fpt8 hjwf ufmdc
cf[kb7 cflfw cnevhbc vbqt,f fh ituhw[dt,f7 tc erdt lblb cfmvtf7 vbs eahj7 hjwf
u.fdc obyfgfhb7 hjvkbc cfmvbc ufuh’tkt,f itysdbc cfcbwjw[kjl vybidytkjdfybf8
ubukf tmbvb se abmhj,c7 hfyubs lf,fk sfyfvihjvtkc lfclj gfnbdb7 wlt,f8
htfyjvj,bkvf rth’j cf[ksfy uffxthf8 gfwbtynb7 js[vjwc vbnfyt,ekb mfkb7
bhkfylbehb pqfghblfy uflvjv[nfh uyjvc /ufdlf8 lfgfnfhfdt,ekb7 ufvjvihfkb7
yfjzfc[vekb888 lf vfbyw cbwjw[kbc o.ehdbkbs ths lhjc vidtybth sdfkt,ib8
vj[ewc sfdc lfcnhbfkt,lf mvfhb7 bcbw gfnfhf lf lfxbfdt,ekb7 sevwf vj’hfdb8
 2 fb7 oytdfv fudbobf7 at[t,b lfdbs,bkts7 vfuhfv fh udbidtkf7 b’ekt,ekb
ufd[lbs cfcohfajib lfudthtrf8 2 vhfdkj,bs hbw[db fkfgfhfrlf mvfhb8
2 ofvfkb vbtwbs0 2 ubukfv rtbcblfy oytdbc fgfhfnb fvjbqj8
2 rhbcntgbyb fmdc lfktekb7 vtnb fhfathb8 lfkbf lf cfhtw[bc htw[df
ofvjbo.j8 utrbs[t,bs7 vbc fcfrib itb’kt,f stshtekbc ]b]uyf0 vfuhfv dby ub]tht,c7
lfextvt,bf7 fh itvb’kbf emvfl .jayfj8 lfkjwdkj7 vstkb w[jdht,f otkt,pt at[t,c
dblufvlbs7 cfvb idbkb lfdf.tyts upfpt7 fh udtresdybc lfcdtyt,f0
2 ye itfoe[t flfvbfyb7 hfib fbynthtct,c ityb fdnj,bjuhfabf0 2 itenbf
wjkvf8
ubukfv fgfhfnbc ,ehsekf ffmieneyf lf vbf.ehflf8 tmbvbc fvgkefib hblcf
lf gfnbdbcwtvfc bodtdlf8 fctssfy htcnjhfyibw itb’kt,jlf ofcdkf8
2 ufoe[t,s vfqfkb oytdt,b0 2 /rbs[f vj[ewc8
2 hjwf sf,he vtc[vbc7 vfiby vfoe[t,c7 bct fhw vf[ctylt,f8
2 ofvfkcfw fh qt,ekj,s htuekfhekfl8888
2 fhf8
2 smdtyc fcfrib fct fh itb’kt,f8 cbcntvfnbehfl eylf qt,ekj,lts
vtlbrfvtynt,c7 sjhtv byceknb ufyubdbsfhlt,fs8
2 vtw vfufc fh dte,yt,b0 2 xfthsj mvfhb7 2 xf.hbc w[tk o.fkib at[t,c lf
tkjlt,f8
2 /j7 dtkjlt,b7 cbrdlbkb rb fhf lf fh vjdblf8 2 fvjbj[hf mfkvf8
2 fb7 tutsb abysb kfgfhfrb bwbc [jkvt7 vt hjv ufvfub;jc8 qbhcb fhff7
vtw fvbdfhltc oytdf lf vfufc ufdfcohj0 yf[fdc vtht7 [vbc ufvwtvb hjv fh t.jkt,f8
2 hf oytdf eylf fubdfhltc7 gbjythbc uekb ufmdc8 2 fh itfhxbyf wjkvf8 2
bct7 uekb vtw otchbuib vfmdc7 2 vbe,heylf tmbvc8 2 jhb okbc oby ufvjrdktdf
xfdbnfht lf bctsb fhfathb fqvjvfxylf8 hbcb ,hfkb eylf b.jc tc oytdt,b0
2 oytdbc vjvfnt,f efvhfdvf lffdflt,fv itb’kt,f ufvjbodbjc8 vfufkbsfl7
sbhrvkbc rtyzjdfyvf lffdflt,fv7 lbf,tnehvf ytdhjgfsbfv7 tyljrhbyekvf lffdflt,t,vf8
2 f[fkufphlj,fib vmjylf [jkvt rtyzbc ufdkf7 vtht sfdbcbs fbkfuvf8 cek
dabmhj,7 cfl ofdblf bc rtyzt,b0
2 fk,fs cflqfw sbhrvtkib ufbx[bhf8 vfij7 lbvtlhjkb7 gfgfdthbyb8 2
ubukfv fgfhfnb itbyf[f8 2 lhjt,bs xfvjubult,s oytdfc7 vfuhfv ubhxtds vjf[lbyjs
jwlfjs[cffsbfyb vjybnjhbyub8
wjk-mvfhvf thsvfytsc it[tlf8 gjkbnbrehfl itathbkvf cbn.dfv se lfftzdf8
ubukfc e.dfhlf nthvbyt,bs vfybgekbht,f7 fcts lhjc vfij ,hfpj,lf7 vfuhfv bvbc
ibibs7 tmbvc fh to.byjcj7 ufxevt,fc fv]j,byt,lf8 fv]thfl dth vjbsvbyf8
2 lffrdbhlbs oytdbc wdfkt,flj,fc jwlfjs[b cffsbc ufyvfdkj,fib8 2
ufyevfhnf vj[ewt,c8 2 vjyfwtvt,b xfbybiyts lf vrehyfk tmbvc fxdtyts8
ubukfv bhjybekfl xfbwbyf7 vfuhfv rhbynb fh lfe’hfdc8
tc b.j ,jkj ufvj’f[t,f8 htfyjvj,bkb wtynhib ufeidtc lf xbyehb htcnjhybcrty
fbqtc utpb8
df[ifvvf tmcwtct,bc ufhtit xfbfhf8 vfijc xbyehb rth’t,bw vjtojyf lf
htcnjhybc v.elhj ufhtvjw8 ubukf .dtkfyfbhfl wlbkj,lf ufkfynehb rfdfkthb
.jabkb.j7 x[bht,bs zfvfc fcofdkblf7 vfuhfv vfij welb vjofat ufvjluf7 ptlvtn
odfkt,fc lfyf-xfyufkb fv]j,byf8
tc fh b.j .dtkfpt welb cfqfvj vbc w[jdht,fib8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib cf[kib
cfrvfjl fvfqkt,ek ufyo.j,fpt lf,heylf7 bmfvlt7 cegthvfhrtnib itbfhf7 fuytcfcsdbc
w[tkb ijrjkflbc cf.blkfl8 ,t,bf cfdfhfeljl w[dbhbs lf[dlt,f7 idbkbidbkvf [jv vstkb
cfvb cffsbs lfbudbfyf8 ijrjkjlb ,tlybtht,bc /jhvjyt,c itbwfdc7 tut, [fcbfspt
vjb.dfyjc8 cfkfhjcsfy fhvbcekvf xfysf uf[cyf lf exfc vbxtxt,ek rjydthnib
xfbz.bnf8 gbhdtkfl tujyf vjtxdtyf7 cbyfskbcrty uflfbyfwdkf7 [tkvtjhtl xf[tlf8
[esb fcljkfhbfyb8 fhw vtnb7 fhw yfrkt,b8 exf f,ecthb’t fhf vfhnj lfvs[dtekb
vfvf7 fhffvmdt.ybehb fhct,ff8 ofhvjlutyf fhf fmdc lqtdfyltk afct,pt8 js[b cffsb
’b’fcsfy ,fdidbc lfnjdt,f yfvldbkfl fh qbhc [esfcb ljkfhb8 vfijc c[dbcb fhfathb
eylf8 ijrjkflbc gfrtnt,b sfdbcb aekbs b.blf lf gbhlfgbh cf[kbcrty ufcobf8
2 f[kf fh vbs[hf7 cfvjhbutjl db.fdbj8 vfbyw fh lfub]tht,7 bwjlt8 2
itvjcdkbcsfyfdt vbf[fkf fuytcfv8
2 fh d.jabkdfh cfvjhbutjl8 2 vfijv xfblfyb ufpmehfpt itvjluf lf fuytcfc
cf.dfhtkb afbaehbc zbmf xfvj[cyf sfhjlfy8
2 cfl ,h’fylt,jlb0 2 at[lfat[ it.df fuytcf8
2 xbyeh htcnjhfyib lfvgfnb;tc8
2 dby0
2 ubukf tmbvvf8
2 f/f7 fh w[ht,f pfpeyfct,hsf j]f[bc ofhvjvflutytkb7 hfj7 hf vbylfj ,t,thvf
vqhqytkvf0 2 fuytcfv abrecbc njnbdbs lfrkfyrybkb sbst,b vfublfpt itvjfo.j8
f,f;ehbc iempt uf,ho.bylf ifhdfib’tt,bc cfudfhtekj fkvfcbcsdkbfyb ,tztlb7
hjvtkbw fuytcfc ltlfvsbkvf ecf[cjdhf lf hjvtkbw otcbs vfijc eylf hut,jlf8
2 jwlffsb okbc rfwb se ,t,thbf7 c[dfv hf eylf smdfc0=
2 3c[dfib4 ,t,bfityc uekbc[vj,7 evflehj ujujyf0= fk,fs thsb cekb ufmdc
hjlbc vjdrdlt,b7 hjv vtht ptlcb’tl itvjb.dfyj j]f[ib8 dth vjufhsdbs= smdtyc ]b,hpt
rbltd lbl[fyc dbwjw[kt,8 bv pfpeyfc se uf.dt,b7 fylth’c uflfdfrtst, xtvb
’vbcidbkt,bc cfcfhut,kjl8
2 fhfdby fgbht,c ptlcb’tl itvjcdkfc8 ]th]thj,bs fh lufc cfrbs[b fct
hflbrfkehfl8 hfw itt[t,f fylth’c7 itub’kbfs lqtcdt uflfothjs8 2 vfijv gfrtnbc
ibusfdcb zbmfib uflvjfgbhmdfdf8
2 ity cflqf of[dfk7 it e,tlehj0=
2 ltlfcsfy lfd,heylt,b8 2 vfijv crfvpt lf]lf lf fuhtcbekfl vjvfhsek ,t,bfc
it[tlf8
tc .dtkfathb afhcbf7 fuytcf sfvfij,c ,jhjnb ltlbyfwdkbc hjkc7
cbyfvldbktib tibybf8 vfhnjj,bc tibybf7 vfijc lfrfhudbc tibybf7 ’vbcidbkt,bcfw
tibybf888 ths[tk ofvjwlf7 tutyb hfqfwfc xfvb.hbfy cfzvtkib7 lfxmfht,ekb otcbs
hjv ufvbcnevhjy cfbmbjcj8 lf,thlf fuytcf7 cb,thtib frevekfnjhb ]lt,f8 fqfhw
sdfkt,b e,ho.byfdc eobyltkb vtlblehj,bs7 ,tzlbfyb [tkb erfyrfkt,c8
2 lf,heyt,bs lf,heylt,b7 vfuhfv dtqfh bw[jdht, ’dtkt,ehfl7 ufubzbhlt,f8 2
njyb itfh,bkf ,t,bfv8
2 vfiby ufds[jdlt,b8 fb7 fdlut,b lf ufd.dt,b ubukfc8
2 ity bc fh ub.dfhc8
2 fh vb.dfhc8
2 vfiby fh uf/.dt8
2 fh vbd.dt,b7 tc bct dsmdb7 cbn.dbc vfcfkfl888
2 vtw cbn.dbc vfcfkfl dsmdb8
2 hf0
2 otqfy hfw ubs[fhb7 ’vbcidbkt,pt8 fh dfgbht, fylth’bc uflfcojht,fc7
.dtkfathb itysdbc vbylf7 vfuhfv eakt,fc fh vjuwtv xtvb yt,fhsdbc ufhtit
ufs[jdlt8 ]th vt eylf vjvtojyjc7 vt= rbkjvtnhpt duh’yj, vthrfynbkeh [fk[c8
vf’t,fhpt ertstcb .yjcdf vfmdc8 bwb hfnjv lfdboeyt ltlfityb0888 gbhdtk hbuib
hfnjv lfdboeyt7 sjhtv vbcb cjwbfkehb cnfnecb vtjht[fhbc[jdfyb b.j8 fh e.dfhlf
vfvfityb8 fb7 vfufibf cfmvt= ufdktybfy j]f[ib eyljlf itcdkf7 c[df bynthtcb fh
/mjybf888 .dtkfathpt ofdblf xtvb ,bzbc ufvjcfzthfl7 ,jkjc at[v’bvj,bs lfeo.j
ifynf;b8 tc dth dfgfnbt7 sjhtv tmsyj,fc hjujhvt vjdbytkt,lb8 vbc [tkib dthw
rfhbthf ufbrtsf vfvfityvf7 dthw ]fyvhstkj,f itbyfhxeyf7 cek f[fkufphlf ofdblf
fvmdt.yblfy888
vfijv fobdkt,ekb xfblfyb ufvjhsj7 zbmfib xffc[f lf fuytcfcrty uffxjxf8
2 tc hf fhbc0
2 w[tkb ijrjkflb8
2 vflkj,8
2 fhfahbc8
2 ubukf ltlfityc vfujyt,c lf vjvrfkb8 pecnfl bctsbdt7 itvafct,kehb vpthf
fmdc8 .dtkfathc itfdkj sdfkb7 fojy-lfojyf7 ujyt,fib uflf[fhif8 lfvb]tht7 ity ertstcb
utresdybc7 cfresfhb sfdbc afcb eylf bwjlt8 2 fuytcfv ijrjkflb vjcdf lf cbfvjdyt,bs
ufforkfgeyf s[tkb next,b8
2 rfhufl itvjv[tlt fuytcf ,t,bf7 rfhufl lfvfrdbhlb hf vfwdbf lf vf[ehfdc8
fb7 fv iept,c vtjs[t otkbf lfdfnfht,7 hfvlty]thvt itdfrtst,byt vjkf.kf.t,ekb meckb7
vtibybf upflfupf fh lfbifkjc8 fv sfhubc gekjdthb lblb [fybf ufvjdblf vjlblfy7
.jdtklqt f[fk-f[fk ,ey’ukt,c dfwkb7 yfndhbc [tcfdbs fxjyx[kbkvf hjv fh dbfhj8
xfysfc lffrdbhlb888 2 vfijv crfvbc cfpehutpt uflfrblt,ekb xfysf jhb sbsbs
lfbshbf8 2 gbhdtk rehcpt vb.blf ltlfxtvvf7 vfc vtht dfnfht, lf dfnfht,8 cf[tkehb
ufmtmbkbf7 cfrtnb ufvjcfwdktkb8888 sfdvj.dfht rfwb xtvc udthlbs mexfib fh
ufbdkbc7 ity rb vte,yt,b7 stsh hfipt fv[tlht,ek ghbywc lftkjltj8 cfl dyf[j tc
ghbywb0 bycnbnenib7 cfvcf[ehib se cf[kib vjvfrbs[fdc0 vrbs[t7 hfvltyb [fyb fh
d.jabkdfh rbyjib0 se uujybf vcbfvjdyt,c ghjlemnt,bs cfdct gfhrt,bc shfmdf7
ufpmehfcsfy nhbfkb7 ufvj’f[t,t,pt cbh,bkb7 vfiby7 hjwf xtvb njkt,b lbcrjntrt,pt
buhb[t,bfy7 uelfehib lfchbfkt,ty7 rke,t,ib [dlt,bfy f[fk otkc0=888 fh bmyt,f xtvb
w[jdht,fib ityb vjojyt,ekb ghbywb7 bvbnjv hjv fh dfh vt ghbywtcf8 fh dfh lf ity
fvfc eylf ittuej8 2 vfijv thsb fvjceysmdbs ofbrbs[f vjyjkjub lf ltvjycnhfwbekfl
lfnjdf cfvpfhtekj8
2 lf,fkb sdbsitafct,f gkt,tbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb sdbct,ff8 2 vbf’f[f fuytcfv7
vfuhfv vfij fh ufgfce[t,bf7 hfw smdf7 bvfibw tresdyjlf [esbfyb8
cfresfhb cfmwbtkbs ufsfvfvt,ekvf ntktajyb sfdbc jsf[ib uffshbf lf
f,ecthb’tt,bc yjvthb frhbaf8 .ehvbkb ybrfv fbqj8
2 ybrf7 vfij dfh7 vbwfyb0
2 hfnjv ufbgfht0
2 lfut’byf7 [jv fh ufufqdb’t,lb0
2 vt vtujyf7 hjwf ufdbqdb’t,7 ity lfv[dlt,b8
2 vfvfityb [jv lfu[dlf0
2 vsdhfkb lfv[dlf8
2 lfe’f[t vfvfityc7 cfmvt vfmdc8
2 fh fhbc cf[kib8
2 vfhnj [fh0
2 [j8
vfijv cffsc lf[tlf8 w[hfc frklf [esb oesb8 idblb okbc ,bzb rb cf[kib
vfhnjf8 pbc sfdbc kjubyib lf ntktdbpjhbc geknc fodfkt,c8
2 cfl fhbc0
2 sfs,bhb fmdc8 ]th dth vjdfkj7 lfhtrf8 2 ybrfc [vfib rfyrfkf yjnt,b
ufrhsf8
2 hfc cfmvbfyj,0
2 vewtkb vnrbdf8
2 vewtkb0888 hfvtv [jv fh ufo.byf0
2 vt fhfathb vo.tybf8 2 dth ufbuj ,fdidvf8
 2 bvbc smvf vbylf7 hfvt bctsb [jv fh zfvt7 hfvfw vewkbc nrbdbkb
ufvjbodbf0
2 cfcbcrb dzfvt8 [fzfgehb8
yffdflv.jafh ,fdidc cfcbcrt,bs ntybc7 cfdfhfeljl fhw [fzfgehbf cf[kib
ufvjvw[dfhb7 ,hfpbs ufbabmhf vfijv8
2 rfhub ybrf7 vjudbfyt,bs lfdhtrfd7 vfvfitysfy vmjylf cfmvt8
2 fh of[dblt7 vtkfgfhfrt8
2 dbkfgfhfrjs8 hf ufbynthtct,c0
2 hf dbwb888
2 crjkfib hjlbc fgbht, ofcdkfc0
2 fh dfgbht,7 jhif,fsblfy fhlfltut,b vto.t,f8 vfvfv smdf7 fphb fhf fmdc
crjkfib cbfhekcj8
2 fk,fs ’fkbfy xfvjhxb7 dby bwbc hfvltyb vfcfkf ufbfhts8
2 vfcfkf hf fhbc0
2 ufrdtsbkt,b8 fh lfubhtrfdc ityc rkfctkt,sfy0
2 hfnjv eylf lfdhtrj0
2 ufrdtsbkt,bc ufcfut,fl8
2 vtpfht,f8 feee8888
2 hfnjv .veb0
2 vewtkb vnrbdf ’fkbfy8
2 cfl unrbdf7 zbgsfy se eahj mdtdbs0
2 fh dbwb8 [fy bm7 [fy fm8
2 vfvfityc lfehtrt7 es[fhb vjdbltc8
2 ity dth vj[dfk0
2 vt0 2 lfb,yf vfij8
2 vjlb7 hf0888 vfvf hjwf vjdf7 oflb8
2 ybrf7 udbfyff erdt7 ,t,bfxtvb ufub;lt,f fv qfvbfyfl cf[kblfy hjv ufdblt8
2 ity ,t,bf u.fdc0
2 v.fdc8
2 xtvb ,t,j vjrdlf8 xtvb ,t,j wjw[fkb hjv .jabkb.j7 xtvsfy bmyt,jlf8 /jlf888
/jlf7 vewkbc nrbdbkbw ufvbdkblf8
2 rfhub7 vjdfk8 2 uflfo.dtnbkt,f vbbqj vfijv8 yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib aekb
eylf uflfcwtc bv lfvs[dtek exfc8
2 vfhskf0 2 ufe[fhlf ybrfc8
2 vfhskf7 vfhskf8 jqjyl rfhb fhfdbc ufeqj7 lfvtkjlt8
2 vfvbrj hjv vjdbltc0
2 vfvfc fk,fs sfdbcb ufcfqt,b fmdc8
2 /j7 vfhnj ity ufubqt,8 vfij=
2 hf0
2 fh vjvfn.et,0
2 fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib8
vfijv .ehvbkb lfrblf lf at[frhtabs ufdblf /jkib8 fuytcfc cfvpfhtekj
lftnjdt,byf lf sfdbc cf’byt,tkib ufvfuht,ekb.j8 ifhdfib’tt,bc gfnfhf j]f[ib flht
odt,jlyty8 fuytcf ht;bvc bwfdlf7 vfijc lbkblfy ktmwbt,b to.t,jlf888 lqtdfyltk
o.tybc vjcfytkt,kfl ,t,bfc vstkb qfvt oby fmdc7 bcbw cfrbs[fdbf [dfk se
lftkfgfhfrt,f8
lf fm7 vfijv uffrtsf bc7 hfcfw .dtkfpt sfvfv cbpvfhibw dth ofhvjblutylf8
kjubyc uflfcfafhtkb uflff’hj7 cf,ybc mdti vesfmf itfwehf7 ,fkbipt
of,kbcathsvbfyb sj]byf gbhereqvf lffv[j lf at[bc odtht,pt ufvjdblf jsf[blfy8 orfg8
uforfgeylf cfrtnb8 rfr-rer8 ufbcvf rb,tt,pt8 jh oesib ufhts b.j8 mfhb lf,fht,ekbdbs
itvjt[dbf at[t,pt7 ltrtv,hbc wf bvtlbcvjvwtvfl lfcwmthjlf sfdpt7 sfdbceakt,bc
bctsb itvjntdf buh’yj7 kfvbc ief mexfib f.dbhlf8 3lhjit,b7 lhjit,b7 lhjit,b
xmfhf=4 sfdbceakt,f rfhubf7 vjgfhekb sfdbceakt,f rbltd ertstcb8 ytnfd vjgfhek
cb.dfhekc hf utvj fmdc0
wjnf [fyib vfij pfhc htrfdlf f,ecthb’tt,bc ,byfpt8
2 vj[dtlb= 2 ybrf nfibsf lf [neydbs ufvj[fnf tvjwbf8 cfresfhb qth’bc
ufhitvj lf,phbfklf7 vfijc itvjeh,byf cektkb geltkbdbs7 vjrktl7 zrefpt fh b.j
cb[fhekbcufy8
2 [jv lfugbhlb0
2 frb ,t,bf ufvb,hfplt,fj0
2 ,t,bfc ufvjdtgfht8 2 vfijv jsf[ib itb.dfyf wtkmj,bc [fcbfspt vjcekb
,bzeyf7 kjubypt lfcdf lf udthlbs vbe]lf8 2 vewtkb fqfh unrbdf0
2 pju]th vnrbdf7 pju]th fhf8
2 fh vfn.et,0
2 hfnjv eylf vjdbn.ej7 cekfw fh vbylf vnrbjltc8
2 lfotmb lf gb;fvj fbobt8
2 jjj888 2 uffghjntcnf bvfy8
2 lfe]tht tmbvc=
2 ity [jv tmbvb fh [fh8
2 vfkt dbmyt,b8 fbobt7 fbobt7 cohfafl8
ybrf e[fkbcjl lftvjhxbkf7 vfijv ueklfcvbs ufecby]f vewtkb8
2 fe7 wbdb sbst,b ufmdc=
2 ufe’tkb8
2 vtqeneyt,f= /b7 /b888
2 ybrf7 ,jkjc rezib hjlbc uf[dtlb0
2 cflf0
2 nefktnib hjlbc b.fdb0
2 hf db7 ity hjv lfhtrt vtht db.fdb8
2 bcf888 hjujh ubs[hf7 lblb mtyb se gfnfhf0 2 vfijv7 hjujhw bmyf sfdb
vjf,f cfsmvtkc8
2 htt,c vtrbs[t,b7 vw[dtybf8 2 ybrf gb;fvj xfbobf lf [bs[bsbs xfvj]lf
kjubypt8 vjcfwdktkb r,bkb th.tjlf lf cfcfwbkjl ufvjidthjlf vfh]dtyf udthlblfy8
2 ufb[ctyt lf vbgfce[t8
2 vjdacb8 vtnb fhfathb vbmybf8 vfvfc dabwfdfh8
2 utn.j,f rbltw7 ,fhf,fybdbs ufmdc vewtkb8 lqtc fhfathb ubmybf0 ye7
bvfc utrbs[t,b7 lblc8
ybrfv efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb uffmybf lf [tkvtjhtl uflf,;bhlf8
2 ueiby0
2 fhw ueiby8
2 odybfyb ,jkjc hjlbc zfvt0
2 vfyujc odtyb lfdkbt7 fb7 ,jskb8 2 fybiyf nev,jpt itvjluvek ,jskpt8
2 odtypt fh utrbs[t,b8 ,jhixb fy cegb lblb [fyb fh ubzfvbf0
2 yoe8
2 ufcfut,bf8
2 hf fhbc ufcfut,b0
2 ityb vewkbc nrbdbkbc vbptpb8 2 vfij at[pt ofvjluf8 2 ofdfk7
cfvpfhtekjib ufdbctbhyt,8 dyf[js7 hbcb ufrtst,f itb’kt,f8
2 vtw vbylf8
2 hf ubylf0
2 cfvpfhtekjib ufctbhyt,f8
 2 vfiby s,bkfl xfbwdb8 fb7 tc ]tvghb7 tc cgjhnekt,b8 2 vfijv cfojkpt
lfe.fhf nfycfwvtkb8
2 vfvfv7 fh flutj8
2 yf[tdfhb cffsb fhfathc ufdyt,c7 vtht lfodt,b lf lfb’byt,8
cf,tlybthjl7 cfvpfhtekjib fqvjxylf ,jhxbcsdbc cfzbhj .dtkf ghjlemnb7
fhf;fybc xfsdkbs8 vfijv cnfabkj lf zfh[fkb vjcf[fhifl lfluf lf rjv,jcnjc lfzhfc
iteluf8
2 vewtkb fqfh unrbdf0 2 /rbs[f ifhdkbc cojht,bs itvjcek ybrfc8
2 vnrbdf7 vfuhfv fqfh vtibybf8 vfhnj hjv db.fdb7 vtibyjlf7 ’fkbfy hjv
vtnrbyjc7 hf vtidtkt,f vtsmb8
2 fb7 itzfv odybfyc lf ufubdkbc8 [jv itzfv0
2 pqfgfhc se ofvbrbs[fd7 rb8
2 pqfgfhc ity ofvbrbs[fd8
2 hjv fh dbwb8
2 vtjht rkfcib [fh lf rbs[df fh bwb0 fh v]thf8
2 rbs[df dbwb7 vfuhfv c[df vbrbs[fdc [jkvt8
2 ltlf0
2 ltlfc fh cwfkbf8 [fylf[fy vfvf vbrbs[fdc7 vfuhfv bvfcfw fh cwfkbf8
flht ytkb ,t,j vbrbs[fdlf [jkvt8
2 oflb7 vjvbnfyt ltlf tybc obuyb7 sfy dbdfh]bijs7 sfy dbrbs[js8
ybreif crfvblfy xfvj[nf lf wjnf [fyib vjphlbkb xfysbs lf,heylf7 cfblfyfw
vij,kbehb tybc cfrvfjl itkf[ekb obuyb fvjfwjwf8
2 fb7 atajc cjatkpt ufdxthlbs8 2 sbsb lfflj bkecnhbht,ek vjs[hj,fc8
2 ofvbrbs[t 3atajc cjatkb47 cbfvjdyt,bs vjubcvty8 sfy rfhnjabkc ufdskb8
2 atajc cjatkb8 2 [vf xfbovbylf ybrfv8 2 3xtvb cff[kb cja-kbc ,jkjib
lufc8 cja-kbc sfib888 fhf7 sfdib hjv dw[jdhj,lt7 yt888 ytnfd hjujhb dbm-yt,jlb0
cjakbc sfdibw fctsb rj[888 rj[nf cf[kb ud-tmyt,jlf0 vfibyfw udt.jkt,jlf thsb ’hj[f7
thsb bylfehb7 hdf vthw[fkb7 rfnf relf lf ’fqkb ,jmf04 ,jmfj888 ,jmf hf cf[tkbf0
’fqkc njnj eylf thmdfc7 fy vehbf8
2 vehbt,b fqfh fhbc vjlfib8 sfyfvtlhjdt ’fqkt,c rjrjt,b7 njnjt,b lf nfnjt,b
/mdbf8
2 rfnt,c0
2 relf fh vjuojyc0
2 fk,fs uh’tkb lf aevaekf relb /mjylf7 fhf0
2 fk,fs8 ufyfuh’t8
2 ’hj[fc mfmf888 mf,fnj udbmdbf8 /b7 mf,fnjj888
2 vtht0
2 mf,fnjc jhb yfrkb fmdc7 ’fkbfy lf,fkbf lf ,t,thb888
cfyfv ybrf wjldbkj,lf7 vfijv vj[fhiekb ,jcnytekbc odhbkfl lfzhf lf [f[dbc
itodf vjfcohj8
2 ij,fc888 ij,fcuflfhxtybkb bylfehb hf fhbc0 2 sfdb fcobf ybrfv8
2 hjvtkbw cfij,fjl fh lfrktc8
2 ae.f /mdbf8
2 dbc0
2 bylfehc8 fh vbcvty0
2 hjujh fhf7 .ehflqt,bs ubcvty8
2 f,f7 hfnjv /mdbf ae.f0
2 fk,fs ufae.ekb lflbc8
2 ufae.ekb hjujhbf0
 2 hjujh hjujhbf7 ufae.ekb ufae.ekbf8 fb7 fctsb8 2 vfijv sfdb erfy
uflffulj7 kj.t,b lf,thf7 at[b ve[kib vj[fhf lf fv gjpfib itb.byf8
rfhsfy vlufhb exf qbvbkbs fltdyt,lf sdfkc cfvpfhtekjib ufydbsfht,ek
fdfycwtyfc8
2 fct othjcfdbs eylf blut0 xfcobt at[b7 lfbqkt,b8
vfijv at[b rb xfobf7 vfuhfv lfyf zfh[kbcufy lfcdhbk [tkib lfhxf7 sbsmjc
bv lfybs /fhfrbhb eylf ufbrtsjc8 exf vbef[kjdlf7 sdfkt,ib xf[tlf lf ahs[bkfl
ufvjfhsdf ,fchb 3bfhfqb48
2 vfv7 hjlbc itvjbgfht0 2 ybrfv obuyc sfdb lffyt,f lf vfvfc otkpt
itvjt[dbf8
vfij lfhtnbfyt,ekbs vbef[kjdlf ufpmehfc8 mdf,c sfdcf[ehb vj[flf7 efphjl
vjehbf8 ,jhixb sbsmvbc vpfl fhbc8 c[df fm fhfathb tcfmvt,f7 aekc uflfcwtvc lf
ofdf8
2 vfv7 vewtkb vnrbjlf lf vfijv hjv lfhtrf7 vjcdkf ds[jdt8 bwb7 ,t,bf
vjfn.ef lf xevfl ufvjbgfhf8
2 hfnjv unrbjlf vewtkb0 2 exf ufe[ltkfl lf]lf crfvpt7 idbkb ve[kt,pt
lfbcdf8
2 vfijv vbs[hf vewtkb ,fhf,fybdbs ufmdcj8 ,jhixb eylf ufubrtsj7 sjhtv
lblpt dth uf[dfkj888 /f7 /f7 vfv7 vfij rfrfirfc lblc t’f[bc8 /f7 /f7 /f888
2 fh uw[dtybf0= 2 vfijv cf.dtlehbs it[tlf f[bs[bst,ek ,bzeyfc8
2 rezsfy lfrfdibht,ekb ghj,kt,b fmdc0 2 /rbs[f exfv8
2 cfrdbhdtkb bmyt,f hjv fh /mjyltc8 hf [fybf odybfyb fh ezfvbf8 fb7 f[kf
itzfvc7 vtht lfb’byt,c7 [dfk rbnhbdbs bmyt,f8 hfc pb[fhs xfwvekb7 lfb,fyts
[tkt,b lf zfvts8
vfvf-idbkb cbymhjyekfl ofvjbifkty7 vfij rb stait,bc ufvjkfut,fc iteluf8
fhf;fyb fhbc7 j[hf[eib fhbc7 gehb futhff7 gbkgbkb utvjdyt,bs8 hfvt [jv fh
fdbo.lt,f0 vujyb fhfathb8 fvf.fl vbfxthlf ,jhixbs ufgbgbyt,ek7 j[hf[eivj.hbk
vfskfat,c8
2 hf rfhub ceybf= 2 ybrfv staic w[dbhb lfflj lf [fh,fl itb.yjcf w[tkb
j[ibdfhb8
2 utvhbtkbf8 2 vjhblt,ekfl fqybiyf exfv8 2 fcb otkb fh vbzfvbf ,jhixb8
ity fh lfudtodtdb0 2 /rbs[f vfijc8
2 fhf7 vt yfzfvb dfh8
2 hf zfvt fv ,jhipt ertstcb0
2 3uev,fj48
2 xbyehib b.fdb0 2 exfv gbhsfy vbnfybkb rjdpb uffxthf lf ufrdbhdt,ekvf
f[tlf8
2 lbf[8
2 uev,fj hfqff0 2 lfbynthtclf ybrf8
2 mfsvbc [jhwb fhfmbcbs8 2 egfce[f exfv8 2 fb7 vjdhxt,b cfmvtt,c lf ity
lf vfijc lfugfnb;t,s xbyeh htcnjhfyib8
2 btcc= 2 it/.dbhf ybrfv8 2 vfij7 ofvj[dfk xdtysfy thsfl0
2 dyf[js8 se rfhufl vjbmwtdb7 tut,7 ofvjdblt rbltw8 zfvt7 zfvt8 fhf;fyb
lfubvfnj0
2 hf eylf ufdfrtsj7 hjv rfhufl vjdbmwt0
2 odybfyb eylf zfvj .jdtklqt8
2 dzfv7 se tuts utvhbtkc ufvbrtst,ty8 2 staipt fybiyf ybreifv8
2 ,tdhc ye kfgfhfrj,7 vjhxb zfvfc lf vfhi kjubyib7 ’bkbc lhjf erdt8 2
iteqhbyf vfvfv8
2 jjj888
 2 ybrf7 xdty [jv itdsfy[vlbs8 2 lffyfvecf vfijv8
2 vfiby888 vfiby gbhj,f vjvtwb7 hjv [dfk obuyc ofdbrbs[fds8 ity
ofvbrbs[t7 vt vjubcvty7 hjujhw bv lqtc8
2 vfubc gbhj,fc dth vjuwtv7 vfuhfv888 vfuhfv itufvjovt, [jkvt8 2
e[th[ekj,bc lfcfafhfl vfijv gehbc yfvwtwb lfujhukf8
2 ybrf7 vjhxb dfzhj,fc7 sjhtv ufd,hfplt,b8 2 exfv next,pt vbblj [tkcf[jwb
lf rvf.jabkb uflfodf crfvbc cfpehutpt8
2 ity cek uf,hfpt,ekb [fh lf cek lfrfdt,ekb8 2 o.tybs vbeuj ,bzvf8
2 ye ,epqeyt,8 [dfkbc ofcfrbs[c lqtc ofubrbs[fd7 vtht uflf,heylt,b lf
lfb’byt,8 fhfdbsfhb ntktdbpjhb7 hjujhw itdsfy[vlbs8 2 vfijv ,fdidc [tkb vj/rblf lf
cf’byt,kbrty offwfywfkf8
yf[tdfh cffsib erfy lf,heylf8 cfvpfhtekjib b]lf cbufhtnbc rdfvkib uf[dtekb
exf8 vfijv xfysblfy rjydthnb fvjbqj lf oby lfe]lf8
2 tc hf fhbc0 2 rjydthnb vfublfpt lflj lf sbsbs vberfreyf8
2 aekb8 2 ofh,t,b forbgf exfv8
2 [esfcb ljkfhb [esb cffsbc cfafcehfl0
2 wjnff0
2 lfvwbybs0
2 fhw vbabmhbf8
2 rjydthnbc ibysfdcc cf[kib vbcdkbc itvltu xfd[tlt7 sjhtv vfibydt erfy
lfub,heyt,lbs8 fctsb sfy[f fh lfvbvcf[eht,bf8
2 fbqt7 hfvltybw lfbvcf[eht8 2 exfv rjkjablfy rbltd thsb cbufhtnb fvjbqj7
vfuhfv fh vjerblf7 efphjl lffnhbfkf7 sbsmjc lfybiyekt,f lffdbo.lf8
vfijv sbst,ib vjsfvfit cbufhtnc vbfltdyf sdfkb8 fbqt rfhubf8 fcljkfhbfyc
[jv fh cnfwt,c [tkc8 lf cfthsjl7 aekb fhfath iefibf7 vfuhfv fv venherc hjujh
fe[cyfc mdtkvjmvtlt,bs vjudhbkb cbfvjdyt,bc itcf[t,7 dby bwbc7 cbwbkbs
uflf,;bhltc8
obr8 obr8 jsf[bc cbqhvtib cffsb obrobrt,lf8 e[th[ekb gfepf ufuh’tklf8 vfij
ceysmdfitrhekb b]lf crfvpt8 cf[tpt exfc lf;byt,ek vpthfc uh’yj,lf7 tc vpthf f,ytdlf
lf fibyt,lf8 rehlqtkc /ufdlf7 hjvtkcfw upfl vibthb rj,hf itvj[dlf8 rehlqtkvf bwbc7
hjv sfdc ufmwtdbs eylf eidtkjc7 vfuhfv rj,hfc /bgyjpbc eyfhb uffxybf7
rehlqtkcfw c[df upf fhf fmdc7 ufhlf bvbcf7 hjv lftvjhxbkjc8
2 hfnjv ythdbekj,0 2 flfvbfybc [vbs brbs[f rj,hfv8
2 e[th[ek vlujvfhtj,fib vfult,s8
2 vt rb gbhbmbs vujybf8 ufhlf bvbcf7 hjv oe[tk lfdbudbfyt7 vsdhfkb
vjdtlb8 tc aekb xtvb ,jlbibf8
2 bmyt, ,jlbib vthxbdyf888 2 vfijv sdfkb vjo.dbnf cbufhtnc lf exfc
sdfkt,ib it[tlf8 ptsbc[bkbcathb sdfkt,b /mjylf7 mdtdbs lfmfxekb ,jkjt,bs7 hjujhw
tyjnbcvfudfh ’fqkc8
2 vt fh vb.dfhc ,jlbibc vj[lf8
2 vt rb fctsb e[tib ajhvbs rjvgtycfwbbc vbqt,f8
2 e[tib hf7 cthtyflt,bc sfy[kt,bs uflvjvtwf se kfv,flf vtwtrdf0= 2 uf,hfplf
exf8
vfijv ofhvjblubyf7 hjujh wtrdfdc exf kfv,flfc cfvtlbwbyj wtynhbc ief
tpjib lf cbwbkb ofcrlf8
2 dth d[tlfd cbwbkbc vbptpc8 2 exfc7 hjujhw bmyf7 uff[ctylf cbufhtnbc
lfybiyekt,f8 qthb bhb,fl vjhqdtek gbhib vjbmwbf lf sdfkvjzenekvf vjerblf8
2 rfhubs7 vt ofdfk8 2 vfijv bctdt vjekjlytkfl ito.dbnf cbwbkb7 hjujhw
lfbo.j8 ie,kpt xfvj.hbk xjkrfc cekb ite,thf lf ofvjluf8
 2 vjbwf8 2 exfv [tkb xffdkj rfhbcrty vbvfdfk vfijc7 bvfy sfdb dth
itbrfdf7 bythwbbs lfb[bf lf gbhlfgbh exfc rfksfib fqvjxylf8
obr7 obr7 obr888 f[kf erdt vfijc uekib ufbcvf8 hfqfw vj[lf8 vjrkt
xfhsdf0 3ufpfa[ekbc xdblvtnb uftkdt,f047 tythubt,c ufwdkf-ufvjwdkf0
2 erfwhfdfl7 2 vfibrj ifhdkbc cojht,bs ofvj[nf ew[j vfvfrfwbc
ve[kt,blfy8
2 gbhbmbs8 2 e[th[ekfl itbiveiyf exf8 2 thsb oesb lf]tmb lf vjvbcvbyt8 2
crfvb at[bs vjfxjxf lf lf,ytekb mfkbidbkb sbsmvbc ’fkbs lfcdf8 2 fh ufxmfht,7
rfhufl vjbabmht lf gfce[b vtht vbs[fhb8 vt dveifj,888
2 dbwb8
2 ye vfo.dtnbyt,8 /jlf7 bvfc dfv,j,lb7 ’fkbfy ,tdhc dveifj, jhb vbptpbs8
gbhdtkb5 vb.dfhc veifj,f8 vtjht 2 fh vbylf dbabmhj gbhfl ghj,ktvt,pt8
2 .jabkb wjkb ufifynf;t,s0
2 ity hf bwb0 2 exfc sbsmjc cbkf uffoytc7 fkfu-fkfu feobsklf kj.t,b7
sdfkt,b xfevemlf lf zfj,bcathb tkathb vbbqj8
2 cbvsdhfktib ofvjuwlfs hfqfw-hfqfwtt,b8
2 vfbyw0 2 lflfhf]t,ekb cf[bs lftrbs[f8
2 smdty wjkc aekb eylf bvbc cfyfwdkjl7 hjv ybrf smdtysfy lfhxtc8
2 .dtkfathb uwjlybf8 2 wfk.,fl xfbwbyf8
2 ’fkbfy uf,hfpt,ekb b.fdbs bv cfqfvjc8
2 ybreifcsfy fhfathb ofvjuwltc8
2 fh fhbc cfzbhj ufahs[bkt,f7 bctlfw dbwb8 hfc fgbht,s0
2 eylf vbdwt hfcfw vs[jdc7 cek hjv yjkpt lfd]lt7 ,fdidc fh lfdsvj,8 tc
lqtt,b ’fkbfy vbzbhc7 lbkblfy udbfy qfvtvlt tyfuflvjult,ekb lfdh,bdfh8 hfqfwtt,b
eylf ufd.blj7 fvfc lhj eylf7 itcfathbcb rkbtynbc vj’t,yf888 tc fhlfltut,bw xtvc ]
b,hpt bo.t,f7 sjhtv crjkfib b.j [jkvt cfqfvjvlt8 vjrktl7 dth lfhxt,jlb [jkvt ybrfcsfy0
2 cbfvjdyt,bs7 vfuhfv cfvcf[ehc hf vjde[th[j0
2 vtw cfveifjc usfdfpj,7 bct rb fh vbylf8
2 vfgfnbts7 vfuhfv cnf,bkehb cfvcf[ehb vbhxtdybf8
2 tutw vfhsfkbf8 2 ybhofv[lfhvf fvjbj[hf8
2 thsflthsb7 hfw itvb’kbf7 sfdbceafk lhjc ufvjdefhj7 bcbw thsb-jhb
cffsbs7 vtnb fhf8 cf[kib vj[ewb ,t,bf v.fdc7 cfrvfjl rfghbpekb lf vjvs[jdyb8
vfcfw vb[tldf czbhlt,f8 .dtkfathb xtvc rbcthptf7 vfqfpbf7 cflbkb7 cfhtw[b888
2 jhb rdbhf vzbhlt,f ityb sfdb7 utcvbc7 v[jkjl fhlfltut,pt8 vjdb.dfylb
’b’fc7 vfuhfv fh vfmdc bvbc lhj yjhvfkehb flfvbfyb dbgjdj8 htrjvtylfwbbc
ufhtit rb fh vbylf8 sevwf7 hf0 fvfcobyfs v.fdlf .jdtkv[hbd htrjvtylbht,ekb
vpfhtekb7 aekb vjbgfhf lf lfn.lf8 rdbhfib jh]th lfvkfut,tkb lflbc7 cbfvjdyt,bs
lfhxt,jlf ,fdidsfy7 vfuhfv hjv bwjlt7 hf endbyjf888 yfvldbkb [bcsfdf8 2 exfv
crfvbc cfpehutc vberfreyf vjrtwbkb sbst,b8 2 vfhnj [t[df-ukt]f t[th[t,f8
2 rfhubs8 jhb rdbhbs hfqfwfc ufdf[th[t,7 vfuhfv pecnb uhfabrbs cbfhekc
dth lfugbhlt,bs8
2 b.jc vwjwfdb uhfabrb7 ybrfc vjcojy[fh7 vbcsdbc bv jh cffscfw
vybidytkj,f fmdc8
2 vtw vjvojyc smdtyb ,bzb8 c[df itvs[dtdfib fh vjdbljlb8
2 ,t,bf vfhskf uffweht0 2 [fcbfspt vjdblf exf8
2 rb8 w[jdht,fib gbhdtkfl8 ofdfk7 udbfyff erdt8
2 fvfc hf de.j0 2 rjydthnpt fybiyf exfv8
vfij lfb[fhf7 thsb fcljkfhbfyb fvjbqj lf w[dbhsfy feahbfkf8
2 rvf.jabkb [fhs0
 2 cek fhfathc7 tu ]j,bf8 2 exfv [vfehbs ofvjluf crfvblfy lf vfij rjhbljhfvlt
vbfwbkf8 2 nfmcbc aekb ufmdc0
2 vfhihenrbs ofdfk8
2 hf lhjc vfhihenrff qfvbc sjhvtnb cffspt0=
vfijv gbkjnrf xfbwdf7 sfdpt rfgbeijyb lfb[ehf lf rfhb ufvjfqj8
2 f[kf ptlvtnb vfyzdf-uht[bc ufhtit tc fsb kfhb ufvjvfhsdb lf nfmcbs
oflb8 dfkenbc uflfcfwdktkfl cbh,bkc [jv fh lfbo.t, fv iefqfvtpt0 2 exfv ’fkbs
xferezf ]b,tib fskbfyb8 2 efhc se bn.db7 xtvb vfymfybc ufvj.dfyf lf v’byfht
,fdidbc vfhnj lfnjdt,f vjvbotdc8
vfij obyffqvltuj,bc ufhtit lftvjhxbkf8

222

thsb7 cfvb7 js[b7 [esb888 s[esvtnb888 jhfcfvlt eylf ufmfxjc8 vfi

hbcsdbc fvjfcrlf lbkfestybf fv lfkjwdbk flubkc0 [tkvfhw[ybd rec n,f bhtrkfdlf
ltrtv,hbc yfwhbcath ptwfc7 vfh]dybd 2 ,exmt,c fqtg.hjs ufvjvihfkb njnt,b7 upfpt
[njlf cbrj f,ecthb’bc wf[wf[f xhlbkb8 jhb okbc oby sfdbceakfl edkblf fs ohtc7
f[kf vtjht ohtpt mfsmfst,c7 xfvjothbkb votdfhbdbs8 cbufhtnc sfdb eylf lffyt,jc7
fhw rjrfbysfy vtuj,hj,f offluf vbc ]fyvhstkj,fc8 ,jkj lhjc sfdc f[ctyt,c qdb’kb888
dbhecjkjuc eylf uftcby]jc7 qvthsvf ye myfc /tgfnbnb ufvjtgfhjc8 thsb rdbhbc
oby yfhrjvfyb rkfctkb vbf,fhtc vbofc7 wbhjpbs vjrdlf cfo.fkb888 vfuhfv bc
ytvcpt b]lf7 cbrjc ighbwbc lfyf[dfpt lqtcfw tkts-vtktsb vjclbc7 hjujhw
,fdidj,fib7 cnjvfnjkjusfy dth vbcekf ytvcbc ufrtst,bc ibibs8 fhf7 cbrjc /tgfnbnb
fh tvemht,f7 rjrf tkbnfhekb cf.yjcbf7 lbludfhjdfhb ,fyjdyt,b thsj,jlyty7 fhfse
xdtekt,hbdb ,bpytcvtyb8
888jhvjwb7 jhvjwlfthsb7 jhvjwlfjhb888 fcafknb sdfkc zhblf7 vjqbfdt,ek
gbhsfy /fthbc stshb qhe,tkb aesaest,lf8 .byfdc8 fb7 bv rjgbnsfy vbdf lf
lfbcdtyt,c8
yfyfnh rjgbnfvlt dth vbfqobf7 sdkfw fthbf lf at[t,cfw dtqfh bvjhxbkt,lf8
uf,hbubyt,ek vbofpt xfvj]lf8 ,hh= vfbyw rfhubf ceasf /fthb8 fb7 f[fk otkc
uflffujht,c lf f[fk w[jdht,fc lfbo.t,c8 yfhrjnbrbs dfzhj,f vjvut,bfybf7 vfuhfv
cf[bafsj7 ths[tkfw bmyt,f ufcrdfyzfdty7 dthw cfghjwtcj itsfy[vt,f eidtkbc7 dthw
’vbc fldjrfnj,f8 erfy lfhxt,f rec n,fw lf kfvfpb w[jdht,bc gthcgtmndfw8 fv
ths[tkfw ufhbcrfdc7 aekc ofhvjt,fib lff,fylt,c7 ,bpytcc ff.dfdt,c lf vtht j]f[bc
itmvyfptw babmht,c8 exfc yf,bzdfhbc bvtlpt [jv fh bmyt,f f,ecthb’tt,bc
cf[tkjdfyb udfhb0 dby bwbc7 fv flubkpt f,ecth f,ecthbc’t lffutkdt,lf afafhf.hbk
vthfyc8 cbrjv eylf vjb.dfyjc cbchektib lblb ,f,ebc jwyt,f 2 udfhib ufehrdtdtkb
vbptpbs fvjult,ekb fcj 3c4-c xffvfnjc8 f,ecthbc’t 2 fh ;qthc vfbywflfvfbyw
sfyfvtlhjdtl7 cfvfubthjl gfnbdvj.dfhtj,bc zbfc ufb[fht,c8 lqtc vjlfibf obyfght,bs
sfdbc vjojyt,f7 rjycnbnewbehb vjyfhmbbc itvs[dtdfib7 fhff ufvjhbw[ekb
fhnfye]bcf lf [b[fsf thsbcsfdbc ojlt,fc ufvj/rhfc [tkb8
cfresfhb gthcjybc bcnjhbek zhbkib ofhvjlutyfpt [vfvfqkf uflfb[fh[fhf8 tc
.dtkfathb kfvfpb pqfght,bf7 fb wjkbc vj.dfyf rb vfhskf lfeudbfylf8
rfylblfnehf thsbc vfubdhfl jhb /.fdlf5 ybyj lf yfyf8 cb.dfhekbs fhw thsb
fh .dfht,bf7 e,hfkjl c[dt,pt lbl[fyc itvjhxyty cbrjc w[jdht,bctek jh,bnfc8 eylf
vbbqjc uflfo.dtnbkt,f7 sjhtv hfqfw lblbcf lf fvfqkt,ekbc kjlbyib svfib zfqfhf
ufthbf8 fhbc rb7 cflvt tc lblb lf fvfqkt,ekb888 cf,jkjj ]fvib .dtkfathb ,fyfkeh
ctmcfvlt vblbc8
hjvtkb c]j,c7 ybyj se yfyf0 fk,fs eahj yfyf888 kfvfpb vrthlb fmdc7 ,fyrib
veifj,c7 utythfkb vfvf /.fdc8 tut, cbvfvhb ufvjflutc hfvtib8 vtjht v[hbd7 ybyj
eahj rjvajhnekbf7 fhw ghtntypbt,c ofub.tyt,c7 fhw relib ltdyfc lfubo.t,c8
buekfdt hfvltybw utyt,jc8 cfvfubthjl7 fhw sdbsjy lfbrkt,c hfvtc8 /jj7 hsekb
cfrbs[bf888 wjkc c[df res[bs eylf vbelut8 vfufkbsfl7 hjvtkb eahj rfhub ltlf
bmyt,f8 fo ufhlfwdkbkb ytkb idbkt,c ehxtdlf7 wjkbc vj.dfyfvlt cfcbltlhjt,bcsdbc
ittdkjs sdfkb7 efh.jabsb tvjwbbc itvs[dtdfib7 erfyvje[tlfdfl ufmwtekb.dyty8 fv
v[hbd 3utythfkif4 firfhfl ]f,yblf gkfcnbreh jgthfwbt,pt itv]lfh ybyjc ltlfc7
hbcrbc afcfl hjv wlbkj,c lblb [ybc ufgfhekb f[fkufphlj,bc ityfhxeyt,fc8
2 ufvfh]j,fs7 cbrj= 2 vjtcvf udthlblfy8
cfblfy fqvjwtylf tc ,jnfct,bfyb rfwb ifdb ]bycbs0 sbsmjc oby ’fqkbfyb
nbgb vj’hfj,lf v[jkjl8 cf[tkbw cwjlybf8
2 ufubvfh]jc8 2 cfkfvb fh lffvflkf8 2 dbwyj,s thsvfytsc0
2 gbhflfl vt ijhblfy ubwyj,s8 2 fcj 3i4-pt ufrtst,ekb fmwtynb vbfybiyt,lf
2 ewyj,b lf,fkb cjwbfkehb atybc ofhvjvflutytkbf7 hjvtkbw w[dbhib ufvjsmvekb
3i4-sb lf vfufhb 3k4-sb wlbkj,c cdtnt,ib xfothfc8
2 ityw lfh,b[fh0
2 fhf7 smdtysfy c[df cfmvt vfmdc8 2 ewyj,vf cbrjc ityj,bs vbvfhsdf .ehc
bmbs uffnfhf lf smdtyj,bs ufyfuh’j cfe,fhb8 t8 b8 cbrj fh itvwlfhf8 v’qjkbf fy
lfvo.t,b rjvthcfynb8
2 ubcvty8
2 ]eyf n.fdf’tv ufvjvfupfdyf8 ucvtybfs fctsbc itcf[t,0
2 vcvtybf8 3itb’byts 3vfhrjc4 ghjlemwbf8 [fhbc[b ufhfynbht,ekbf884 2
cbrjv qbvbkbs vjf[ctyf yfo.dtnb wyj,bkb abhvbc cfhtrkfvj hujkblfy8 2 hfj7 hf
vbylfj0
2 obyflflt,f fmdc8
2 lfdfb7 ubcvty8 se rfhub obyflflt,ff7 dbabmht,8
2 fhf7 gbhflfl eylf lfutkfgfhfrjs8
2 atbc f atbc0=
2 hf0 2 rbcthb ofbuh’tkf ewyj,vf8
2 rfhub fvbylbf-smj7 hf888 2 xfbwbyf cbrjv8
2 [j7 fvbylb fcojht,c888 bcf7 ofvjv.dt,bs0
2 cfl ofvju.dt cgjhnek ajhvfib7 dth [tlfd7 ddfh]bij,=
2 ybxtdj7 ,fnjyb ]eyf vfymfyfib udtkjlt,f7 futh7 ifd 3vthctltcc4 [tlfds0 2
ewyj,vf n,bc vtjht v[fhtc ufbidbhf [tkb8
2 fctsb cfcohfajf0 2 cbrj ifhdkbc aths[dbs ofvjluf8
,jnfcbfyvf vhfdfkvybidytkjdyfl lfemybf sfdb8 pjvbthb yf,b]bs itvjefhtc
n,fc7 ’fqkbfy rfwc uffcohtc lf itvjcfcdktksfy vlufh 3vthctltcsfy4 vbdblyty8
ewyj,vf erfyf cfkjybc rfhb uffqj lf [tkbs vbcfgfnb;t,tkb ;tcnb uffrtsf7
sdbsjy cfztcsfy vjsfdclf8
cbrj fcfrjdfyb vfvfrfwbc udthlbs fqvjxylf8 rfwc twdf mfivbhbc ifdb
gfknj twdf7 sfdpt rb vbcnth /jkvcbc vjyfwhbcahj rtgb t[ehf8 cf.tkjlfy odhbk
pjkfl vjexfylf fnkfcbc ,jhljcathb rfiyt ,fv,fpbbc cfhxekbs8
2 ufdbwyjs thsvfytsb8 ]efyith n.fdf’t7 itub’kbfs ]eyf lfvb’f[js8 2 ]eyfv
[tkb ufeojlf8
2 ’fkbfy cfcbfvjdyjf8 2 cbrjv [tkb xfvjfhsdf lf udthlekfl lf]lf8 2 hjujhw
uflvjvwtc7 xtvsfy cfmvt umjybfs8
2 vt rb uflvjvwtc7 sbsmjc aekb uzbhlt,fs8
2 aekb .dtkfc czbhlt,f8 ufycfresht,bs7 dbcfw fmdc ufhrdtekb rfgbnfkb8
2 xdty xdtyb cehdbkt,bs dfhs vlblht,b lf fhf rfgbnfkbs8
2 ,fnjyj ]eyf7 ufydfuh’js abkjcjabehb letkb se vfqbhct,s t8 o8
obyflflt,fc8
 2 vjvojyc smdtyb gbhlfgbhj,f7 bvtlbf ufdeut,s thsvfytsc8 smdtyb ’vbc
itcf[t, vbyljlf lfukfgfhfrt,jlbs8
2 hjvtkb0
2 v[tldtkj,fib v.fdc ubjhub7 fldjrfnb8 xtvb obyflflt,bc ibyffhcb itvltuibf5
smdty vf’ktds byajhvfwbfc ubjhubc lfwdbc mdti v.jab ths-thsb gbhjdyt,bc
itcf[t,7 vt uf’ktds sfy[fc8
sfy[f8 cbrjv fhfhct,ekb vndthb xfvjb,thn.f cgjhnekb gf;fvfc vrkfdblfy8
tc rfwb fh [evhj,c8 hjujhw xfyc7 rfhufl /.fdc itcofdkbkb f,ecthb’tt,bc j]f[bc
otdht,b8
2 uffxybf sfy[fc8
2 cfvjwlffsb fsfcb8
2 uffxybf dfkenfc8
2 ljkfhb8
2 uflfdblts rjyrhtnbrfpt8
2 kfgfhfrbf rjnt .fhfekfidbkpt7 dbc byntct,cfw ubjhub vfkt cfcfvfhskjib
lfbwfdc8 fv cfmvtib vjovt abuehbht,c7 dbyvt dkflbvth rfvfhfekb7 vtncf[tkfl
xfgkbyf8 vfu xfgkbyfc rjjhlbyfnt,b vzbhlt,f8
2 vlff888 2 cbrjv afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 vjtlfypt ’fqkbfyb rfwb ufvjxylf8
rfwvf ’fqkc cf.tkehb vjf’hj lf qbvbkbs vbfxthlf cb[fhekbs relfmbwbyt,ek
w[jdtkc8
2 hfc bn.dbs0
2 fh fhbc fldbkb cfmvt8 ubjhub fhfcjltc f.tyt,c cfmvbc rehcib j]f[bc
otdht,c8 cfvcf[ehbc cfrbs[t,pt nf,e fmdc lflt,ekb8
2 bvtlbf7 xdtyb lqtdfyltkb it[dtlhfw nf,ebht,ekb bmyt,f8
2 fcb fsfcb8
2 hf0 2 ]eyf jlyfd uflfb[fhf lf udthlekfl it[tlf8
2 vfpfylf fdobt7 c[df hf eylf b.jc8 2 ufeqbvf cbrjv8
2 /v=
2 ity xtvb ufotodf ufubphf[dfc8 2 ityj,fpt uflfdblf ]eyf8
2 smdty rb cfresfhb ’vbc xfidt,fc vsfdfpj,s8 bwbs7 hfc ybiyfdc
ubjhubcsdbc cfmvbc ofut,f0
2 d[dlt,b8
2 tn.j,f rfhufl dth [dlt,bs7 sjhtv dfzhj,fc fh lfvbo.t,lbs8
2 ityvf fbqj8 b.jc fcb fsfcb8 2 ]eyfv gfknjc ]b,blfy cfdbpbnj ,fhfsb fvjbqj
lf cbrjc uflffojlf8 2 gfce[c vfmcbvev jh lqtib dtkjlt,b8 xdtyb it[dtlhbc itcf[t,
cfvvf dbwbs 2 vt7 ity lf gfylfv8 2 fybiyf cfztcsfy v]ljvpt8
bvfy cfhrtib it[tlf lf sfdb lferhf8 gfylf hf j[hj,ff7 ufbabmhf cbrjv7 cek
/ufdc lfsdc8
2 vt7 ity lf gfylfv8 2 vemfhfyfhtdb bynjyfwbbs ufbvtjhf ]eyfv8
2 tzdb fh itutgfhjs7 c[dfc fh twjlbyt,f8
2 vbylf lfdb]thj8
cbrjv cfdbpbnj ,fhfsb ufvjfhsdf lf vfymfyblfy uflvjdblf7 3vthctltcb4 rb
lfqvfhspt lftidf8
cf[kib vbcdkbcsfyfdt cbrj f,fpfyfib it[nf lf ehsbthscfobyffqvltuj fpht,bs
uf[eht,ekb sfdb uhbk o.fkc iteidbhf8
ubjhubcsfy rfhnbc uf[cyfc fphb fh fmdc7 sfy[bc yf[tdfhbw hjv
itcsfdfpjc7 fh lfsfy[vlt,f8 gbhbmbs7 itb’kt,f fmts ufvjkfy’qjc7 hjujh ufvb,tltj8
vbcsdbc vsfdfhbf gfnbjcfyb rfwbc cf[tkb lf fhf aekb8 bvb]c eahs[bklt,f7 hjujhw
fcfritgfhekb ibyf,thf cbmfkoektc8 cf[tkb7 cf[tkb888 sbsmjc qfhb,b rfwbc cf[tkb
hfvbc vfybiyt,tkbf8 cbrj ]th ,bpytcc ff.dfdt,c lf vtht babmht,c cf[tkpt8 .dtkfc
uflfe]jrhfdc7 vfvfcfw7 ’vt,cfw7 ]eyfcfw888 vfbwf7 hjujh smdf0 xdtyb
cehdbkt,bs dfhs vlblht,b lf fhf rfgbnfkbsj8 ityb ,f,j ufdfs[jdt ]efyith n.fdf’t=
futh7 mdtdbs hjv vqt,fdb tkbp,fhf w[jdhj,c7 bvbcsfyf cehdbkt,bs fmdc sfdb
lfntybkb7 cbrjc fv,bwbt,b vjyfujybf8 ufyc[dfdt,f bvfibf7 hjv cbrjc fmdc ifycb7
tkbp,fhfc fhf8 tkbp,fhfc thsb cekb fmdc vtpj,kbc rfwt,c xfe]ltc kelbcf lf fhf.bc
sfy[kt,bs8 hfw vtnbf uhflecb7 vbs vtnbf cehdbkt,bc lbfgfpjyb8 cbrj rb hbcrpt
vblbc8 fy sfdc offut,c fy lbl aekc vjzhbc8 cf[tkb rb vjbwlbc8
cfrbs[fdbf7 hfc abmhj,lf n.fdf’bc rfwb cbrjc fcfrib7 hjwf gfnbjcfy
vjmfkfmtt,c f.fxfqt,lf0 vfiby se enhbfkt,lf sfdib abkjcjabehb fpht,b0= fhf7 vfiby
v[jkjl ufvjhxtyfpt abmhj,lf7 tc lqtc xfeqhvfdlf w[jdht,bc fhcc7 3yfdfhjxtyyb
vthcib4 eahj fv,bwbehb fpht,b vjclbc sfdib7 dblht yfcrbc ceybs fmjst,ek
cfrfyib8
cbrjv cfi[fgt rf,byblfy cfhrtcsfy uflvjbyfwdkf8 cbfvjdyt,bs itfsdfkbthf
fdflbcatht,ekb c[tekb8 ’vt,ib .dtkfpt kfpfsbfyb ufvjdblf7 ubjhubpt lf exfpt
vij,kt,vf ofbdf]bitc7 cbrjpt rb sbsmjc cfufyut,jl bveifdtc7 se hfv kfvfpb /mjylfs
ufhtuyj,fib7 .dtkfathb yf,jkfhf df;c lffgtyntc8 lf vfbyw7 ltlfc exf e.dfhlf
ufvjhxtekfl8 ubjhub tfvf.t,jlf7 cbrjc fsfvfvt,lf7 exfpt rb sdfkt,b twhtvkt,jlf8 serb
wel cbpvfhc yf[fdlf7 hfnjvqfw exfc erfdibht,lf7 sbsmjc ubjhub lf cbrj idbkt,b fh
b.dyty8 bmyt, uekb welc euh’yj,lf0888 fv,j,ty7 ltlbc uekbj7 bcfj7 tcfj888
cdtkb gbhcf[jwb vjbmybf lf vj[thbc [fkfsb xfvj[cyf8 sfdlfgbhdtkb fphb7
eahjc ’vfc cfvcf[ehib odtjlf7 cfi[fgtlfy ufvjcdkbcsfyfdt efh.j8 ev]j,tcbf itfgfhjc7
sbsmjc cekfw fhff lfbynthtct,ekb v[fht8 uflflt,f fh qbhc7 lqtcdt itb’kt,f uekf[lbk
cfe,fhib ufvjodtdf8 tut, ofvjtujc0
hfvltybvt lqt lfhxf .bhubpt,sfy it[dtlhfvlt7 byufv itfchekf of.tyt,ekb
gbhj,f 2 .jabk mvfhc lftkfgfhfrf7 vfuhfv exf itfchekt,c0 uf.bldfc lhj eylf7 bctdt7
hjujhw ,fyrblfy ctc[bc ufvjnfyfc8 fv cfqfvjcdt tcnevht,f iefsfyf ’vfc7 gbhdtkb
gbhblfy eahj en.efh byajhvfwbfc vbbqt,c8 ]eyfc obyflflt,f ajhneyfc o.fkj,ff7
cfyfv exf vblut,-vjlut,f7 .bhubpt,b c[df gfhnybjhc bijdbfy7 cbrjc rb cfvb sbsbc
rjv,byfwbfc fxdtyt,ty8
n.dbfcfdbs ufdfhlf f,fpfyblfy7 cfufhtjl ufvjto.j lf /jkib ufdblf8 ubjhubc
j]f[c vtjht cfhsekbc fgfhnfvtynt,b trfdf7 vfuhfv cfthsj cfvpfhtekjsb
cfhut,kj,lyty8 hfnjv eylf itoe[t,ekb.j vfyfyf cfzvtkbc rtst,bs7 hjwf fmdt b.j wbwj
2 eutvhbtktcb rth’t,bc lbljcnfnb lf lfepfhtkb vjcfvcf[eht8 ubjhubc idbkt,c lblb-
lblb .fdf vjtleqt,bfs sfdbfys cfvpfhtekjib7 bcbw vfiby7 hjwf ytkbcrjc fv[fyfut,b
brhb,t,jlyty8 rfhkj ,f,efc [jv fh ufe,jkt,lyty w[dbhib8
2 wbwj7 ubjhubc fh ecfepvbf0 2 /rbs[f ufpmehfcsfy vjaecaect
vpfhtekc8
2 ubjhub lbkfestybf ofdblf cfvcf[ehib7 vfyfyfv vs[jdf zdfdbc afabc
ufrtst,f7 smdtyw [jv fh vjub[fhijs0
2 zdfdbc afaf0 2 cbrjv w[dbhb itzve[yf8
afat,b fh e.dfhlf7 vfuhfv vfyfyfcsfy qbhlf ybflfubc vjcby]df8 bmyt,
cfmvbc rehcibf xfgkbyfc flubkcfv.jatksfy lfrfdibht,bs0 fldjrfn mvfhcf lf
vjcfvfhskt wjkc fk,fs tmyt,fs it[t,bc othnbkb8
2 lbf[7 zdfdbc afaf8 epvjpt fhfxdtekt,hbdbf rezbcsdbc8
2 epvjpt rfhubf cbufhtnb8 2 cbrjv cbufhtnbc qthb nexbc res[tib
vjbmwbf lf fcfysc uf/rhf8 2 fb7 fct= 2 r,bkt,pt xfvjwvekb next,blfy ufhrdtekb
bynthdfkbs ufvjdfhlf rdfvkbc vhudfkb qhe,kt,b7 /fthsfy it[t,bcfc uflblyty7
uf,hn.tklyty lf ajhvflfrfhuekt,b vbtotgty lfjhsmkbk afy]fhfc8
2 ytnfd n.ebkfl fh byfudbfyt,lts abkndt,c8 fb7 ubjhubc fhfcjltc vjeotdbf
cbufhtnb7 ,fnjyvf rfhkjv lffyt,f7 vfhnj smdty lf exf emibnbyt,s8
 2 .fdf ufvbvpflt8
2 wfhbtkb se h’bs0 2 wbwjv zdfdbc afaf staipt uflvjfc[f lf .fdbc mbkfc
oftgjnbyf8
2 h’bs8 2 cbrjv next,b uffysfdbceakf lf cfvpfhtekjib itvjcek vfyfyfc
ufeqbvf8 2 lbkf vidblj,bcf7 h’fkj8 cfl ufdfhlf lbkfflhbfy ityb mvfhb0
2 rkbtynvf lfehtrf7 cfcohfaj cfmvt vfmdcj8
2 rjnt .fhfekfidbkvf [jv fhf0 2 dbsjv7 c[dfsf ijhbc /rbs[f cbrjv8
2 ufvjbwfyb8
2 hfj7 hf vbylfj0
2 cfcfvfhskjc oby hfqfw ltnfkt,b fmds itcfsfy[vt,tkb8 2 vfyfyfv rjdpb
vjbvfh]df lf afabfyb staib vbbxjxf8
2 vjovt [jv fh uftgfhf itvs[dtdbs0 2 cbrjv ’kbdc lfbvjhxbkf fqtkdt,ekb
[vf8
2 hjvtkb vjovt0
2 vujyb xfgkbyf /mdbf8 /j7 xfgkbyf8
2 ufbgfhf rb fhf7 bcts rjvajhnibf7 vujyb ’dhf dth e.jy rjntc cf[kblfy8
s,bkb kjubyb7 utvhbtkb cfzvtkb7 dbltjabkvt,b7 lfwdf888 [esdfhcrdkfdbfy
cfcnevhjib fhff fctsb gbhj,t,b8 thsb-jhb rdbhbs cbfvjdyt,bs ufdewdkblb flubkc8
2 hjujh7 fct sfdbceakfl lfuekfj,c .fhfekfidkt,bc j]f[ib0 2 cbrjv wbwjc
vjojlt,ekb .fdf vjcdf lf [fh,fl vbfxthlf zdfdbc fsdbct,bs lfrfdt,ek vfyfyfc7
hjvtkcfw ofhvjlutyf fh /mjylf hf cfblevkj lfamdf fv oesfc8
2 hfnjv j]f[ib7 c[dtypt vjeo.dtc fgfhnfvtynt,b8 vstkb s,bkbcb
[tkbcuekbdbs xfyc8 wbwj7 2 vpfhtekc ufc’f[f vfyfyfv8 2 sfvhj crjkblfy hjwf
vjdf7 w[tkb rth’bc ufhtit fh feidf ptdbs8 vfufc se fh lff’fkt7 vstkb lqt vibthb
b]lt,f sfdbc rjvgbenthsfy8 vfhskf7 ybreif hjujh fhbc7 sbsmjc ufwbt,ekb .jabkf8
2 f[kf vfpkc vbe,heylf8
2 rfhubf hjv ufvf[ctyt7 lqtc cfqfvjc ecfsejl vjdbyf[ekt,8
2 fh vtcvbc exfc uf]bent,f7 hfqfw gthbjlbs uflvjdbltc xdtysfy7
vbcsdbcfw ertstcbf lf ,fdidbcsdbcfw8
2 hjujh ofhvjublutybf rfhkjc lf exfc sfyfw[jdht,f0 vt7 vfufkbsfl7 dth
ofhvjvblutybf8 ltlfxtvbc okbcsfdptw rb vjf[th[tc ofx[e,t,f8
2 vfvfityc evflkjlt8 hfc vjbgfnb;f bc mfk,fnjyb0 hf eyljlf ytkbc
okbcsfdpt bv ,todtekib itaesek ,fh,bc0 2 vfyfyfv ufkjrbkb rjdpb wfhbtk staipt lf
lfervf.jabkt,tkb vpthf vfublfpt uffchbfkf8 2 bmfw fh vjfcdtyf exf7 dtcnb,bekib
ufb.dfyf lf hfqfwfc exehxekt,jlf8 vtht fjhsmklf7 exf rb ofikbkb cf[bs itvjdblf
erfy lf qdbyjc vbt’fkf8 fh dbwb fctsb hf es[hf7 vfuhfv exf lfzhbkb yflbhbdbs
,hlqdbyfdlf8
2 f,f7 hf ubs[hf7 sdbsjy vjhbult,bfy8 lfunjdt,7 cfvcf[ehib vtxmfht,f8 2
cbrjv ahsfitc[vekvf lfnjdf cfvpfhtekj7 vfuhfv ufhts fh ufcekf7 uh’tkb yf,b]t,bs
uftvfhsf sfdbcb jsf[bcrty8
2 exfcsfy se itbdkb lftkfgfhfrt uflvjcdkfpt7 vtw lfdehtrfd8 rfhkjc
vjsdbybtht,f xtvpt b.jc8 2 lffobf vfyfyfv8
cbrjv kfvbc sfdbs itfyuhbf jsf[b7 rfhb uflfhfpf lf ufvfh]dt,bc .b;byf
lfcwf8 vfy tc vjf[th[f= sfyfw hf vfhnbdfl7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc sbsb sbspt fh
lferfht,bf8 ubjhubcsfyfw fh lfczbhlf qkbzbyb7 fsfcb n.ebk-vfhskbc vjujyt,f8
btc7 btc lf rbltd ths[tk btc= vjvezekb [tkbcuekt,b [fdthlbc ,fkbic lfeibyf8 lf]lf8
fluf8 bctd lf]lf8 vtht vj,bkehb lff’hj8 fhf7 ]th fh lfhtrfdc ]eyfcsfy8 hfc bn.dbc bc
rfwb7 smvf dth vjdfcofhb lf erdt vbcfvfhsb ufvbifycfj8 wjnf [fyc foheoeyt,c8
cfqfvjvlt vfbyw8 fb7 .bhubpt,c itb’kt,f f[fhjc8 vfbyw7 hjvtkbf eahjcb7 lfybfhb
se ]tybi,trb0
 2 lfybfh7 ity [fh0888 ufvfh]j,f7 cbrj utkfgfhfrt,f8 xdtyb vjkfgfhfrt,f
’fkfib hxt,f8 cfdfhfeljl [dfk lfubrfdibhlt,b888 aekb0888 w[flbf7 sfy vtmyt,f8
rfhufl vt.jkt7 ,hfn8
cbrjv .ehs,fkbibc cfhxekib itfwehf [tkb lf a[dybkbs uf’t’ubkb wbwmyf
gfhrb ufvjfshbf8 eylf fqybiyjc ufvfh]dt,f7 sjhtv ufcrlf uekb cb[fhekbcfy8
lbkfj,bs cbh,bkb rfhubf7 rjrfbybc vwbhtjltyb ljpf rbltd ertstcb8 stshb a[dybkb
nev,jc ufghbfkt,ek ptlfgbhpt uflvj.fhf7 lfybs uflffcojhf7 ]th thsb ytcnjsb
itb.yjcf7 vtht vtjhtsb8
2 rfffhubbb [ffh7 rfhubb888 2 ofbqbqbyf rfbaib lf sdfklf[ezekb vbodf
kjubypt8
sjhvtnpt lbpfbythb /.fdc lf,fht,ekb8 qdbybc ,jskt,pt lfcfrhfdb tnbrtnt,bc
sfj,fpt eylf vjbkfgfhfrjy8 gbhdtkb dfhbfynb cbrjv lfeoeyf7 fh vjtojyf vtnt[bc
nf’hbc ajypt fwtrdt,ekb rbynj7 uelbfidbkbc yf[fnbc eybzj gkfubfnfl vbbxybf8
lbpfbythc to.byf7 sevwf vjhbub yf[fnbc itmvyfc lfgbhlf8 vbcvf vptv= gbrfcj lf
ifufkb fh sfrbkj,lyty tnbrtnt,pt veifj,fc7 tc dby xtvb at[t,bf888 vfhsfkbf bcbyb
hjnibklbc lbyfcnbbcsdbc bqodjlyty7 vfuhfv vfbyw lfcfafct,tkbf8 hjnibklt,b888
ytnfd hjujh vjf[th[tc fvjltyf abyfycehb bvgthbbc itmvyf7 yese vfhnj rhtlbnt,bc
ufwtvbs888 ,fyrt,b7 cfcf[ktt,b7 rjktmwbt,b7 cetwbc fh[b888 hjvtkb thsb=
lbyfcnbbc lfvffhct,kbc7 vfbth fitkbc cbrdlbkbc itvltu cfmvt vbcvf [esvf df;vf
uffuh’tkf7 [esbdt vtatt,bcf lf vsfdhj,t,bc rhtlbnjht,b b.dyty8 f,f7 cbrjc /.jkjlf
udthlbs fctsb ’vt,b888 bvbc yfwdkfl7 vfvbc lfo.t,ekb cfmvt uftuh’tkt,byfs7
thsvf behbcnj,f fbhxbf7 vtjhtv 2 vityt,kj,f888 ]bufhb fhf fmds7 ]bufhb8 tutyb
f,ecthbc’tt,b rb fhf cbhbc-’tt,b fhbfy8 cbrj hjwf vbkbjythb uf[lt,f7 vtht rfhufl
vjeylt,fs obkib xf]ljvf7 dth vjufhsdbs7 ,fnjyt,j7 lhjpt eylf ufvjuta[brfs .eht,b8 hf
bmyt,f lbpfbythc f,ecthbc’tt,bc uth,b lff[fnbyjc888 serb fctsb fhbc ,eyt,fib8
otcbs eylf b.jc8 vidtybthb bltff7 ,ho.bydfkt= rjrfbybc ufhtit sfdibw fh vjedbljlf8
ltdbpcfw eylf vjabmht,f8 hjnibklt,bc wyj,bkb 2 3w[jdht,f uflbc7 cfmvt rb
vfhflbekbf47 ufwdlf7 ;buekbc cf,ehfdbdbs8 hfvt f[fkb eylf vjbabmhjc 2
c[fhnb7 zrdbfyehb7 fldbkfl lfcfvf[cjdht,tkb7 lf fhf bc fvfphptyb aeyfujhbf7
qdbybc vtnjmt vofhvjt,tkvf hjv ufvjghfyzf sfdbc tnbrtnpt8
2 .df= 2 f[kjvf[kj .dfdvf lfbx[fdkf8
2 vblb7 hf= 2 uftgfce[f cbrj8
.dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f8 vjvfdfkc dth ufyzdhtn7 vfuhfv ertstcb vjvfdkbc
cf[tkbs aekbc ufrtst,f itb’kt,f8 tc rjveybcnt,b ub;t,b rb fh b.dyty7 ufyf vfhskf
c]thjlfs yfstkb vjvfdkbc0 [fk[c fxvjht,lyty7 [fk[c888 bcbybw xvjhlt,jlyty7
ufyf .dtkfv bwbc7 hjv yfstkb vjvfdfkb 2 fov.jf8 fhf7 fh bwbfy7 cbrjv rb
bwbc888

222

vfijc cfveifj vfublfpt blj5 ,f,ebc yfmjyb vbrhjcrjgb7 rehctkbc

ufvjyfwdfkb gbhdtkb sfj,bc rjvgbenthb lf vbybc abhabnt,b8 vbrhjcrjgib svbc
qthb ufybcdtyt,lf7 hjvtkcfw vfij cfufyut,jl frdbhlt,jlf7 vjyfwtvt,b rjvgbenthib
it/.fdlf lf ,f,ebc vbth ufvjrdktek vfcfkfc flfht,lf8 vfyexfh ,f,efc bltfabmcb /mjylf
2 lftlubyf vtwfvtnt cfereytib vw[jdht,b lblt,ekbc cbrdlbkbc yfvldbkb vbptpb8
lblt,ekbc ytinb fhmtjkjut,vf fqvjfxbytc .jhqfyt,bc ufs[hbcfc8 bcnjhbrjct,bc
dfhfelbs bc tresdyjlf fvbhcgfcfkfh bjfyt f,ecthbc’tc7 hjvtkbw sfdbcb cbrdlbkbs
fh vjvrdlfhf7 fhfvtl vjofvkek bmyf cfvw[t-cffsf,fujc thbcsfdbc7 ,fuhfnbc vbth8
ytinblfy fvjqt,ekb svbcf lf ’dfkbc ahfuvtynb uflftwf fyshjgjkju-rhbvbyfkbcnc
vfyexfh ifhfityb’tc fye vfijc ,f,efc8 ’dfkib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbco.fkb sbsmvbc
flfcneht,lf dthcbfc vjofvdkbc itcf[t,8 vfij eahj ijhc ofdblf7 vbcb bynthtcbc
cfufyb uf[lf vjrkekbc pecnb fcfrbcf lf itcf’kj fdflv.jaj,bc lflutyf8
,f,ebc fhmbdib ’hjvbfkb vfijc fwltylf lf vjcfkjlytk ufvjwlfc fijht,lf8
ghjatcjh rj,bfidbkc fh fbynthtct,lf vfyexfhbctekb bynthghtnfwbt,b cfereytt,bc
oby vjrkekb se ufhlfwdkbkb lblt,ekbc itcf[t,8 dby bwbc7 bc lblt,ekb exfc
obyfgfhbf888 exf8 exf7 exf8 e[th[ekbf abmhj,lt rfwpt7 hjvtkbw cek fh
vjuojyc8 vfij rb abmhj,lf8 udfhbw hjujh lftvs[df7 se fh xfdsdkbs ths fcjc8
2 vbcnbrf= 2 smdf [vfvfqkf8
2 vfibrj= 2 fuytcfv ]th nfmnbfyfl lffrfreyf rfhpt7 vtht sdbsjy itvjdblf8
bvlqtdfyltkb cfe,hbc itvltu ufeh,jlf idbkbidbksfy rjynfmnc7 f[kf
hfnjvqfw jsf[ib tf[kf8
2 hf b.j ,t,bf0
2 cfresfh sfdc tkfgfhfrt,b0
2 fhf7 ufvjwlbcsdbc dtvpflt,b8
2 vbrhjcrjgib rbs[ekj, rjycgtmnt,c0
2 fhf7 vbrhjcrjgib wmthf vtwflbytj,bc cnbvekc vf’ktdc8 hfqfw ewyfehfl
vb.eht,s7 vj[lf hfvt0
2 fb7 aekb vjubnfyt8 2 fuytcfv jsf[b uflvjrdtsf lf vfublfpt [esb
fcljkfhbfyb lflj8
yfwyj,b rjv,byfwbbc lfyf[df vfijc tybiyf7 ]th]thj,bs bcbw fh bwjlf
exfcufy ofvjqt,ekb fcljkfhbfyb hfib lft[fh]f8
2 hf aekbf0 2 /rbs[f exdtekjl ufyfpt,ek ,t,bfc8
2 oflb lf xfcfwvtkb b.blt8 yf.fh-ye.fhb rb fhf7 hfvt rfhub7 vfufkbsfl
xtmvt,b8 mfkbcsdbc vsfdfhb [fhbc[bfyb at[cfwvtkb lf rfhub xfysff8
2 vflkj,s7 fuytcf ,t,bf7 vfuhfv vfkt f[fkb otkbf7 bmyt, c]j,lf tc aekb888
2 xfsdfkt7 xtvb cff[fkokj cfxemfhbf8 vjhxf7 fhfahbc ufujyt,f fh vbylf8
2 vbnhbfklf lf ofdblf7 v[ht,ib jlyfd vj[hbkb7 sfdbcb ufye.htkb ltlthjybc
xekmt,bs7 abrecf sbst,pt ofvjwvekb ,tzlt,bs8 fctsb ijhtekb lf f[kj,tkb8
vfijv hbnvekfl ffrfreyf sbst,b dfkenbc vjyfwhbcahj ptlfgbhpt8 vbc [tks
fhbc tmdcfcb ljkfhb8 fv aekbs efvhfdb hfvbc .bldf itb’kt,f888 fevhfdb yf.eh-
ye.fhbc8 fhf7 vfij b.blbc jhc lf rfhuc7 hjujhw ,t,bfv ehxbf8
vbrhjcrjgib ufyhs[vekb svf fqfh vjtxdtyf fmnefkehfl8 sdfkoby tluf
dbnhbyfib ufvjluvekb vfytrtyb fyujhfc cfkfsbcathb ]tvghbs8 bv ]tvghc
fvfcobyfs lfflj sdfkb7 hjwf afcb ufbuj7 relfvj’et,ekb ufvjdblf vfqfpbblfy7
ufv.bldtkvf ujujyt,vfw bctsb fvhtpbs it[tltc888
dth vjbcdtyf7 aekb xfysfib xffulj lf hjujhw b.j7 cfibyfj ajhvfib cf.blkt,pt
ufenbf8
vfvbc cbrdlbkfvlt bc lf ltlf [ibhfl cnevhj,lyty vfqfpbt,c8 eahj ghjwtcbc
ufvj7 dblht cfzbhjt,bc8 ltlfc e.dfhlf nfycfwvkbc vjhut,f7 cfhrbc oby rtrkewfl
nhbfkb7 vfijc rb vbcb wmthf e.dfhlf8 vfvf v[jkjl vfiby vblbjlf cf.blkt,pt7 hjwf
rjyrhtnekb bynthtcb /mjylf8 vfufkbsfl7 czbhlt,jlf pfvshbc gfknj fy f[fkb
rjcnbevb8 ecfsejl vb/.fdlf j]f[bc otdht,b 2 wjkb lf idbkb7 fh e.dfhlf vfhnj
cbfhekb7 sfyfvtlhjdt vjlfcfw dth feqj fkqj8 cfvfubthjl vfijc ltlf thrdtjlf vjlbc
cbf[ktt,ib7 rthdfw t[th[t,jlf7 mcjdfw7 uflfrtst,fw8 vfijc .jdtksdbc utvjdyt,bs
twdf7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib vfyfv7 cfyfv ltlfc vjbvleht,lf lf fuytcf ,t,bfcsfy
uflvjcf[klt,jlf8 hf vbcb ,hfkbf7 vjlf se .jdtk otkc bwdkt,f7 cfl ite’kbf sfdbcb
vobhb itcf’kt,kj,t,bs lftobjc athsf lf ajhvfsf vhfdfkathjdfy ufvfc7 hjvtkcfw
vcjakbjc ofv.dfyb lbpfbytht,b csfdfpj,ty cecnb cmtcbc ofhvjvflutykt,c8
 ufvjxylf vfqfpbbc rjyneht,b7 vfijv yf,b]c fexmfhf8 exdtekj qtkdf
buh’yj8 vb’byt,ekb mfkb7 hjvkbc ghtntypbt,c fmfvlt buyjhbht,fc ertst,lf7
ktsfhubekb ’bkbcufy ufysfdbceaklf lf yf[njvbcsdbc vjtvpflf8
dbnhbfyib ufbtkdf ]tvghbfyvf vfytrtyvf7 xtmvt,vf7 gfknjt,vf7 rfiytt,vf7
melt,vf7 cff[fkokjl vjhsekvf yf’dbc [tv7 cfynf rkfecvf888
2 tc xfvjvb[ctybs7 tc7 tc lf tc8 2 vbvfhsf ufv.bldtkc8
bvfy rhbnbrekfl itfsdfkbthf vfijc rfgbeijybfyb gbkjnrf7 vpthf iept,pt
uflfbnfyf8
2 hf athbc xtmvfc byt,t,s0 2 /rbs[f next,vj,htwbkvf8
2 if,bfvybcathb8 ]tvghb ufvjvbwdfkts7 cfkfsbcathbc yfwdkfl fb7 bc
bbcathb xfvjvb[ctybs8 vflkj,s8
vfijv vjojyt,ekb cfvjcb ufcf[ltkib itfshbf lf yfxmfhtdfl lfbo.j xfwvf8
.dtkfathb vjthuj 2 ]tvghbw7 ]bycbw7 xtmvfw7 n.fdt,bs ufo.j,bkb dtkdtnbc
mehserbw7 ’dtkvfyt,b gfhrib xfntyf lf otkib ufvfhsekb uftvfhsf cfkfhjcrty8
2 fsfc jwb kfhb8 2 bfyufhbif vjkfhtv8
2 ljkfht,c fh qt,ekj,s0
2 vbdbqt,7 hfnjvfw fhf8 vfrf7 hjujhb rehcbf lqtc0 2 ufc’f[f vfijc
ityf’tybs ufjuyt,ek ufv.bldtkc8
2 thsb cfvjwlfs[esvtnsfy8
vjkfhtv mdbsfhb ufvjothf lf qbvbkbs vbfxthlf ghbywtcfl mwtek rjyrbfc8
2 vjlbs7 ,bhrt,b vfbyw vjd[cyf7 fct [jv fh bdkbs8
2 lbf[7 lbf[888
2 c[dfsf ijhbc7 ’fkbfy ub[lt,fs7 fhw vtujyf fctsb rfhub nfyb se umjylfs8
2 vflkj,s8 tc rfiyt vjvfojlts7 se itb’kt,f8 2 vfijv sdfkb dth vjo.dbnf hujkib
uf.hbk zhtkf-zhekf rfiytt,c8
2 hjvtkb0
2 .dbstkb keh]b pjkt,bs8
2 cfvjwlffsb kfhb8
2 tctw vbfyufhbits8 2 vfijv z.tntkf rfiyt rbcthpt itvjb[dbf lf dbnhbyfib
cfresfhb ufvjcf[ekt,f itfsdfkbthf8 vidtybthbf7 vfuhfv hfqfw inhb[b frkbf8
dfhw[ybkj,f= hfc /ufdc tc kjvbc afafhbdbs ufikbkb svf0 fhw bmbs7 fhw fmts8
vfqfpbblfy ufvjcdkbcsfyfdt ef[kjtc cbkfvfpbc cfkjyc vbfiehf8
’dtkvfyt,bs cfdct gfhrb itvjcfcdktksfy v]lfh vfs[jdfhc lfenjdf lf dfhlbcahfl
lfathbkb rfhb itfqj8 ufbcvf [vflf,fkb orhbfkb7 hjvtkbqfw exbyfhb rfhblfy
uh’tkat[t,f mfkbidbkb vfnthbfkbpbhlf8
2 ufvfh]j,fs8 2 lblb [ybc eyf[fdb vtuj,fhbdbs ufeqbvf8
vbcb ufc[bdjcyt,ekb abpbjyjvbbc lfyf[dfpt vfijv erfy lfb[bf8 tc fh eylf
.jabkb.j xdtekt,hbdb7 fskfhbfyb cfkjyb7 cfdfhfeljl fm tkbnfhekb mfk,fnjyt,b
botchbut,ty svf-ahx[bkc8 ]fylf,fc7 hfqf fm itvjt[tnf= fvfcj,fib mfkbidbkvf
sfdblfy at[t,fvlt itfsdfkbthf7 itfafcf lf rbltd eahj vtnfl ufvjfxbyf cfhtrkfvj
r,bkt,b8
2 xfothbkb [fhs0
2 ,fnjyj0
2 xfothb [fhs se gbhdtkfl ,h’fylt,bs0
2 fff888 fhf7 fh dfh xfothbkb7 vfhsfkb ubs[hfs chekbfl itvs[dtdbs
itvjdtlb8 2 sfdb bvfhskfcfdbs8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub7 bvtlbf xdtyb rkbtynb uf[lt,bs8
vfij bcnthbekfl fyufhbij,lf cfaekt,ib lfhxtybk sfy[fc8 otcbs7 fcb kfhbc
afhukt,ib eylf lfhxtyjlf7 se eahj yfrkt,b0888 itb’kt,f vtnbw888 ]tvghb jhfcjwb
kfhb qbhlf7 mehserb 2 vujyb js[fcb7 xtmvf0888 fsfc jwc ufvjrkt,ekb888 /j7
rbltd rfiyt b.blf8 hf qbhlf tc j[hfllfcfhxtyb xtmvf0888 ]fylf,fc= cfbynthtcjf7
ghtbcrehfynbc vjs[jdyf e[th[ekbf0 vfbyw7 hf vjvtynfkehfl ufvj[nf tc yfcofdkb
qbvbkbs itbfhfqt,ekb mfkbidbkb7 ufcoht,f vfbyw vjtcohj8
2 hf uyt,fds7 svbc itzhf7 itqt,df7 sbst,bc vjotchbut,f7 tgbkfwbf7 vfcf;b7
ufmkb,df888 2 xfvjsdfkf cfkjybc sfyfvihjvtkvf8
2 fhf7 ufmkb,df fh vbylf7 e,hfkjl888 e,hfkjl wjnf itzhf7 cek wjnf8 2
vfijv xfsdfkf7 hjv itzhf .dtkfpt bfab tqbht,jlf8
2 ofvjv.tdbs8
ewyj,b vfhvfhbkjc rb,tt,c fe.df7 vfij jmhjcahfl lfathbk cf[tkehc xftzblf7
hjv fh ofmwtekb.j8 fhf it]lf vo.thb [tcfj7 bctf vbcb cfmvt8 fh tut,bc e,hfkj
tmsfybc tkbnfhek cfkjyt,ib ofyofkb8 fmts fhbc vbxdtekb vbvcf[eht,fc7 f[fkb
cfvjcb rb fb’ekt,c rfhub w[jdht,bs uf,tpht,ekb ujujyf ufyfcf[bthjc7 hjwf vstkb
ituyt,ekb f[fkufphlj,f rfgbrt,bc sdkfib uffnfhf8 ths[tk ufeqbvf ajhneyfv7
tmdcfcb ljkfhb uflvjeulj7 hjvtkcfw s[esvtnjlt oesib fbsdbcf8 tctw fh brvfhf7
f[fkb dfhw[ybkj,bs uflfo.dbnf sfdbc vjojyt,f8 dbcsdbc7 bv lfvs[dtekb
by;bythbcsdbc0
rb,bc sfdib meckt,bc gfrfgerb ufbcvf8 ptdblfy pqfghek qfvehfcfdbs
tidt,jlf ’dbhafc mehmib uf[dtekb mfkb8 hjv fhf ijrjkflbcathb svf7 babmht,lb
vthkby vjyhjv ufybwflf htbyrfhyfwbf8 mfkvf [fhbc[bfyb gfhabevthbbc ceyb
itfahmdbf lf wbwmyf htlbrekbc mytdbs upf ufyfuh’j8
2 bwfybs0 2 lfcxehxekf ufv.jkvf8
2 fhf8 2 v[ht,b fbxtxf vfijv8
2 ntktdbpjhc fh e.eht,s [jkvt0
2 bct7 hf888
2 uflfwtvf vb/.fdc8 xdtyb velvbdb rkbtynbf7 cjkfhbevib se fh ufbhe]f7
bct rfvthfcsfy dth ]lt,f8
hjujhw bmyf vbfqobtc vtjht cfhsekc7 mfkbidbkvf vemb .fdbcathb rfhb
itfqj8
2 rbob7 sfdbceafkb [fh0 2 ibuybs lftrbs[f dbqfwfc8
ytnfd .dtkf lfrfdt,ekb b.jc7 byfnhf vfijv8 bn.dbc7 hjv cfcohfaj cfmvt
fmdc lf erfyvje[tlfdfl ufdfhlt,f fv uf,hlqdbfkt,ekb lfotct,ekt,blfy8
2 itvjlbs8
vfijv frfyrfkt,ekb at[t,b cfhrtt,bfy jsf[ib itbnfyf8 rbob fqvjxylf e[dfl
lfvfrbf;t,ekb mfk,fnjyb dbohj v[ht,bsf lf lblb7 stshb [tkt,bs8
2 lf]tmb7 utyfwdfkt7 vbs[fhb hf ubylf0 2 vbcvf uekbc[vbthvf [vfv vfij
wjnf vjf,heyf8 uh’tkat[t,f mfkbidbkbw cflqfw ufvmhfkb.j8
2 vujyb svt,bc itcojht,f vbylf8 2 ’kbdc ufcfujyfl ofbkeqkeqf vfijv8
2 vujyb0 2 rbobv n.fdbc cfdfh’tkpt vbesbsf lf tzdbs uf[tlf cfhrtib8 2
hfnjv [fh lf’f,ekb0
2 vtn.j,f0 2 vfijv fdfhlbcatht,ek kj.t,pt xfvjbcdf [tkb8
2 utn.j,f8 v[ht,b ufzbvekb ufmdc7 rfiytc ajxt,c fodfkt,7 lfn.dtdt,ekb
mehwbrbc sdfkt,bs b.eht,b888 aekb fh ufmdc7 se hfibf cfmvt0
2 aekb vfmdc7 vfuhfv fh dbwb vt.jaf se fhf7 gbhdtkfl dfh fctsb ljybc
cfkjyib8 itvs[dtdbs itvjdtlb lf888
2 vodfyt xfb ub.dfhc0 2 vjekjlytkvf itrbs[dfv efhtcfl lfpfahf8 hf iefibf
vodfyt xfb svbc itzhfcsfy0 2 ub.dfhc se fhf0 2 fh vjtidf rbob8
2 ,t,bfxtvb cdfvc [jkvt7 vt bidbfsfl8
rbobv vfleqfhf ltyib itfthsf lf hrbybc kfvfp rjkjac sfdcf[ehb vj[flf8
2 f[kf vt lf ity xfbc lfdktds7 lfdo.yfhlt,bs7 vtht dfhw[ybkj,fc itdfhxtds8
aekbc lfhlb ye ufmdc7 hfvltycfw vjvwtv7 bvltyc lfdrvf.jabklt,b8 itdsfy[vlbs0
 vfijv bctsb idt,f buh’yj7 whtvkbs rb vjthbf8 [jv fhbfy mdt.fyfpt
uekbc[vbthb flfvbfyt,b7 cfresfh ,t,bfc fh vbevfhsfdc fct s,bkfl thsflthsb
idbkbidbkbcsdbc8 aekbsfw bvbnjv lffcfxemhf7 ubukfc hjv xfvjfijhjc8
2 bwb hfc dabmhj,7 e,hfkj itcojht,f bcts tatmnc fh vjuwtvc8 2 rbobv
vfijc ghjabkib it[tlf7 2 rfhub sfdbc ajhvf ufmdc7 cgjhnekfl xfwvf u.dfht,bf7
vjlb7 vjrktl ituzhb7 sbsmvbc ,bzehfl8 hfc bn.db0
2 b.jc ,bzehfl8 2 ewt, lftsfy[vf vfij8 2 se fh vjvtojyf7 cekfw
uflfdgfhcfd8
2 gbhj,fc uf’ktd7 vjutojyt,f8
vfijv xfb lfkbf lf sdfklf[ezekb vbtylj ghjatcbjyfkbc utvjdyt,fc8 ths cffsib
cfhrblfy wtkmfl svfitrhtzbkb mfkbidbkb eqbvjlf8 vfijc bub lfyf[dbcsfyfdt
vjtojyf8
2 hjujhbf0 2 rbobv sfdvjvojytl itfsdfkbthf cfresfh yf[tkfdb8
2 vjvojyc8 sbsmjc vt dfh7 vfuhfv vtw fh dfh8
2 ity [fh7 vfuhfv eahj sfdlf]tht,ekb7 rtrkewb7 ctmcefkehb8
2 fh vtujyf bhb,b xjkrf se vjvb[lt,jlf8 2 vfijv mdtdblfy ite,thf ofh,sfy
xfvj.hbk svfc8 ufvjxylf vthw[kbc rdthw[bdbs lfrjgkbkb sdfkt,b fwmdtnbkb
,jkjt,bs8
2 ity bctsb vidtybthb yfrdst,b ufmdc7 .dtkfathb vjub[lt,f8
2 lblb vflkj,f8 xfbw utvhbtkb b.j7 dfhw[ybkj,fw vjvtojyf7
rjvgkbvtynbw vtcbfvjdyf8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub8 cekfw fqfh ufd[fh itibyt,ek mehwbrc8
vfijv xfysf uf[cyf lf rbltd ths[tk ittvpflf e[th[ekb rbs[dbcsdbc8
2 ye obsklt,b7 cbv,jkehb sfy[vf lfvbnjdt lf ufbmtwb8
2 cbv,jkehb0888 hfvltybf cbv,jkehb0
2 fsb kfhb8
2 fsb wjnff8
2 dbwb7 hjv wjnff7 bvbnjvfw ubs[fhb cbv,jkehb8 hjwf ufvlblhlt,b7 vtht
dbkfgfhfrjs cthbjpek afct,pt8
2 fhf vujybf ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib ufdvlblhlt8 2 vfijv aekb nev,jpt lflj lf f[fkb
mehserb xfbwdf8
2 ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib ity xdtyb cfkjybc velvbdb rkbtynb bmyt,b8
2 hf bwbs0 2 rfht,ib itluf vfij8
2 bynebwbf= 2 rbobv ljby]b itvjb.fhf lf [tkb lfemybf8
2 vfiby vjvfdfk it[dtlhfvlt8
vfij fvfqkt,ekb ufyo.j,bs vbf,b]t,lf mexfib8 facecbf fctsvf ufghfyzekvf
fuytcf ,t,bfc ufhtvjwdfib uffnfhjc vjcfo.tyb cfqfvj8 nfmcc [tkb femybf lf
f,ecthb’tt,bc vbcfvfhsb erfhyf[f8

222

cbrjv vfymfyf exfc fdnjafht[bc oby lff.tyf8 ,byllt,jlf8 stshfl fvqdhtekb

wf cfsjdktl tvpflt,jlf7 vfuhfv lblt,bc ufcf[fhfl lf ,fdidt,bc uekufcfnt[fl hfnjvqfw
otkfdlf yfyfnhb abambc ufvjidt,fc8 cbrjv ’hfdb ufvjhsj lf vj,bkehb vjbvfh]df8
lhjf ]eyf n.fdf’tc itt[vfehjc8
2 ufvfh]j,fs ,fnjyj ]eyf7 cbrj f,ecthb’t ufoe[t,s888
it[dtlhf vtjht lqbcsdbc lfsmdtc7 ]eyf vjbnfylf sfy[bc yf[tdfhc7 cbrj
ufev[tklf xfgkbyfc flubkcfv.jatkc8 jgthfwbbc lfvsdht,bc itvltu uflftwtvjlf sfy[bc
vtjht yf[tdfhb8 fctw itsfy[vlyty8
 cbrj vfymfyblfy uflvjdblf8 [tkib tzbhf hj,jnb-fdnjvfnb7 cfxemfhb
ybrfcsdbc8 cflfh,fpjcsfy fhvbcekb ifdvf rfnfv uflfeh,byf8
2 ityb ie,f lfd[bt= 2 itc’f[f ythdt,vjikbkvf lf yf,b]bc uflfcfluvtkfl fotekb
at[b xfcobf8
rtyzb uffujhjc7 cfv]th uflffaehs[jc se lftkjljc7 hjlbc uflfzhbc ueke,h.dbkj
vjmfkfmt rfnbc ufyfh,tyc8 fv cbwbdtib ueke,h.dbkj vjmfkfmt ntktdbpjhbc oby
pbc lf kbvjybfy xfbc vbbhsvtdc8 dby bwbc7 yf[tdfhb cffsb vjeobjc .eh.enb8
cflfh,fpjib itqotdf itvjdkbsfw itb’kt,f7 vfuhfv upblfy lf,heyt,f erfy uflfluvekb
yf,b]bc njkafcbf7 hfw rfnbc uflfh,tyfpt efhtcbf8 ,jkmdt,fl ufvjeidf gbhblfy s,bkb
/fthb8 cbhw[dbkbf cektkehb whehovtybc f.jkf888 ifdb rfnbc7 stshb vfhbkbc7
vfhw[tyf at[bc ibib flfvbfyt,bc vjujybkbf7 e,hfkjl fphb tythubfl uflfbmwf lf
vt[cbtht,fib lfbktmf7 vs[ktcfdbs8
cbrjv [tkb xfbmybf lf upf uflfzhf8 ’vbc ,byblfy cbwbkbc [vf ufvjlbjlf8
firfhfl mfkb lf ,fdidb bwbyjlf8 dbsjv byufc ufecrlf cb.dfhekbc ,einb lf mvfh-
idbkbc itvjhbut,f uflfo.dbnf0 cekfw fh fo.j,c vjdktyt,bc vcufdcb ufydbsfht,f8
.jdtk itvs[dtdfib fv tnfgpt888 vtht rbcthb ent[bfs7 cf.dfhtk ’fvbrjc se fh foe[t,c
hmt,b7 dby eikbc7 bfhjc8
cbrjv rbltd ths[tk vbf.ehflf8 ,fdidbc cbwbkb ito.lf7 cfvfubthjl c[df [vt,b
ufbcvf7 dth ufbut,lb7 rfwbf7 mfkb se w[jdtkb8 thb/ff7 ufbabmhf cbrjv lf pfhbc
qbkfrc sbsb vbfzbhf8
2 dby fhbc0 2 rfhc bmbs ewyj,b mfkbc [vf ufbcvf8
2 vt rb dbwb dbyw dfh7 fb7 ity dby bmyt,b0 2 cbrjv fkvfwthfl uf[tlf
cfzdhtnc8
2 ybrf7 vjlb fm8 2 mfkvf ,bzc lfe’f[f8
ufbcvf at[t,bc n.fgeyb7 vtht v[bfhekb it’f[bkb8
2 cbrj ,b’bf vjdblf7 cbrj ,b’bf=
rfhb vfibydt ufbqj lf cbrjv ewyj,b mfkbidbkb lfbyf[f8 cfyfv ybrf ,b’bc
rbcthpt trblf7 cbrjv mfkbidbkb itfafcf lf [esbfyb lfeothf8
2 tc xtvbf0 2 ybrfv ,b’fvbcbc [tkib cfsfvfijc .esb itybiyf8
2 itybf7 ityb8 2 cbrjv hj,jnb uflfcwf lf jsf[ib itf,b]f8 2 bctsb [vt,b
vtcvjlf7 fm vstk pjjgfhrc dtkjlb7 smdty rb vfhnj .jabk[fhs8
2 vfijv sj]byt,bc stfnhb lfvbluf7 2 egfce[f .esbc uf[cybs lfrfdt,ekvf
ybreifv7 2 bvltyb dbwbyt7 vewtkb vtnrbyf8
2 vfij vcf[bj,bf0 2 cbrjv rbs[dbs cfdct vpthf cfsfvfijt,sfy xfwewmek
mfkbidbkc vbfg.hj8
2 fhf7 vfij tmsfybf8 2 vtcfvt gbhbs uftgfce[f vfij8 2 hjwf ybreif fdfl b.j7
ytvct,c ertst,lf8
2 gbhdtkfl d[tlfd fcts cbvgfsbeh tmsfyc8
vfijv jlyfd ufbqbvf lf ,fltib cfsfvfijt,bc xf.hfc iteluf8
2 fe7 hf vfufhb hj,jnbf= vfibrj7 yf[t hf vfufhb hj,jnb vjvbnfyf ,b’fxtvvf=
it[tlt7 sdbsvahbyfdfl uflfrtslf8 ufdahbylbs8 ,;;;888 2 hj,jnvjvfh]dte,kb ybrf
jsf[ib lf,phbfklf8
2 vtht7 vflkj,f hfnjv fh es[fhb0
2 vflkj,8 ,;;;888 ,;;;888 2 erdt vtjht jsf[blfy ufbcvf8
2 itb’kt,f dbwjlt hf cgtmnfrkc lufvlf cbvgfsbehb tmsfyb0 2 cbrj vfijc
udthlbs xfbrepf lf cfsfvfijt,bc fkfut,fib vbt[vfhf8
2 cgtmnfrkc7 wjnf [vfvfqkff yfsmdfvb7 obmfhfc pqfgfhb lfdelub8
2 obmfhfc hjkb dbc vjfhut7 fv gbyjmbjc [jv fhf0 2 cbrjv melbs lfbshbf
uh’tkw[dbhf cfsfvfij rfweyf8
 2 fhf7 gbyjmbj ,jhjnb ltlbyfwdfkb ud.fdlf7 sfdcfafhb ufdertsts lf ,jhjnb
[vf lfdflts7 [fhbc yfwdkfl rb fb7 tc 3vfuljyfklcbc4 dbhb ufvjdb.tyts8 2
yfwhbcath dbhpt vbesbsf vfijv8 2 tc xfa[enbfyb f[fkufphlf rb ,bzeyff8 ujujyt,bc
cfsfvfij,bs vfybgekbht,f eahj fldbkbf7 ,bzt,sfy cfv[tlhj ntmybrf ljvbybht,c 2
nfyrt,b7 vfymfyt,b7 ]fhbcrfwt,b7 reyby’t,b888
cbrj lfeafhfdb bynthtcbs e.eht,lf cfsfvfijt,ib xfv]lfh tmsfyc8 fb7 hjujhb
wjkb czbhlt,f 2 yfpb7 uekbc[vbthb7 ,fdidt,bc vj.dfhekb888 cnfnecbs fh
ittatht,f7 vfuhfv fhf eifdc7 f[fkufphlff lf bcofdkbc8 vtn.dtkt,f yjhvfkehb fmdc7
utvjdyt,bs fwdbf7 bevjhsfyfw fh fhbc vo.hfkfl888 cfblfy ufvjx[hbrf fv xfskf[vf
exfv tc fyutkjpb0=
vfijv cfsfvfijt,bc vjuhjdt,fc vjhxf lf at[pt fluf8
2 ybrei7 xtvb ofcdkbc lhjf8 2 lfe’f[f ,bzc8
2 xtvb vjcdkf uto.byfs0 2 [tkbcuekt,b fvjf,heyf cbrjv8
2 fhf7 udbfyff erdt7 vtht nhfcygjhnbw fh bmyt,f8 exfc vjcdkfvlt [jv
lfhxt,bs0
2 vfibrj7 fh of[dblt7 hf0 2 .tkb ufvjboboryf ybrfv7 2 vfvbrjc vjcdkfvlt
fh of[dblt7 ut[dtot,b8 se fh of[dfk ktmcc utn.db7 ity hjv vfcofdkt bv ktmcc8
ubylf ubs[hf0
2 fb7 ,b’fityc es[fhb8
2 ufvf[ctyt7 hjujh bo.t,f0
2 3pqfgfhc dbo.t, obstkb8884
2 /j7 3pqfgfhc dbo.t, obstkb cfjwfhb [fhbcfc7 fdb ltlbyfwdkbcfc7
gbhcbc[kbfy mfkbcfc7 offmtpt,c lbfwb7 ,bzbc vfvfc ufhtofhc7 vfvf idbkbc
lfcfrkfdfl xevfl lfyt,c lfktcfdc8884
cbrjc ktmcb tybiyf8 gbhcbc[kbfy lbfwfl byuf ofhvjblubyf7 lfyt,bc
vktcfd vfvfl 2 cfresfhb sfdb8 bmyt, fhw bctsb fyutkjpbf tc vfij hjujhw otqfy
vjtxdtyf7 dby bwbc7 byufc vjupfdybkbf8 it[tlf8 vfij sfdvjvojytl fltdyt,lf sdfkc
wbnbht,bs lfrfdt,ek ybrfc8 fct ltlt,b ewmthbfy rjyrehcib ufvfh]dt,ek idbkt,c8
fhfdbsfhb ,jhjnb phf[dt,b vbc ufvjvtn.dtkt,fib fh itbybiyt,jlf8
vfijv cbrjc vpthf buh’yj lf e[th[ekfl itbiveiyf8 fv rfwvf itvjcdkbcsfyfdt
lffluf sdfkb7 lf;byt,bs fsdfkbtht,c7 sbsmjc hfqfwbc uf[ctyt,f eylf lf dth b[ctyt,c8
’vt,b fh /ufdlyty thsvfytsc7 exfcsfy itlfht,bs cbrj cegthvtybf7 3vfhk,jhjc4
htrkfvfpt lf[fnek rjd,jbc xfvj/ufdc7 w[tyb frkbf lf cjv,hthj sfdpt8
2 .jxfq7 rfhub ,bzb [fh7 2 itfmj 3ufyfxtybc4 vjkjlbyib lflevt,ekb ybrf7 2
vfuhfv vfbyw eylf ofdblt8
2 jjj7 cbrj ,b’bf7 es[fhbs7 hf7 itt[dtots=
2 lfhxb vfibrj7 ye ]benj,7 nhfycgjhnbc lfhlb ye ufmdc7 vfymfybs dfh lf
uklfyibw hjv w[jdhj,lt7 cbfvjdyt,bs vbufwbkt,8
2 fct ijhc fh dw[jdhj,8 2 sfdb uffmybf vfijv8
2 vfbyw7 cfl0
2 uvbhsf vjtlfypt7 sthsvtncfhsekbfyib8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub7 upfib xfvjucdfvs8 ybrf7 ity vfijc e.fhfekt7 fh ufbgfhjc7
vt rb .fdfc vjdfleqt, cgtwbfkehb htwtgnbs8 2 cbrj ufvfh]dt,ekb rfwbc yf,b]bs
ufdblf jsf[blfy8
hjwf exf cf[kib vjdblf7 cfcnevhj jsf[ib itvltub cehfsb lf[dlf5 xfhsekb
ntktdbpjhb7 f[fkb hj,jnbs vjsfvfit ybrf7 .fdbc zbmt,sfy vbvc[lfhb cbrj lf vfij8
chekb j]f[ehb blbkbf8 vfij kfvfpb b.j7 hjujhw fhfclhjc7 cbrj7 vtnbcvtnfl
ufkfynehb8 exf evbptpjl lfb,jqvf8
2 [tkb [jv fh itubifkts0 2 brbs[f yf’fkfltdb qbvbkbs8
 2 vfvbrj7 yf[t cbrj ,b’bfv hfyfbhb hj,jnb vfxemf= nfyrbwff7 ufe,bwbw7
hfrtnfw888
exfv ’vf uflfrjwyf7 eybrfkehb hj,jnb itfmj7 vfijc sfdbc ’eyob lfrdhbs
vbtcfkvf8
2 cfl lfbrfhut7 flfvbfyj7 tc ,fdidb vfbyw fxdtyt ,f,efvbcc7 2 ecf.dtlehf
cbrjv8 2 vfvf ity fh utyfnht,f7 ’vt,b ity fh utyfnht,f7 ’vbcidbkt,c fh vjbrbs[fd888
2 smdty [jv cf[kbc rfhb fvbnfkf[ts8 2 exfv bqkbfib fvjlt,ekb yf[fpt,b
ltcfept lffulj lf mehserbc qbkt,b itb[cyf8
2 fb7 vjdtlb8 ity rb fh lfv[dlb8 cfvfubthjl tc vidtybthb fhct,f lfv[dlf8 2
vbesbsf vfijpt8
2 fhct,fj8 2 uflfbrbcrbcf ybrfv8
vfijv .fdbc zbmfc itfafhf fktobkb kj.t,b8 /fthib mfjnehfl vj’hfj,lyty
bynhbubc7 vbcnbrbc7 ufehrdtdkj,bc exbyfhb vjktrekt,b8
2 f[kf rb yfvldbkfl fhbc xtvb ofcdkbc lhj8 2 zbmf lfluf lf flubkblfy
ofvjbvfhsf8
2 vjbwf7 vjbwf7 2 cbrjv vrkfdpt [tkb vjezbhf lf ’fkbs lfcdf lbdfypt8 2
[jv lfugbhlb7 vt ofub.dfy-smj7 tuth7 ths-jh cbn.dfc dtn.db xtvc ’vfc lf thsfl
ofdblts8
2 rtsbkb7 es[fhbs7 vt rb ybrfc h’tc ufdew[tkt,8 2 vfijv7 pehupt fotgbkb
o.dbkb sdfkbs cfvpfhtekjc itfafhf sfdb7 ybrf ,qebk-,qebkbs uftltdyf8
2 ,bzj7 cfblfy ufvjx[hbrt tc fyutkjpb0 2 cbrj xehxekbs lfb[fhf ’vbcrty8
2 vjuojyc0
2 hjwf ufdzbvfd7 vtht utn.db8 2 ufbrhbzf cbrj8
2 uf;bvfd7 fhf0
2 se vjvwtvc7 hfnjvfw fhf0 tmsfyb hjv fh b.jc7 wjkflfw vjdb.dfylb8 fb7
f[kf cf[kfvlt vbdfwbkt, lf ybflfuc vjdcby]fd8
2 ybflfuc vjcby]fd8 2 ufbvtjhf exfv8
2 ]th vjdcby]fd7 f,f [jv fh ufdfegfnbeht,0888 hf hjltjpt ufvjv[nfhb
[fhbdbs vjvxtht,b[fh7 ,bzj0
exfv evwhjcb ’vf gb]frbc cf.tkjsb lfbshbf lf lfdbohjt,ekb next,b .ehsfy
vbenfyf5
2 f[kf rfhufl vbcvbyt lf rfhufl lfbvf[cjdht7 vtjhtl fqfh ufdbvtjht,888
ybrfv itvs,fhb h’t lfkbf7 rfhnjakbfyb qdtptkb lfbshbf lf hj,jnbfyf kj]bfib
ufexbyfhlf8 vfij afy]fhfc vbflj ufw[tkt,ekb ie,kb8 fuytcf ,t,bf fk,fs ntktdbpjhsfy
pbc lf uekpt crlt,f8 cfl lfbrfhuf aekbs lfcfxemht,ekb idbkbidbkb0 bmyt, fhw
crlt,f7 bmyt, tktvtynfkehfl ythdbekj,c8 dby /.fdc vfijc ufhlf888
cf[kib exdtekj cbxevtv lfbcfluehf7 fqfhw ybrfc it’f[bkb bcvjlf7 fqfhw
rfwt,bc leleyb8 mexfib rfynbreynfl vj’hfj,lyty vfymfyt,b7 ltlfvbof lfn.dtdt,ek
vsdfhtc vbfshtdlf8
cfvpfhtekjib dbqfw itvjdblf8 vfijc ,tzt,b ftodf7 vfuhfv fh vbe[tlfdc7
othfcfnfybkb ufyfuh’j,lf lujvfc8 exf se cbrj0 ew[j vfvfrfwbc w[tkvf
fvjyfceysmvf rbcthib iteqenfyf7 v[fhpt [tkbc it[t,f buh’yj8 exf se cbrj0
cbv’bvbc vb[tldbs7 exfcb eylf .jabkb.j8
vjnhbfklf8 exfc uf,eh’uyekb sfdb veknabkvbc rtsbkb ehx[ekbdbs trblf
vfijc w[dbhsfy8 idt,bs fvjbceysmf7 vfuhfv exfc lf’f,ekvf ufvjvtn.dtkt,fv itfiajsf8
2 hfvt lfdfifdt0 2 /rbs[f [vflf,kf8
lffifdt888 hjv [fh7 hjv fhct,j,7 hjv njhyfljcfdbs itvjbzthb xtvc
w[jdht,fib7 ndbyb fvbhbt7 ’bkb lfvbshs[t7 jwyt,fc vbvfxdbt7 eyljlf tsmdf exfc7
vfuhfv fh smdf8 bc fhfcjltc tn.dbc mfkc cfcbfvjdyj cbn.dt,c7 bc fhfcjltc
vbcwtvc sfdc eakt,fc b.jc kfqb lf sfdbceafkb7 bvbnjv7 hjv .dtkf mfkib bvfkt,f
byufcyfbhb ’eryf7 e,hfkjl sfdblfy fh tn.j,fs7 ueklfcvbs vfkfdty cfresfh fhcc7
itcfathbc lhjc tkbfy7 ubxdtdty7 ubn.et,ty lf hjwf vjleylt,b7 sfdc ecfahs[jl
buh’yj,7 cojhtl vfiby xfufhzj,ty i[fvbfy bcfhc8 exf fh lfeidt,c [tkvtjhtl ufb,kfyljc
j,j,fc mctkib vj[dtlhbkb ,epbdbs7 bc eylf b.jc vrfwhb lf wbybrehb888 vfuhfv tc
ujuj7 vthw[kbc rdthw[bdbs lfzjhakbkb sdfkt,bs7 ubvyfpbcnbdbs fqtkdt,c888
vjrdlt,f7 hjv fh itt[jc7 fh ufcby]jc7 fh lf.yjcjc7 fh er,byjc888
[tkt,ib vjbmwbf vfijc rbcthb lf gbhdtk.jabkb fqnrbyt,bs lffw[hf8 bvfc
obyffqvltuj,f fh ufeotdbf7 gbhbmbs7 vujyb egfce[f rbltw8 rb7 yfvldbkfl
egfce[f7 fh vjxdtyt,bf8 exf thsb ofvbs itxthlf lf cf[tib xf[tlf8 vfijc whtvkbfy
sdfkt,ib vflkbtht,f brbs[t,jlf7 rjwybs vjstysbk next,pt lf,ytekb qbvbkb
wf[wf[t,lf8
2 vujyb obylfe[tlfdfl dbmwtdbs8 2 smdf ,jh’brbs8
2 hfnjv0 2 ueke,h.dbkjl /rbs[f exfv8
2 ,fdidb fh itvjdbltc8
2 cf[kib vfhnj dfhs8
2 hjujh0
2 ,fdidbw lf ,b’fw ufdbcnevht8
2 hfnjv0
2 bvbnjv8
exfv [tkvtjhtl frjwf8 vtht rbltd lf rbltd8 vtht jhbdtv lfrfhuf rjynhjkb8
itreviekb pfv,fhf ufo.lf7 ufsfdbceaklf7 ufbifkf7 fwf[wf[lf7 cbqhvtib itfqobf7
ptdbs fbzhf888 fob vfc dtqfhfathb itfxtht,c8
lhj rb sfdbcsdbc vblbjlf7 lhjc fhfathb /mjylf cfthsj eojyj,fib v.ja
o.dbksfy8 rbctkbdbs itcmtkt,ekb ptwf rbltd ths[tk ufbzbysf lf sjdkbc ufvjidt,f
brflhf8
2 ,t,bfxtvb ufub;lt,f8 2 tc b.j gbhdtkb ahfpf7 hjvtkbw htfkj,fib
vj,heyt,ekvf vfijv ofhvjsmdf8
exfv lfyfvekb cf[t vjf,heyf8 mfkb7 dbcsfyfw jhbjlt oesbc oby c[df
ufypjvbkt,fib bvjupfehf7 cfvpfhtekjc vtnkf[pt bodf lf ,t,bfvbcpt abmhj,lf8
bhudkbd eotchbujl t.fhf nfycfwvtkb7 at[cfwvtkb7 rjkujnrf888 hjlbc
itvjb’fhwdtc7 hf dbsfht,fib7 fhw thsc fh f[cjdlf8
2 exf7 uflflb7 ’fkbfy v’bvt [fh7 ceysmdf vbzbhc8
exf e[th[ekfl xfvjchbfklf lf ifhdfkbc ’t,yfib sdfkt,b uffwtwf8 futh fhbc7
ufpmehfpt8 vbmtkfy]tkjc lfdbsbc fqyfuj,f hjv /mjyltc7 cbfvjdyt,bs uffrtst,lf
chek.jabkb c[tekbc ltvjycnhbht,fc8 bc cgbkjcfdbs nkfymbf lf fmktvbdbs
vjemytkb7 hjujhw fqybiyfdlf [jkvt byuf8 cfbynthtcjf7 vfij hf fphbc fhbc fv
cfrbs[pt8 hfqfw cftzdjl uff[ctylf cf[kib lfnjdt,ekb rfghbpekb ,t,bf8
hjujhw bmyf lfodlf ifhdkbc njnc7 ufvjmfxf7 yfxmfhtdfl fvjbwdf lf
ibidtkb at[t,bc n.fgeybs uftvfhsf kj]bbc vbvfhsekt,bs8
2 exf7 cfl vblb[fh0
2 jh oesib vjdfk7 lfvtkjlt8
vfij xfyfcf[bc gjpfib vjbreynf8 abmhbc sfdb fh /mjylf7 fhw cbyfyekbc7
fhw cbhw[dbkbc8 vj[lf bc7 hfptw bv lqblfy abmhj,lf7 hjwf lfbyf[f7 hjujh
ysmfdlf vbc ufrtst,ek ,jhic tc qjybthb vfvfrfwb lfqkbkb sdfkt,bs8
otkc ptdbs ibidtkb exf cfmvbfyb yf,b]bs itvjdblf cfvpfhtekjib7 vce,emfl
fb.dfyf [tkib lf cflqfw ofbqj8 vfijv rbcthpt itvj[dbf vrkfdt,b8 .ehsfy exfc uekb
’uthlf7 eybcjyib vbc ueksfy 2 luea7 luea7 luea888 fk,fs hfqfw eylf bsmdfc8
hfvt fvfqkt,ekb lf cfcbfvjdyj8 itcfathbcb cbn.dbc ’t,yfib mdtdblfy it[tlf8 exf
ahs[bkfl vbf,b]t,lf7 sbsmjc xdtekt,hbdb mfkb rb fhf7 vsdfhbc yfnt[b tzbhf
[tkib8 vfijv xfbwbyf8
 2 hf ufwbyt,c0 2 ptdblfy xfvj[tlf exfv8
2 hf dbwb7 fk,fs vb[fhbf8
2 vfhskf ub[fhbf0
vfij fbobf lf ybrfgpt frjwf8
2 vtqeneyt,f8
vfijv rbltd frjwf8
2 ufxthlb7 sjhtv ufvbdfhlt,b8
3cflqfw4 fqvjxylf cfkfsbcathb f,fpfyf s,bkb o.kbs8 wbd vtnkf[pt ujhfj,bc
itvltu s,bkb o.fkb vbcoht,ff7 f,fpfybc rbltpt xfvjv]lfhb vfvfrfwb 2 jwyt,bc
vodthdfkb8
2 vjlb8 2 lfe’f[f o.fkib ufexbyfht,ekvf vfijv8
2 vfyl vjdblt0 2 sdfkbs fybiyf f,fpfyfpt8
2 /j8
2 xfdtntdbs0
vfijv sfdb lfemybf lf sfdbcrty ufvjmfxf8 cfresfhb cbsfvfvt fywdbaht,lf7
sbsmjc fmts /.fdlf ufvjwdkbkb thsb o.t,f mvfh-idbkb7 exf rb evobrdkj
mfkbidbkb ,h’fylt,jlf8 wjkvf lffrjvgktmcf7 bv ecekuekj fkmf]vf8 fk,fs fh
e.dfhlf8 hjwf fh ub.dfhc7 fh vjuojyc7 hjwf fh vjuojyc7 fh ufqtkdt,c8 vfijc bctsb
cbyfpt itvjfodf7 sdfkbw rb lf[ezf8
exfv ifhdfkb ufb’hj lf epfhvfpfhb dtifgbdbs xf[nf f,fpfyfib8 o.fkvf
hfvltybvt cfynbvtnhbs fbobf8
2 vbs[fhb7 dby [fh0 2 cdtk svfpt frjwf exfv8
2 fmfvlt dbwjlb7 lqtblfy tzdb vtgfht,f8 sbsmjc vfij dfh7 vfuhfv vt fcts
vfijc fh dbwyj,lb8 fk,fs vbdtxdtdb8
2 hfc vbtxdtdb0
2 fphc7 hjv itvb’kbf lfdyt,lt sbsmvbc ewyj, vfvfrfwc7 hfw .dtkfpt
cfrdhbdtkbf7 cbylbcb fh vmty]ybltc8
2 hf dbwb7 fphpt vj[dtlb se fhf7 ,t,bfityb ufuf[ctylf8 fct utibybf ,t,bbc0
2 /j7 vtibybf8 bmfvlt vtibyjlf7 cfyfv ufdbwyj,lb8 hjwf ufdbwfyb7 rbltd
eahj itvtibylf8
2 hjujh7 cfresfh ,t,bfc fh bwyj,lb0
2 fct vj[lf7 uh’tkb bcnjhbff7 vtht vjub.dt,b8
2 vjvb.tdb uh’tkb bcnjhbf7 vt .dtkfathb vfbynthtct,c8
2 bctsb ufwdtsbkb ahfpf vbnhbfkt,c sfdib7 smvf vthblt,f8
2 ye uthblt,f7 smdb8 ityb [vbc ufujyt,f vcbfvjdyt,c8
2 vt rb ityb uekbcwtvbc vjcvtyf8 2 vfij vrthlpt kj.bs uft[f[eyf8 2 fct
vujybf lblb [fybf ubwyj,7 bmyt, obyf w[jdht,fib itd[dtlhbdfhs thsvfytsc0
2 ufvjhbw[ekbf8
2 hfnjv0
2 nb,tnehb rfktylfhbc vb[tldbs obyf w[jdht,fib stshb lfsdb db.fdb8
2 bmyt, vt ltlfkb lfsdb db.fdb888 fy .byekb fy stdpb fy888
2 fy xemxf7 hjvtkvfw vjrkf stshb lfsdb7 uffn.fdf lf behnfib lfbabyf8
2 vbylf8
2 hf ubylf0
2 bc n.fdb db.j8
exfv vrkfdt,ib [tkt,b xffdkj lf ptdbs fvjcobf8 vfij ptdblfy lfcwthjlf 2
ufoeoekb7 ,tlybthb7 uf,het,ekb8 exf bct e.eht,lf7 sbsmjc gbhdtkfl [tlfdlf8
2 cfl b.fdb bvlty [fyc7 vfij0
2 ity utkjlb fk,fs8 2 vfij cdtkb svt,b ufbmybf lf ofvj]ljvfc ittwflf8 2 exf7
eylf ofdblt7 sjhtv fuytcf ,t,bfc oytdf feotdc8
 2 ufub;lb0 fhcfl ufubidt,=
2 tc ]fljcyehb qfvt vfkt lfvsfdhlt,f8 ,tlybtht,f fhfcjltc xthlt,f lbl[fyc888
[dfk ufstylt,f7 vt ofdfk bycnbnenib7 vtht cfvcf[ehib888
2 cofdkj,0
2 /j7 cfvtlbwbyjib8 [dfk xfsdkf vfmdc7 ptu ufvjwlf888
2 ufvjwlf8 rfhubf cneltynj,f8
2 uffxybf dbcsdbc8 vt dth itdbhut cneltynj,f8
2 fh of[dblt7 lfhxb8
2 exf888
2 lfehtrt bv ityc dfytcfc lf es[fhb7 hjv xtvsfy hxt,b8
2 fuytcfc8 2 vfij dfhlt,bss vjxbsek gbhcf[jwc lfcodlf lf f,fpfyblfy
uflvjdblf8
2 lfhxb8
vfijv efh.jabc ybiyfl sfdb lffmybf lf gbhcf[jwib uf[dtekb ufdblf
f,fpfyblfy8 exf wjnf [fyc lfhxf8 bctsb uh’yj,f /mjylf7 sbsmjc uekb fvjfwfktc lf
sfy ofbqtc8 vcufdcb fhfathb ufvjewlbf byufcsfy7 gbhbmbs7 bynbvbc itvltu
sfdb zez.bfyb w[jdtkb tujyf7 thsb cekb /mjylf cohfafl xfvjthtw w[jdht,f sehvt
cbehghbpt,bsff cfdct7 fv oesib vfcsfy b.j mfkb7 hjvtkbw vbc uekbc’uthfc
ecvtylf8 hfw vsfdfhbf7 tc xdtekt,hbdb ghjwtcb cbfvjdyt,fc fybzt,lf8 flht exfc
uekb vfhnj exfcsdbc ’uthlf7 lqtdfyltkb lqbc itvltu bc jhbcsdbc b’utht,c8
exfv [fkfsb xfbwdf lf f,fpfyblfy ufvjdblf8 vfij pehubs bluf afy]fhfcsfy lf
rbcthofuh’tkt,ekb b.eht,jlf ufhts8
2 exf7 yf[t7 sjdkb vjcekf8 2 es[hf vje[tlfdfl8
exfv v[fhpt ybrfgb lfflj lf afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8
2 sjdc7 rb8
2 ybrfc ufe[fhlt,f7 thsb rdbhf tkjlt,jlf fv lqtc8 /j7 vfhskf7 hjujh
ufbcnevht ityb ’vf0
2 vflkj,f vbs[hfc7 rb,blfy hjv fh lfdeidb8
2 hfnjv0
2 sjhtv fh bwb888
2 btzdbfyt0
2 dbtzdbfyt hjvtkbf7 sdfkt,b fvt[bkf8 2 exfv rbcthpt itvj[dbf [tkt,b7
rbcthib frjwf8
2 hfpt fut[bkf sdfkt,b0
2 itypt8 hjwf ofhvjdblubyt7 hjv itb’kt,f vfymfybs vbufwbkjc lf e[fvcb
obyflflt,t,bs ufuf,hejc7 ,hfpbcufy svt,b xfvb,heylf8
2 vfhskf0888 fh vfn.et,0 2 vfijv bvtlbs vj[tlf8
2 ,j888 ltlbc cfakfdc dabwfdfh8
2 vjvbnfyt ntktajyb8
2 ntktajyb0
2 /j7 ntktajyb7 cohfafl7 sjhtv uflfdbabmht,8
exfv lfjs[bkb ufdfhlf ntktajybc vjcfnfyfl8 vfijv .ehvbkb fbqj lf yjvthb
frhbaf8
2 fuytcf ,t,bf7 vt dfh8888 hjujh [fh0888 fhf7 vjcfrbs[fl fh lfvbhtrfdc7
lqtc c[dfufy dhxt,b lf fh bythdbekj888 ity fh bwyj,888 us[jd7 ye .dbhb888 [dfk
lbkbs vjdfk lf .dtkfathc fub[cyb888 vjhxf7 [dfkfvlt8 2 vfijv next,sfy vbblj
ufsbiekb .ehvbkb lf .f.fxjcfdbs ufobsklf8
exfv .ehvbkbfyf fbnfwf lf jsf[ib lff,phbfkf8 afy]hbc vbqvf abamt,b
wtrdfdlyty sfdbc gbhdtk dfkcc8
 222

c[dtyb7 cflfw xfgkbyf bv.jat,jlf7 jh afy]fhfc bsdkblf8 afy]ht,b cf[kc

uflfwmthjlf7 cflfw w[jdhj,lf rfnt,bc vj.dfhekb vfhnj[tkf mfkb8 cf[kb ’dtkb b.j7
thscfhsekbfyb7 ufdthfyt,ekb tpjsb lf ufemvt,ekb abwhekbs8 mfkbw vjcbfhekt
abwhekc /ufdlf 2 lf,fkb7 ite[tlfdb7 ufqeyekb at[t,bs8 bub pecnfl thscf lf bvfdt
lhjc uflbjlf cf[kblfy lf pecnfl thscf lf bvfdt lhjc ,heylt,jlf8 lblb vwltkj,bc
vbe[tlfdfl7 xfgkbyfv dth lfflubyf rfnt,bc pecnb hfjltyj,f8 fspt vtnb lf jwpt
yfrkt,b yfvldbkfl b.j8 rfnt,c afy]hbc hfafpt e.dfhlfs ]ljvf7 bm7 cflfw lbkfj,bs vpt
flut,jlf [jkvt8 fv,j,ty7 flubkc7 hjvtkcfw rfnf vjbcb.dfhekt,c7 lflt,bsb ve[nb fmdc
lf flfvbfybc ]fyvhstkj,bcsdbc rfhubfj8 xfgkbyfc fh c]thjlf7 hflufy7 vpt hjujhw
uflfdbljlf7 rfnt,b afy]fhfc njdt,lyty8 dbsjv hfib fbynthtct,lf ibyfeh w[jdtkt,pt
lfrdbhdt,f7 vfuhfv hfvbs [jv eylf ufthsj sfdb0 c[dtybc .dtkf res[t-reyzekb
itbcofdkf7 pecnfl bwjlf cfl blj cfyflbhj fqzehdbkj,f7 vjoyekb rfkfst,b7 vjlblfy
ufvjcekb ntmybrf8 dbltj abkvt,bc .eht,f vj,tphlf7 rbs[df ,fdidj,blfy fh e.dfhlf7
sjhtv ntktdbpjhbc .esib ,kjvfl t.fhf ’dtkb ;ehyfkt,b8 b]lf lf afy]fhfib bwmbht,jlf8
w[jdht,fib gbhdtkfl buh’yj sfdbceakt,bc afcb7 mexf tyfnht,jlf7 htcnjhybc
itcfcdktksfy rkbtynt,bc kjlbyb8 fk,fs weufvfw vjbo.byf xfgkbyfc ufhtit7 dby
bwbc7 vibthb lf’hobc fv cbwbdtib8
xfgkbyfv bwjlf7 hf fhbc vjyfnht,f8 vjyfnht,fv ufb.dfyf gbhdtkfl mexfib7
cfvfs[jdhjl uffidthbyf [tkb8 w[hf okbc oby xfgkbyfc at[v’bvt mfkbidbkb cfresfh
mvfhc itvjfrdlf8 ufyf hfvt lfyfifekb vbe’qjlf7 e,hfkjl vsdhfkc sdfkib fh vjedblf
wjkbc ufhtw[bkb staib8 itrfvfst,f x[e,ib uflfbpfhlf7 x[e,c vrdktkj,f vj/.df8 vfiby
xfgkbyf vfnfht,kbc ufvwbkt,kfl veifj,lf7 cfyfv vfnfht,tkb vjcrjdblfy s,bkbcib
xfvjxf[xf[lf7 idbkb lfvfh[ekb lf[dlf7 cb’t 2 wb[tib8 xfgkbyfv fh.bs cwflf lfhlbc
ufmfhdt,f7 vfkt wjkbw lfrfhuf7 cfvcf[ehbw lf w[jdht,bc [fkbcbw8
bv qfvtc xfgkbyfc vjrkekb idbkb lftcbpvhf8 dbsjv vfnfht,ekb xfvjluf7
dfujybc vjqbfdt,ek rfhib rb vbcb afnb bluf8
2 wjw[fkb [fh7 idbkj0= 2 xfgkbyf wfc tobf cb[fhekbs8
2 vt rb dfh wjw[fkb7 ity hf utidtkt,f7 cfwff vrdktkb lfuflut,f sfdpt8
2 hf vrdktkb7 afnb7 hfc fv,j,0
2 sdfkb uff[bkt vfvfxtvj7 xtvsfy it[dtlhfc rbltd vjfcoht,8
tc smdf lf dfujybc cbqhvtib ufexbyfhlf8 xfgkbyfc lfltdyt,f cwflf7 vfuhfv
vjekjlytkfl vfnfht,tkb lfb’hf7 cbxmfht frhbaf lf ybckib ufexbyfhlf8 xfgkbyfv rb
ufbqdb’f8
iefqfvt bmyt,jlf8 afy]fhfib abamt,b bhtjlyty8
3sjdkb vjcekf47 ,fdidehb cb[fkbcbs ufbabmhf xfgkbyfv lf at[ibidtkf vbn.fgeylf
afy]fhfcsfy8 hjwf ufkfdfypt lfvjv’dhfkb ifdb cbketnb lfbyf[f7 vfibydt cbpvfhb
uff[ctylf8 3xtvc vjcfrkfdfl vjdblyty47 uf/rhf yfv’byfhtd ndbyib8 ufyufibc
fnt[dfc fphb bv itvs[dtdfib /mjylf7 serb cf[kbc gfnhjyt,b flubkpt b.dyty8 se fh
b.dyty0 ieflqbc itvltu fhfdbcsdbc vjerhfdc sdfkb8 bmyt, lfcfdktsib
uftvupfdhyty7 hjujhw fvfcobyfs8 cf[kb cbuyfkbpfwbfpt lff.tytc7 xfgkbyf rb
uffahs[bktc7 afy]fhfibw fh ufvjt.j w[dbhb7 serb hfvtl eqbhlf cbwjw[kt8
xfgkbyfc cbwjw[kt fhfahfl eqbhlf7 vfuhfv vfbyw ptlvbotdybs itfchekf
lfyf,fhtdb8 tn.j,f7 b.j vbc uf’fqkt,ek w[jdht,fib hfqfw7 hbc ufvjw cfcbrdlbkjl fh
tvtnt,jlf sfdb8 rfnt,bfy mfkpt lfrdbhdt,fv tc fphb ufyevnrbwf8 bcbw vfhnjcekbf7
fhfdby /.fdc uekitvfnrbdfhb7 fluf lf rfnt,b itb.dfhf8 cfyfv gbhib cekb ublufc7
hfqfwbs eylf uffvfhskj cfresfhb fhct,j,f8 hjwf ufsfdbceaklt,f7 weufc vbb.dfyc
,fhfrib lf thsfl bw[jdht,ty8 serb lffwfltc cbwjw[kt888
 fvfcj,fib abamt,ib uf[dtekb ifdb cbketnb cflqfw ufexbyfhlf8 xfgkbyf
ibivf fbnfyf8 cfblfy tkbc cfahs[t 2 zthblfy7 rfhblfy se afy]hblfy8 cfvfkfdbc
’t,yfib evotj vpthf vjfdkj xf,ytkt,ek jsf[c8 kjubybc mdti it’hjvf ueke,h.dbkj,ff7
gbhdtk hbuib vjafht,ek flubkt,c lfivjyfdty8 cntkf;t,pt cfyflbhj fmctcefht,b t.fhf 2
[frbc cfodbvfhb7 htpbybc ,jnt,b7 ’fqkbc cf.tkehb7 vesfmfcfdbs lf[dtekb cf’bkt
njvfhf888 fb7 tc ufvjflut,f8 frfyrfkt,ekb sbst,bs uf[cyf sfcvt,b7 njvfhf cntkf;t,sfy
ufifkf lf ibu it’dhf8 cfrvfjl ntdflb njvfhf ufvjluf7 f[jdfyb rfwbcsdbc ufsdkbkb7
xbf xfgkbyf ibuybs xfbrfhuf8 e/fthj,fc hjv fh ittoe[t,byf7 rfrkbcjltyf cfceysmb
[dhtkb lfbnjdf lf vjdktyt,bc ufydbsfht,fc lftkjlf8
ufdblf fsb oesb7 itb’kt,f vtnbw8 rkfecnjaj,bbc itvjntdf buh’yj7 vjtxdtyf7
hjv cfsflfhbujl ufrtst,ekb yf[dhtnb lfbuvfyf8 sfyfw lfw[f7 njvfhf bctsb s,bkb
fqvjxylf7 ibibs vjudhbkb rfyrfkb sf,hec[dtdfv itwdfkf8 w[tkb fvjyfceysmb
gbhlfgbh ndbyib ehn.fvlf8 cfxdtyt,tkb sbsbs ittwflf [dhtkbc uflblt,fc7 cf[t jsf[bc
cbuhbktc vbeidbhf lf fv gjpfib ufitilf8 afy]fhfpt dbqfw sfdlf.bhf trblf8 dbqfw rb
fhf7 bc ifjcfyb flfvbfyb-j,j,f7 otqfy hjv ufkfdfypt vj’dht,jlf8 xfgkbyf cf/fthj
lfuvfyf lf cb,ytktib vjbreynf8
.ehc fy]fvt,bc [vf vbodlf8 bc erdt c[dtyib b.j7 xfgkbyf fvfc uh’yj,lf rfybc
.dtkf htwtgnjhbs8 cbrdlbkb7 hjvtkcfw cek wjnf [ybc oby vstkb uekbs lf cekbs
yfnhj,lf7 futh lfzhfzeyt,lf7 c[dtybc bfnfrpt7 sbsbc thsb ufy’htdf lf erdt cfbmbjib
[fh7 wjksfy lf idbksfy888 fqvjxylf7 cekb bvfpt nr,bkbf7 dblht xfgkbyfc tujyf7
e/fthj,f cflqfw fbkfuvf7 dtqfhw cbw[tc uh’yj,lf7 dtqfhw sf,hec[dtdfc8 thsflthsb
cehdbkb fvj’hfdt,f 2 flfvbfy-j,j,fc fh ittybiyf8
c[dtybc rtltkpt afhfybc vj.dbsfkj sdfkb lf’hojlf7 vc[dthgkb fhcfl xfylf8
mbkthvf cfojkbc mdti itb[tlf7 afhlt,b vjfahbfkf7 cntkf;t,sfy lfult,ek njvfhfc
uf/rhf at[bc odthb7 hfvltybvt oesc rbltd b,jhbfkf7 vtht fikbk cfojkpt xfvj]lf lf
vj,bkehb fvjbqj8
2 itac uflftwb7 hjv f.bhfdtc7 fm fhfdbyff8 2 vjf[ctyf dbqfwfc8 2 888hf
eylf dmyf7 ufvjdlbdfh7 fm [jv fh lfdhxt,b0=
ufbcvf cfojkbc zhbfkb7 vtht afy]fhf ufbqj lf fhitvlufhb mbkthb qfvbc
cb,ytktib ufexbyfhlf8

222

]eyfv 3rtnfyjdbc4 f,b tyfpt lfblj lf o.fkb vbf.jkf8 sdfkbc ueut,ib bcts
cbv’bvtc uh’yj,lf7 sbsmjc ,hjkbc yfwdkfl ufvlyfhb n.dbf xfec[tc8 n.dbbc
ufwbt,bc ghjgjhwbekfl nrbdbkb vfnekj,lf8 wjnf [fyib nrbdbkb ufbdkbc7 ofut,bc
ecbfvjdyj ituh’yt,f rb sfy uf/.dt,f8 ufcfytbnhfkt,kfl vjmvtlt,f b.j cfzbhj8 rf,bytnib
gfylf lf ,thbrf tkjlt,f itabc cf,jkjj cbn.dfc7 sfdbc v[hbd7 ]eyf nrbdbkbc ufdkfc
tkjlt,f8
fv,j,ty7 bfgjytkt,vf cgtwbfkehb ,fkbib vjbujytc7 ibu xfvjynf;t,ekb
fgfhfnb odbvbc odtst,bc [vfc ufvjcwtvc lf qhvf ’bkc bodtdc8 cbfvjdyt,bs itb’tylf
fcts ,fkbic8 cfylhbrfc eylf cs[jdjc bynthytnbs vjb’bjc8 cekfw thsfl vjb’bjy7 ]
eyfv cfl bwjlf bvltyb byukbcehb7 fhflf7 cfbnt,ib ’hjvbfkb lbl cbfvjdyt,fc
fybzt,lf8 idbkbidbkbc uf[ctyt,fv jhbjlt oesbs ufvjertsf [fcbfsb7 sevwf vfibydt
uff[ctylf xfikbkb jgthfwbbc ltnfkt,b8 ltnfkt,b bmbs b.jc7 ]efyith n.fdf’tc7 ifdb
cfv.fhjc .jabk hbc[dfc lf mehlekb ufhxtdt,bc sfdrfwc7 tktvtynfkehfl aekb
lffothtc= sfyfw dby7 ueiby ufvjxtrbkvf vtqdbytv= ,hfpbs sdfkt,b xfecbc[kbfylf7
f[kf hjv [tkib vjfult,byf cbrj f,ecthb’t7 wjw[kfl itzfvlf7 ’dkt,c rb vfofyofkf
’fqkt,c vbeult,lf lfcf[hfdfl8 jhvjwlffsb fsfcb xfb]b,f lf whe vbcfvfhsb erfhyf[f8
hjujh uf,tlf=
 gfylf lf ,thbrf yfhlc sfvfij,lyty7 hjwf rf,bytnib vjmeahekb ]eyf itvjdblf8
itabc fdbcvjvfcofdt,kfl fsfvfit,ekb ofh,b rfhuc fhfathc emfllfs7 vybidytkjdfyb
uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,bc oby ]eyf ofh,t,c dth bvjhxbkt,lf7 hbc ufvjw cf[t
fcbvtnhbekb e[lt,jlf8
2 hfc vjvxtht,b[fhs0 2 ]eyf ,ehlqeybs lftidf lbdfy-cfdfh’tkpt8
2 ,h’fyt,fc dtkjlt,bs8 2 jhbdtc yfwdkfl egfce[f gfylfv8
2 cbrj f,ecthb’t vjcfrkfdbf8
2 cfcfakfj vbcoht,ff 3rfhub4 [fk[bcsdbc8 cbo.yfhtf7 xbnt,b zbrzbrt,ty7
abzdt,b ihbfkt,ty7 .dfdbkt,b [fhj,ty888 2 cbnefwbbc ufyve[ndf cwflf ,thbrfv7
jhvjwbjlt okbc vfvfrfwvf vjrhbdbc ufnt[bkb w[dbhbs8
2 tutw vfhsfkbf7 vfuhfv fv tnfgpt cfcfakfj vjbwlbc8888 vfu fhfrfwbc
ufnhegt,f cfmvtc fh offlut,f8 bcts lqtib eylf xfdfuljs7 fmts ufde[fljs itcf[dtob7
vfcfw lf vbc j]f[cfw8 se vt[cbtht,f fh vqfkfnj,c7 f,tcthb’tt,bc rkfybc ,fhj,fpt
thsb ,bzbf888
2 rb7 idblb okbc ybrjkjpb8 2 lfelfcnehf gfylfv8
2 ybrjkjpb eylf fdb.dfyjs v’tdkfl8
2 /j7 vfuhfv bc [jv iefsfyf ’vbc7 exfc idbkbf=
2 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc7 f,ecthb’t [jv fhbc= f,f7 ubjhubc vjphlbk ujujt,c
[jv fh vjdbnfwt,8 cbrj7 hjvtkcfw vbmfhekb fmdc ubjhubc vbvfhs7 b’ekt,ekb
uf[lt,f aekb lff,heyjc7 xfgkbyfc yfvldbkb flubkcfv.jatkbw ufudbv[bkjc lf
,jlbibw vjudb[fljc8 c[df itvs[dtdfib888 2 ]eyfv vhfdkbcvtn.dtkb gfepf uffrtsf8
2 c[df itvs[dtdfib0 2 sdfkt,b vjzenf gfylfv8
2 c[df itvs[dtdfpt eahjcb f,ecthb’blfy lfo.t,ekb7 evwhjcbs lfvsfdht,ekb
.dtkfc twjlbyt,f dby fhbc j]f[ib xfvjv[nfhb ltcfynb8
2 se tctw fh bmyt,f cfrvfhbcb0
2 ,fdidc [jv fh ufobhfdty7 tu j]f[mjht,b0
2 vfvfv lf ,f,efv tut, fh ufobhjy7 vfuhfv tc cbrj bctsb wbdcbc[kbfyb
w[jdtkbf888 2 gfylfv .j.vfybs it[tlf cbufhbc ufqdbdt,bs lfrfdt,ek ]eyfc8
2 wbdcbc[kbfy w[jdtkcfw e.dfhc cfresfhb sfdb8 se zrebs fh vjbmwtdf7
vfcvtlbfib bcts ifd gbfhc fdfujht,7 vtjht lqtc vstkvf cfmfhsdtkjv bkfgfhfrjc
wyj,bkb fldjrfnbc yfhrj,fhjy ’vfpt8
2 ,fhjyb yfvtnfybf8
2 vfhsfkb [fh8 ,fhjyb rb fhf7 fvqt,bf7 ,bpytcc fvjafht,ekb ,fhbuf8 vfuhfv
fh vujybf fct ijhc ofdbltc7 se rfhufl itdfy]qhtds7 vujyb kfyufhpt vjudfhsfdc
.,flfqt,ekb vjovt8 obyfcofh se ufvjibuyfdc7 lbl vflkj,fc vjdf[ctyt,7 wjw[fkb
xfgkbyf vt fhfathib vzbhlt,f8 2 ]eyfv cbufhf cfathakbc rbltpt xfvjlj lf gekcfwbfc
vbf.ehflf8
2 rjnt .fhfekfidbkb0 2 uff[ctylf ,thbrfc8
2 rjntcsfy lfrfdibht,bs jhb vjcfpht,f vfmdc8 fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb bct
lfibyltc7 cfthsjl fbqjc [tkb ,bpytcbc ufafhsjt,fpt8 vjdktyt,bc fctsb ufydbsfht,f
vfo.j,c8 fhbc vtjht dfhbfynbw 2 rhbzfib xfvblutc7 fhw xfgkbyf lfsvjc7 fhw
,bpytcb8
2 tuht hjv vj[ltc0
2 vfiby vtwjlt,f fv,bwbehb ,bpytcvtyb rjnt .fhfekfidbkb8 2 ]eyf yfhlbc
lfafpt ufujyt,ek rfvfskt,c lfodlf lf vezib itfsfvfif8 2 ,bzt,j7 fv cfqfvjc gfnfhf
ybrjkjpb xdtyc [tks eylf b.jc8 rjycgbhfwbekb ,bybc ufcfqt,b ufmds7 eyjvhj
vfymfyf u.fds7 ufvjwlbkt,fc fh exbdbs8 jqjyl frehfnekfl vjtmtwbs7 ’fkbfyfw ye
itfibyt,s8
2 ,fpfhb fh fhbc8
 2 vfiby7 ite,thts8 2 ]eyfv vezb ufifkf8 ’dkbcufy lfvpflt,ekb rfvfskt,b
it[vfnr,bkt,ekfl ufujhlyty lfafpt8 xfhb ct8

222

ntktrjvgfybfib7 cflfw byuf veifj,lf7 lbkblfy f;bjnf;b bluf8 f[fkb

utythfkehb lbhtmnjhbc lfybidyfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs lqbc otchbuib lfluf vstkb hbub
uflfwtvt,bc ufemvt,f8 ;ehyfkbcnt,b qtkfdlyty7 f[fk eahjcsfy vbcfcdktk upt,c
t’t,lyty7 rjhbljht,ib xehxekt,lyty7 vj,bkeht,c fodfkt,lyty8 byuf yt,f-yt,f bneifdlf
ofvofvt,c7 chekbfl lfhoveyt,ekb7 hjv itvwbht,fib fh vj.dt,jlf8 hjvtkb zrefsv.jatkb
ittktjlf ntktrjvgfybbc vidtyt,fc7 ufhlf fvbcf vsfdfhb ghjlbecthb vbcb cf.dfhtkb
b.j8 ktdbrj .dtkfathc uffrtst,c vbcb uekbcsdbc7 bcbyb thsvfytsbcsdbc fhbfy
lf,flt,ekt,b7 kfvfpt,b7 v[bfhekt,b7 hbcrbfyt,b888 gbhdtk mjhobyt,fib fhw thsc
fh ufevfhskf7 fy exf hf byufc itcfathbcb vfvfrfwb b.j7 fy bc crdbyxf hfv
vjf.dfybyf ktdbrjc wjkfl8 fh eifdc7 itwljvbc ufvjcojht,fc hf elufc oby0 ktdbrj
sfyf[vff uhfylbjpekb mjhobkb uflfb[fljc7 /jkbdelbc dfhcrdkfdt,b hjv
uf[eylt,bfy7 bctsb8 e,hfkjl7 itcfathbc vjvtync tkjlt,f7 eahj cojhtl sfy[fc8 ktdbrjc
wjkvf7 bv ufevf’qfhvf ltlfrfwvf fhw ,bybc uf.jaf brflhf7 fhw cfudfhtekj
fynbrdfhbfnb ufbvtnf7 idbkt,bcsdbc vbylfj888 vbcvf vptv7 dbsjv vfhnj vfufc
/.fdc idbkb= exf7 hf smvf eylf7 lt,bkbf7 vfuhfv rtsbkb lt,bkb8 vfymfyfw lfenjdf
lf ,bybc mbhfcfw e[lbc7 jqjyl sfdb lfvfyt,tj8 dth vjfhsdtc= byufcsfyf fyutkjpb
vbcyfbh w[jdtksfy hjv bpbfht,lf cfhtwtkc fvltyb otkb7 rfhub b.j0 /jlf7 se rfhub
b.j7 rjvgtycfwbfw ufbvtnjc8 cbrj lblb ujsdthfybf7 vfbyw7 cfblfy ufmtmf ybrfc
xfcf[dbc bcnjhbf888 cfo.fkb exbrj jhvfub ifynf;bc v[dthgkbf7 fmts wjkb
otofdc7 bmbs 2 ’vf8 wjljf7 vfuhfv dthfathc uf[lt,b7 vbcb [fcbfsb vbcbdt
,tlbcothff8 ktdbrjvfw hf myfc7 crdbyxff se bylfehb7 bv mfkbcufy jhb idbkb
/.fdc7 ,tlbc fyf,fhf [jv fh vbfnjdt,c0 ]fyb ufdfhltc7 mjhobkbc [fh]t,c byuf
brbcht,c7 ,jkj-,jkj exfc lff.fzbyt,c7 fb7 cfmjhobyj vjupfehj,f rtsbkb byt,jc lf
ktdbrjv lffabyfycjc8 pfvsfhib tudbgntf rfhub fy fdcnhfkbf8 yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib
gkf;pt ufhe]dbc cfiefkt,f eylf b.jc8 cfl cjkfhbevib ufvjihj,f7 cfl yfnehfkehb
yfvptehb8
2 byuf7 ptdbs ub[vj,ty8 2 jsf[ib cf,fdidj uflfwtvbc fdnjhvf itvjbz.bnf8
2 cfl ptdbs0
2 utythfkehsfy8
2 ufcfut,bf8
2 vlbdfyvf [es oesib b.jcj8
2 fh bwb7 hf cfmvt fmdc0
2 fk,fs7 uflfwtvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs8
’fkbfy rfhub7 byufv neib itbyf[f7 vf]t,pt ceyfvj vbbi[fgeyf lf rvf.jabkb
vbfxthlf cfhrtc8 ’fkbfy rfhub7 se b,fht,c8 lqtcdt ofe.tyt,c ghtntypbfc f[fkb
ltrjhfwt,bc sfj,fpt7 hjltvlt eylf b]ltc zflhfrbc lfafcfdbs fzhtkt,ek rdflhfnib8
acbmjkjubeh uflfwtvfc ,elefhbc cnbkbc ufhtvj czbhlt,f7 flfvbfyc cfkfgfhfrjl hjv
ufyfo.j,c lf fhf zflhfrbc cdkt,pt cfabmhfkfl8 itcfrdtsbf f[fkb rjcnevt,b7
ntktrjvgfybbc cbhw[dbkbf7 hjwf ofv.dfyc ptlbptl thsb lf bubdt cfvjcb fwdbf8
fhw [tkafcbc vjvfnt,fpt fo.tyc cbn.dbc xfrdhf8
bv ytcnjt,lfmfxekb kbkbgenbc it,vf byufcsdbc thsb uflfaehs[t,ff7
vsfdfhbf cfresfhb qbhct,bc ituh’yt,bs itdbltc rf,bytnib7 tatmnehfl uflfljc at[b
at[pt7 sdfkb ufecojhjc7 jhbjl ahsbfyb ahfpf tchjkjc888
2 itb’kt,f0 2 jlyfd itfqj rf,byt,bc rfhb8
2 vj,h’fylbs8 2 vjtcvf fhfahbcvsmvtkb [vf8
 2 byuf f,ecthb’t uf[kfdfhs8 2 byuf st’jt,bc h[tdbs ofdblf vfublbcrty8
f[kflufvjvw[dfh lbhtmnjhc fhw eabmhbf itut,t,f7 [tkbw rb fh ufeojlf8 tn.j,f7 hf
ufesktkbwff8
2 ubwfybs8 2 smdf vihfkfl8 2 lf,h’fylbs8
byufc fhw vbcb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f vjtojyf7 fhw [vf7 fhw [vfib ufgfhekb
cbwbdt8 yjhvfkehb vfvfrfwt,b fct fh bmwtdbfy8 bvgjntynb sef7 lffcrdyf
sfdbcsdbc8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib vgfnbt,kehb qbvbkb fbrhf8 vfufkbsfl7 exfpt fctsb
qbvbkb zhblf8
2 mfk,fnjyj byuf888
2 itub’kbfs byuf lfvb’f[js8
2 ye vfo.dtnbyt,s7 utsf.df8
2 rtsbkb8
2 cfvoe[fhjl7 smdtyb uflfwtvf eylf lfd[ehjs8
2 hjujh lf[ehjs7 hfnjv0 2 byufc obyfcofh vjhut,ekb qbvbkb next,pt
itt.byf8
2 ebynthtcjf8
2 [fk[c e.dfhc xtvb uflfwtvf888
2 3[fk[ib4 smdtyc cff[kj,kj ohtc uekbc[vj,s0
2 fhf7 vf.eht,tkc8
2 futh vbltdc ,jkj tmdcb sdbc htbnbyut,bc vjyfwtvt,b7 smdtyb uflfwtvbc
htbnbyub firfhfl vjbrjzkt,c8
2 cfmvt bvfibf888 cfmvt bvfibf7 hjv [fk[c ezbhc acbmjkjubehb
cbqhvtt,bc odljvf7 vfufs jqjyl cfgybc jgthf vbfhsdb= /b7 /b888 vt xtvc
uflfwtvfib df.tyt,888 xtvc uflfwtvfib dwlbkj, lfdf.tyj ghj,ktvf7 thsb rjyrhtnekb
flfvbfybc ghj,ktvf888 hjv bwjlts hfl vbqbhc vfsb fkfgfhfrt,f0 [jv utcvbs
mfhsdtkt,bc fv,fdb7 cfyfv ufb[cyt,bfy7 cfyfv vb[dlt,bfy hbcb vjcvtyf ubylf
vfsufy888 tc uflfwtvf fh fhbc vfct,pt ufsdkbkb7 bub hxteksf [dt888
2 xdty rb vfct,pt ufsdkbkb uflfwtvf udzbhlt,f8 2 uffo.dtnbyf kbkbgenbc
ghjdjrfwbfv8
2 hjujh7 vfct,pt ufsdkbkb0888 vfcf [jv888 fff7 ufcfut,bf7 d[dlt,b smdtyc
vbybiyt,fc8 /f7 /f888 d[dlt,b lf dtsfy[vt,b8 fvbcfsdbc cfzbhjf uflfwtvbc ajhvfnbc
itwdkf7 cnelbehb cbcntvf eylf itvjdbqjs7 cnevht,b vjdbodbjs7 rfvfsbs
ufvjdfwjw[kjs888
2 ufvjfwjw[kts7 vfuhfv c[df ntktrjvgfybfib8
2 hjujh ,tlfds= 2 byufc vj,tphlf nfrbvfc[fhfj,f7 tc rfwb firfhfl vbc
qbhct,fc [tk.jac8 2 smdty vt dbqfw [tkofvjcfrhfdb ;ehyfkbcnb [jv fh uujybdfhs0
tc xtvb cffdnjhj uflfwtvff7 [fk[c de.dfhdfh7 mexfib vwyj,ty7 fd888 fdnjuhfac
vvfhsvtdty=
2 vbs evtntc7 fh lfbrfhut,bs8
2 vt vbd[dlb8 cfmvt uflfwtvfib rb fhf7 xtvibf7 fh dbwb hf lfubifdts7
vfuhfv smdty vt fh vjuojydfhs8 itb’kt,f dbwjlt7 hfnjv0
2 it’kt,bs itb’kt,f7 vfuhfv fh vujybf ’fkbfy vybidytkjdfyb b.jc8
2 fhf7 vbs[fhbs8
2 hf[fy fh bikbs7 utn.dbs5 ebynthtcj ofv.dfyb [fhs8
2 hff0 [f7 [f7 [f= ggbhdtkfl vtcvbc888 vcufdcb enbahj,f xtvb
vbcfvfhsbs gbhdtkfl vtcvbc888 fhf7 cfresfh .eht,c fh de]tht,8
2 sfdbceafkb [fhs8 2 utythfkehb lbhtmnjhb itedfkb cf[bs vbt.hlyj
vfqfkpehuf cfdfh’tkc8
2 vt fvfc fct fh lfdnjdt,7 vt888 vt ubxbdkt,s7 vt888 2 byuf vb[dlf7 sfvfib
ofut,ekbf7 bvbc yfwdkfl hfbvt vrdtshb vjtvjmvtlf ~vfufkbsfl7 vfkfmbnbc
cfathakt uftmfyt,byf gbhib vsmvtkb itabcsdbc` yfo.tyb ,fdidbdbs keqkeqt,c8 2
smdty7 smdty .dtkfpt wjnf fhfghjatcbjyfkb [fhs8 2 fqvj[lf lfcfchekc8
2 fhw smdty [fhs7 ghfbv-sfbvbc ltljafkb8
2 lfubvnrbwt,7 dbyw dfh8
byuf iehlekbdbs ufvjdfhlf rf,bytnblfy8 whtvkbc ufvzdbhdfkt ghbpvblfy
[tlfdlf vlbdfyb ujujyfc lfuh’tkt,ek cf[tc8 lfvgkt,b= lfvgkt,b= lfvgkt,b=
cbxmfhtib st’j uf/rhf vfublfc7 mfqfklt,b ihbfkbs vbvjbgyf bfnfrpt8 fh vbe[tlfdc8
rjhbljhib uffuh’tkf uffahst,ekb vcdktkj,f8 ghfbv-sfbvbc ltljafkbj7 hjujh uf,tlf888
rb,bc ,fmfypt byufv lffve[hezf8 fh tut,bc sfyfvihjvkt,vf ofikbkb yf[jy7
byuf dth fbnfyc sfyfuh’yj,bc qbvbkc vfs ,tlybth cbafst,pt8 iehbfyb ’hj[t,b=
.jdtksdbc iehlfs vbcb7 exf hjv exff7 bcbw fh tvtnt,jlfs888 ktdbrjc ufvj [jv cek
uekpt crlt,bfy8 ktdbrj= ktdbrjcsfy eylf lfhtrjc7 thsb rfhufl itfy]qhtdbyjc bc
sfdufcekb kbkbgenb888 ebynthtcj ofv.dfybj888 lfvgfkb lfeyb= rfwc vfbyw
/ufdltc8
fwf[wf[t,ek [tkib wbt,-w[tkt,bfybdbs [njlf erfyfcrytkb vjltkbc ifdb
vj,bkehb7 sbsmjc vfcfw uflftlj gfnhjybc acbmjpb8 hjujhw bmyf lfevbpyf
yfwyj, qbkfrc8
2 ktdbrj7 rf,bytnib [fh0
2 t/7 xtvj kfvfpj7 cfvoe[fhjl7 fqfh vfmdc rf,bytnb8
2 ye vtqflfdt,b7 fh dfh [fcbfspt8
2 vt [jv ,tlybtht,bc ahst,b vfmdc ufvjc[ekb= 2 lfqkbkb [vbs vbeuj
ktdbrjv8
2 bwb7 f[kf cfblfy vjdlbdfh0
2 vfhcblfy8
2 fh dfh smj [fkbcj,bc [fcbfspt7 cfvcf[ehblfy ufvfysfdbceaktc7 utcvbc0
cfvcf[ehblfy8 fhw ityb uflfwtvf vjvojyc7 fh ity vt[fnt,b uekptj8 ofhvjublutybf0
lf fvfc vte,yt,f tc kbkbgenb7 tc fhfhfj,f7 tc rfhkcjybc sfdbfyb rfwvfweyf=888
f[kfdt ufvjlb lf lfbwfdb xtvb eakt,t,b8 vsfdfhb ghjlbecthb [fh se qfvbc lfhf]b0
2 fhw thsb7 fhw vtjht8
2 ktdbrj= ity uujybf dif.bhj,0 se ufubvtjhj hfw vfrflhf8
2 c[dfsf ijhbc7 xtvsdbc fhfathb erflht,bf8 gbhlfgbh ufvfsfdbceakf
gjcnblfy8
2 hf0
2 mdf= lblb lf stshb hb.bc mdf ufvb.fhf ths flubkpt8 reknehekb [fk[b
cf]ljvc t’f[bc8
2 ktdbrj888 2 byuf sfdpfhlfvwtvb byajhvfwbbc fqmvfc ittwflf7 vfuhfv
vjcvtybkb fh ]lt,jlf ujyt,fib8
2 ktdbrjc ’f[bkb fh eidtkbc8 vtat ibidtkbf=
2 vjbwf7 vjbwf7 ity bvbc smvf ubylf7 hjv ityw ufubidf0
2 lbf[7 xtvj ghbywtcf8
2 lf ity fct fldbkfl lfsfy[vlb0
2 lfsfy[vlt,b7 hjwf yfzfvb ufmdc8 2 fvjbj[hf ktdbrjv8
2 hf ufmdc yfzfvb0
2 hjujh uujybf7 byueif7 fvfcobyfs7 vt lf ity hjv gfhbpib dueueyt,lbs7
xtvb [tkafcbs b.j tu fv,fdb0888 ufxevlb [jv0 vfhsfkbf7 eylf ufxevlt8 bvbnjv7
hjv ityw bwb7 hf tothf xdtyc cfvbdkbyt,j aehwtkib8 tu thsb lf c[df fsfcb8
vjrktl7 fenrbdfhb sfdbc fnrbt,fc fh dfgbht,8
2 fct e,hfkjl lfdyt,lts0 2 byufv afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 sbsmjc fhfathb
itwdkbkf7 oe[fyltkb sjdkb rdkfdbylt,ehfl blj yf’dbc njnt,pt7 cdtk fcafknpt fh
o.lt,jlf vfymfyt,bc lbyt,f8
 2 b,h’jkt7 se nhfrb ufmdc8
2 vjhxb qflfj,fc= cfl [fh0
2 rjyrhtnekfl ufbynthtct,c0
2 /j8
2 rkjptnib8 eybnfppt dpbdfh vfhubyfkeh ghtcfcsfy thsfl8 vfufhb rfbabf8
ity hjujh [fh ghtcbcf lf abpbjkjubehb vjs[jdybkt,t,bc sfyfvihjvkj,fpt0
2 vsdhfkb [fh0
2 fhw evfubcj,ff8
2 cfl itd[dlts0
bmblfy levbkb xfvjodf8 vfhnj uf[ibht,ekb ceysmdf bcvjlf8
2 [vf fvjbqt7 eybnfpib [jv fh xfdfhlb0
2 ytnfd xfddfhlt lf o.fkvf xfvhtw[jc7 hjv vtht vnrdfhib fvj.dbysj
eghtntypbj7 vfhnbd ufyfdkfl8 vbcvbyt byuei7 rfhufl vbcvbyt lf ittwflt ufvbuj8
xdty ijhbc .dtkfathb lfvsfdht,ekbf7 wjk-idbkc lfde,heylb8
byufv vj,bkehb .ehc vjfijhf7 ufrdbhdt,ekvf it[tlf trhfyc7 sbsmjc bm
lfbotht,jlf vbcb ufyfxtyb8
2 ufbvtjht8 2 ofhvjsmdf ufabsht,ekb next,bs8
2 itcfybiyfdfl ufbut hfw ubs[fhb7 ittwflt it[dblt xtvc vlujvfhtj,fib lf
ittuej8
2 lf fvfc vte,yt,f rfwb7 dbcb uekbcsdbcfw j]f[b lfdfyuhbt7 mvfh-idbkb
lfdsvt=
2 cbcektkt uffrtst7 .jdtksdbc obyffqvltub db.fdb j]f[bc lfyuhtdbc8 ityc
flubkpt exfc ve[kt,ib xfdedfhlt,jlb lf gfnbt,fc ds[jdlb8 rtsbkb ,bzbf7
lfhoveyt,ekb dfh lqtcfw e.dfh[fh888
2 cfresfh htwtgnc vsfdfpj,0
2 hfnjvfw fhf0= 2 ktdbrjv vofhtl fvjbj[hf lf vwbhtjltyb gfepbc itvltu
ctdlbfyfl ufyfuh’j8 2 t/7 xtvj vptseyf[fdj ghbywtcf7 dbc deylbdfh eveitdfhb
cfresfhb wjk-idbkbc ufhlf0 fhfdbc= lfvthoveyt7 byuei7 dthw ity fvbnfylb
ufqktnbkcf lf eveitdfhc8
2 fubnfylb7 udthlib fvjublut,jlb888
2 exf f,ecthb’bc aekt,bs7 fhf0 vfbwf hf byuf7 yfvecbw rfhub cfmjytkbf8
fyutkjpb yfqlfl fh dfh7 vfuhfv fhw bctsb ufhtofhb7 cf.dfhkb mfkbc .jabkb
mvhbc aekt,bs db,fbhfvj8 xf[dlb7 cbwjw[kt0
2 xfd[dlb8 ity vfhskf ufyfdfkb [fh7 hjujhw otqfy fqybiyt7 ityb flubkb
rfyfkbpfwbfibf8 aeb= 2 byufv bmdt7 bfnfrpt lffaehs[f lf vj,bkehb ufsbif8
hfqfw gthbjlb afy]fhfcsfy bluf8 itehfw[.jabc gbhdtkvf nfkqfv ufbfhf8
byufv ufvjcfdkbc ’t,yfib lf’f,f hfwbjyfkehb ujyt,f8 rfwvf hjv smdfc7 eveitdfhb
ktdbrj vfcfw fhfathib czbhlt,f7 e,hfkjl7 fctsb cekofcekj,f to.byf7 sbsmjc ths-jhb
rdbhbs vjwlf fh itb’kt,jlf8 .dtkfpt ecbfvjdyj jsf[ib itcdkf lf .jabkb rjktut,bc v;fdt
sfyfuh’yj,bs vjqhtwbkb cf[tt,bc lfyf[dff7 vfuhfv ’dbhafc mehmc [jv fh lfnjdt,c
.jabk cfvcf[ehib0 cfthsjl7 ybdst,bc lfnjdt,f byufc fh e.dfhlf7 hfnjvqfw txdtyt,jlf7
hjv ,jhjnb flfvbfyt,b ]fljc xfelt,lyty8 ghjabkfmnbrbc vbpybs .jdtk sdtc lfh,jlf
gfhfacbmjkjusfy7 [fy fehfc bovtyllf7 [fy rjlbc ufvjrdktdfc bs[jdlf7 [fy fdb
sdfkbcufy sfdlfcfwfd cfiefkt,t,c8 ufvjlbc7 n.ebke,hfkjl eh,tybf7 dth eidtkf
gfhfacbmjkjubc rjyceknfwbt,vf8 ths lqtib jhb lfhn.vf 2 vtnbcvtnbf8
hf bwjlf cfo.fkvf byufv7 hjv vfymfyfib xf]ljvbcsfyfdt vtcfvt lfhn.vfc
vbbqt,lf8 bc b.j7 ufcfqt,b cfrtnc vjfhuj7 vj,bkehb forhbfklf8 hfnjvqfw xfsdfkf7
hjv ktdbrj htrfdlf lfudbfyt,ekb vjyfybt,bs7 vfuhfv trhfypt cbrjc cf[tkb lfbothf8
2 hfcf bmc7 byufd xtvj0 2 [fkbcbfyfl lftrbs[f .jabkb vfpkb8
2 vfymfyfib dpbdfh lf cf[kib ofcfcdktkfl dtvpflt,b8
 2 xdtyb cfthsj cfmvbc hf bcvbc0
2 fuhjdt,c8
2 fuhjdt,c hf7 rfhnjabkbf0
2 rfhnjabkb hjv b.jc7 fmfvltw itfuhjdt,lf8
2 tuht cfl fhbc7 vfufy itb’kt,f ufpfa[ekfvlt dth itfuhjdjc8 vtxmfht,f7 xtvj
cb[fhekj7 ’fkbfy vtxmfht,f8
2 fv xtv ififc lf rjkfc= 2 batsmf byufv8 cbrjv itvgfhfd-lfvwbyfdb njyb
bctlfw ufqbpbfyt,ek ythdt,pt lfybc gbhbdbs lfchbfkt,lf8
2 se utckfj,bc [fcbfspt [fh7 j,btmnb itutifkf7 fh dfgbht, itysfy nbkfj,fc7
hfcfw lfugbhlb7 bvfc itdfchekt,8 2 cbrjv [vfib ajkflb ufehbf8
byufv ujyt,fib fojy-lfojyf itmvybkb dbsfht,f8 ktdbrjc qfkfnbcf lf
cfvcf[ehbc lfrfhudbc ajypt cekfw fh fo.j,c ybrfc ofhvjvfdkj,bc ufvjvpteht,f8 eylf
vjsjrjc tvjwbt,b8
2 itypt vtnfl vt vtxmfht,f7 cbrj7 vfuhfv vtibybf cek fh lfdfahs[j8 wjnf
[fyc lfvfwfltj7 vbs[hf8 fv lqtt,ib itdt[vfeht,b8 2 xdtekb bynjyfwbbs vbeuj8
2 vtibybf7 fh lfufudbfyltc8
2 hfnjv0
2 bvbnjv7 hjv itvwdktkb ufvjubxylf8
2 hfc uekbc[vj,0 2 byuf ibyfufyfl itbrevif8
2 exfc hjvfyb fmdc ufxfqt,ekb ybrfc tmsfysfy8 fctsb it[vfnr,bkt,ekb
o.dbkb bidbfsfl vbyf[fdc7 ybreifw vtw[ht wfptf cb[fhekbs7 .jxfqb mehwbrbdbs
lf[nbc f[kflufvjxtrbkb ltlbrjc ufhitvj8 fct hjv7 .ehflqt,bs b.fdb7 fmts fh ufub[ltc
itcf[dtob8
vtcfvt lfhn.vf .dtkfpt ’kbthb fqvjxylf8 Ниже пояса – hjujhw fv,j,ty
hect,b8 byuf ufyufibc nfkqfv lfafhf8 dth ofhvjtlubyf exfc udthlbs c[df mfkb8
ite’kt,tkbf byufc vtht dbyvt vjtojyjc7 vbs eahj7 ite.dfhltc8 exf7 vbc ofhvjlutyfib
b.j cfsflfhbuj cf,ehfdb7 hjvtkcfw fdfhbbc itvs[dtdfib fvjf’dhtylf cf,fhuekbc
cbqhvblfy8 3fdfhbf4 cf[tptf7 byufc fhw ufs[jdt,f t]qfyt,f7 fhw cfvcf[ehb8
ktdbrjcb fh b.jc7 vtat ibidtkbf8 eahj cojhtl ltljafkb8
byufv vfymfyf lfmjmf lf cbkfvfpbc cfkjybcrty fbqj utpb8 exfc .jdtksdbc
vjcojylf vbcb ufhe]ekb c[tekb7 nfybc kjcbjyt,pt [jv ljh,kt,c .hblf7 vujyb
lfyf[dbcsfyfdt fvjahbyltc sfdblfy dbqfw ufesktkb tmsfyb8
hfvltybvt cffsib cfkjyufvjdkbkb byuf yfwyj, cflfh,fpjib itlbjlf8 kbanib
ybrfc cfxemhb uff[ctylf7 fh bdfhut,c ,fdidsfy [tkwfhbtkb vbcdkf7 vfqfpbfib
vfbyw uftdkj8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib xfysfib xfbz.bnf8 vfymfybc ufcfqt,c fgtybybc
yf[tdfhrey’ekbc ajhvbc ,htkjrb vjf’hj lf mehmbc ]b,tib xfbwehf8 ,fdidbc
vjsfakdfc .jdtksdbc vjf[th[t,c7 vsfdfhbf vfvbrj ofvjtujc fyrtcpt8 ofvjtut,f7 f,f7
cfl ofdf8888
rfhb sfdbcb ufcfqt,bs uffqj8 cfvpfhtekjlfy itvodfhb [jhwbc ceyb
vjbrkfryt,jlf8 byuf lfutibkb ’fqkbdbs ofdblf ceypt8 vfvf-idbkbc yfwdkfl
cfvpfhtekjib ewyj,b mfkbidbkb nhbfkt,lf8 byufc itcdkf fh ufeubf7
pehuitmwtdbs bluf ufpmehfcsfy lf nfafib vjibibyt [jhwc f,heyt,lf8 kervfl fh
vt.jab7 xfbmbhmbkf byufv8
2 cfqfvj vidblj,bcf8 2 smdf [vfvfqkf8
mfkbidbkb vjnhbfklf8 vbfvbn cf[tpt thslhjekfl lft[fnf ufrdbhdt,f lf
lf,ytekj,f7 hjujhw cfo.fk uthlfc sjdkbc ltljakbc [bkdbcfc8
2 dby ,h’fylt,bs0
2 tc vt eylf urbs[j7 dby ,h’fylt,b lf hfc frtst, xtvc cf[kib0
2 smdty888 smdty fk,fs ybrfc ltlf [fhs0=
byufv jlyfd lferhf sfdb8
 2 vbgfce[t7 utsf.df8 2 rfghbpekfl itfh[bf of,kbcathb svbc pdbyb8
2 vfij vmdbf8 2 vfijv ’kbdc lfbvjhxbkf esfdvj.dfhtjl ufgfhekb [vf8 vfy
bwyj tc mfkb7 ]th ofekbc mehmb bwyj7 vtht mfkb8 cojhtl vfy xfemhjkf rb,tpt
tkbnfhek cfkjyib cnevhj,bcfc8 cfntktdbpbj uflfwtvbc ofv.dfybfj7 vujyb fct smdf
uh’tkat[t,f ufv.jkvf8
2 cf[tkb fh vbrbs[fdc7 lfcfmvt,bc cathj vfbynthtct,c8 vpfhtekfl veifj,0
2 fhf8
2 f,f7 dby lfufdfkf c[dbc cf[kib nhbfkb0
vfijv v[ht,b fbxtxf8 fhfdbc lfedfkt,bf8 bc lf exf itsfy[vlyty it[dtlhfpt8
2 cfl fhbfy xtvb rfwt,b0
2 ybrf ,f,efvbcsfyff7 exf cfwff vjdf cfvcf[ehblfy8
2 vjfvsfdht ityb cfmvt lf sfdbceafkb [fh8 2 tchjkf byufv lf
vfqfkmeckbfyb xtmvt,bc rfreybs lfnjdf cfvpfhtekj8
vfijv vtmfybrehfl uflvjfnhbfkf [jhwb8 kfvfpb pqfgfhb lfvsfdhlf8
fhfdbsfhb ,hjkbc mjib ,eyt,fib fh fhct,j,c7 cfo.fkb rjyrbf hjujhw vjdblf7 bct
ofdf8 ghbywb rb sfdbc ghbywtcfcsfy ufyfuh’j,c w[jdht,fc8 b.j lf fhf b.j hf8
pfhbc orhbfkb cfcbrdlbkj htrdbtvbdbs itvjbzhf vfijc wyj,bthib8 [tkblfy
ufvjweht,ekb xfyufkb orhbfkbs lfdfhlf vtnkf[pt8 pfhb ufyvtjhlf8 bc mfk,fnjyb
tn.j,f rfhbc ufqt,fcfw fh rflhekj,c8 vjhqdtekb at[t,bs ufvjdblf cfvpfhtekjlfy8
f,fpfyfib o.kbc x[hbfkb vjtcvf8 thsb ofvbs it.jdylf kfvbybht,ek rfhsfy7 qhvfl
xfbceysmf lf upf ufyfuh’j8
exfc ufqbvt,ekb abpbjyjvbbc lfyf[dfpt wjnfc lffrklf fqhbfklf8
2 eee7 hf ceyt,b nhbfkt,c0888 yfvldbkb j]f[bc ceyt,b8 2 exfv
itvjcdkbcsfyfdt xfb[enf sfdxfmbylhekb it.dfht,ekb lf [vfvfqkf itbchenf
3yfvldbkb j]f[bc4 cehytkb8 dbyfblfy cfgfce[j htfmwbf dth buh’yj7 jlyfd ufcobf
lf ittwflf sdfkt,ib itt[tlf8
2 vtxdtyt,f se wel [fcbfspt [fh0 2 itiajst,ekb lftrbs[f8
vfijv vpthf ffhblf8
2 vfibrj888
2 fhf7 fh utxdtyt,f8
2 hf vj[lf0 2 exfv ybrfgib xffdkj [tkb7 ’fkbs vjf[tlf8
vfijv f,fpfybcrty vbesbsf8
2 ybrf vjb.dfytc0
2 fhf8
exfv welb obyfsuh’yj,bs ufvjfqj f,fpfybc rfhb8 oby uflfikbkb gfyjhfvf
qbhlf yf[dfl8 f,fpfyfib vlufh ltlbij,bkf byufc fh[tbyfl vbtidbhf pehub o.kbc
zfdkbcsdbc7 sfy hfqfwfc qbqbyt,lf8
2 fvfc fm hf eylf0 2 xfb,ehn.eyf exfv8 2 tb7 ity fm hf ubylf0 2 lfb’f[f
[vfvfqkf8
byufv vjb[tlf8 cf[tpt ufv’qfhb yflbhbc rvf.jabkt,f tothf7 sdfkt,b rb bv
j,j,fc vbeufdlf7 fvfcobyfs7 cbpvfhib hjv ufvjtw[flf exfc8
2 vj[eht rfhb7 hfc vjvxtht,b[fh888 gbhdtkfl v[tlfd se hfibf cfmvt0 2
byufc rtrkewfl fbafhf [tkt,b cfdct vrthlcf lf ,hn.tk vewtkpt8
exfv bctsb ’fkbs vjbmybf rfhb7 kfvbc elfyfifekj cf[tkehb ithxf [tkib8
ufv’dbydfht,ekb itdfhlf jsf[ib7 vfijw sfy itb.jkf8
2 vfij7 tc mfkb f[kf fmtlfy ufahbylt,f7 fb7 yf[fd se fhf8
2 vjlbc [jkvt0
2 hf cbcektktf7 gbhdtkfl lfvfluf fct888 fct ufeahs[bkt,kfl8
2 ufcfqt,bw /mjybf8
2 lqtblfy fh tmyt,f8
 2 fk,fs c]j,c ofdblt8
2 fhf8
2 bc ,fdidbc ltlff7 fmdc eakt,f888
2 ltlf= 2 ybiybcvjut,bs itc’f[f exfv8 2 f[kf uff[ctylf idbkbc fhct,j,f0 se
yf[df cehlf dth lfvbhtrf0 etzdtkb7 hfqfw vpfrdhj,f fmdc xfabmht,ekb888 vfhskf
o.kbc uflfcfdkt,fl [jv fh ufvjw[fllf=
2 vfhsfkb [fh7 ’dbhafcj7 2 jsf[ib exfc [fkfsib uf[dtekvf byufv itvjf,b]f8
sfdpt vfijc yfwyj,b7 dfhlt,bfyb gbhcf[jwb itvjt[dbf8 dbsjv hf fhbc thsb
e,hfkj gbhcf[jwb7 vfuhfv vfijc welfl tybiyf8
2 ity vfhsfkb [fh7 2 ufyfuh’j byufv8 2 lf,fyfc c[dfufyfw vjf[th[t,lf rfwb8
xtvb dfhlbcathb rf,bc ofcfqt,fl vjdtlb888 ofhvjblubyt7 fh lfv[dlf8 exf7 cfl ufmhf
xtvb dfhlbcathb rf,f0
2 hjvtkb dfhlbcathb7 hfc ,jlfd0=
2 3]fy,fnbcnf dfkbfc4 cfqfvjc rf,f8
2 ]fy888 ]fy,fnbcnf dby xtvb at[t,bf0
2 lbpfbythb7 cf.dfhtkj7 wyj,bkb lbpbfythb8 2 byuf cf[bafsj vfy’bkpt
vbef[kjdlf8 2 cfl fhbc xtvb rf,f0
2 cfvcf[ehib vtwdf8 2 ljby]b itvjb.fhf exfv8
2 cek n.ebke,hfkjl wlbkj, cfxjsbhj stvbc fwbkt,fc7 [jv bwb xtvb fv,fdb7
cfyfv cbvfhsktc fh lfdfluty7 fh itutidt,b8 vjlb7 fct lfdcdfv rbs[dfc5 dbc fxemt
xtvb cf.dfhtkb rf,f0 2 byufv vpthf ltcfept vb.hlyj,bk vfijpt uflfbnfyf8
2 vjhxb ifynf;c7 se aekb ubylf7 vbs[fhb lf vjuwtv=
2 fhfdbsfhb aekb= vt vbylf xtvb 3]fy,fnbcnf dfkbfc4 rf,f8
2 fbqt lf oflb8
2 hf ofdbqj7 hfw vjgfhekbf0 fmts vjb[tlt7 xtvj rfhuj7 tc ujuj
htrjvtylfwbbs vbbqt vpfhtekfl se gbhlfgbh mexfib fb.dfyt0
vfijc abkndt,b lftue,f7 fk,fs fct uh’yj,c sfdc gtgtkf7 hjvtkbw ,jhjnvf
,fdidt,vf wjw[kfl vbfvfuhtc rtltkc8 eylf uffcohjc fmtlfy7 sjhtv lfb[hxj,f8 flubkc
vjo.lf lf jsf[blfy ufdfhlf8
2 vfij7 fh of[dlt7 2 rfhsfy lftobf exf8
2 hfc vbhxtd7 dblut lf wbkbcofvt,bc ybfqdfhc decvbyj vbfvbnb cf[bs0
2 fhf7 vfuhfv888 lfvtkjlt lf f[kfdt ufdf,h’fyt,8
2 hjwf uff,h’fyt,7 lfvbhtrt8
2 vfij7 us[jd8 2 exfv bctsb ufivfut,bs vbb[enf7 vfijc ’dkt,b tnrbyf8
2 ye vf.tyt, ,jhjnb ltlbyfwdfkbc gjpfib8
2 sdbsjyfw fh bwb7 hfc fv,j,8
2 vt dbwb thsb8 fmtlfy eylf ofdblt8
2 ths cffsib lfubhtrfd888 fhf7 yf[tdfh cffsib8 ijhc fh of[dblt7 cflvt
f[kjvf[kj lfvtkjlt8
vfijv sfdb lfemybf lf rb,tpt lftidf7 exf rb jsf[ib it,heylf bv ufyphf[dbs7
byuf flubkpt vbtcbrdlbkt,lf8 fctw bmyt,jlf7 hjv fhf vfvfvbcbc pfhb 2 ybrf
vjbnfwtc8

222

f,ecthb’tt,bc lbl cf[kib cfgfyfidblt ufyo.j,f ceatdlf8

vfublbc sfdib b]lf wjw[fk-vrdlfhb rfhkj7 vfhw[ybd 2 ubjhub7 vfyfyf lf ytkbrj8
vfh]dybd 2 cbrj lf byuf8 exf ,jksfc cwtvlf jsf[bc thsb res[blfy vtjhtib8
 2 rbltd ths[tk vjvb.tdbs .dtkfathb8 lfbo.t7 ytkbrj8 2 exf pehucerfy
ftcdtnf lbcidbkc8
2 vt7 ybrf lf sfvhj ptdbs rfhnc dsfvfij,lbs7 ofut,ekc 3rjrf-rjkf4 eylf
vjtnfyf8 ybrfv offuj7 cf.blkfl ufbmwf7 vfuhfv itfudbfylf8 fh vbvbmwtdbf
.ehflqt,f7 dbabmht7 ofcdkf lftpfhf fy sfvfiib ufthsj8 sfvhj rjvgbenthc vbe]lf7 vt
ntktajypt lfvbhtrtc8 lff[kjt,bs ths cffsib gbhdtk cfhsekpt xfvjdtlb lf ,fdidb
vjdbrbs[t8 rfhkbxvf888 rfhkj ,f,efv7 smdtysfy fh sfvfij,cj0 vjde.tdb7 hfibw b.j
cfmvt8 vtht ’t,yf lfdbo.ts8
2 cfl t’t,ts0
2 ]th cf[kib7 vtht ,fqib7 vtht vfqfpbfib888
2 ufv.bldtkb rfhufl lfrbs[ts0
2 gbhflfl lfdrbs[t8 2 smdf ubjhubv8 2 ybrfv cbufhtnb b.blf lf vfibydt
erfy ufvj,heylf888
2 frb 3rjrf-rjkfj40 2 itby’hf mfylfrt,fl mwtekb rfhkjv8
2 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc888
2 cbufhtnc faebkt,7 ujuj0 2 rfhkjv ytkbrjc vbvfhsekt,bs uffchbfkf
yf[tdhflvj[ezekb sdfkt,b8
2 vjlbs7 cbufhtnbc vfdyt,kj,fpt vjudbfyt,bs dbkfgfhfrjs7 2 kfgfhfrib
xfthsj vfyfyf8 2 vsdfhbf7 dbc bynthtct,ib itb’kt,f .jabkb.j ,fdidbc ufnfwt,f8
gbhflfl exfc thxbc dbyvt se pjuflfl7 j]f[bc ufvofht,f eylfs0
2 cfyfv rfdibhpt fh ufvjdkty lf gbhj,fc fh ofvjudb.tyt,ty7 cek n.ebkfl
df.fy.fkt,s /fthc8 2 fphb ufvjsmdf cbrjv8
2 f,f7 hf dmyfs7 uekpt [tkt,b lfdbrhbajs lf vjdktyt,bc ufydbsfht,fc
lfdtkjljs0 2 exfv ,jksbc wtvf ufyfuh’j8 2 gjkbwbf [jv fh xfudthsj0
2 jh cffspt vtnbf ufcekb7 erdt vjfcoht,lyty vbvfkdfc8 gjkbwbfv eahj fh
uffaezjc cfmvt8 hf fhbc xdty [tks0 eyjvhj vfymfyf lf ufvjmfsfvt,ekb ufv.bldtkb7
hjvtkvfw vfymfyfcsfy it.jdyt,ek ybrfc vjrhf sdfkb8 2 cbrjv vfublfcsfy vc[ljvs
uflf[tlf7 hfvt [jv fh ufmdsj cfobyffqvltuj8
2 xtvb ,bzb7 xtvb cfo.fkb ,bzeyf888 2 ofbryfdkf byufv8 2 vtujyf7
sdfkbc xbybdbs eahs[bklt,jlbs7 sehvt rfnbc ryenbdbs lffshtdlbs fmts-bmbs888
vfvfvbcb vjvcf[eht gthcjyfksfy fhib.c eylt,f7 xtvc thsflth idbkc rb bnfwt,ty8 tcff
cfvfhsfkb0
2 xfrdlb= 2 lfeqhbfkf exfv8
2 fhf7 fh ufdxthlt,b7 ity lfvgbhlb7 hjv ybrfc fhfathb vjedf ityc [tkib7 hjv
vjedkb7 egfnhjyt,7 wbd ybfdc fh vbfrfht,888 fv lhjc hf [lt,f0 ,f,efvbcsfy njdt,7
hjv dbqfw vjvcf[eht gthcjyfksfy888
2 hf vjvcf[eht gthcjyfkb7 hfc vbtl-vjtlt,f tc mfkb0 2 rfhkj ofh,itrhekb
vbfxthlf exfc8
2 fv mfkc se fh uffxtht,s7 cfresfhb [tkbs vjdf[hxj,8 2 r,bkt,ib ufvjwhf
bvfy8
2 thsb fvb[ctybs7 fvbcufy ,fdidvf hf eylf bcofdkjc7 vfhnj kfy’qdf-ubyt,f
t[th[t,f8
2 vjhxbs rfvfsc7 fhw ity v.fd[fh cfvjs[bc xbnb8 2 cbrjv [tkbc vj’hfj,bs
uffxthf cfrfvfsjl vjvfhsekb byuf7 hjvtkbw bct vjvtynfkehfl ufxevlf7 sbsmjc
/bgyjpb ufertstc8
2 exf= ,fnjyj rfhkj= zbirfhsfy fb7 tc rjydthnb lfv[dlf8 2 jsf[ib
fmjibyt,ekb vpfhtekb itvjdfhlf8
exf thsb yf[njvbs ufxylf wbwjcsfy7 rjydthnb [tkblfy ufvjukb]f7
afhs[faehs[bs uf[cyf lf aehwtkc lffhzj itikbkb sdfkt,b8
2 hfj0 2 [vbc rfyrfkbs brbs[f rfhkjv8
 exfv othbkb vfublfpt lffulj lf cbrjc udthlbs7 crfvpt lftidf8 vfyfyfv
othbkb fbqj lf [vfvfqkf rbs[dfc iteluf8
2 3f,ecthb’tt,bc rkfybc cf.ehflqt,jl8 smdtyb ,bzbc cbwjw[ktc cfahs[t
lftvemht,f bv itvs[dtdfib7 serb ef[kjtc cfv lqtib thsb vbkbjyb fvthbrekb ljkfhb
xtvc vfublfpt fh lfblt,f8 ths-thsvf smdtyufyvf bwbc7 hfptf cfe,fhb8 gbhj,fc
itchekt,f eylf8 jhgbhb sfdflfw lfbc]t,f7 j]f[cfw sfy ufb.jkt,c8 ,fnjy rfhkjc
decehdt,7 vfkt tyf[jc udfhbc ufvuh’tkt,tkb idbkbidbkb84
2 hfc ybiyfdc .jdtkbdt0 2 rfhkjv ]th exfc it[tlf7 vtht cbrjc lf ubjhubc8
2 fv othbkc se lft]tht,f7 xdtyc ijhbc hjvtkbqfw jhgbhbf8 2 cbrjv
ythdbekfl xfbwbyf8 flht se tzdj,lf7 f[kf lfyfvldbkt,bs bwjlf 2 ybrf ]eyf n.fdf’bc
ufnfwt,ekbf8 bcvbc rbs[df5 hfnjv0 cbrjv itfchekf gbhj,f7 xfgkbyfc vbcfvfhsb
ufbuj lf jhvjwlffsb fsfcbw ufbyfqlf8 bvbc yfwdkfl7 lfhxtybkb jhvjwlffsb fsfcb
vbtqj7 fv othbkc qt,ekj,c8
2 lfbo.ts8 2 ,h’fyf rfhkjv8
2 hf lfdbo.js0 2 uferdbhlf cbrjc8
2 fqcfht,bc xf,fht,f8
2 hjvtkb vqdltkb ity [fh7 fqcfht,f xfb,fhj0
2 [vf= rhbynb= gbhdtk hbuib ,f,ef dfh7 hjvtkcfw yfyfnhb idbkbidbkb
vjcnfwtc7 vtjht hbuib vfvf7 hjvtkcfw idbkbc acbmbrehb vlujvfhtj,f flfhlt,c8
it[tlts exfc7 wjnfw lf fatsmlt,f7 ltnjyfnjhpt vbthst,ek .ev,fhfcfdbs8 fct hjv7
rtsbkb byt,ts lf ufb[ctyts7 hf vj[lf fv lqtt,ib bctsb7 hfcfw itb’kt,f dbqfwbc
hbc[df ufvjtodbf8 2 rfhkjv ie,kb vjbchbcf itvjvlyfhb sbst,bs8 2 eahjcvf lfbo.jc7
ubcvty7 ubjhub8
2 ofhvjlutyf fh vfmdc7 hfc bs[jds xtvufy8 xtvb gbhflb w[jdht,f tctyb
fhbfy8 2 ubjhubv wjk-idbkbc vbvfhsekt,bs fbmybf ybrfgb8 2 fv v[hbd7
.dtkfathb otchbuibf8
2 fh lfufdbo.ltc7 hjv fldjrfnb [fh8 uflffdkt vbvbyjc sdfkb vbvlbyfht
cfmvtt,bc mhjyjkjubfc8
2 thsflthsb7 hfw sfdib vjvlbc7 fvfcobyfyltkb bywbltynbf888 ytkbrjc lf
wbwjc ds[jd lfudnjdjy7 hjv fhf ajhc vf;jhekb cbnefwbf7 rkbtynt,bc cfblevkjpt
fhw dbkfgfhfrt,lb8
ytkbrj e[fkbcjl ofvjluf crfvblfy7 wbwj erfyfcdkbs ufdblf7 ubjhubv rb
vbcb lfwdbc mdti v.jab7 evjo.fkjl yfwtvb ,bpytcvtyb rjnt .fhfekfidbkb ufb[ctyf8
2 fv cfmvtib vjovbc cnfnecbs dbyvt xfgkbyf abuehbht,c7 hjvtkbw
cfcfvfhskjvlt cfbvtlj flubkpt uflfdvfkts8 jhb lqbc oby xfgkbyfpt sfdlfc[vf
ufy[jhwbtklf8 dbqfwfv ufsmdf vbcb flubkcfv.jatkb888 xtvsdbc lqtcfw
ufeut,fhbf7 dby itb’kt,f .jabkb.j lfvcvtyb7 hjwf cfvfkfdbc itcf[t, ’fkpt dbohj
ohtv dbwjlbs8 afmnbehfl vt7 rjntv lf vbcvf wjkvf7 flfvbfyt,vf7 dbyw
lfbynthtct,ekbf ghjwtcbc vjut,bs8
vt ufvjdlbdfh lfvcvtyb7 eyljlf t.dbhf vfyfyfc7 vfuhfv dth uf,tlf8 ubjhubc
fk,fs fqfhw f[cjdc7 hjlbc ofvjwlf wjksfy vjovbc flubkcfv.jatkb7 fylf f[cjdc7
vfuhfv dth ofhvjelutybf7 hjv vbcb wjkb7 ghjatcbfyfkb behbcnb cflvt
lff.hfynfkt,lf8 vfyfyfv rb lff.hfynfkf7 vfhsfkbf j]f[bc otdhsfy7 vfuhfv fvfc fhf
fmdc ufvfhskt,f8
vfyfyf bv lbkfyltkb cwtybc uf[ctyt,fc ittwflf8 lbkf8 cfvpfhtekj8 wbwj8
hjwf bub zdfdbc afabc cfzvtkfl itdblf7 cbrj .fdfc cdfvlf888 rb7 .fdfc cdfvlf8
vtht bcfe,htc7 cbrjv kfgfhfrb xfvjfulj rjnt .fhfekfidbkpt7 vjovt [jv fh uftgfhfsj7
brbs[f8 vfyfyfv rb .dtkfathb lfamdf888 cbrjv bct ntmybrehfl7 bct vfhnbdfl
uffwehf8
 vfublfpt cbufhtnbc rjkjab blj8 thsb yfafpbc lfhn.vf vfyfyfc mdt.fyfc
thxbf7 vfuhfv bwjlf vfvfvsbkbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f votdtkb mfkt,bc vbvfhs lf vjthblf8
2 rb vfuhfv7 wjw[fkbf bc ityb vjovt0 2 cbrjv [tkib itfsfvfif cbufhtnbc
rjkjab8 sbst,b erfyrfkt,lf8
2 cf,tlybthjl uflfhxf7 eahj cojhtl bct cfbvtljl lfbvfkf7 dth vbfuytc8 fhflf7
fc ghjwtynib vjcfrkfdfl b.dyty vjcekt,b8 2 egfce[f ubjhubv8
cbrjc [tkib xf,qe]ekvf rjkjavf ltajhvfwbf ufybwflf8 qtht,bc yfobkb xfn.lf
lf xfbifkf8
2 hf cfthsj itb’kt,f /mjyltc dbqfw xfgkbyfc dthitvlufh vrdktkj,fc ybrfc
ufnfwt,fcsfy0 2 dbsjv .fcblfl brbs[f8
2 vfufkbsfl7 xtvpt ptojkbc vbpybs8
2 vjdbybiyjs tc dfhbfynb8 ity hfc bn.db7 exf0 2 rfhkjv iefsfyf df;c it[tlf7
bvfy .jabk wjkc7 hjvtkbw vce.tl ufobsklf7 vfuhfv sdfkb ufecojhf8
fh xfvbidf7 utvelfht,b7 fh xfvbidf7 .dbhjlyty byufc ijrjkflbcathb
sdfkt,b8 se exf xfeidt,c7 byuf b’ekt,ekb uf[lt,f cbrjpt vbesbsjc7 cbrj7 sfdbc
v[hbd7 ybrfc ofhvjvfdkj,fc ufev[tkc lfutibk cfyfstcfjc8 vcufdcb cwtyfhbc
itvs[dtdfib7 byufc bcqf lfhxtybf melb lfb[ehjc lf cfvelfvjl lfnjdjc f,ecthb’tt,bc
j]f[b7 gkbec ybrfw ufb.jkjc7 w[flbf7 se vjbyf[f8 hfnjv uflfb[lbfy f,ecthb’tt,b jh
vbkbjyc dbqfwbc yf,bzdfhib0 fh uflfb[lbfy8
2 vjhxbs sdfkt,bs kfgfhfrc7 hjvtk vjvcf[eht gthcjyfkpt b.j otqfy
kfgfhfrb0 2 vpthfsf letkb fqrdtsf rfhkjv8
2 fhfdbsfhb vjvcf[eht gthcjyfkb ,eyt,fib fh fhct,j,c8 2 smdf exfv8 2
fhct,j,c mfkb7 hjvtkbw vjvojyc8 vtnc fhfathc dbn.db8
2 rtsbkb7 mfkc sfdb lfdfyt,js7 c[df0
2 hf ufbynthtct,c7 ,hn.tkb cf[ehfdt,bc uflf[ehdf se kbsjyjrjycnhemwbt,bc
vluhflj,f0 fhfathb vybidytkjdfyb xtvsfy fh [lt,f8
2 fvfcobyfs cbrjv aekb us[jdf7 hfnjv fh fctc[t0
2 ]th ’dtkb dfkb lfvb,heyjc7 f[fkpt vtht vtkfgfhfrjc8
2 vfhsfkc fv,j,c0 2 cbrjc ite,qdbhf rfhkjv8
bvfy sfdb lffmybf sfy[vj,bc ybiyfl8
2 dfkc hjv lf,heyt,f eylf7 fh ufcofdkt0
2 rfhub hf vfvf7 lfde,heyt, hjwf bmyt,f8
2 3hjwf bmyt,f4 vtjhtl fh ufvfujyj8 rfwb cbn.dbs afclt,f8 ity bc vbs[fhb7
aekb se bijdt0
2 yfobkj,hbd rb8 2 cbrjv gb]frbc ]b,tib xfblj [tkt,b lf ervf.jabkjl fb[tlf
ptdbs7 dbsjv7 hf lhjc xtvc dfkt,ptfj kfgfhfrb8
2 f,f7 xfvjfrhbcnfkt7 hbcsdbc ubyljlf lf dbcufy bctc[t8
2 fhfdbcsdbc lfcfvfkb fhf7 hjv qdbybc ,bpytcb rhbpbcibf7 se ,kjrflf
ecfchekjl ufuh’tklf7 vstkb cfmjytkb xfvbodt,f8 fmts cfuflfcf[flj vfodt,f7 bmbs
abyfycehb gjkbwbf7 hjvtkb thsb xfvjubsdfkj888 vjkfgfhfrt,fc dfofhvjt, xbytk
bydtcnjhsfy7 fv lqtt,ib eylf xfvjdbltc [tkitrhekt,bc gbhj,t,bc itcfsfy[vt,kfl8
cfthsfijhbcj cthnbabrfnbc fqt,fib lf[vfht,fc lfvgbhlyty7 w[flbf7 kfvfpb sdfkt,bc
ufvj fhf7 bmfw eylf u.fdltc kj,b8 fv .dtkfathc aekb eylf7 dfzhj,f se fh bmyt,f7
aekb cfblfy ufxylt,f0 ,jkj jhb sdtf ofut,fpt dveifj,888
2 lhjc drfhufds7 2 uffo.dtnbyf exfv8 2 cfyfv smdty vbptp-itltuj,hbd
rfdibhc lfflutys7 ,fdidc vjvbrkfdty8 .dtkfathb eylf ufd.blj 2 ,bpytcb7 cf[kb7
fufhfrb7 ’dbhafctekj,f7 vstkb e’hfd-vj’hfdb mjyt,f888
2 jh vbkbjyc vfbyw dth vjfmext,8 2 cbrj tvjwbehfl ofvjbzhf
flubkblfy8 .bhubpt,bcsdbc uflfcfwtvb sfy[f sdfkcf lf [tkc ief vbtlbyt,jlf
ufehrdtdtkb vbvfhsekt,bs8 .bhubpt,b bmbs b.jc7 wb[tib fh erhfy sfdb8 ]eyf
fctsb sfvfvb fh bmyt,jlf7 vafhdtkb hjv fh /.fdltc8 se dbhnefkehb vafhdtkb
’fkjdfy cnhemnehfib ,elj,c7 bct ffvjmvtlt,c @^)-t ve[kc7 cbrj sdfkbc
lf[fv[fvt,fib fqvjxylt,f obyfcofhb lfrfdt,bc cfrfyib7 yfhrjhtfkbpfnjht,bc udthlbs8
2 vjfmext,c7 serb xdtyw fvjdelut,bs v[fhib8 fv tnfgpt .dtkf xdtysfufybc
bynthtct,b uflfbrdtsf vcemfyb ’f[bkbc ybiybc mdti8 mfvht,bc itvjzthf
vjudbotdc8 2 rfhkjv vpthf ubjhubpt itfxthf8
vfyfyf vb[dlf7 hf vbvfhsekt,bc itb’kt,f b.jc vfvfvsbkbc itvltub cdkf8
ubjhubc vityt,fht cffldjrfnj rfynjhf7 hjvkbc ufvj vbcvf gfnbjcfyvf mvfhvf
cjkblehb ctc[b ufvjbnfyf ,fyrblfy8 vfyfyf fvfc fh lfeidt,c8 .dtkfv sfdbcb pqjc8
2 vt dbwb7 dbyw ufcwf xfgkbyfc flubkcfv.jatkb8 2 smdf vnrbwtl8
.dtkfv vfyfyfc lffhzj vjvkjlbyt vpthf8
2 dby0 2 lf’f,ekb cbxevt lffhqdbf ubjhubv8
2 cbrjv8 vfgfnbt ubjhub7 tc vt ofvjvwlf cbrjcsfy xfgkbyfc vbcfvfhsb8
obylfe[tlfdfl vjdbmtwb8 ityw vfgfnbt7 exf7 2 vfyfyfv mfylfrt,fl mwtek vfpkc
uf[tlf8 2 serb ybrfc ufnfwt,f vfhskf fv bywbltynsfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb8
exfc bctsb uh’yj,f /mjylf7 sbsmjc w[dbhoby cfystkb xfemhtc lf
cb,ytktib lfnjdtc8 lf,ytekj,f cek hfvltybvt ofvc ufuh’tklf8 vtht .dtkfathb
thsvfytsib fbhbf 2 ufrdbhdt,f7 itehfw[.jaf7 evotj,f7 ,hfpb8 exf cfvb yf[njvbs
ufxylf cbrjcsfy7 ufstsht,ekb sbst,b cf[tkjib xffdkj lf gb]frbfyf fcobf8
2 xtvb idbkbc cbwjw[kbc afcfl uf.blt yfvecb0
2 [tkb ufvbidb7 ,bzj= 2 fafhs[fklf gb]frbc ,jhnt,ib xfrfhuekb cbrj8
2 fh ufubidt,= bwjlt7 .dtkfathc ufuf.blbyt, lf xtvc ,bzc lfdb,heyt,=
2 fh fhbc ybrf ityb idbkb7 hfnjv eylf uflfdb[fljs jhb vbkbjyb dbqfwbc
yf,bzdfhib0= 2 vstk [vfpt b.dbhf cbrjv8
bctd cbxevt8 ufwbkt,bs vhfdkbcvtn.dtkb7 dblht otqfy8
3nrfw=4 tc exfc v’bvt njhb lftidf evwhjcb ’vbc ufgfhcek .,fpt8 cbrj
,ev,ekbdbs fahbylf /fthib lf rtabs rtltkc vbtyfhw[f8 exf lftobf lf ob[kt,bs itluf8
2 ufbvtjht hf smdb7 ufbvthj888 2 uvbyfdlf ibuflfibu8
cbrj cbc[kc faehs[t,lf lf ]benfl bvtjht,lf7 hjv ybrf fh fhbc exfc yfvldbkb
idbkb8 j]f[bc otdht,b ’vt,bc ufcfidtkt,kfl ofvjbifkty7 ubjhub exfc vjwbkt,fc
ittwflf7 rfhkj lf vfyfyf cbrjc ufvjshtdfc ittwflyty7 byufv bcfhut,kf fehpfehbs lf
xevfl ufbgfhf8

222

2 vjhxb ckereyc7 fqfh itvb’kbf ityb nhfubrekb abpbjyjvbbc .eht,f8 2

fuytcfv cbufhtnc vjerblf lf cfathakt vbbxjxf8
2 fh dckereyt,8 2 vfijv ufmdfdt,ekb cf[bs ufyfuh’j ybudpbc uflfhxtdf8
2 qfvt [jv ckereyt,lb0
2 rb8
2 nbhbkb cfmvtc fh eidtkbc8 fhw gbhdtkb [fh7 fhw erfyfcrytkb7 dbcfw
gbhdtk cb.dfhekib fh ufevfhskf8
2 dbwb8
2 /jlf7 se bwb7 ufvjblfht8 f[fkb otkb vjlbc7 hfib ufo.j,c vbnjdt,ekb
mfkbc rjvgktmcb lfut,tljc0 hfc abmhj,lb gbhdtk itv[dtlhc hjv lfeotmb kjubyib7
sfyfw yfwjkfhc=
2 fhfathc8
2 hf0
 2 fhfathc fh dabmhj,lb8
2 vfufibf cfmvt= mfkbcsdbc bynbvbs bo.t,f ehsbthsj,f7 rfwbcsdbc
gbhbmbs7 bynbvbs vsfdhlt,f8 sfdbcfc vbbqt,ty lf fkbdtlthxb7 cbybjhbnf= t/7
ltlfitypt endbyj .jabk[fh888 bvfy itcfathbc j,btmnpt vfbyw uffrtsf acjyb7 ity hfc
lf[fh,lb0 vfufc c]j,lf ubukfc uf.jkjlb wjkfl888 mfkbidbkb vfbyw xf,fhlt,jlb
gfnhjyc= 2 fuytcfv ofuh’tkt,ekb ytcnjt,blfy ufvjfmibnbyf cbufhtnbc ,jkb8 2 f[kf
ubukfw lfuboeyt,c8
2 dbwb8
2 welfl fhbc ityb cfmvt8
2 dbwb8
2 fhfathbw fh bwb= 2 [tkt,b ffcfdcfdf fuytcfv8 2 tktvtynfkehb
sfdvj.dfhtj,f fh ufufxybf7 vjyfcfdbs bmwtdb=
2 cb.dfhekb yt,f.jakj,bsb vjyj,ff8
2 cb.dfhekb= cb.dfhekb vbxdtdff7 j]f[b rb xdtekt,hbdb rjjgthfnbdb7
cflfw .dtkfc sfdbcb aeymwbf frbchbf8
2 cek fh ub.dfhlf vfyexfh ,f,ef0
fuytcfv cbufhtnc sbsb lf/rhf lf bhjybekb qbvbkbs vbfxthlf sfdxfqeyek
idbkbidbkc8
2 vb.dfhlf7 vfuhfv vbpfylfcf[ekfl8 hjwf itdfn.dt7 xdtyb ehsbthsj,f lhjib
ufbzbvf7 bybwbfnbdbc fqt,f vjvbobf8
2 uekb lf [tkb itcsfdfpt0 2 cecnfl xfbwbyf vfijv8
2 mtxjib xfdfdkt [tkb lf pfmcib ofdb.dfyt8 vfubcsdbc hjv vtwmbhf7
lqtcfw lfybiyekb dbmyt,jlb8 vbrhjcrjgt,ib wmthbc ufhlf fhfathb fbynthtct,lf7
dthf lf dth vjvobalf uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbcfqt,fl8 hjltvlt eylf .jabkb.j vfhflbekb
gfnfh’kbc gjpfib0 c[df se fhfathb7 cf[tkb vbn.lt,jlf888 /jlf7 eknbvfnevb
ofde.tyt5 fy vt7 fy ytfylthnfktkb8
2 ytfylthnfktkb hf iefibf0
2 ytfylthnfktkc dt’f[lb .dtkf bv ufhlfwdkbkc7 dbcb cbrdlbkbc vbptpcfw
vfyexfhb brdktdlf8 ’fkbfy o.bylf [jkvt7 vfuhfv cfresfh sfdc lff,hfkjc7 o.j,blfy
ufvjd.fdlb vfubc byafynbkbpvc8
2 obyffqvltuj,f fh ufeotdbf0
2 wjnf bafa[ehf7 vfuhfv hjwf vb[dlf7 fh d[evhj,7 uflfcfhtdfl ofvjv.df
jabwbfkehb ehsbthj,t,bc lfcfhtubcnhbht,kfl8
2 vt fct fh itvb’kbf8 ’fkbs [jv fh itdtntyt,b0 fh eylf7 ye eylf8
2 vsfdfhbf7 hf ubylf ity8
2 fhw bct ,tdhb vbylf8 vbylf vb.dfhltc lf de.dfhlt8
2 ity uujybf tc wjnff0
2 ,tdhbf0
2 cb.dfhekb fhfclhjc fh fhbc ,tdhb8 2 jhfphjdyfl fvjbrdytcf fuytcfv8
vfijv sfdb fcobf8 futytcfc ufo.fkt,ekb sdfkt,b sbsmjc ibuyblfy fyfst,lf8
iemc fvj,heyt,ekb ’f[bkbc ybiybc ajhvf /mjylf8 se fyst,ekb cfyskbc0
2 ity hfc uffrtst,lb xtvc flubkfc0 2 itsmvekbc xehxekbs /rbs[f vfijv8
2 dbvjmvtlt,lb8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib ybudpbc ufhxtdbs fh lfdrfdlt,jlb8
hfc ybiyfdc 3dbvjmvtlt,lb48 exf bc rfwb fh xfyc7 mtxjib [tkc hjv
xfufdkt,byt,c7 vfijc fhw zbhlt,f relpt ufvj,vekb cf.dfhtkb7 vfuhfv hfqfw f[cyf
[jv eylf /mjyltc exfc ufmhj,fc0 se wjkc itehbulf7 lfhtrjc lf es[hfc7 vfijv to.byt,f7
vfuhfv vjbytkt,c8 ufehrdtdkj,fib .jayfc .dtkfpt cfibytkb cbvfhskt ehxtdybf8
otcbthb flfvbfyt,b fct fh bmwtdbfy888
 2 eylf ofdblt8 2 vfijv ufhxtekb ybujpb ]fvib xf.fhf lf cfjvfhb gjpf vbbqj7
vfuhfv fuytcf fh itobyffqvltut,bf7 feqtkdt,kfl ufyfuh’yj,lf veylinerbfyb
cbufhtnbc mfxdfc8
exf cf[kib lf[dlf8 vfijc lfyf[df fhw o.tybf7 fhw uf[fht,bf8 ecbn.djl ite’qdf
jsf[ib7 nf[npt lfcdf lf udthlbs vbe]lf8 vfijv fh bwjlf cfblfy lfto.j7 obyfcofh
itvpflt,ekb ghjkjub vjvtynfkehfl fvjeahbylf sfdblfy8 hfqfw dth b.j bct8 ufyufibc
e[bkfdb fnjvt,b /fthib nhbfkt,lf cbufhtnbc rdfvksfy thsfl8
2 ybrf vjbnfwtc8 2 smdf exfv8
2 hf0 2 vfij udtkyfr,tybdbs it[nf8
2 fh vjutcvf7 ybrf vjbnfwtc8 ufvjcfc.blc s[jekj,ty8 jh vbkbjyc8
2 jh vbkbjyc888 qvthsj xtvj7 exf8 2 vfijv ve[kpt lfflj [tkb8 2 vt rb
dbabmht888 fsfcb cbcektkt dbabmht8
2 fk,fs eylf lfvthtrf7 ufvtahs[bkt,byt7 vfuhfv bm bctsb hfqfwtt,b vj[lf7
w[jdht,f fh vbylf8
2 3bm4 cfl0
2 vfvfxtvbc cf[kib8
2 fvfpt efhtcb hf eylf vjv[lfhb.j0
2 ybrf xtvb idbkb fh fhbc8
2 dth ufdbut888
2 vt fh dfh ybrfc ,bjkjubehb vfvf8
vfijv next,pt vbbafhf vjvezekb [tkbcuekt,b8 exfc sdfkt,b lfedbohjdlf7
vfuhfv vjqfkfnt whtvkb vfbyw uflvjwehlf fwf[wf[t,ekb mesesjlfy7 kj.f
lfecdtkf7 ufcfgfhc .,fpt ufbx[bhf8
2 ye itbrfdt, sfdc7 bnbht7 2 vfijv exfc uf,eh’uyekb sfdb vrthlpt vbblj
lf .ehsfy lfcxehxekf8 2 v[jkjl ’kbth vfvfrfwt,c ite’kbfs sfdc nbhbkbc eakt,f
vbcwty7 cecnt,b c[dt,bc lfcfyf[fl wlbkj,ty gjpfib lujvfc8
wjnf [fyc b.extc7 sbsmjc cfkfgfhfrjw fhfathb /mjylfs8
2 hfc fgbht,0 2 cbxevt lffhqdbf vfijv8
2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib ybrfpt efhbc smvfc fh dfgbht,8 fh vfbynthtct,c dbcb
idbkbf7 bc vt ufdpfhlt8 2 exfc ujyt,fib fvfcobyfyltkb cwtyf fvjnbdnbdlf8
lbkf8 cfvpfhtekj8 stapt cf[tklf[tkjl ufrtst,ekb .b.kb.j wbdlt,f8 ybrf ktmcc
f,fht,c5 3vbvbyjv xbnb itbg.hj7 thsb cfo.fkb zbk.dfdb7 vbfmdc lf
vbfwfywfkt,c7 vbahbyfdc hjujhw ybfdb8884 vbcb gfnfhf zbk.dfdb ,jhjnvf
vbvbyjv ufbnfwf8 lfv[vfht vthw[kt,b rb fh xfyfy7 exfv vfhnjv eylf vjf[th[jc
3zbk.dfdbc4 lf[cyf888 hjujh0
2 bmyt, n.ebkbf7 exf0
2 fhw tuff ufvjhbw[ekb8 hjujhw ufvjdb[cyb7 utytnbreh tmcgthnbpfc
xfdbnfht,s8 kjyljyib ufdupfdyb vjyfwtvt,c888 vfuhfv hjujh ufvjdb[cyb0 j]f[vf7
vfvfxtvbc sfvflj,bs7 [tkb lfb,fyf8 fh uflfb[lbfy c[dbc yf,bzdfhib jh vbkbjyc8
.jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 dfkt,c fh fbrblt,ty8
2 hfc ybiyfdc 3c[dbc yf,bzdfhib40 ’fqkc vbtxdtdf rfwb7 fhfse ,fdidc8
cb.dfhekpt7 vjdfktj,fpt fqfhfathc dfv,j,8
2 cfvoe[fhjl7 vfhnj xdty dabmhj,s fct8
2 ltlfvbcb0
2 ltlfvbcb bvfpt efhtcb .jabkf7 dblht ofhvjdblutylb8 bvsfdbsdt bwjlf7
hjv ybrf xtvb yfvldbkb idbkb fh b.j lf vfbyw vfifynf;t,lf8 byufc hfc dthxb7
cfresfhvf ’vfv ufvbvtnf7 xtvvf cbc[kvf lf [jhwvf8
2 cbc[kbs yfstcfdt,bc x[e,ib vjut,ekb fh fhbc8
2 tutw vfhsfkbf8
2 hfc fgbht,0
 2 dfzhj,fc8 yjkptw hjv lfd]lt7 jh vbkbjyc dth vjdfuhjdt,8
2 gjkbwbbc xfhsdfpt fh ubabmhbf0
2 rfwc7 dbcptw tzdb vfmdc7 gjkbwbfib eylf /.fdltc vafhdtkb8 itb’kt,f
cek ufdfaezj cfmvt7 sevwf fhw fv dfhbfync ufvjdhbw[fd8 lqtc cfqfvjc
uflfo.lt,f .dtkfathb8
2 bmfvlt hf dmyfs0
2 xfb ufvbrtst8 w[tkb xfb kbvjybs8
vfijv tktmnhj xfblfyb mctkib itfthsf7 kbvjyb lfzhf lf 3f[vflbc4 ths]thflb
gfrtnb zbmfib vjfsfdcf8 hfvlty rjdp ifmfhc b.hbc exf 2 jhc7 cfvc se js[c0
2 ifmfhb hfvltyb rjdpb xfub.fhj0 2 ufc’f[f cfvpfhtekjlfy8
fhfdby ufgfce[t,bf8 vfij jsf[ib itdblf8 exfc nfycfwvkbfyf t’byf nf[npt7
pecnfl bcts gjpfib7 hjujhw vfijv lfnjdf8 xfb sfdbcsdbc lfbc[f lf xfabmht,ekb
xfvj]lf lbdfybc rbltpt8 .dtkfpt cfgfce[bcvut,kj vjvtynib exf j]f[vf vbfnjdf8
ufvnfwt,tkvf fk,fs fhw bwbc7 hjv ybrf fh fhbc yfvldbkb f,ecthb’t8 vfuhfv fv
afmnc itb’kt,f ufvnfwt,kbcsdbc /mjyltc vybidytkj,f lf fhf ,f,efcf lf ,b’t,bcsdbc8
welb [fk[bf7 cekbtht,bcufy lfwkbkt,b8 fvfc fuytcf ,t,bf fh brflht,lf8 vfijv bctsb
cbs,j buh’yj ,t,bfvbcbc vbvfhs7 sdbsjyfw uferdbhlf8
sthsvtnc fsb oesb frklf7 hjwf rfhpt pfhbc [vf ufbcvf8 exf atsbfybdbs
ofvj]lf lf fhfyfrkt, lfatst,ek vfijc vbfxthlf8
2 vt’byf0
2 /j7 ut’byf8
2 fhfdbc lfehtrfdc0
2 f[kf htrfdty8
exfv vfublfpt lflt,ek vj,bkehc it[tlf8
2 rfhptf pfhb8 2 fe[cyf vfijv8
2 /j8 2 lfelfcnehf bvfy7 hflufy pfhb ufyvtjhlf8
2 uffqt,0
2 fhf7 ity uffqt8
vfij foehekb v[ht,bs uftvfhsf rjhbljhbcrty7 cfibytkt,bc vjkjlbyib exf
nf[nbc cfpehutc vbtotgf8 nrfw8 ufnrfweylf cfrtnb7 vtht vfijc itrbdkt,f ufbcvf7
vtht yf,b]t,bc [vf lf yfyfnhb 3VFVF=4
2 ybrf= 2 it/.dbhf exfv8
bvfdt ofvc jsf[ib ybrf itvjdfhlf7 cfq-cfkfvfsb7 ufqbvt,ekb7 cbwbdbcufy
fnrtwbkb kj.t,bs8 creg= lf erdt lf vfvbc rfksfib b.j7 rbcthpt [tkt,b itvj[dbf7
vbtrhj7 vbt[enf7 ittpfhlf888 bcbyb thsyb fhbfy888 tc vbcb gfnfhf zbk.dfdbc
sdfkt,b7 tc h,bkb svt,bw vbcbf7 ’fqkbdbs wbdb w[dbhb7 ,tlybtht,bcufy
fshsjkt,ekb c[tekb8888 vfs dthfdby uf/.jac8 dthfcjltc=
hjwf vjatht,bs uekb b]thf7 ptdbs fb[tlf8 dbc eylf evflkjltc [tkvtjhtl
lf,flt,fc0 rtltkpt vb.eht,ekb vfij ecbn.djl bwhtvkt,jlf7 rfht,ib rb ubjhub bluf8
exfv ybrf lfcdf lf eahjcc ’vfc vbef[kjdlf8 hfvltybvt ofvc ecbn.djl
itcwmthjlyty thsvfytsc7 vtht thslhjekfl ufifktc vrkfdt,b lf thsvfytsc xft[dbty7
hjujhw ,fdidj,fib7 zblfj,bc sfvfibcfc8
2 d[dlt,b7 hbc afcfl vjubobf xtvb ,bzbc ufsfdbceakt,f8
2 fh lfufdbo.ltc7 fv ,bzc ,b’fl dtresdyb8 2 ubjhubv ’vfc ,tzt,pt [tkb
vben.fgeyf lf ybrfc ufeqbvf8 2 ,tlybth f[fk otkc ubcehdt,s8 cfvbdtc8 2 f[kf
vfijpt uflfbnfyf vtuj,hekb vpthf8
2 ubjhub888 2 exfv cfvflkj,tkb cbn.dt,bc ’t,yfib ujyt,f lf’f,f7 vfuhfv
ubjhubv fh fwfkf7 [tkblfy lfec[knlf lf cflfh,fpjib ufexbyfhlf8
wbdvf /fthvf kj.t,b feodf8 tcbfvjdyf8 mexbc ufcodhbd7 wfkat[f
ujkbfst,bdbs bluyty vjwbvwbvt yfseht,bs itvjcfknekb kfvgbjyt,b7 cflqtcfcofekjl
vjhsek dbnhbyt,ib yf’dbc [tt,b bojyt,lyty sfdc8 ob[-gf[7 ob[-gf[888
cekvjesmvtkvf ,fdidvf obyfcofh lfwfkf gfnfhlt,bc vstkb fhctyfkb8
hfvltyb [fyb fh ufedkbf mexfib qfvbs7 sehvt vjtyfnhf at[bs cbfhekb8
fldjrfnbc ghjatcbf vstk lhjc fhsvtdlf8 bc thsb b.j7 lfwdbc mdti v.jayb 2 ,tdhyb8
cff[fkokjl ghtcf okbc cbf[ktt,c ufvjfmdt.yt,c7 vfs ijhbc bmyt,f fldjrfn ubjhub
f,ecthb’bc gbhdtkb ofut,ekb ghjwtcb8 bc dth lffhqdtdc ]eyf n.fdf’bcsdbc
vbwtvek gbhj,fc 2 xfgkbyf ufxevlt,f8 bc ufxevlt,f ybrfc cbwjw[kbc cfyfwdkjl8
oby v’bvt kfgfhfrb tkbc8 rjnt .fhfekfidbkvf eylf ufeujc lf lftsfy[vjc8 ubjhub
vjf[th[t,c vbc lfhoveyt,fc7 ,jkjc lf ,jkjc bcbw [jv vfvff888

sfdb @

tmbvc rj,f thmdf8 tc cf[tkb ,f,efv lffhmdf7 cnfkbybc gfnbdcfwtvfl8

vt[cbtht,fib xfhxf ’dtkb 3vjcrdbxbc4 gfhahbpib fvjlt,ekb ekdfif ,tkflbc ifd-stshb
ajnj8 3fb7 fv utybjcbc cf[tkb lfufhmdb7 eylf uffvfhskj4 2 vj’qdhfdlf ,f,ef8
vjudbfyt,bs7 hjwf ofvjbpfhlf7 gfnfhf rj,fc tzdb ittgfhf lblb rj,fc utybjcj,fib lf
afyfnbrjcb ,f,ebc vbvfhs ghjntcnbc uh’yj,f ufexylf8 ,f,ef lblb [fybf vbtobf
cfsf.dfyj j,btmnc7 rj,f lfrfwlf7 lfj]f[lf7 tmbvbc ghjatcbfc lfteakf7 vfuhfv
cb.vfodbktib frblt,ekb rjvgktmcb dthfahbs vjbijhf8 yt,bcvbth ofhevfnt,kj,fc
hfnjvqfw cf[tkc erfdibht,lf7 sbsmjc stbvehfpb hjv .jabkb.j7 fy gfdkt7 hfvt
itbwdkt,jlf vbc thsathjdfy w[jdht,fib8 cnf,bkehb cfvcf[ehb7 thsuekb wjkb7
vfhsfkbf tmdcb okbs eahjcb7 cfvfubthjl ,bybfy-fufhfrbfyb888 eghtntypbj
cf.dfhtkb7 serb cf.dfhtkb itb’kt,f lffhmdf oheoeyfcfdbs ufv[lfh vlbdfyc7
hjvtkcfw bctd lf bctd ufehrdtdtkb ghjntcnbc ufvj vjbvo.dltdlf [jkvt rf,bytnib8
vfbyw ervf.jabkj b.j7 cek txdtyt,jlf7 hjv yfvldbkb w[jdht,f cflqfw vbc
vbqvf xmtalf888 rke,t,ib7 rfpbyjt,ib7 ,f/fvbc rey’ekt,pt7 reifhtkbc nhfct,pt7 cfy-
nhjgtc gkf;t,pt7 cflfw uh’tkat[t,f kfvfpvfyt,b bcdhbfy vfwleh qbvbkt,c888
vfuhfv c[dt,bcsdbc7 c[dt,bcsdbc888 dbc lf/rfhudbf cfwjlfdb kf,jhfnjhbbc ufvut7
sfdbcb rjk,t,bs7 ktbrjwbnt,bs7 thbshjwbnt,bs7 mjktcnthbyt,bs888 gfwbtynt,b
vblbjlyty lf vjlbjlyty7 vfsb vjvkjlbyt7 cfresfh ghj,ktvfc vb.ehflt,ekb
abpbjyjvbt,b fh ofhvjflutylf rj,fc bynthtcbc cfufyc8 se fh xfdsdkbs ths
tuptvgkfhc888
f[vf[b vfvfrfwb yfvldbkb 3cfy-nhjgbctekb4 w[jdht,blfy ueiby yfieflqtdc
itvjbzhf vbc rf,bytnib lf vfhsfkbf tybc ,jh’brbs7 vfuhfv ufhrdtdbs es[hf7 hjv
cehc ufbrtsjc utytnbrehb tmcgtnbpf8 cbxevbc cfafcehfl [esfcb tdhjw ufe’hj
ufjuyt,ek ufvutc7 hjvtkcfw ghjatcbf bctlfw fdfklt,ekt,lf rjyabltywbfkehb
byajhvfwbbc lfwdfc8
2 ,fdidbc vj.dfyf yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib lfuzbhlt,fs8 2 fe[cyf tmbvvf8
2 svf fh ofdf0 2 rfwvf rtgb vjb[flf lf uf,eh’uyek sfdpt uflfbcdf
cfhltkbdbs vc[dbkb sbst,b8
 2 svbc tmcgthnbpf lhjc ofudfhsvtdc7 sfyfw kjyljyib bmyt,f
uflfcfupfdyb7 cfyfv bmblfy gfce[b vjdf888 cbc[kbc fyfkbpbc vb[tldbs xdtyc
kf,jhfnjhbfibw itudb’kbf lfcrdybc ufvjnfyf8 lfvthoveyts7 ef[ktcb fgfhfnehbs
dfhs fqzehdbkt,b7 wljvbkt,f afmnbehfl ufvjhbw[ekbf8
rfwb lfsfy[vlf7 vfuhfv e[fkbcjl8 dth vb[dlt,jlb7 itlbjlf vbc bynthtct,ib
,fdidbc ,bjkjubehb vfvj,f se fhf8 rj,fc ufzbhdt,bc fh b.jc7 vfyfw fh bwjlf dbcrty
vbtvfhsf ghjntcnbc dtmnjhb 2 vjqfkfnt wjkbcrty7 elfyfifekj ,fdidbcrty se
pjuflfl7 ecfvfhskj w[jdht,bcrty8
tctw ityb 3yfvldbkb4 w[jdht,bc afcb8 kfvfpb wjkb7 gkbec hmt,b8 rj,fc
fhw thsb tvemht,f7 fhw vtjht8 tktvtynfkehfl7 vbc mfkt,c fhfdby lf[fh,lt,f8 bc7
hjv it’kt,ek vfvfrfwc ecfsejl kfvfpb wjkb eylf /.fdltc7 rj,fcsdbc lfeothtkb rfyjyb
b.j8 yt,bcvbthb mfkb~vfs ijhbc ite[tlfdb` vafhdtkc t’t,c8 eaekj vafhdtkb rb
,eyt,fib fh fhct,j,c8 fylf fhct,j,c7 vfuhfv rj,fcfdbs chekbfl mdt.ybtht,fpt
ufyfo.tyt,ekb8
vfyexfh7 bubdt exf f,ecthb’t7 thmdf gjntywbehb hmt,bc vfnfht,tk
vfvfrfwc8 bc lqtc eylf ufvjw[flt,ekb.j cbc[kbc xfcf,fht,kfl8
vfhskfw7 s[esvtnbjlt oesib rfhb vjahbfklf mehsert,bc ihbfkbs cfvyb
itvjdblyty 2 rfwb7 ,fdidb lf f[fkufphlf mfkb8
2 tc xtvb ybrff8 2 exfv lblb fv,bs ofhelubyf idblbjlt okbc kfvfpb ,bzeyf8
2 ’fkbfy cfcbfvjdyjf8 2 rj,fv ,bzc ibyfehekfl ufeqbvf lf vpthf f[fkufphlf
mfkpt uflfbnfyf8
bub f,cjkenehfl fh ]lt,jlf 3cfy-nhjgbctek4 cnfylfhnib8 zhtksdfkf7
fwmdtnbkb ofh,t,bs7 v,pbyfdb svbs7 wjnf ufrdbhdt,ekb7 wjnf evotj8 fctsb
ubylf ve[kt,pt lfbcdf lf cfresfhb [tkbs fzfvj .eh’tyb8 f[fkb wjkbf7 lffcrdyf rj,fc lf
gfwbtync vbe,heylf8
2 lfdbo.js0
2 lfdbo.js7 f,f7 hbcsdbc vjdtlbs= vfij7 thsb tc ufvjvfhsdb8
rj,fv vbcb cf[tkb ufbuj8 vfij8 bubdt vfibrj8 fcjwbfwbf cgtmnfrksfy 3]th
lfb[jwty7 vtht bmjhobytc48 wjnfsb /ufdc rbltw ptvj[ctyt,ekb cgtmnfrkbc
gthcjyf;c7 hfcfw dth bn.jlf mehserbc gfnhjypt 2 hj[hj[f7 [fkdfsfl xfwvekb7
ewthtvjybj7 afwb-aewf7 cek cflqfw hjv txmfht,fs7 bctsb8
bvbc vb[tldbs7 hjujh uekvjlubytl xfb,fhf mfkbidbkvf thsb it[tldbs
xdtekt,hbdb mehserb7 w[flb b.j 2 fv jhc thsvfytssfy ufwbkt,bs vtnb frfdibht,c7
dblht bubdt rj,fc sfdbc rfyjybth lf erfyjyj mfkt,sfy8
2 lf,h’fylbs8 fbobts cf[tkj8
exfv ,fv,bc re,jhrekb gthfyubc cf[tkj fbrfgbof8 rj,fv vrkfdpt ]uenb
ofezbhf lf fvj,ehwek dtyfcsfy lfb[fhf8
2 fh tnrbyt,f0 2 vfijc uflfexehxekf ,bzvf8
2 fhf8 2 egfce[f bvfy8
2 vfn.et,7 [jv0
2 fhfcjltc vjvbn.et,b[fh8
2 3vfrljyflcibw4 ofvb.dfys0
2 hf smvf eylf8
2 fh vfn.et,0
2 hfnjv eylf vjufn.ej0
2 nbhbkb hjv fh lfdbo.j8
2 fh uhwdtybf0
2 fhf8
2 vujyb vjdbkfgfhfrts7 hjv rfwehfl vjbmwtdb8 2 vrfwhb7 lfvf]tht,tkb
bynjyfwbf dth ]lt,jlf evotj mfkbc bvb]ib8 rj,fc v[hbd flubkb /mjylf dbpefkeh
wljvbkt,fc8 fctw [lt,f [jkvt7 it[tlfd 2 idkbc yerhbf7 [vfc fvjbqt,c 2 sfdlf]tht,ekb
dth’b8 [vf fhbc cekbc cfhrt lf fhf sdfkt,b8 vtn.dtkb sdfkt,b ;bhfacfw fmdc7
vfuhfv hfl ubylf7 kfgfhfrb fh t[th[t,f8
2 hfib vzbhlt,f ytvcbc ufrtst,f7 fdfl fqfh dfh8 fhw .tkb vnrbdf7 fhw
vf[dtkt,c8 2 ,bzvf .jdtk itvs[dtdfib xff[dtkf8
2 ye oeoeyt,7 sjhtv vfvbrjc ittibylt,f8
2 vfvbrjc fhfahbc fh tibybf8
2 /jlf7 vb,f’t8 2 rj,fv cohfab vj’hfj,bs fvjfwjwf ytvcb7 cbc[kb rjk,fib
uflfbnfyf lf ,bzc it[tlf8 2 f[kf ityb ]thbf7 gfnfhf8 vjlb7 vjlb888
ybrf flubkblfy fh b’hjlf7 vjyec[ekbdbs itcwmthjlf rjk,fib vjkf.kf.t
cbc[kc7 hjvtkbw cek wjnf [ybc oby vfvfvbcbc ’fhqdt,ib vbtlbyt,jlf8 isfujyt,ekb
cf[t /mjylf7 hjujhw vtwybthc7 hjvtkvfw f[fkb ajhvekf fqvjfxbyf8
2 hfqfc elut[fh7 vjlb= 2 lfe’f[f exfv8
2 hf0 2 ybrfv rjk,fc sdfkb vjo.dbnf8 isfujyt,ekb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f
xdtekt,hbdvf ibivf itwdfkf8 ibic lblb sdfkt,b lf lfwmdtnbkb .eht,b /mjylf8
2 vjlb8
2 fh utnrbyf0
exfv sfdb uffmybf lf yfytvcfhpt lflt,ekb nfvgjyb itbcojhf8 n.ebc8 fh
lfe]thf ybrfv8 cfresfhb .ehbs ufbuj hjujh itlufaeylf vfvbrjc wbcahfl vatsmfd
’fhqdib cfpbpqfhb ytvcb-dfvgbhb8 hfnjv vjtlbyt,f wbcath ’fhqdt,ib obstkb
cbc[kb0
2 ity f[kf vfvfc rfksfib xfe]lt,b lf hfcfw tmbvb utn.dbc7 bvfc uffrtst,8 2
vfijv ufjht,ek ,bzeyfc [tkb xffdkj lf ptlvtnb [dtoyf-velfhbc ufhtit exfc rfksfib
xfecdf8
fhfdbsfhb idkbc yerhb7 nbgehb dth’bf 2 vbpfylfcf[ekb7 gbhlfgbhb7
tythubekb8 rj,fv f[fkb ighbwb uf[cyf lf ;uenb itfsfvfif8
2 udtkc /ufdc8 2 ;uenpt fybiyf ybrfv lf sdfkt,b lf[ezf8
exfv rbyrhb[jpt frjwf8 e.dfhc8 tc ,fdidbw e.dfhc lf tc mfkbw8 rj,f ,tdhc
vbcwtvlf7 ths[tk vfbyw hjv vjtrhf sdfkb exfc .jabkb wjkbcsdbc8 bv vjvtynib
vfy fh bwjlf7 hjv ofvbth ufabmht,fc f[ltyf eothbf 2 exf f,ecthb’bc wjk.jabkb
cfresfhb gthcjybs itvjf,b]t,lf vbc rf,bytnib8 itvjf,b]t,lf lf sfy itvjbnfylf bv
cfjwyt,j7 yfvldbkb w[jdht,bc cehytkc7 hjvtkbw .jdtksdbc rj,fc vbqvf xmtalf8
rj,f vwbht [ybs7 vfuhfv sfd,helfv[dtdb cbcohfabs xf.dbysfdlf bmfehb w[jdht,bc
jhjvnhbfkib888 lhjcf lf cbdhwtib ltpjhbtynbht,ekb7 tvjwbt,bs vsdhfkb7
wfhbtkb bycnbmnbc fvfhf888
bmfvlt rb ,bzbc cbahbafyf dtyf lffabmcbhf lf ighbwib fxe[xe[t,ek cbc[kc
vbfwmthlf8 cbc[kb cf[bafsj byajhvfwbfc itbwfdlf7 bvfpt cf[bafsjc7 dblht
ktbrjwbnt,bc se thbshjwbnt,bc ghjwtynekb itvflutykj,ff8 vfc eylf lftlubyf7 b.j se
fhf tc gfnfhf ,bzb fv lfsdbct,ehb rfwbc ,bjkjubehb idbkb8 rj,fc eyljlf7 hjv
.jabkb.j8 ewyfehb cfvtekb vskbfyfl frvf.jabkt,lf vbctek ofhvjlutyt,c bltfkeh
j]f[pt8 bcbyb fh wlbkj,yty sfdbc vjojyt,fc7 fhw gbhvjsytl bqbvjlyty7 fhw ptlvtn
itrbs[dt,c cdfvlyty7 fhw qtkfdlyty8 fct cfresfh sfdsfy vfhsfkb flfvbfyt,b
bmwtdbfy8 vfiby hf fphb fmdc fv fyfkbpc0888 uekbc lfcfvidblt,kfl7 ltlj,bc
xfvjcfhsvtdfl7 ybiybc vjcfut,fl0888
2 erfwhfdfl7 itb’kt,f hfqfw urbs[js0 2 /rbs[f vfijv7 hjwf tmbvvf cbc[kbc
fqt,f vjfsfdf lf ghjwtlehbc lfvsfdht,bs ,tlybth ybrfc mjxjhb fextxf8
2 .ehflqt,bs ubcvtys8
2 ’dtk vbrhjcrjgt,c cflvt f,fht,s [jkvt se cfyfudtpt .hbs0
2 vbrhjcrjgt,c0 2 rj,fv vpthf vfublfpt lfluvek vbrhjcrjgpt uflfbnfyf8 hf
iefibf lyv-c fyfkbpb vbrhjcrjgsfy0
 2 hfnjv ufubrdbhlfs0 vbylf vmjyltc ertstcb rkfcbc vbrhjcrjgb dblht
vfmdc8 f[fkb ’dbhb qbhc7 vjut[ctyt,fs7 jgnbrehb hfhbntnt,bc cfrjvbcbj fh
fhct,j,c7 hjv vbdblt lf db.blj8 se xfvjothbkb vbrhjcrjgt,b cflvt rkbybrbc cfhlfaib
bvndtht,f7 cbfvjdyt,bs ofdbqt,lb8 se ufvfnfys8 2 lffvfnf qbvbkbs8
rj,fv next,b lfmfxf8 ofhvjlutyf fh /mjylf7 cfl mht,jlf xfvjothbkb
vbrhjcrjgt,b8 vidtybthb dth’b etzdtkb fh fhbc vjn.et,ekb f[vf[bc f[fkb wjkb8 vbc
flubkpt rj,f bxmfht,lf8
2 hfc uflftrblt fv rfwc7 vt ub.blb vbrhjcrjgc8 2 exfc gfnbdvj.dfhtj,bc
zbfv iteqeneyf8 vbcb mfkb vbcbdt sfylfcoht,bs dbqfwfc hfqfc cs[jdc8
e[th[ekbf8
2 vfhskf0 2 cf[t ufe,ho.bylf vfijc lf bctd idkbc yerhc lftvcufdcf8 hfc
ufeut, mfkt,c7 lqtib w[hf]th ufybwlbfy vtnfvjhajpfc8
2 fvbhfy uekib vqthjlfj888 vt hf dbwb vbrhjcrjgb ubylf se ajytyljcrjgb0
2 c[dfsf ijhbc7 ityb obyfghbc ahfuvtync dbrdktd7 fct hjv7 ityw
lfbynthtct,ekb v[fht ufvjlb[fh8 2 vfijv ybrfc svf ufecojhf lf melb lff[ehf8 gbhpt
otqfyltkb qbvbkb lfcsfvfit,lf8 tn.j,f vbrhjcrjgc vbcsdbc hfqfw ufycfresht,ekb7
cfhrfkehb vybidytkj,f /mjylf8
2 hf ahfuvtynptf kfgfhfrb0 2 lfbynthtclf rj,f8
2 ,f,efxtvb fyshjgjkjub b.j7 vbc lfyfnjdfhc dbrdktd8 2 fe[cyf vfijv8
2 itb’kt,f udfhb dbwjlt0
2 ifhfityb’t8 vfyexfh ifhfityb’t8
2 vcvtybf fctsbc itcf[t,8 2 rj,fv vhfdfkvybidytkjdyfl lffmybf sfdb8
2 vfvbrj7 ityw vfyexfhb fh umdbf0 2 mdtdblfy it[tlf ybrfv8
2 /j7 vt lf vfijc ,f,ef ct[ybt,b ufvjdlbdfhs8 2 exfv rj,fc [tkb xfvjfhsdf lf
t8o8 j]f[j,fcsfy thsfl rf,bytnb lfnjdf8
2 ct[ybt,b hf fhbc0 2 lthtayblfy vjtcvf ybrfc orhbfkf [vf8
rj,fv afy]hblfy vbfltdyf sdfkb rkbybrbc tpjib ufvjatybk cfvtekc8 tc
rfnfafkrbcvfudfhb ]bgb7 w[flbf7 exfc tresdybc8 c[df vfymfyf fhw vje[lt,f8
fhxtdfypt se vbluf cfmvt7 rj,fc nfmcfcfdbs ofuh’tkt,ekb vfymfyt,b vjcojylf8
cbfvjdyt,bs itb’tylf 3kbvepbyc4 v’qjkbsehs8 cfztcsfy ]ljvf fh e.dfhlf rj,fc7
gtbpf;bc fqmvfib eikblf [tkc8 lf cfthsjl7 kbvepbybc gfnhjyb erfyf cfkjyib eylf
b]ltc7 mthfsvbfyb kfvfpvfybc ufhtvjwdfib8
ybrf oby vbreynheit,lf7 vfij lf exf [tkb[tkxfrblt,ekt,b vbcltdlyty7 hjujhw
cf,fdidj ,fqbc lfo.dbkt,ekb ,fdidt,b8 bv w[jdht,blfy ofvjcekvf tythutnbrfv rbltd
ths[tk vj[dbf ufvzdbhdfkt vrkfdt,b8 rj,fv ahjnf;bcnbc ,by’ehb cehdbkb buh’yj8
afy]fhfc vjo.lf lf vlbdfyb ufvjb’f[f8 cek fhfathc7 oheoeyf ]j,bf7 s[esvtnbjlt oesb
vfbyw fh babmht,c cbcektktpt7 itb’kt,f eahj yfrkt,b8

222

rfhkj f,ecthb’tc e.dfhlf c[dtyib ]ljvf8 ufycfresht,bs7 hjwf vpt vjflut,jlf

bkevbyfnjhbdbs vhudfk afy]fhfc8 fcts lhjc rfhkj cfvat[fpt ]lt,jlf lf ,t,th pehuib
fnfht,lf ’fkfufvjwkbk c[bdt,c8 serb ,eyt,fib fhct,j,c lflt,bsb utjgfsjutyehb pjyt,b7
bc fv c[dtyib eylf .jabkb.j7 rjyrhtnekfl bv flubkpt7 ’dtkbc’dtkb crbdhbc
cbf[kjdtc8 j]f[bc otdht,bcsdbc hjv utrbs[f7 ,f,ef crbdhib [fhf[ehfc byf[fdlf8
dbcsdbc [fhf[ehff7 dbcsdbc j]f[ehb htkbmdbf8
rfhkj crbdhsfy lfb[fhf8
lthvfnbyuflfrhek fk,jvc ivjhbc ceyb lf/rhfdlf7 .lfpt fvjndbahekb dfhlc
aehwkt,b itvj’fhwjlf7 ajnjt,pt ufvjcf[ek rb flfvbfyt,c lhjv dthfathb lffrkj 2
eobylt,ehb jgnbvbpvbs bwmbht,jlyty xf.dbskt,ekb aehwkt,blfy7 sbsmjc vpbc
c[bdt,c vbabxbyt,ek ,thbrfwc fv[ytdt,yty8
fb7 bc lf ytkb mjhobyt,blfy cfvb okbcsfdpt7 iefib okbyf[tdhbc ubjhub
epbs 2 lbl.ehf lf vc[kbcsfdf8 ytkbv cek ’fkbs ufob[kf fntkbtib7 ubylf se fhf7
thsb cehfsb zbfsehfib7 vij,kt,c eylf ufdeupfdyj cf[cjdhflj8 lqtc fhw wjktekbf
wjw[kt,ib7 fqfhw ytkb7 rfhkjc rb bct fmdc uekb vjrkekb7 c]j,lf ytkbcsfy thsfl
vjvrdlfhb.j8 vfsb yf,jkfhf df;b cbrj7 exfcsfy rjvakbmnbc itvltu fqfhfdbc
eyf[fdc7 cbhw[dbkc se uftmwf bc e,tleh dfhcrdkfdpt ufxtybkb8 rfhkj [tdbc,thb
ujxf fh fhbc7 cfresfhb yfibthb7 seylfw vjqfkfnt7 cfcbrdlbkjl ufbvtnjc8 jqjyl rb
ufvjxyltc7 .dtkfathc fgfnbt,c8 cbrjv tc bwbc lf fh vjlbc8 fvf.bf lf ]benb7
vfvfcfdbs8 dby bwbc7 fqfhw fhbc wjw[fkb888 exf hjv wjw[fkbf7 hf0 bv
cf,tlbcothj lqbc vtht vfvfc fh trfht,f7 ybrfc ufvjf yfo.tyb8 rfhkjvfw hf myfc7
qdb’kb idbkbidbkbc yfwdkfl7 dbqfwbc yf,bzdfhb ithxf [tkib8 cek bv
ufsf[cbht,ekb byufc ,hfkbf7 hjujh uf,tlf f,ecthb’tt,bc cf[tkjdfy j]f[ib ew[j stckbc
itvjult,f=
3ufdrfhb ityc cf[tkjdfy udfhc7 serb vfc itycfdbs cekvjrkt vf[idt,b
vfhsfdty4 2 ofcdkbcfc vbf’f[f exfv8 rfhkj cf[nfl lfhxf8 idbkbcufy fcts ephltkj,fc
fh tkjlf8 cekj wjldbkj7 uekohatkfl erdbhlf exfc fhfyjhvfkehb cb.dfhekb c[dbcb
idbkbc vbvfhs8 ybrf fhw vfc fvjulbf uekblfy7 vfuhfv v’tdkfl f.dfybkb ,bzbc
cfyfwdkjl jhb vbkbjybc uflfv[ltkb sfy[bc mjybc itvs[dtdfibw fh b.j8
futh rbrtsb8 atcdt,fvj.hbkb rfrkbc ’bhib vstk j]f[c vje.hbf sfdb8 ubjhub7
exf lf cbrj vjkpt c[tlfy7 rfhkj uf,qty’bkbf7 mdfpt itvjv]lfhb ,f.f.bdbs8
ctdlf itvjfodf8
ytnfd hfbvt ,eyt,hbdb rfnfrkbpvf vj[ltc7 seylfw ufv.bydfht,f8 cbfvjdyt,bs
vbtwtvjlf cfqfsfc ’bkc7 bv gbhj,bs7 hjv ufvqdfkcf lf vrdlhtsbs fqvlufhc
.dtkfathb eobylt,ehfl lf[dltc888 fylf vtjht dfhbfynb7 bcbw afynfcnbrbc cathjlfy
2 pfa[ekb8 bctd rbrtsb8 ,fdidt,b gfnfht,b fhbfy7 ytkb f[fkufphlf lf tythubekb8
rfhkj jh abzdc ief uf,vek /fvfrib bhotdf888
ufbyf,f8
ytcnjt,c obodbc ceyb vbcodlf7 .eht,c 2 ,bzt,bc uflf’f[bkbc8 ieif,fylblfy
h’tpt ufrtst,ekb yfpembc ceyb vjbrkfryt,f7 ytkbc ufrtst,ekb yfpembc888 vfiby
hjv dbyvtc tsmdf7 abzdbc xthjib rjnhbfkb vjutyfnht,fj7 cbwbkbs vjrdlt,jlf8
fhflf7 tyfnht,f7 bc lhj tyfnht,f7 bc elfhltkb ufyo.j,f8 cb,tht f[fkufphlj,bc
vjyfnht,f .jabkf7 c[df fhfathb888 lf e.fbhfsjs lf[fh]ekb lhjbc cbyfyekb8 hf
fxtht,lf bv /fvfrib7 hjwf itt’kj vj[ewb vij,kt,b vjtyf[ekt,byf7 ,bzt,b oft.dfyf
cfstdpfjl7 ,jpt,bc yfwdkfl ytkb lftgfnb;t,byf htcnjhfyib888 t/7 lhjbc uf[tldyf hjv
itb’kt,jltc7 ewjldtkb ofdbljlf fv mdt.yblfy888
vfbyw fh tkjlf abfcrjc cb,thbc ;fvc7 hfnjvqfw vbfxylf7 sfdbcb obkb
e,tleht,f erdt bodybf8 fhw ,fdidj,f /mjybf lfk[tybkb7 fhw f[fkufphlj,f7
ifmfhvj.hbkb rfhfmbfyb gehb lf 3nhfbyjb4 jltrjkjyb ,tlybthb w[jdht,bc cbv,jkjl
vbfxylf8 c[df se fhfathb7 vtjht vcjakbj jvvf vbc rbcthpt uflfbhf8 eahjcb ’vbc7
cbrjc jvib ofcdkbc itvltu rjvbcfhbfnbc rfhsfy fstyt,lf7 vtw ufvbidbs ahjynbc
[fpptj8 bct vjf,tphf sfdb rjvbcfhc7 crjkf lffvsfdht lf ]fyb ufdfhltc7 ufubidt,sj8
ufeidtc8 rfhkj lf,heylf8 cbrj 2 fhf8 .bhbvib7 nfvfybc yf[tdfhrey’ekbc
ufsfdbceakt,fc ittobhf8 futh cehfsbw8 $!$-t lbdbpbbc cflfpdthdj jwtekbc
hbubsb cbrj f,ecthb’t8
ufwhtwbkb ajnj rfhkjv wfkrt uflflj8
tc ajnjcehfsb rfhkjv jvbc vboehekc uflfbqj7 ,thkbybc vbcflujvt,sfy8
f[fkufphlf ktbntyfync xby-vtlkt,bs vjatybkb afhf]f fwdbf8 hjujh tfvf.t,jlf
sbsjtekb ]bklj888 3obstkb dfhcrdkfdbc4 jhltyb7 vtlfkb 3vfvfwj,bcsdbc47
3cf,h’jkj lfvcf[eht,bcsdbc47 3uthvfybfpt ufvfh]dt,bcsdbc4888 3cfvfvekj jvbc
gbhdtkb [fhbc[bc4 jhltyb ghfqbc ufysfdbceakt,bcsdbc vbfybztc7 3obstkb
dfhcrkfdbc jhltyb4 2 cnhfbf hecbc fk.bc ufhqdtdbcsdbc8
ptlvbotdybs f[cjdc bc lqt8
sjdkbc cbvfqkt jhvjwlffs cfynbvtnhc fqotdlf7 .bydf 2 vbyec
jwlfs[esvtnc8 lbdbpbfc ,h’fyt,f vjedblf5 jhb lqbc dflfib vjobyffqvltubc [fpsfy
vbcfcdktkb cfvjwlffs rbkjvtnhbfyb upf lftuj8 n,bc uf.byek ptlfgbhpt uflfflubkt,f
zbhlf7 vfuhfv ]fhbcrfwt,b zbfyzdtkbc cb]benbs vbbotdlyty oby888 cek
hfvltybvt vtnhb hxt,jlf fk.bc ufhqdtdfvlt7 hjwf vnthvf vj’hfdb rjkjyf itybiyf8
cdfcnbrbfyvf sdbsvahbyfdt,vf lfcthf ptwf7 ctn.dfcfdbs ofvjdblf n.dbt,b8
lbdbpbbc yf[tdfhb ufyfluehlf7 rfhkj uflfhxf8 rfhkj uflfhxf vfibyfw7 hjwf yfqvpt
fatsmlf7 vfibyfw7 hjwf cfv[tlhj /jcgbnfkc ,jv,b lftwf7 vfibyfw7 hjwf rfgbnfyvf
’tkvboehib ufvjb’f[f7 ptdbs fvjcekc rb ,fnfkbjybc .dtkf otdhb vjrekekb lf[dlf8
sbsmjc vafhdtkb fyutkjpb lf.dt,jlf e[bkfd xhlbkfl8 jvvf ufpfhlf7 lffdf;rfwf7
vtuj,hj,f fcofdkf7 bm ufexylf gbhdtkfl cfvij,kjc ufywlf8 cofdkbc ufuh’tkt,bc
cehdbkb ufexylf7 obuybc rbs[dbc7 bcnjhbbc ufwyj,bc888 tctyb rb fv,j,ty7
c[dbc jvib b,h’jlbj= hfc /mdbf c[dbcb0= vfi hbcsdbc vjrdlf cbrj0
[frbcath 3akbfufc4 ,tdhb f[cjdc8 [fy fhf.b .fy.kt,lf vbc lfstsmdbk
udthlt,ib7 [fy xdtekt,hbdb o.fkb 2 pju]th .byekbdbs wbdb7 pju]th h’tcfdbs
s,bkb7 cbnefwbbc vb[tldbs8 rfhkjv [hf[yfbyb sfdcf[ehb vj[cyf8 lf.yjcf8
2 vfvf7 welfl [jv fh [fhs0 2 c[dtypt fvjvfdfk rb,tpt eahjcb h’kbc7 vfyfyfc
sfdb ufvjxylf8
rfhkjv 3akbfuf4 sfdbc flubkpt lff,heyf lf yfvbfyb sdfkt,b h’fkc vbfg.hj8
2 ofvjlbs7 thsfl dbcflbkjs8 ubjhubw cf[kibf7 ujujt,bw8
2 /j7 vjdfk8 2 .,bc rfyrfkbs uftgfce[f8
vfyfyfc sfdb ufmhf7 sbsmjc fhw .jabkf8 cflbkfl c[lt,f j]f[b8 hjujh
uflfclbs kervf .tkib7 hjwf cbrjc fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb fh bwbfy= zfvty7 veifj,ty7
vecfbaj,ty888 sbsmjc ,epb ufmhf sdfkcfobthblfy8 rfhkjv frforfot,ekb .,t,b
lfbpbkf8 ythdbekj,bcfc .,bc rfyrfkb lfcxtvlf8 f[fkufphlj,fib .dbhbkbs wlbkj,lf
.ehflqt,bc vbg.hj,fc7 bctsc lfcz.bdkt,lf7 vstkb j]f[b ufbcect,jlf [jkvt8 f[kf hjv
lfb.dbhjc7 cekb uf’dht,f8 fylf efhtcb 2 upff,ytekb rebkb ufvje[nt,f ufs[tkt,ekb
yfokfdblfy8 vjzfh,t,ekb ythodbc ufvj.jaf lf .,t,bc rfyrfkb 2 cek tc b.j j]f[bc
sfdrfwbc htfmwbf ecfvfhskj,fpt8
xdtyib lfhxtc7 rfhkjcfw vjibdlf8 fctf vjo.j,bkb flfvbfyb7 ujyt,fc
bycnbmnb ecoht,c8 cb,ytktibw hjv lffvo.dlbj7 ,bjkjubehb cffsb vfbyw
xfthsdt,f8 vfhnbdvf stckvfw rb bwbc hjlbc ufqdbdltc7 hjlbc fvj[tsmjc vbof7
hjlbc uflfbmwtc .dfdbkfl7 rdbhnt,b ufifkjc7 vptc uftghfyzjc8 e[bkfdb
,bjkjubehb cffsb .dtkf cekluvekbcsdbc obrobrt,c7 e,hfkjl sdfkbs e[bkfdbf7
rfhkjc lfhlbdbs8
jvib lfqegekb ’vbc ajnj ]b,tib itbyf[f lf rhbf[bs lftidf rb,tpt8 gbhdtk
hbuib sfdbc jsf[c vbfiehf7 idbkbidbkt,bc cehfsb kbsjybc xfhxjlfy fvjfulj lf ’vbc
ajnj xfcdf8 tctw fct= .dtkfv bwjltc7 dby fhbc fm vsfdfhb8
ceahfcsfy eahjcb df;bc7 ubjhubc j]f[c vjt.fhf sfdb8 gbhdtkb ofut,ekb
ghjwtcb fhfyfbhfl fbcf[f ubjhubc [fcbfspt8 gbhbmbs7 ufvfh]dt,ekb
v[tlfhvsfdhbc lblcekjdfyb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f fh ijhlt,jlf cf[blfy8 ’vbcidbkb
ufvjb[cyf ,bzvf7 fmdc cb[fhekbc cf,f,b8 rfhkj ,jhjnb ,f,eff7 ecekuekj fyjvfkbf7
cfresfh obobkt,c uflfajahbkb vfvfkb rhe[b8 ,t,bffvfsb=
cflbkfl b.j xb[bhsvf8 vpfhtekvf wbwjv .dtkfc lfec[f lblvewkf cfodytlfy
sbsj ekeaf sfdbcb obkb mfsvbc [jhwbs8 stshb [jhwb ubjhubc fhueyf7 hflufy
vbcb hxtekb c[df yfzthc fh zfvlf8 ubjhubcsdbc wbwjc .dtkfathb tvtnt,jlf7 fk,fs
bvbnjv7 hjv ubjhub fhfcjltc fhfathc fh bs[jdlf8 sfdvlf,fkb flfvbfyt,b wbwjib
vjobot,fc bodtdlf7 ubjhub sfdvlf,fkbw b.j lf zrdbfyb8 wbwjc rb vjvs[jdyb lf
endbyj ,bzt,b /.fdlf8 hfqf ,bzt,b7 lfwjkidbkt,ekb b.j jhbdt8 vfbyw ltlfc
itwmthjlyty [tkt,ib7 sbsmjc it’kt,ek j]f[ib vpfhtekj,f vfsb ufvlblht,bc ufhfynbf
b.j8 wbwjc fphbs rfwj,hbj,f jh rfntujhbfl b.jaf5 ybzbtht,b lf eybzjt,b8 ybzb 2
veifj,bc vjs[jdybkt,bc ghjgjhwbekbf7 eybzj,f 2 ecfmvehj,bc vfvf8 fy ltlf8 fh
ufmdc ybzb 2 fh ufmdc veifj,bc vjs[jdybkt,f8 eybzjc sbst,b fh t.jaf ecfmvehj,bc
ufcfvfhskt,kfl8 rth’t,bc rtst,bcfc wbwj itvjmvtlt,bs odfc ufybwlblf7
rekbyfhbekb ybzb ,t,bfcufy ufvj.df8 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc fldjrfnb bmyt,b7
vfcofdkt,tkb se v’qjkb8 vsfdfhbf vjuojyltc ityb yf[tkfdb8 wbwjc vjcojylf7 hfw
gbhlfgbh se fhfgbhlfgbh ubjhubcyfbht,sfy fsfyf,ht,lf8
xb[bhsvf utvhbtkb b.j8 hfcfw vjovj,lf ceahfcsfy ufvtat,ekb cbxevt lf
vfskfabcrty lf[hbkb sfdt,b8 wbwj rvf.jabkb ufdblf cfcflbkj jsf[blfy8
w[hfvtnb okbc ytkbrjv zfvf lffvsfdhf lf uh’tkofvofvf sdfkt,b vfvfc
vbfg.hj8
2 hfibf cfmvt0 2 ubjhubv idbkbc vpthf lfbzbhf8
ytkbrj vjcf[tkt ,t,bfc xfvj/ufdlf7 jqjyl ufvj[tldf /mjylf c[dfyfbhb8
sfyfvtlhjdt f[fkufphlt,c obyfght,bcufy ufvj[tldf ufyfc[dfdt,s8 flht rkltvfvjcbkb
mfkt,b b.j vjlfib7 cf[tpt hjv fothbfs thsuekt,f lf sfdlflt,f8 ytkbrjc cf[tpt
atvbybcnehb gbhlfgbhj,f brbs[t,jlf7 itho.vekb fvgfhnfdyj,fcsfy8 sbsmjc fv,j,lf5
yf[ts7 hf kfvfpb dfh7 itv[tlts7 lfnr,bs7 lftwbs7 vjvtvcf[ehts888
2 vfvf7 xtvb rehctkb jhfphjdfy cbnefwbfib xfdfhlf7 itub’kbf
lfvfrdfkbfyj0
2 dtwlt,b8 2 ubjhubc uekpt vjtidf8
xdtekt,hbcfvt,h7 ytkbrj aekc s[jdlf7 hfw vij,tkib cfvfhskbfy ghjntcnc
bodtdlf8 vfyfyf fh [fh]fdlf nfycfwvtkib bvltyc7 hfvltycfw vbcb sfdmfhbfyb
mfkbidbkb8 fvfcobyfs vfymfyfpt uflferhf cbn.df8 fv cbijhtpt hjv uflvjvn.jhwyt
cfw[jdht,kfl7 gbhflb nhfycgjhnbsfw lfvfrvf.jabktj8 lfrdfkbfyt,f itb’kt,f8
cbn.dbthb lf[vfht,fpt efhc fh tn.dbc8
2 vjrktl7 fv ujujc7 tkbcj vjcfidbkc7 vtpj,kbc vrdktkj,fc f,hfkt,ty7
ofhvjublutybf0
2 hf fhbc ofhvjelutytkb7 tutst,b [lt,f0
2 tu fh fhbc gfce[b7 eylf yf[j hf lqtibf888 lfhlbcufy ufyf[tdhlf cfo.fkb8
flht bctsb [fkbcbfyb b.j7 bctsb v[bfhekb7 f[kf fvjqfvt,ekb sdfkt,bs lflbc7 kfvbc
cgtmnfrkb xffakfdjc8 fhflf7 ths-thsb vsfdfhb hjkb vbcwtc7 bvbnjv hjv ’fkbfy
ybzbthbf8 c[dfsf ijhbc7 bv cgtmnfrkib vtw dvjyfobktj,8 ofv.dfyvf gthcjyf;vf se
fh bdfhuf7 xfsdfkt7 jhb sdbc yfodfktdb xfudt.ht,f o.fkib8 vjut[ctyt,f7 stfnhb
rjktmnbehb [tkjdyt,ff8 thsb .dtkfcfsdbc7 .dtkf thsbcfsdbc8 hjujhbf7 vrdktkj,fib
tzdvbnfybkvf cwtyfpt bnbyubwj=
2 se ghjatcbjyfkbf7 ufhlfcf[dbc eyfhb eylf itcotdltc8
2 hf lhjc fvfsb ghjatcbjyfkbpvbf7 ,fdidt,b fhbfy ]th8 2 ufvjtmjvfuf
vfyfyf8
2 tkbcjc lfzthf tvemht,f7 serb fh lffvnrbwt,c7 hjv vfc fh vjerkfdc8 c[df
itvs[dtdfib7 acbmbfnhbekib erhfdty sfdc8
2 hf iefibf acbmbfnhbekb0 2 uferdbhlf ubjhubc8
2 dbqfw lfvs[dtekvf ehxbf7 fv vrdktkj,fc vfbyw itvjuntybfy7 c]j,c sfdb
vjbub;bfyj7 dbsjv vfhskf ity vjrfkb7 vtnb ifycb utmyt,f vfkt ufvj[dbltj8
2 dby ehxbf tu cbcektkt0
2 fldjrfnvf8
2 vfufhb fldjrfnb /.jkbf8
 2 blbjnb hjv b.j7 bvbnjvfw lfbs[jdf8 2 ytkbrjv ]jy]jkbc frblj jhb sbsbs
lfbshbf lf ufqt,ekb gbhb lff[dtlhf8
2 rfhufl vjmwtekf8 2 ubjhubv ltcthnbc vjkjlbyib cfvpfhtekjc v[fhtc
ufb[tlf8
sbsmjc cbuyfkc tkjlfj7 wbwj ufvjxylf 2 dfikbc gthjubs ,hn.tk cbypt8
cfcflbkj jsf[ib it,hfoekb dfikbcf lf dfybkbc cehytkb lf,jhbfklf8
2 vjnbdb0 2 vjekjlytkfl brbs[f sfvhjv7 vfyfyf lf ubjhub f,ecthb’tt,bc
s[esvtnb okbc mfkbidbkvf8
.dtkf vfc vbfxthlf7 ufaexekb rfhkjc xfsdkbs8 sfvhj fbktof8 eahjcb lbcufy
ufyc[dfdt,bs .ehflqt,bc wtynhib .jayf shueyfdlf lf vtn.dtkt,bc eyfhc erfhufdlf8
2 hfc vb.eht,s7 hf dsmdb bctsb0 2 fvjbkeqkeqf tybc ,jh’brbs8
2 kjubrehb itrbs[dff8 2 itfmj vfvfv8 2 serb dbqfwfc sfdib vjedblf
flfvbfybc lflfyfifekt,f7 fk,fs b.j vjnbdb8
2 hf vjnbdb7 vfvf= 2 fqiajslf ytkbrj7 2 [tkbc itovtylf eylfs lf itfovbyltc=
tkbcjpt ertstc j,btmnc dthw byfnht,ty8 [tkvjrkt7 vhfdfkidbkbfyb j]f[blfy
fhbc888 ’kbdc lffqobf sfdb mhjybrek ufzbhdt,fc7 sfdbcbs vjto.j stfnhfkehpt7
.jdtkudfhb ghjntmwbbc ufhtit7 cofdkj,c7 cfqfvjj,bs veifj,c rbltw8 ’kbdc hfqfw
vjfmexf lf ,byf bmbhfdf8 ecfvfhskj,bc vc[dthgkbf7 c[df fhfathb8 vbs[fhb7 hf
itb’kt,f dehxbj0
2 rfhub fldjrfnb eylf fb.dfyjc8 dbyfblfy ]th fh fe.dfybfs7 t8b fh uffxybfs
vnrbwt,ekt,f8
2 3dbyfblfy47 3vnrbwt,ekt,f4888 .ehc vzhbc ityb nthvbyjkjubf7 sfdb
behbcnt,bc ktmwbfpt vujybf8 hfvt hjv b.jc7 ity dth lft[vfht,b0 2 ytkbrjv
rfnfcfdbs vjzenf sdfkt,b8
2 vt0 2 ubjhubv gbhsfy vbnfybkb yfvw[dfhb staipt lff,heyf8 2 cfl vfmdc
vfubc lhj7 dth [tlfd hjlbc db’byt,0
2 us[jd7 vfvbrj7 vt [jv itysdbc fhfathb vbs[jdbf7 vstkb ]ueab
duekitvfnrbdhj,s tkbcjc7 .dtkfc sfylfcoht,bs lfdgbhlb lf[vfht,fc8 fff0
2 bmyt, ufcfe,ht,jlb0 yf[tdfh cffspt vtnb fh lfrfhufd8 2 mfkbidbkbc
s[jdyfc itethslf vfyfyf8
2 ufcfe,ht,f eidtkbc vrdktkj,fib tzdvbnfybkc0
2 vjcvtyfc oby hf elufc0
2 rfhub7 ufdtcfe,ht,b8 jqjyl lfbvf[cjdht7 2 vbvfhsf ytkbrjc7 2
vjvfdkbcsdbc7 cfyfv dbyvtc hfvtc lfgbhlt,b7 fojy-lfojyt7 vjf[th[t, rb fhf
lfgbht,bc itchekt,fc0
2 tuht dbpfv8 2 ytkbrjv pehublfy vjefhf vfvfc lf vflkj,bc ybiyfl rbcthpt
[tkt,b vj[dbf8
2 dbqfw vfnhfrdtwf ujujcsfy it[dtlhbc lhj ufmdc7 cbrjc fhct,j,fc rb [fpb
uflfecdb7 sbsmjc fhw u.jkbf evwhjcb ’vf8 2 rfhkjv ufkjrbkb rjdpb wfhbtk
vfskfafib xfforfheyf8
2 dby ubs[hf7 sbsmjc lfvfdbo.lf0 2 ubjhubc .tkpt lffluf cf.dfhtkb
gthjub8
ytkbrjc [tkt,b vjbijhf7 ofh,mdtiblfy uf[tlf vjqeiek vij,tkc8 fh itfhutc
ltcthnb7 vtht ecf.dtleht,ty7 thsj,kbd cflbkpt dth itvjubn.et,c rfwbj8 sfdbcb at[bs
vjdblf7 ,fnjyj7 jhb cffsbs ufvjbgfhf cffldjrfnj ,behjlfy8 fh ]j,lf vfqfpbbc
[fzfgehpt uflfcekb.j0
2 dbqfwbc smvf fh vzbhlt,f7 hfcfw xtvb sdfkbs d[tlfd7 bvfc vjuf[ctyt,8
2 fh dbveifj7 fh dbkfgfhfrj7 gbhb fvjdbrthj se hfc vsfdpj,0
2 eylf ufbuj7 wjw[fkbf ityb ’vf se vrdlfhb8 vtnc fhfathc us[jd8
 2 .dtkf bycnfywbfibf ufupfdybkb itn.j,byt,f8 thsb bynthgjkib fh
ufyvbw[flt,bf7 sjhtv fhfathb lfvbrkbf8
2 ,f,erf7 .dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f7 ufvjxylt,f cbrj ,b’bf7 fb7 yf[fd se fhf8
2 ytkbrjv f[kf ,f,efcsfy uflfbyfwdkf8 ,f,efodthfcfdbs cbahbafyf svfpt uflfecdf
[tkb8 2 cbrj ,b’bfw ufvjxylt,f7 exf ,b’bfw888
2 yf[ekj,s [jkvt0 2 rfhkj exfc [ctyt,fpt vjk,f8
vfyfyfv lf ubjhubv thsvfytsc uflf[tltc8
2 lqtc cfqfvjc exfcsfy dfhs lfgfnb;t,ekt,b7 bc ujuj eylf ufudfwyjc8 vfij8
2 ufvjn.lf vfyfyf8
2 fct cthbjpekfl fhbc cfmvt0
2 fk,fs8
2 vujyb yfflhtdbf f[fk j]f[pt abmhb7 ]th ’dtkbw fh vjeytkt,bf8
2 it.dfht,ekbf lf hf myfc0 2 fhnbcnekfl itc’f[f ytkbrjv8
2 ,fdidb hfc fv,j,c0 2 rfhkjv gthjub lfbshbf8
2 ,fdidb hjv lbcrjvajhnc ufybwlbltc7 fhw exf uflflufvlf vcufdc yf,b]c8
vujyb gbhbmbsff8 ybrfc eahj czbhlt,f ltlf7 dblht exfc wjkb8 2 egfce[f ubjhubv8
2 hf tmjhobkt,f lfrfhuekb ’vbc gfnhjyc0 2 i[fvbfyb cfwtwb ufvjeidf
rfhkjv8
2 hf fmdc cf,jlbij exf ,b’bfc cbrjcsfy0 2 dth vjbsvbyf sfvhjv8
j]f[bc otdht,vf cbymhjyekfl vbf,heytc sfdt,b8 sfvhj [tkvtjhtl ofktrf
cbobsktv7 vfuhfv sfdc vjthbf8 .dtkfc cfsbsfjl ufecojhf sdfkb lf qdtptkbc zfvf
ufyfuh’j8
2 ity fhfdby utrbs[t,f7 gfnfhf [fh ]th8 2 ite,qdbhf ,f,efv8
2 gfnfhfcfw itb’kt,f uffxyltc cfresfhb vjcfpht,f8 smdty .jdtksdbc
ecfvfhskj b.fdbs exfc vbvfhs8 f[kfw cbrjc bwfds7 bwbs7 hjv lfvyfifdtf7 vfuhfv
vfbyw bwfds8 f[kfw wlbkj,s sfdpt vjudf[dbjs lfyfifekbc ufywlf7 sbsmjc
xdtyb ,hfkbf cbrjc evcufdcj cfmwbtkb888
2 tyf uffxtht= 2 lfe.dbhf rfhkjv8
2 fh ufdfxtht,8 ybrf xtvb ,b’fidbkbf7 vt bc vb.dfhc7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7
fhbc se fhf bub yfvldbkb f,ecthb’t8
2 sfvhj= 2 sdfkt,b lfe,hbfkf vfyfyfv8
2 se ybrfc fm fh vjtcdkt,f7 chekokjdfyb ufd[lt,b se fhf7 udfhc
uflfdbrtst,8 2 fv cbn.dt,bs sfvhj ceahblfy ofvj[nf lf jsf[blfy ufdfhlf8
3ufbpfhlf4 2 ufbabmhf vfvfv8
3.jxfq4 2 ufbabmhf ltlfv8
3dfe4 2 ufbabmhf lfv8
3vfvf’fqkb4 2 ufbabmhf ,f,efv8

222

fuytcf ifhfityb’tc fh e.dfhlf c[dbc ybdst,ib mtmdf7 vfuhfv w[jdht,fib

pju]th lut,f vjvtynb7 hjwf qfkfnj, cfresfh ghbywbgt,c8 fuytcfv cb[fhekb vfijc
xfikbk hjvfysfy lfrfdibht,bs yfflhtdb ufvjluf8 vbcb thsflthsb idbkbidbkb firfhfl
lblb yf[njvbcsdbc tvpflt,jlf7 vfhnjj,bcsdbc ufyobhek ,t,bfc ehsbthscfobyffqvltuj
uh’yj,t,b eakbsfdlf ,t,th uekc8 hf tidtkt,f vfijc ufs[jdt,bc itvs[dtdfib0 cfmvt vfhnj
bvfib fh fhbc7 hjv fuytcfc vjvdktkb fh t.jkt,f8 tmdcb otkb ufdblf7 hfw vfij
vfcsfy uflvjdblf cfw[jdht,kfl7 tktvtynfkehfl vbtxdbf7 fk,fs ite.dfhlf rbltw7 hfw
thsb v[hbd f[fht,lf7 vtjht v[hbd ghj,ktvfc emvyblf8 ecb.dfhekjl w[jdht,f hsekbf7
vfuhfv rjvajhnekb8 fuytcfc rb e.dfhlf rjvajhnb8 cb.dfhekb lfvjrblt,ekc u[lbc7
ufdfklt,ekt,c bpheyj cf.dfhtk j,btmnpt7 bythdbekj7 esfyfuh’yj8 fuytcf dfhfelj,lf
cb,thtib vfbyw ufsfdbceakt,ekb.j fv 3v’bvt ndbhsbcufy48 hjujhw fqvjxylf7 cek
n.ebkfl8 vfijv7 yt,bs se eyt,kbts7 ite’kt,tkb it’kj 2 fcfrjdfyb ,t,bf lfvjrblt,ekb
uf[flf8
bmyt, vfy7 fuytcfv dth ufvjbxbyf cfsfyflj [tkufikbkj,f lf vfij vjvfdfkb
mvhbc mjyt,fc lf[fh,lf0 se fctf7 cflqfw eylf byf[t,jltc t8o8 cfmvhjc yfxemfhb
aekb fy ’dbhafctekj,f8
fuytcfv rfhflf ufvjfqj8 sfhjt,pt frehfnekfl to.j vfijc ’dtkvfyt,b8 tc
dtkdtnbc gb]frb ’jy’t,ib b.blf7 vfuhfv dth b[vfhf7 vtpbpqt,fj8 xtmvt,b erdt
uflfcfult,bf7 cek lft,hbwf udthlt,b8 ,t,bfcsfy sfyfw[jdht,bc vfy’bkpt cek jh]th
vjf[th[f ufhlthj,bc ufyf[kt,f8 ,jkjc7 fv thsb sdbc oby8 idbkbidbkbc uekbc
vjcfut,fl fuytcfv aekb ufbvtnf8 hfl ubylf7 f[fkb nfycfwvtkbc ,hfkb b.j se f[fkb
tvjwbt,bc7 vjhxbkb ujujyf sdfkcf lf [tkc ief ufsfd[tllf8 flht hjujh uf,tlfdlf
itgfce[t,fc7 f[kf lfvjerblt,kfl ezbhfdc sfdb8 it.dfht,ekbf ujuj8 ’kbthb pehubc
tatmnvf bvjmvtlf8 fuytcf cfresfh sfdc dth en.lt,jlf7 sjhtv ufvjwdkbkb vfij
ufwbkt,bs vbcfqt,b fqvjxylf vbcsdbc7 dblht vjyfcfdbs esmvtkb8
x[htrf ufyfuh’j8
byrecnhbht,ek pfhlf[ifib cfvrfekt,bc yfwdkfl pqdblfy xfvjnfybkb
yb;fht,b t.fhf8 thsflthsb qbht,ekb ybdsb fqvjxylf abhepbcsdkbfyb dthw[kbc
cfvf]ehb7 bcbw ,t,bfc yfxemfhb8
rfhflblfy cfoth vfublfpt uflfbyfwdkf7 cflfw blj rjvgbenthb7
obyfbcnjhbekb vbrhjcrjgb7 vfyexfh ithfityb’bc rdktdt,b 2 frehfnekfl frby’ekb lf
lthvfnbybc cfmfqfkltib ufvjrhekb8 fuytcf ufvzbhdfkt afbkbs lfbynthtclf7 vfijc
[tkbs lfothb aehwkt,b fvjbqj lf rbs[dfc iteluf8
f,ecthbc’t f,ecth 2 vtsthsvtnt cfereybc ief okt,b8 !)$% otkc vfhbfv
ltljafkvf cfvvfhsdtkjl xff,fhf fybcb888 vtuj,hj,lf ,fuhfn vtjs[tcsfy7 vnhj,lf
kbgfhbn ,fqdfic8888 vjyfobktj,lf cfcbhtsbc zfkfib vjv[lfh itnfrt,fib888
f,ecthbc’t n,tkb 2 3mjhjybrjyyb chekb vbcbsf cfeo.t,tkbsf47 3ufkj,fyb cfvsf
bjfytsf4888 cf]fhj ,b,kbjstrf8 vec[tkbidbkb 2 ,jkjr-,fcbkbc vityt,kj,f iefhn.fkib7
f,ecthbc’tt,bc cfudfhtekj vfnbfyt888
hf iefibf dbqfw f,ecthbc’tt,b vfijc cgtwbfkj,fcsfy lf vfyexfhbc
fyshjgjkjubeh tnbelt,sfy0 hbs thsj,f idbkbidbkb sfdbceafk lhjc7 sbsmjc
cfvrehyfkjpt cofdkj,c888
aehwkt,c ijhbc yfwyj, yf[fnc vjrhf sdfkb8 vfyexfhbc cf.dfhtkb fhf,tcrf 2
mdfpt fvjndbahekb utjvtnhbekb abueht,bc rjv,byfwbf7 hjvkbc ajnjfckb fo
ufhlfwdkbkvf mvfhvf hjvtkbqfw tmcgtlbwbblfy xfvjbnfyf lf hjvtkcfw sdfkbc
xbybdbs eahs[bklt,jlf8 fhf,tcrfpt cntgkthbs b.j lfvfuht,ekb f,ecthbc’tt,bc
utytfkjubehb [t7 lfsfhbqt,ekb vtsjhvtnt-vtwfvtnt cfereybs8 njnt,bc yfobkb
vcemfyb rbs[dbc ybiyt,bs b.j lf[ey’kekb7 yfobkpt fhmfekb cf[tkt,b tothf8
c[dflfc[df hfrecib lf[fnekvf sfdbc mfkt,vf fuytcf wel [fcbfspt lff.tyf7
sbsmjc cbrdlbkbc fxhlbkvf xffceysmf rtafib8 vbyljhpt ufvjnfybkb
utuvbcvfudfhb vbyfothb xfbrbs[f8
!8 cf[bcf lf h,bkb yfobkt,bc htrjycnhemwbf ’dkjdfyb yfist,bc vb[tldbs8
@8 flfvbfybcf lf ghbvfnbc rhfybjkjubf 2 f8 ]fdf[bidbkb8
#8 gfktfyshjgjkjubehb nbgt,bc tgjmfkehb
nhfycajhvfwbf8 cfcmtcj mhjvfnbybc ufycfpqdhf8
$8 hflbjfmnbehb tktvtynt,b yfvfh[ ’dkt,ib7 utytnbrehb fyfkbpb888
pfhbc [vfv flubkpt itf[neyf8 lfkf[dhjc tivfrvf7 tc ujuj ,f,efvbcpt efhtcb
afyfnbrjcbf8 afhs[faehs[bs vbfkfuf .dtkfathb lf rfhbc ufcfqt,fl ufdblf8
pqeh,kpt bluf ubukf tmbvb7 vfibrjc sf.dfybcvwtvtkb vqhqytksf
j]f[blfy8 wfk [tkib .dfdbkt,bc sfbuekb tzbhf7 vtjhtib ,fy,fythrf8 cf[tpt rkjeybc
ufotkbkb qbvbkb it/.bydjlf7 hjvtkcfw fhfathb /mjylf cfthsj vbc fvqdhtek
sdfkt,sfy8
2 ufvfh]j,fs7 mfk,fnjyj fuytcf= 2 vbtcfkvf .fg.fgf [vbs lf .jdtkudfhb
sfdgfnb;bc ufhtit jsf[ib itf,b]f8
vsdhfkbf7 ,hfpbs ufbabmhf fuytcfv8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib rb,bc vfhic uf[tlf7
vf.hbjyb [jv fh vjlbcj8 kbansfy vjphlbkvf dbhs[fv ufbihbfkf7 uekvf se euh’yj
ijhtekb yfstcfdbc cbf[kjdt8
2 hf uyt,fds7 f[fkufphlfd0 2 at[lfat[ it.df lfegfnb;t,tk cnevfhc8
2 vfibrj vyt,fdc8
2 fh fhbc vfibrj8
2 fh fhbc0 2 ufrdbhdt,ekvf vbvjb[tlf lf sfbuekb fuytcfc uflffojlf8 2 tc
smdty8 ,fphbc fh utujyjs7 /jkfylbeh vfqfpbfib db.blt8
2 ,fhtv afcbw lfutpecnt,byfs8 2 er,byf fuytcfv7 vfuhfv ubukfv dth
vb[dlf7 gfnbjcyfl vjf[ctyf sfbuekib uflf[lbkb sfy[f7 fhw vfqfpbbc vbcfvfhsb
lfdbo.t,bf8
2 tctw8 2 uff[ctylf bqkbfib ufxhbkb ,fv,fythrf8
fuytcfv sfbuekb yf[tdfhvtnhbfy xbyeh dfpfib xffhzj lf fynbrdfhek
ctrhtnthsfy it.jdyt,ek tmbvc uf[tlf8 f,f7 ]fyvhstkj,bc fv,fdc se /rbs[fdc888 tc
uh’tkr,bkf tcrekfgt vfijv fvfcobyfs vjf.tyf7 hjwf ufzbfyeht,ekvf ,hjymbnvf bct
itfoe[f7 idbkbidbkbc itsfdfpt,fc 2 rjvgtntyneh tmbvc abkndt,bcsdbc vjtcvbyf 2
cbfvjdyt,bs lfsfy[vlf8 fh trbs[t,f7 3c[dfufy mhbc vbcb ujyt,f4888 ctrhtnthbc
udthlt,pt byrecnhbht,ek yf[fnt,c fsdfkbtht,c8 bwbc7 rb7 hjv rdfhw[k,trpt v]lfhb
xfa[enbfyb zf,erb gfhbcbf7 erfy sdbs fstyf gfkflf elufc7 /fthib rb fahjlbnt
afhafnt,c thjnsfy thsfl8
2 vfufhb dtixbf8 2 ubukfv ajreclfrfhuekb vpthf fynbrdfhek cbe;tnt,pt
uflffnfhf8
2 smdty vfij ufbynthtct,s se 3vfufhb dtixb40
2 thsb vtjhtc fh ufvjhbw[fdc8
2 fhfathb ufvjubdfs8
2 hfnjv0
2 vfijc fh e.dfh[fhs8
2 cb.dfhekb888 rfwvf hjv smdfc7 hf fhbc cb.dfhekb0
2 cb.dfhekb ,fpff7 hjvtkbw cfae’dkfl eltdc j]f[eh w[jdht,fc8
2 xtvb vij,kt,b ufhbut,bs iteqklyty7 vidtybthb j]f[b fmds8 chekb blbkbf8
2 3chekb blbkbf4 .dtkfc sfdbct,ehfl tcvbc8 2 fuytcf lfbqfkf at[pt lujvbs7
cbufhtnbc qthb cgbkjc ’dkbcsfdbfy veylinerib ufe.fhf lf cfdfh’tkib vjsfdclf8
2 tc hjujh ufdbujs0
2 smdtycfdbs gtlfynehb vfvfrfwbcsdbc ufyhbubs w[jdht,ff chekb
blbkbf8 lbkbs cfvcf[ehb7 cfqfvjc 2 ntktdbpjhb7 qfvbs 2 [f[eyb8
ubukf vstkb nfybs vjnhbfklf8
2 [f[eyib7 ctmcc uekbc[vj,s0
2 ctmcb cb.dfhekbc ufhtit xdtekt,hbdb [f[eybf8
2 xdtekt,hbdb [f[eybsfw xylt,bfy ,fdidt,b8
2 xylt,bfy7 vfuhfv ev]j,tcbf cb.dfhekbs ufxylyty8
2 hf ufyc[dfdt,ff0
fuytcfc uekf[lbkj,fv ufyfbfhfqf gfnbjcfyb tmbvb8 vcufdc stvt,pt fhfse
[vfvfqfkb kfgfhfrb7 abmhbw vrdht[tkj,fl vbfxylf8 fv cf[kib ewyfehb fehff7
hjujhw acbmjsthfgtdnbc rf,bytnib7 fm .dtkfathc cfresfh cf[tkc fhmvtdty7 fhw
,jlbic b[lbfy7 se hfbvt .ehc uzhbc8 fh fhct,j,c cfxjsbhj stvf7 fhct,j,c
lfrjvgktmct,ekb flfvbfyt,b8
 ubukf fuytcfc oby lf]lf7 hjujhw b.j7 gfknjsb7 rfiytsb ~hflufy uf[lf
fhfdbc itesfdfpt,bf` lf rbs[dbc ybiybs cfdct vpthf vbfg.hj8
2 hf ufyc[dfdt,fw7 itycf lf xtv vfibrjc ijhbcff8 2 fuytcfv veylinerb
r,bkt,ib vjbmwbf7 cgbkjc ’dkbc nfhpt eyf,bcathb gjvflbc yfrdfktdb ufxylf8
2 cmtcj,hbd ufyc[dfdt,fc uekbc[vj,s0
2 hf iefibf cmtcb0 ity itub’kbf ecb.dfhekjl itmvyf j]f[b8 bvfc 2 fhf8
2 vt vb.dfhc smdtyb idbkbidbkb8
2 wfkv[hbdb cb.dfhekb fh fhct,j,c8 fhct,j,c vfpj[bcnt,bc rfcnf7 dbcfw
vjcojyc ofvt,ekbc hjkib .jayf8
2 vt fh dfh vfpj[bcnb8 vt888 vt e,tlehb dfh8
2 sbsmjc e,tlehb fh itb’kt,f b.jc vfpj[bcnb8
2 bv ]bgbfy gbhen.dib ufvwdfkf= 2 itcxbdkf ubukfv8
bctsb cb,hfkekb buh’yj cfresfhb sfdbc vbvfhs7 nbhbkb vjeylf8 .jdtkbdtc
uekbchtdbc ituh’yt,f lftvfnf7 gkbec /fthbc ervfhbcj,f8 cfaefhb [jv fh /mjylf
ufhtekb bv lfo.tdkbk rjybfrc0 rezib cftzdj ghjwtct,b bqt,c cnfhnc7 lhjpt eylf
uffcohjc888
2 vlblfhbf0 2 lfbynthtclf fuytcf8
2 ,fnjyj0 2 ubukfv lfv’bvt,ekb sfdb fcobf8
2 bc7 ]bgbfyb7 vlblfhbf-smj0
2 fff888 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc8 gbhen.db gbhen.dbf8
2 vfufc ye bn.dbs8 vlblfhb gbhen.db ufwbkt,bs htcgtmnf,ekehfl
ufvjb.eht,f7 dblht emjytkb8
2 bvbc smvf ubylfs7 hjv eahj rfhuflff itaesekb7 hjujhw888 hjujhw tc
,fv,fythrf8 2 tktufynehfl uf,fasek ,fy,fythrfc vberfreyf8
2 se ,fy,fythrbc ibusfdcb bctsbdt vflbcfqv’dhtkbf7 hjujhw ufhtrfyb7 hf
eifdc8 se ibu dflfufcekb ijrjkflb ltdc7 hf vjuf[cyjs888 sfdbcb ,f,sbfyff
uflfcfult,b8 2 fhf,eyt,hbdfl cojhb r,bkt,b ufvjfxbyf fuytcfv8
2 bvbc smvf ubylfs7 hjv vt uflfcfult,b dfh888 vt uflfcfult,b dfh v[jkjl
bvbnjv7 hjv ]bgbc .bldbc nhf888 erfwh888 aekb fh vfmdc8
2 cbcektktf8 vcufdcb fhfathb vbsmdfvc8 aekb v[jkjl ltrjhfwbff kfvfpb
w[jdht,bcsdbc8 ,tdhb aekb rb tktvtynfkehfl 2 o.tdkff8 uflfvo.dtnb cb.dfhekbf8
hf vfijc ,hfkbf7 se vlblfhb ite.dfhlf0
2 utsfy[vt,bs7 o.tdkff8 lbl aekc vjvpflt,ekb eylf lf[dlt7 ,fdidj,blfy eylf b.j
fwhbkb8 vfij ufvjecojht,tk itwljvfc lfeidt,c7 se sfdbc w[jdht,fc bv ervt[ df;,fnjyc
lferfdibht,c8 fhf7 fhf7 vfyl c[df hfvtibf cfmvt7 vt fct fldbkfl fh lfdsvj, vfijc
sfdc8 ufvjhbw[ekbf=
2 hfw ityb fhfcjltc .jabkf7 lfsvj,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8
2 ,jh]vb8 2 ubukfc fqfh /mjylf gjktvbrbc uffuh’tkt,bc sfdb7 nfy]ekb
ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs itb[cyf gthfyubc ptlf qbkb8 cbn.dt,c dth bvjhxbkt,c7
fhnbrekfwbf lfhqdtekb ,ht;ytdbdbs vtn.dtkt,c7 hf ofhvjlutyfc lfnjdt,c fv
veylinerbfy ,t,he[fyfpt0 fh eylf vjshtekb.j yfcdfvb8 2 ,j,jh]888 2 ufbvtjhf
ckjrbybs8
2 hff0
2 ,jh]jvb fh utmyt,fs0
2 vtmyt,f8 2 fuytcfv itibyt,ekvf lffluj veylinerb cfathaktpt8 tuqf frkbf fv
fhfhfj,fv yj[b ofe,bkojc8
2 se itb’k,888 2 r,bkt,bc rhfzeybs cs[jdf8
cbn.df fh /mjylf lfvsfdht,ekb7 fuytcf erdt ufh,jlf cfvpfhtekjib ,jh]jvbc
vjcfnfyfl8 erfy vj,heyt,ekc cnevfhb flubkpt fh lf[dlf7 cfvfubthjl itvjcfcdktkb
rfhb b.j qbf7 bmblfy cbwbdt itvjlbjlf8
 welfsff fvbc cfmvt7 hjujhw abpbrehb7 bct cekbthb sdfkcfphbcbs8
fuytcf fcfrbcsdbc iteatht,tkb cbc[fhnbs ufdfhlf fbdfypt8 cflfh,fpjlfy ubukf fh
ufvjcekf7 cfhlfaib se fibyt,c dbhs[t,c8 f[bf= aekbc fh b.jc7 fkrj/jkptw7 cek vskfl
,fdidj,blfy se fhf7 cb.vfodbkblfy vfbyw eylf b.j fwhbkb8
,jh]jvb sdbsjy lfbc[f lf vfijc vjkjlbyib ,jksf lfcwf8 gbhdtkfl fqvjxylf
vjdktyt,bc tgbwtynhbc vbqvf7 lfvrdbhdt,kbc cnfnecbs7 fct dsmdfs8 vfc fhfathc
trbs[t,bfy7 buyjhbht,fc ertst,ty8 thsflthsb idbkbc obyfit fh lfe.hbf afh[vfkb7
cfvflkjl itafht,ekb idbkbidbkb vjthtdf0 888lf hf vbbqj7 hjv fh lf.fhf0
ghbywbgekb mfkbc cf[tkb lf idbkbc cfakfdb 2 ufvjen.lf cfresfh sfdc8
vfhnjj,fib ufnfht,ekvf lqtt,vf rbyjrflhbdbs xfbmhjkf fajhbfmt,ek ujyt,fib8
fhf ,fnjyt,j7 fctsb vf[cjdhj,fc crkthjpb c]j,bf8
vfijv cfptbvjl vbfzbhf sbsb pfhbc qbkfrc8 fuytcfv rfhb uffqj lf vb[dlf5
fh qbhc uf]bent,f8 fob vfijc dtqfhfathb lffrfdt,c8 bc it.dfht,ekj,bc bv afpfibf7
hjwf evybidytkj itybidyfw rb wtw[kpt yfdsc lffc[fvc8 ufcfhrdtdbf7 vfhskf bctsb
fenfytkb gbhen.dbf vfijc hxtekb7 hjujhflfw ubukf f[fcbfst,c7 se flfvbfyehb
ajhvt,b fmdc0
2 vfibrj888 2 sfditrfdt,ekfl lfbo.j fuytcfv8
dby fwfkf= ujujyf bct tythubekfl xft[dbf7 ,t,th ’dkt,c cek zf[fze[b
ufedblf8
2 ye lfvf[hxt7 ujuj= 2 .fcblfl itc’f[f lfvjhw[dt,ekvf ,t,bfv8 hfvltyb otkbf
fh euh’dybf f[kj,kbc [tkt,bc cb,sj7 sehvt hjujh vjtyfnhf888
2 fuytcf ,t,bf7 ds[jdlt,b8 fv lqtt,ib exf smdtyc ufcfwyj,fl vjdf8
jabwbfkehfl us[jds xtvc [tkc7 hjujhw otcb lf hbubf8
hfqff ufcfhrdtdb0 cek hjv fmktvbc relb /mjyltc ufvj,vekb bv exfc7 vfijc
vfbyw cegthvtyfl vjtxdtyt,f8 bctsb fqnfwt,ekbf7 next,c sfdc dth e.hbc7
vjzfh,t,ekb tvjwbt,b c[dt,pt se fh uflffyfobkf7 itb’kt,f ufcrltc7 fatsmltc7 yfobk-
yfobk lfbifkjc888 .ehbc ’bhib7 rbcthsfy7 utvfnjvbcvfudfhb cbobskt fqtybiyt,f7
[fyuh’kbdb rjwybc itltub8 tc exf tn.j,f vfhskf yflbhsf ]bibcff7 cek lfer,tybf ujuj8
2 bc vfbyw vbs[fhb dby fhbc7 hfc ofhvjflutyc0 2 sdfkb ffhblf fuytcfv8
2 utn.dbs7 se cbn.dt,b vt.jaf8
2 se fh ut.jaf7 vjut[vfht,b8 lfbo.t8
vfijv .dtkfathb efv,j 2 exfc ufwyj,bs lfo.t,ekb7 lyv-c fcfqt,fl
kf,jhfnjhbfib dbpbnbs lfvsfdht,ekb8
2 vbcnbehb fv,t,bf xdty sfdc888 2 ufyfuh’j tysepbfpvbs8 2 cbwjw[kbc
,jkj okt,ib vfyexfh ,f,ef ief cfereytt,ib vw[jdht,b dbyvt bdfyt f,ecthbc’bc sfdbc
mfkfpt fofhvjt,lf fyshjgjkjubeh vjrdktdt,c8 ufvjhbw[ekb fhff7 xtvb exf fv
’bh’dtkb udfhbc isfvjvfdfkb fqvjxyltc8 ufyc[dfdt,f ths fcjibf7 vfuhfv vfbyw8
2 dsmdfs fqvjxylf7 vtht0
2 e,hfkjl cfbynthtcjf8 fh dbwb7 hjvtk bcnjhbek o.fhjt,c t.hlyj,jlf vfyexfh
,f,ef7 vfuhfv [tkyfotht,ib vbsbst,ekbf7 hjv cfvw[t-cffsf,fujc lblt,eksf cbfib
vj[ctyt,ekb bdfyt f,ecthbc’t chekbfl f[fkufphlf ufehrdtdtk dbsfht,fib vjrdlf8 fhbc
dthcbf7 sbsmjc cfresfhvf vfvf vjfrdktdbyf h’fkpt lfmjhobyt,bc vbpybs8
ofhvjublutybf0
2 hf fhbc ofhvjelutytkb7 tutst,b dbwbs cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy0
wjkt,bw ofehsvtdbfs7 ’vt,bw vjerkfds7 vfvt,bw ptl vbe.jkt,bfs8 fktmcfylht rf[sf
vtabc bcnjhbf ufb[ctyt888 jblbgjcvf7 cekfw cfresfhb ltlf itbhsj wjkfl8 ,tdhb
vfufkbsbc vj.dfyf itb’kt,f8 fh ubhxtd bcnjhbfib xfqhvfdt,fc7 xdty7 mfhsdtkt,c7
obyfght,bc ufatnbit,f udxdtdbf7 vtibybf ifhib fh uft[dbj8 2 fuytcfv ve[kpt lfflj
[tkb at[t,vjhs[vek idbkbidbkc8 2 tu cfmvt o.fhjsvwjlytt,c vbfylt7 ity cofdkfc
vb[tlt7 bycnbnenb ufmdc lfcfvsfdht,tkb8888
 2 hf bycnbnenb7 ,t,bf7 sdfkc lfd[ezfd se fhf7 bc fhf,tcrf vblufc
sdfkoby8
2 hjvtkb fhf,tcrf0 2 .ehb wmdbnf fuytcfv8
2 hjvtkcfw ]th]thj,bs dthfathb ufdeut8 ]th]thj,bs8 2 lffvfnf blevfkb
ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs8
2 ijhc vbvfdfkb utuvt,b umjybf8 hfyfbhfl fgbht, vtwybthbc itcfiehb
fv,bwbt,bcf lf wjkbc cnfnecbc it]tht,fc0
2 exf [tkc itvbo.j,c8
2 ityb vjyf.jkblfy ufvjvlbyfht7 j]f[b wjkbc mhjybrekb vjewktkj,bc ufvj
lftyuhf8 vujyb ;ehyfkbcnfl eveifdbf8 fct7 fhff0
2 hf iefibf cfvcf[ehb0 byufc fh e.dfhlf exf7 sfdc fvflkblf7 qfkfnj,lf7
idbkbs fifynf;t,lf888
2 rfhub w[tyb vfshf[c fh lfbhn.fvc8
2 bvbc smvf ubylfs7 hjv xtvb exf welb w[tybf0 2 vfij lftvcufdcf ltlf
rhe[c7 hjvtkvfw mjhb b.yjcf8
2 e,hfkjl ufahs[bkt,8 nhflbwbekb vtynfkbntnbc vfnfht,tkb vfvfrfwb
wjkc tmcgtlbwbt,ib ofyofkbc eakt,fc fh vbcwtvc8 ity hjv ubcvty7 w[jyt,ekb
,f,efityb vblufc sdfkoby7 bcts tbajhbfib b.j [jkvt tmcgtlbwbfib ufvupfdht,bc
oby7 cb[fhekbs [tkt,b erfyrfkt,lf8 b’ekt,ekb db.fdb ,fhub vt xfvtkfut,byf8
d,hfpj,lb7 vfuhfv c[df hf vmjylf8
2 tzdb fh itutgfhjs7 .dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f8 itb’kt,f smdty vfhsfkbw
[fhs7 bcnjhbek gthcjy;t,pt xfwbrdkf ,tdh lhjc ofvfhsvtdc7 fb7 gkfcnbreh
htrjycnhemwbfpt veifj,fc rb ufydfuh’j,8 hflfw fh eylf lfvb]ltc7 ,f,efc lfo.t,ek
cfmvtc ,jkjvlt vbdb.dfy8 2 vfijv gfepf uffrtsf lf fqnfwt,bs it[tlf ,t,bfc8 2 fh
ufbynthtct,s7 hjujhb b.j cbyfvldbktib sfvfh vtat7 ubjhub cffrf’t7 bubdt bdfyt
f,ecthbc’t0
2 dby vjuwtvc7 ujuj7 lbludfhjdfysf ytist,c tmcgthbvtynbc xfcfnfht,kfl0
2 w[flbf7 cfakfdbc tmc/evfwbbc eakt,fc fhfdby vjvwtvc7 vfuhfv
fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b lqtcfw ofhvjt,c7 efvhfdb lfrjycthdt,ekb .jhqfyb dbwb8
cfvw[t-]fdf[tsbc vbof uf;qtysbkbf ufvjerdktdb yfvfh[t,bs8 fh lfdt’t, vtatc lf
lbludfhjdfyc7 ukt[bw ofdf7 vtjvfhbw7 vjehfdbw888 fm c[df hfvtibf cfmvt888
gkt,tt,bc w[jdht,f bvsfdbsdt fhfdbc fbynthtct,lf8 lfb,flf7 ufbpfhlf7 sj[yblf7
vfhukfdlf7 ]fhib ufbodbtc7 uvbhekfl lftwf ,h’jkbc dtkpt8 fy fh lftwf8 vtnb
fhfathb8 fhw ofcfhsvtdb fmdc hfbvt7 fhw itcfiehb8 cek c[dff lblt,ekt,b888 fm
dyt,fsfqtkdfsf vstkb rfktbljcrjgbf 2 iehb7 vnhj,f7 ufenfykj,f7 ’fkfeakt,bcflvb
knjkdf7 bvfdt ’fkfeakt,bc ityfhxeyt,f7 ufvfh]dt,bc cbnr,j7 lfvfhw[t,bc cbvofht7
lfwtvf lf fqptdt,f7 sfdbceakt,f lf n.dtj,f888 hjvtkb thsb xfvjdsdfkj0= utybfkehb
gbtct,b fdbqjs5 /fvktnb lfybbc ghbwb b.j7 hbxfhl vtcfvt 2 vtat7 ktlb fyyf 2
etkcbc ghbywbc mdhbdb7 fhw hjvtj lf ]ekbtnf .jabkfy [tkpt vjcfvcf[eht
ujuj-,bzb888 tt[7 itmcgbhvf bwjlf7 dbcpt tothf8 rjyrbfc ,jctkib hjv lfhxtyjlf
sfdbcb ,hjkbc mjib7 pqfgfhb dth itlut,jlf7 cf,tlybthjl cfcf[ktib lfhxf7 fvfibf
vstkb ifhvb8
2 vtht7 hjujhb rfwbf ityb bdfyt f,ecthbc-’t7 3cfhjcf v]j,yb7 yfpfhlb7
vcufdcb vpbcf lf vsdfhbcf40 2 lfbynthtclf fuytcf8
2 sfdbc mfkbc ajhvbc vb[tldbs7 3cfhjcf v]j,yb4 eylf .jabkb.j8 bwbs7
,t,bf7 ’dkbc fyfkbpbs itb’kt,f lflubyltc flfvbfybc cbvfqkt7 svbc athb7 hf
dbsfht,fib vjrdlf7 hf fcfrib7 hjvtkb lffdflt,f foe[t,lf7 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7 hjujhb
[fcbfsb /mjylf8
2 pqfght,c ye vb.dt,b7 [fcbfsc hf [tkb fmdc lffdflt,fcsfy0 2 fh lfe]thf
fuytcfv8
 2 ye bn.dbs8 vfufkbsfl7 smdtyb yfqdkbc ,einbc itntdf gbhlfgbh fbcf[t,f
smdtycfdt [fcbfspt8 fuhtcbekb [lt,bs7 ghtntypbt,c vb.tyt,s7 itybidyt,c
vf’ktds888 ufvjn.lbs7 hjv fctf8
2 /v= 2 b.j gfce[b8
2 tc hfw itt[t,f fyfkbpc8 ufhtuyek vjyfwtvt,pt vc]tkj,f v[jkjl
htrjycnhemwbbc itvltuff itcf’kt,tkb7 tc vj[lt,f7 hjwf fdcnhbblfy gkfcnbrehb
gkfcntkbyb xfvjvbdf8
2 ity fh [evhj,=
2 d[evhj, rb fhf7 htrjycnhemwbfpt veifj,bc ofhvjlutybcfc nfyib
v,eh’ukfdc8 2 vfijv vrkfdpt xfvjbcdf vjmybkb sbst,b8 yeibct,ehb ajhvbc
ahx[bkt,b /mjylf7 rj[nfl vjzhbkb7 .jdtkudfhb kfmbc ufhtit8 fuytcfv vtmfybrehfl
lfb[tlf ,tzt,fc[vek sbst,pt8 [tkb rb fhf7 abrecbc ufv[vfhb njnbf8 cb,thtpt dthfub
vnthb fh /.fdc flfvbfyc8
2 ctmntv,hblfy vj.jkt,ekb fyshjgjkjubbc rfstlhfcsfy dfofhvjt,
vjkfgfhfrt,fc7 cf[kib se fh ufvfnfyty vfcfkc7 flubkpt vjvbotdc veifj,f8 fh lfdt’t,7
vsdfhbf cfmvt lfb’hfc uf.byekb othnbkblfy8 2 sfdbcfc zbrzbrt,lf vfibrj8
2 veptevbc uf[cyfc [jv fh fgbht,7 vflfv nbecjc vcufdcfl0
2 bcnhbekb cfvfhskbfyj,bc fqlutyfc dfgbht,8 vtht kfacecb hjv fh vj[ltc7
hjujhw ybrjkjp ,fhfsfidbkbc itvs[dtdfib8 uelbfidbkbc lf[fnekb gjtnb bctdt ijhcff
jhbubyfkbcufy7 hjujhw exf f,ecthb’t f,ecth f,ecthbc’bcufy8 ye vb.eht,
lfvwbyfdfl7 vbylf ubs[hf7 bubdt nbecjv7 tcrbpt,bc [fndbs lfbo.j7 sfdib fh
vjcdkbf veptevbc uf[cyf8
2 hjvtkb tcrbpt,bc0
2 nfycfwvkbc tcrbpt,bs wdbkbc sj]byt,bcsdbc8
tcrbpt,b bmbs b.jc7 ubkbjnbybc f[kjvf[kj nhbfkt,lf ,eyt,hbdb svbc vjcfgjdt,kfl8
lfbzthlf vjzhbk sfdc lf rhbz-rhbz 2 cfvfhst,kbs8
vjekjlytkfl vfij lflevlf8 fuytcfv vbcb vpthf lfbzbhf8
2 tc dby vjbnfyf0 2 fybiyf dfpfib xfhzj,bk .dfdbkt,pt8
2 ubukf b.j8
2 dby ubukf0
2 sjhtv fh bwb7 ityb rjktuf lf sf.dfybcvwtvtkb8
2 hf eyljlf0
2 ityb yf[df8 vsdhfkb ufvjw[fllf7 tc sfbuekb lf fb7 tc ,fy,fythrf vjbnfyf8
2 fuytcf ;ehyfkbc vfublfpt lflt,ek rjkjac lfodlf lf vfijc rfksfib xfelj8
2 vsdhfkb0 vsdhfkb ubukf ]th fhfdbc eyf[fdc8 2 itc’f[f vfijv8
2 vt vmjylf ,tlybtht,f8 uf[ctyb7 dyf[js hjujhb ijrjkflbf8 se vjvtojyf7 tut,
dfgfnbj rbltw eyt,fhsdj itvjzhf c[dbc j]f[ib7 sfyfw fkrj/jkehb ptvjmvtlt,bc mdti8
2 welfl [jv fh vjbmwf0 2 vfijv rjkjac ,fasf itvjfwfkf8 tc b.j 3ghbxelfc4
abhvbc xdtekt,hbdb ijrjkflb7 xfo.j,bkb c[dflfc[df ajhvbc ,eltt,ib8 lblb fhfathb8
2 kfvbc yj[pt vbho.bf7 ,todpt uffcohj ufhts8 cfdfhfeljl7 cfhlfab of,bkof8
tpjib ufvjcekb fh lfvbyf[dc lf888
2 cf,hfkj8 vjvbotdc cfvcf[ehbc lfnjdt,f8
2 dbsjv hfnjv0
2 exf fh vjvwtvc cfcohfaj lf[vfht,bc wtynhib veifj,bc eakt,fc7 cofdkfc
lfdesvj, sfdbceafk lhjc7 j]f[c vbd[tlfd8
2 vt0 2 [vf uft,pfhf fuytcfc8
2 smdty fhfathc vjufrkt,s8 2 vfijv qbvbkbs ufeojlf uf[cybkb rjkjab8
fuytcfv thsb ijrjkflb fvjfwjwf7 vfuhfv uflf.kfgdf dth vjfcohj7 rfhpt pfhb
ufbcvf8 ,t,bfv lf idbkbidbkvf ufrdbhdt,ekt,vf it[tltc thsvfytsc8
2 tc se ubukff7 ufdub;lt,b8 2 lfbxehxekf vfijv8
 2 dtn.db7 hjv cf[kib fh [fh8
2 bmyt, lfvbyf[f0
2 vbvbaehs[t,bf8 tuqf vfrkbf7 dbqfw gfbrvf itvfibyjc8 2 fuytcf ijrjkflbc
qtzdbs uftvfhsf rfhbc ufcfqt,fl8
vfijv sdfkt,bs uffwbkf vbcb vbybfnehekb7 v[ht,ib vj[hbkb abuehf7
uh’tkb veylinerbs xfvjvzryfh sbst,ib8
qbvbkb gbhpt itfwbdlf7 hjwf ,t,bf byufc itvje’qdf8 rb7 yfvldbkfl byuf
b.j8 vfqfkb7 uhfwbjpekb7 vjmybkb7 sbsmjc tc-tcff uflvjafhafnlf rfnfkjubc
ghbfkf aehwkblfy8
2 itysfy fhbfy8 2 fuytcfv bynthtcbs vbfxthlf mehmib uf[dtek kfvfp
mfkc8
2 ufvfh]j,f7 vfij8 2 vidblfl ofhvjsmdf byufv8
2 hf uyt,fds0 2 vfij vnhekfl vbfxthlf8
2 cfkfgfhfrj vfmdc8
2 ubcvtys8
2 fh itvb’kbf c[dbcb sfylfcoht,bs8 2 byufv fuytcfc vbvfhsekt,bs uffgfhf
,jlbibcvfudfhb qbvbkb8
2 bwjlts7 xtv idbkbidbkc fhfdbc lfdfxfudhbyt,8 2 vj[ewb it’kt,bclfudfhfl
ufcojhlf otkib8
2 ye qtkfds7 mfk,fnjyj7 fhfdby fgbht,c smdtyb idbkbidbkbc lfxfudhfc8
2 se hfvtf7 lfvb’f[t8 2 fuytcfv vfijc vbvfhsekt,bs lfbmybf vjrfezt,ekb
ybrfgb lf cf.tkjc cojht,bs ufdblf vbcfqt,blfy8 ijhc fh ofcekf7 cf’byt,kbc rfhsfy
lfcwf rfhfdb8 .ehb ufbvf[dbkf8
2 itb’kt,f lfd]lt0
vfijv jlyfd lferhf sfdb8 byufv vbvjb[tlf8 dfikbc [bc jdfkehb vfublblfy
ifkbsfib xfcvekb crfvb ufvjcobf lf ihbfkbs lftidf8
2 vfij7 utyfwdfkt7 dbwb7 hfw [lt,f itycf lf xtvc mvfhc ijhbc8 2 lfbo.j
[vflf,kf8
2 ]th thsb7 vt ityb 3utyfwdfkt4 fh dfh7 vtjhtw 2 exf ityb .jabkb mvfhbf8
2 uffo.dtnbyf vfijv8
2 /v7 fhw bctsb vbfvbnb rjyrbf .jabk[fh7 hjujhw thsb it[tldbs itb’kt,f
vjutxdtyjc8
2 xdtyc ijhbc dby fhbc rjyrbf7 cfrbs[fdbf8
2 cfrfvfsjl fh vjdcekdfh888
2 hbcsdbc vj[dtlbs0
2 idbkbc lf,heyt,f vbylf8
vfijc [tkt,b ufewbdlf lf sfdb lfev’bvlf8 i[hhhiii8 ptl .ehsfy xfemhjkf
e[bkfdvf qfvehfv8
2 vt hf iefib dfh0 2 /rbs[f ufstsht,ekb next,bs8
2 exf fh lfsvj,c ,fdidc8
2 w[flbf8
2 xtvb s[jdyff7 xfvjijhlt upblfy8
2 lf ity lfubsvj flubkb888
2 /j8
2 fh lfubsvj,s8 2 vfijv sfdb uffmybf8 erdt thsb rb fhf7 qfveht,bc vstkb
ueylb ihbfkt,lf .eht,sfy8
2 vfiby7 b’ekt,ekb dbmyt,b exf fhxtdfybc obyfit lfdf.tyj8 fy ity7 fy
,fdidb8
2 ity fvfc fh uffrtst,8
2 sdfkcfw fh lfdf[fv[fvt,8 tutst,b ufvbrtst,bf0= 2 bhb,fl xftwbyf byufc8
 2 fct eyfvecj flfvbfyt,b bmwtdbfy8
2 xfsdfkt7 hjv eyfvecj dfh8
2 f[kfdt lfdehtrfd exfc7 dtn.db vjdbltc8
2 ’fkbfy e[th[ek vlujvfhtj,fib xffult,8 2 byufv vbfvbnfl forbgf
vjidbklehb ofh,t,b8 2 ofhvjblubyt cbnefwbf8 fmts mfkb7 hjvtkbw dbsjvlf
e.dfhc7 bmts idbkb7 hjvtkbw cbyfvldbktib fh fhbc vbcb7 vfuhfv vbcb
ufphlbkbf lf idbkbdbs e.dfhc8 vt7 hjujhw ltlfc7 yt,bcvbth lhjc itvb’kbf ybreifpt
ghtntypbbc ufw[flt,f8 hf tcfmvt,f xtv qdb’k idbkc ew[j rfwsfy0 utytnbrehb
tmcgthnbpf7 hjvkbc ufcfrtst,kfl cfvbdt lblb fv,bs lfbhfpvts7 thsvybidytkjdyfl
lfflfcneht,c bctlfw wyj,bk afmnc 2 exf ybrfc ,bjkjubehb vfvf fh fhbc8 fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht7 rfyjyb xtvc v[fhtc bmyt,f8 ufydb[bkjs vtjht dfhbfynb5 dsmdfs7
exfv ybrf lfsvj8 hf ituhxt,f ity0 e,tlehb vfvf7 hjvtkvfw ityc ufvj idbkb vjbukb]f
uekblfy8 ity cbylbcb itufoe[t,c7 bvfc 2 vjyfnht,f8 vthoveyt7 ,tlybtht,f bctdt ijhc
bmyt,f smdtyufy7 hjujhw888 hjujhw888 2 itcfathbcb cbn.dbc ’t,yfib ie,kpt
vbbrfreyf8
2 hjujhw ityufy7 cbylbcb8 2 itfidtkf vfijv8
2 fh vfyfqdkt,c7 hfc abmhj, xtvpt8
2 cfresfhb idbkb fh ufyfqdkt,c7 vt hf vjcfnfyb dfh8
2 lfvb]tht7 vfibrj7 cfx[e,hfl fh vjdcekdfh7 fhw ity uflfyfifekt, hfvtib8
uekohatkfl ufub[ctyb rfhnt,b8 fhxtdfyb ityptf8
2 ybrfc fhxtdfypt se ubabmhbfs8888 ybrf se bmyt,f ,tlybthb smdtyc
[tkib0
2 vfvfvbcb se udthlbs t.jkt,f7 hfnjvfw fhf= rbltd eahj ,tlybthb bmyt,f7 se
vfvfvbcc fh twjlbyt,f xdtyb cfe,hbc ltnfkt,b8 xtvb v[hbd7 dtwlt,b yfvldbkb ltlj,f
ufdeobj8 2 byufv vtmfybrehfl fbqj fuytcfc lfnjdt,ekb veylinerb7 ueklfcvbs
itfsdfkbthf lf erfy lflj8 2 ufvjubn.lt,b7 w[jdht,fib ,tdhb itwljvf lfdeidb lf zref
dbcofdkt8
2 cbvfhskt vfbyw fh lfbvfkt,f7 ybrf jltcvt ufbut,c hbc afcfl lfe]lf
vfvfvbcc vbc udthlbs .jayf8
2 bv itvs[dtdfib7 se exf fhxtdfyc itypt uffrtst,c7 b’ekt,ekb ufd[lt,b ybrfc
cbvfhskt ufdev[bkj8 ofhvjblubyt vbcb acbmjkjubehb vlujvfhtj,f7 hjwf ufbut,c7
hjv exf yfvldbkb vfvf fh fhbc0 888 xf[dlb0 ’fkbfy rfhub7 se xf[dlb8 f[kf
ofhvjblubyt7 hf ]j,bf 2 exfc lf ybreifc e,tleht,bc [fh]pt ity ufbcojhj se eghj,ktvjl
xfvjijhlt upblfy0
vfijv [tkt,pt lfb[tlf8 fhw f[cjdlf7 hjlbc uf’ty’f ,fv,fythrfpt itvj[dtekb
fnkfcbc ,fasf8
2 fh lfb]tht,7 vfuhfv hjujhw mfkc7 vtcvbc ityb8 sevwf7 bcbw
itcfybiyfdfl dbwb 2 dyt,f7 flht se udbfy7 ufbdkbc8 ity rbltd it[dlt,b ityb
w[jdht,bc vfvfrfwc8 2 byufv mehmbc rfkst,b fbrtwf lf meckt,bc gfrfgerbs
ufdblf jsf[blfy8
ewt, .dtkfathb ufyfwhbcathlf7 fct bwbc vpbc lf,ytkt,bcfc8 fynbrdfhekb
ctrhtnthb ifd cfhrjafufl f.elt,ekb.j jsf[bc res[tib8 qfveht,vf ito.dbntc .ehsfy
ltabkbht,f7 cfhrjafuc se itfafhtc sfdb8 lfhxf cbyfyekb7 cdtkb lf [jhrkbfyb7
hjujhw vfhbkib fptkbkb sjdkb8

222

lfsjdkbk upfpt f[fkufphlt,bs lf[ey’kekvf vfh[bkvf xfbfhf8 ]eyfv sdfkb

uff.jkf8 t;dfyit,vekvf w[tyt,vf styujc ,fdidj,bclhjbyltkb yf[fnb abkvb uff[ctyf7
f[fkb okbc lfvltuc fxdtyt,lyty [jkvt8 styuj vjrktc7 veknabkvc c[df ,fdidt,b
e.eht,ty8 itb’kt,f fqfhw e.eht,ty7 rbyjcnelbf 3vjcabkvbc4 veknabkvt,b ofhcekc
xf,fhlf8 f[kf 3cbvgcjyt,bc j]f[bf4 vjlfib888 lf 3flfvbfyb j,j,f4888 lf ,frehbfyib
lfcdtyt,f j]f[sfy thsfl8
]eyfc fhfcjltc lfecdtybf j]f[sfy thsfl7 fb7 wjk-idbkc rb fh frkt,lf
fufhfrt,c8 vfiby .dtkf fct w[jdhj,lf7 rfwt,b 2 cfijdfhpt7 mfkt,b 2 cfvpfhtekjib8
styujv bythwbbs uffuh’tkf j]f[ehb nhflbwbf7 vfuhfv wjkb fqvjxylf rthrtnb
rfrfkb7 dth ufe’kj yfqvpt w[jdht,fc7 ufijhlf8 styujc fh elfhlbf7 fhw idbkbc
yf[dbs iteoe[t,bf sfdb7 cvfc lf yfhrjnbrt,c uflf.df8 vtht styuj vjrktc7 ]eyfc rb
thsflthsb vtvrdblhbc fhct,j,f uff[ctylf7 dbyvtcsdbc [jv eylf lftnjdt,byf ifdb aekbs
yfijdyb mjyt,f8
,frehbfybc js[dfhcrdkfdbfyb cfcnevhj pecnfl bctsb fitylf7 hjujhw ]
eyfc /mjylf xfabmht,ekb 2 v.elhj yjvht,bs7 yfstkb cfcflbkjsb7 rfat-,fhbs7 fepbs7
cf,bkbfhljsb7 rfhfjrtsb888 sbsmjc eylf e[fhjltc7 vfuhfv fqvfahtyf cflqfw
ufvmhfkb.j7 cb,tht se itvjtgfhf888 hfqf itvjtgfhf7 cfcsevfksfy epbc thsuekb
wjkbdbs7 cfhrblfy eqbvbc7 vtnfkjrthfvbrbc r,bkt,ib xfcf[kt,bf888
vfh[bkb vjcf[dtdib ufexbyfhlf7 sfy ofb.jkf ujujyt,bc v[bfhekb rbcrbcb8
it,jkbkb wbc ajypt pqfghekb rhbcnfkbdbs ,ho.byfdlf rj[nfc vsbc odthb8
cf,fubhjc [fppt ifd cbketnt,fl rhsjlyty crfvt,pt fv[tlht,ekb lfvcdtyt,kt,b8 [es cffspt
cf,fubhj lfbrtnt,f8 cfylhbrf s[bkfveht,c lff,byfdt,c7 o.fkc uflfbdkt,c lf bcbyb
thsfl ofdkty cfdf[ivjl8 ,f,ef lf idbkbidbkb8 cfylhbrf hjv fhf7 fhw xfvjdbljlf
,frehbfyib7 idbkbidbkc ftnjhqbfkf7 tytubflfwkbkb dfvgbhbdbs7 vfhnj vbc
cbf[kjdtc uh’yj,lf ufgfhekb f[fkufphlj,bc cecn vf]bcwtvfc8
bc b.j cfcnevhjc tpjib cfylhbrf itvjchbfklf7 hjv vj,bkehvf lfhtrf8 htrfdlf
gfylf7 ]eyfc vfh]dtyf [tkb lf rhbvbyfkehb ofhcekbc wjw[fkb vjovt8
2 rjnt .fhfekfidbkc fh fxdtyt,c ufvxtyb7 ita7 pjvt,c dbqt,s se lbyt,fc
vbd.dt,bs0
2 lfvbrjyrhtnt8
2 rfhjxt7 cfylj o.fhjpt lf.hlyj,bs7 ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib f[fkb mctkbc
ghtptynfwbfc fgbht,c8 bydtcnjht,b lfshtekb /.fdc7 lqtc fhf7 [dfk xfvjtstckt,bfy
tu rb,jt,b7 tutyb8 vtnfcnfpt,bdbs se ufvhfdklyty7 vtht vfufs hf fvj’bhrdfdc8
fdkf,htkb ]fybrf hjf7 wt[fdbrb888 tu itv[dlf fvfcobyfs c[flybfrpt8 db,fphts7
fmtsehb-bmbsehb7 vfufc ofvjwlf 2 rjnbrfc cfhtrkfvj ,bk,jlt,bc itrdtsf vbewbf
erdt8 rb fh ofvjwlf7 bct smdf7 gfrfpe[j,bc dfhbfynib8 ,bk,jhlb udbylf ief
ghjcgtmnpt0 ,fhtv cf[kib itvjudbdfhltc sfdbcb rfk,fct,bs8 rfhjxt7 vstkb vf.esb
xdtyb ,fphblfy vjcfmtcnfl vjvfhsf vfu f[dfhvf8 2 c[fgfc[egbs vje.df gfylfv8
]eyfv ofhvjblubyf dhwtkb7 f[kflfityt,ekb cffvmhj7 ufghbfkt,ekb
vtnkf[b7 stsh[fkfsbfyb flfvbfyt,b7 rjydtbhekb otcbs vj’hfdb ’t[dtekb7 cjcbcb7
kjhb888 obstk ktynsfy sfdlf[hbkb rjnt .fhfekfidbkb~[tkib vfrhfnkbs7 fh fhbc
ufvjhbw[ekb udthlc ghtpbltynb evidtyt,ltc`7 ntktrjvgfybt,bc kjujt,bs fzhtkt,ekb
rfvtht,b7 ajnjfgfhfnt,bc x[freyb7 cfhtrkfvj ,erktnt,b7 abkbfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc
vfcinf,bs8888 dbqf lf[fh,lt,f bnfkbblfy itvjnfybk 3vfhrjc4 itvjnfybk vpfvpfhtek
ghjlemwbfc0 ]eyfc [tkblfy twkt,jlf vjyjgjkbf [jhwcf lf [jhwghjlemnt,pt8 welbf8
ufrjnht,bc fh tibyjlf7 epheydtkb cb,tht yt,bcvbth dfhbfynib ufhfynbht,ekb
/mjylf7 vfuhfv bm7 ptdbs7 dbc ]b,tibw vbtlbyt,jlf ufstsht,ekb aekbc cjkblehb
yfobkb7 sfdpt [tkc fh uflfecdfvty7 vfibydt ofvjf’f[t,ty rhbvbyfkeh ofhcekc7
hjvkbc vbxevfst,fc fct sfdufvjlt,bs wlbkj,lf ,bpytcib xf,vekb ]eyf n.fdf’t8
2 fkj= 2 lfe’f[f gfylfv8
2 cffvmhj eylf lfbodtc8
2 xdtypt fh bcmtcjy7 ita8
2 cf,jnf;bc cf[tc ye vbcwtv8
 .ehvbkbc vtjht v[fhtc xfvjdfhlybkvf levbkvf ]eyf vbf[dtlhf 2 gfylfv fh
bwbc cbn.df cf,jnf;bc vybidytkj,f8
2 vbcvbyt7 ]bufhj7 tc cfmvt bct vjfrdfhf[zbyt7 itrdtsfpt tzdb fhfdbc
ufexyltc8 ,typbybc rfybcnht,c se vbfshtd lf fcfysc uf/rhfd7 ,fdidbw vb[dlt,f7 hjv
xfo.j,bkbf8 hf mtyb bwb7 cfylj tktmnhbrb lfbshbt lf ufvjrbs[t5 hf itvs[dtdfibf
itcf’kt,tkb tkuf.dfybkj,bc vo.j,hblfy ufvj.dfyf bct7 hjv wtw[kb ufxyltc8 /f7 hfc
ufxevlb7 tyf uflf.kfgt0
2 dabmhj,8 2 egfce[f gfylfv8
]eyfv gfylfc ghbvbnbekb abpbjyjvbf ofhvjblubyf lf fh lfb]thf8 gfylf
rfhub itvchekt,tkbf7 abmhb ]eyfc ghthjufnbdff8 gfylfcyfbhvf se babmhf7
cfmvtc dby uffrtst,c8 abmhb fphjdyt,fc f.fkb,t,c7 fphjdyt,f 2 gbhjdyt,fc7
gbhjdyt,f 2 bylbdblc ij,c8 bylbdblefkehb flfvbfyb evfhsfdbf7 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht
2 cfibib7 vbs eahj7 se bub fqptdt,ek vjyff8
2 babmht7 babmht7 2 smdf [vfvfqkf7 2 se hfvt ertstcb vjbabmht7
itvfn.j,byt8 itub’kbf othbkb ufvjupfdyj xtvc bvtbkpt7 fct eahj ecfahs[j bmyt,f8
[jv fh lfufdbo.lf ghjuhfvbc uf[cyf0
2 xfothbkb vfmdc sfyvbvltdhj,f8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub8 bcfhut,kt sfyfvtlhjdt ntmybrbs7 f[fkufplf rfwb [fh7
ufvjuflut,f8
2 fb7 wjnf byukbcehib dbztlt,b8
2 wjnf0 2 uferdbhlf ]eyfc8
2 /b7 /b7 ,kjvfl ita7 ,kjvfl8 2 fqbfhf gfylfv8
2 vfubc ufvjcojht,fw itb’kt,f8 fv cb,thtib vt vjdf[th[t jhb qthb
byukbcehbc cofdkf7 ity hf qvthsb ufubo.ht,f8 ubylf7 vfcofdkt,tkc fub.dfy0
2 vhw[dtybf7 ita888 hfc bn.dbfy7 fvjltyf venhervf cdtnt,ib xfothf
vjbyljvfj8
2 se uflfo.dbnfd7 vbs[fhb7 erfy fh lfdb[td8
2 vflkj,7 ita8
]eyfv vj,bkehb lfrtnf lf jsf[ib itvjcek idbkbidbkc vbtut,f8 cfylhbrf
nbgehb rjvgbenthbc ,bzb b.j 2 vfqfkb7 ufv[lfhb7 cfsdfkbfyb7 wjnf fcstybehb7
wjnf obsehb8 fh fbyntct,lf gjkbnbrf lf ofhvjlutyf fh /mjylf dby uf[lf vcjakbj
xtvgbjyb at[,ehsib8 cgjhnekb cf[tj,t,blfy v[jkjl s[bkfveht,pt chbfkb vjcojylf8
2 bcbfvjdyt0 2 /rbs[f ]eyfv8
2 ’fkbfy8 2 cfylhjv 3fnjvbrbc4 obstkb ,fsbyrt,b ufb[flf lf f,fpfyfc
vbfiehf8
cfs[bkfvehj fqzehdbkj,f ]eyfv itdtbwfhbblfy ufvjbothf7 babmhf
idbkbidbkc ufdfrdbhdt,j8 cfylhbrfc uferdbhlf7 vfuhfv bct fhf7 hjujhw ,f,ef
tkjlf8 vflkj,f es[hf lf vjhxf8 fh vbtresdyt,jlf fqahsjdfyt,ekvf rfntujhbfc7
cfthsijhbcj rjyrehcib ufvfh]dt,fcfw vidblfl it[dlf7 sbsmjc .jdtk vtjht cneltync
eidt,lyty byukbcib cfcofdkt,kfl7 vfiby7 hjwf ]eyfv cb[fhekbs vstkb cfvtuj,hj
ffohbfkf8 [evhj,f cfmvtf7 vbc mfhfaienf styujc byntktmnbs lfntybkb ,bzb /.fdc8
c[dfyfbhb f[fkufphlj,f ofvjdblf7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 fhfghjuyjpbht,flb7
vc]tkj,lf ]eyf8 cflfw rjvajhnekfl buh’yj,ty sfdc7 bm bmyt,f vfsb cfvij,kj8
rjvajhnbw sfdbct,ehfl tcvbs7 vfufkbsfl7 ]eyfc thsb yfwyj,b v[jkjl bvbnjv
lfcf[klf /jkfylbfib7 hjv bm lf,fkb uflfcf[flt,bf7 3gtgcb rjkfc4 vlbyfhtt,b
xfvjlbc7 ,fqxfib rb j[hf[eibc vfubdhfl rfyfac f[fht,ty8 eoby7 vij,kt,b vtn-yfrkt,fl
f[th[t,lyty idbkt,bc vjvfdfkbc lfutuvdfc8 se mfkbidbkbc cfhabfyfl ufs[jdt,f
ubyljlf7 cfvtlbwbyjib eylf vjuto.j7 df;t,bc gfnhjyt,b vtqdbytj,fc [fh,lt,jlyty7
xdtekt,hbdb j,bdfntkb utgtbib f,fht,lf7 ufhfynbht,ek cfvcf[ehbcf lf
ufhfynbht,ekb [tkafcbc gthcgtmnbdbs8
 cfylhbrf fobskt,ekb ufvjdblf f,fpfyblfy7 vbcb stshb rfyb dth bnfylf vpbc
c[bdt,c7 hbc ufvjw fhfsfyf,hfl fajhf]t,jlf cf[t8
2 ityb fh dbwb7 vfuhfv vt vibf8 2 ltkbrfnehfl fqybiyf ]eyfv7 hjwf
idbkbidbkvf sfdbcb ufye.htkb yjes-,emb uf[cyf8
2 [esb oesb lfvtkjlt lf thsfl ofdblts8 2 cfylhbrfv vjesvtykfl fforfgeyf
vfecb8
2 fctsb cfcohfajf0
2 itn.j,byt,fc dtkjlt,b8
2 bycnbnenblfy0
2 fhf7 ujujyfcufy8
2 fh dbwjlb7 se it.dfht,ekb u.fdc= 2 ufe[fhlf ]eyfc8 bmyt, fhw bctsb
dtkehbf tc ,bzb7 hjujhflfw sfdc fxdtyt,c8 fv fcfrib w[jyt,ek vfvfvbcc wjkb /.fdlf
erdt7 ]eyfc 2 cf.dfhkt,bc vstkb fhvbf8
2 fh v.fdc it.dfht,ekb7 dbhnefkehb yfwyj,bf7 xtsib ufdbwfyb lf e,hfkjl
dtrjynfmnt,b8
2 xtsb cfl fhbc0
2 rjvgbenthib8
2 t8 b8 fh ubyf[fdc0 2 ]eyf ybhofv[lfhb lfeluf pehucerfy8
2 ajnj ufvjvbupfdyf8 fb7 yf[t8 2 cfylhbrfv rehcjhb vjybiyf lf trhfypt
f[fkufphlf ujujyfc cf[t lfb[fnf8
2 kfvfpbf7 [jv bwb= 2 fqahsjdfylf ]eyf8 2 hfnjv fh it[dlt,b7 ,bzj7 tuts
ujujc [tkblfy fh ufdeidt,lb8
2 tzdb vtgfht,f7 hjv vbcb ajnjf8
2 dbsjv0
2 ufvjhbw[ekbf7 fctsb ufhtuyj,bc ujuj lbkblfy lfqfvt,fvlt rjvgbenthsfy
b.jc vbthst,ekb7 sfyfw obuyt,bc ofcfrbs[b lhj /mjyltc8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 dbqfw
xtvcfdbs ite[tlfdb fxrfhbrf vt,kfnfdt,f8 c[dbcb ajnj ufvjupfdyf7 bynthtcb hjv
ufvbqdbdjc8
2 hfnjv [fh ite[tlfdb7 vidtybthb ,bzb [fh= dby ubs[hf tu cbcektkt0=
2 cfhrtv8 2 cfylhbrf upfdybkbc rbs[dfc iteluf7 ]eyfv trhfybc res[tib
fnfybk ajnjpt itfxthf vpthf8
twyj8 cflqfw eyf[fdc tc ujuj8 cfvcf[ehib 2 fhf7 fhw cfyfstcfjib8 bmyt,
vjltkbf lf ;ehyfkbc ufhtrfypt vjerhfdc sdfkb0 ]eyf lhjufvjidt,bs aehwkfdlf .dbstk
ghtcfc7 bynthdbe yfwyj, flfvbfyt,sfy rb ueklfcvbs rbs[ekj,lf8
2 hfj7 hfc uothc0
2 hjrpt vc]tkj,c8 .dtkfathib thrdtdf7 hfw xtvc tzdc fjhvfut,c8
2 it[dlb ,bzj7 tut, ityb ,tlbf8
2 xfdfks s,bkbcib lf dyf[js8
2 fh ufvjvfgfhj7 bwjlt8
cfylhbrfv rjvgbenthb ufvjhsj8 vjv[b,kfdb ujujyf trhfyblfy ufmhf7
cfvfubhjl ]eyfc vf[cjdhj,fib xfb,tzlf8 cflqfw eyf[fdc tc sdfkt,b7 tc qbvbkb7 tc
ufvj[tldf8 cfl0

222

vfij ifhfityb’t welfl ufhtw[bk afy]fhfib bwmbht,jlf7 sfy vfnfht,kbc

,jh,kt,bc vjyjnjyeh nfmnc f.ehflt,lf8 yfvmthuflfdkbkb vbyldht,b welfl lf[fnek
gtbpf;c /ufdlf7 vbecfahj,bc ituh’yt,fc fv’faht,lf sjdkbc cfafhblfy fmf-bm
fvjxhbkb xfvemt,ekb ujhj[t,b8 ijhc vjxfylf /jhbpjynpt ufyhs[vekb rfdrfcbjyb8 se
ubylf wel [fcbfspt lflut7 fctsb gtbpf;b eylf lf[fnj lf cf[kib lfbrblj8
 2 otkc s,bkb pfvsfhb lfbzbhf8 fct se ufuh’tklf7 vfkt ufpfa[eklt,f8 2
fqybiyf afy]hbc vtjht v[fhtc v]lfhvf nfychekvf mfkvf7 itzfqfhfdt,ek svfpt
lfrjacbkb rhtvbcathb ,thtnbs8
2 ]th cflf dfhs7 fb7 vfbcib hj .bydf lffhn.fdc7 vjudzfvf zbhb vstkvf
vjcfdfkvf8 2 vnbhfkf [vbs uftgfce[f vtjht7 w[dfhbdbs svf[ezezf ufv[lfhb mfkb8
2 ltlb7 ifhifyfw tuht fh vjudbdblf0 2 itf[ctyf fsbjlt okbc ,bzeyfv7
ltlfcfdbs svf[ezezfv7 vfuhfv qjybthvf lf kj.t,qf;qf;fv8
2 vfif= ths qfvtib vj’hf lfrdbhnekb .eh’tyb8 dthw itaesdf vjdfcofhbs7
dthw o.kbc lfc[vf8 .eh’tyc fh lfdt’t,7 xtv rfwc to.byf7 sjhtvf888 vfuhfv7 dfikb
hjv dfikbf7 bcbw cfyfnhtkb ufudb[lf otkcf8 ofvkfl fh tc[f8
2 dfyfcfc [jv tc[f0 2 bctd itf[ctyf cjakbc cfmvtt,ib ufsdbswyj,btht,ekvf
,bzeyfv8
2 dfyf vstkb qfvtb ikfyubs lflbjlf ,fqib7 o.fkc fc[fvlf [t[bkcf8 vfvfityb
f[fkb yfjgthfwbtdb b.j7 tmbvvf7 v’bvt fh fbqj7 sjhtv zhbkj,f ufut[cyt,fj8
2 vt dth ufvfqdb’t0
2 xfmhb8 2 .fcblfl ufe,hfplf ltlf8
2 cflfeht,b [fhs0 2 lfbynthtclf ,thtnbfyb8
2 ujhbc hfbjyblfy8 s,bkbcib ,bzc xfvjdfrbs[t7 ltblfvbcsfy b.j fhlfltut,pt8
2 mfkfmtkt,b vsfib fnfht,ty fhlfltut,c7 cjaktkt,b s,bkbcib xfvjlbfy8
2 vfubc cfiefkt,f dby vfvwf uelfehib ufdeidf8 wbuf lf vbcb ]fyb= 2 ltlf
w[dfhvf gfnfhf ,fnrfyc mjxjhb fextxf8 bvfy vfijcrty uffgfhf vpthf8 pehuxfyfc
xf[ent,ekb mfkbidbkbc ufhb.ekj,f tzdc bodtdlf8
,thtnbfyvf gkfcnbrfnbc vfublfpt ufptsb ufifkf lf hfvltybvt ite[tlfdb dfikb
uffujhf8
2 vbbhsdbs7 lblb dthfathb dfikbf7 vfuhfv gbhbc ufcfcdtkt,kfl bdfhut,c8
w[dfhc sfdb fh lfeafct,bf7 thsb dfikb idbkc vbfojlf7 vtjht sdbsjy xfr,bxf8
2 ityw fbqt7 ujuj7 ye uthblt,f8 2 vfijc vbvfhsf ,thtnbfyvf8
2 vflkj,s8 2 vfijc bct vjeylf dfikb7 hjv wleyt,fc dth ufe’kj7 fbqj8
fk,fs fctsbdt utvhbtkb b.j dfikb7 hjvkbsfw tdfv flfvb fwleyf8 qvthsb
jhbdtc ufe,hfplf lf cfvjs[blfy uff’tdf8 vfijcfw vjeobf vbcsdbc ufyresdybkb
3cfvjs[bc4 lfnjdt,f8 byufv udtkbc cf[t vbbqj7 vfijcsfy vjchbfklf lf es[hf5 flfvbc
udthlbs xtvb flubkbf7 fxe7 fmtlfyj8 tctw lftvjhxbkf7 itfnjdf hf ueke,h.dbkj flfvb
,jhjn udtkc8 flfvb wjnfc blfhlt,c lf lfo.yfhlt,f7 hjujhw vfij lfo.yfhlf8
uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,ff ’ytkb7 lfyfhxtyb lhjbc fv,fdbf8 vfijv vbbqj
uflfodtnbkt,f7 sevwf bvbc ituh’yt,f7 hjv cojhtl bubf rjyrhtnekb flfvbc
rjyrhtnekb ytryb7 oesbsfw fh ijhlt,jlf8 cfbytnthcjf7 hfc abmhj,c lfrfhuekb
ytrybc itcf[t, bubdt flfvb0
vfijv cffsc lf[tlf8 sthsvtnc frklf jwlf[esb oesb8 ]th fh abmhj,c7 ]th dth
ofhvjelutybf7 hjv vbc ytryc cfvupfdhj vfnfht,tkb vbfmfyt,c ufehrdtdtkb
vbvfhsekt,bs888
ltlf-idbkb cfdfhfeljl ujhib xfvjdkty7 ,thtnbfyb mfkb rbltd cflqfw888
hjvtk ,fmfyc vbflut,f vfijc ,tlbc vfnfht,tkb0 tc ]th vfijvfw fh bwjlf7 vfuhfv cek
vfkt ufbut,lf8
2 rbltd zfvt7 2 itcsfdfpf ,thtnbfyvf8
vfijv vjhblt,ekfl lf[tlf sbst,ib vjmwtek .eyoc8 fct eyf[fdbdbs w[jdht,fib
fh vjmwtekf7 uekbfy-rehrbfyf itvjtzfvf dfikb7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 rbltd eyljlf8
2 fbqt8 2 ,thtnbfyc rtsbkb sdfkt,b lf bhjybekb qbvbkb /mjylf8 thsb
vtjhtc [tkc fh eikblf8 eahj cojhtl7 fytbnhfkt,lf8 vtnbcvtnb cbrtst flfvbfyc
ghj,ktvfc emvybc7 bhjybekb lfvjrblt,ekt,f ghj,kt,bc lf’ktdfib t[vfht,f8
2 vflkj,s8 2 vfijv lfvyfifdt qbvbkbs fbqj vtjht dfikb8
 w[dfhbdbs mfkb dfikc zfvlf lf sfdbc yfjgthfwbtd mvfhpt abmhj,lf7
,bzeyf flubkpt wmvenfdlf7 [fy ufbpvjhf7 [fy afy]fhfib ufb[tlf7 [fy re,jrhek
xfysfib ufvjrhek cfsfvfijc itex[brbyf8 tn.j,f thsb cekb /mjylf cjatkib xfcekb.j lf
s,bkbcehb isf,tzlbkt,t,bs tnhf,f[f8 ufyf bvbnjv7 hjv dbyvtpt vfufhbf7 e,hfkjl7
vbcb gfnfhf uekb dth bntdlf vjpqdfdt,ek byajhvfwbfc7 lfe[fh]fdb tythubf
jhufybpvib lf,jhbfkj,lf lf rbleht,ib ehn.fdlf8 fctf vothfkbw7 mfqfklpt se fh
uflfbnfyf sfdbcb yfabm-yffphtdb7 ltghtcbfib xfdfhlt,f8 v[fndfhc 2 nbkjpt
uflffmdc7 fhmbntmnjhc 2 tcrbppt7 gjkbnbrjcc 2 cfpjufljt,bc cfvc]dfhjpt888
ukt[b dfyf ikfyubs [tkib t,h’dbc yfflhtdfl vjcek ufpfa[ekc8
vfijc ’bkb vjthbf8 ,todbfyb rfgbeijyb sfdpt xfvjbwdf lf res[tib vbb.e;f8
lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb 2 ,jh,kt,b htkct,pt vbchbfkt,ty8 lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb
2 itvltub cfluehb rfcgb8 lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb 2 exf vfijcsfy htrfdc8
3vj,bkehb ufvjhsekbf fy ufcekbf vjvcf[eht,bc pjyblfy48 ufcekbf7 ufcekbf7
ufcekbf888
888 s,bkbcbc mexf8 /fthib n.tvkbc .dfdbkt,b lfahbyfdty888 vfijc ifdb
rf,f fwdbf7 hfnjvqfw rjzt,fvlt8 xmfhb yf,b]bs vblbc8 fcafknb sdfkt,c ezhtkt,c8
fhf eifdc7 exfc cf[kfvlt wjnfqf lfhxf8 thsb-jhb8 yfwyj,b fasbfmb7 yfwyj,b
cf[kb7 yfwyj,b cflfh,fpj7 yfwyj,b rb,tt,b7 yfwyj,b fqvfahtyf8 bynebwbfv exf
,fmfypt eylf ufvjfuljc8 cek jhb cfat[ehb lfhxf8 fb7 rfhbw8 ,fmfypt fhfdbyff8
fk,fs xft’byf8 tkjlf7 tkjlf lf bynebwbfcsfy thsfl xft’byf8 vfij vbdf7 sfdsbs
lfe]lt,f7 uf,eh’yuek svfib [tkc xfeweht,c7 hjujhw bv abkvib7 f[fkb okbc lqtt,ib
hjv fh xfvjlbc mfhsekb lf hecekb ntktfh[t,blfy8
2 vfij7 ity0 2 sdfkc uff[tkc exf8
2 /j8 2 tn.dbc vfij8
2 cfl lfbrfhut0
2 fh lfdrfhuekdfh7 itycrty vjdlbjlb8
2 fct lbl[fyc0
2 hjwf lblb yf[njvbcsdbc tvpflt,bfy7 hfvltybvt yf,b]bs erfy b[tdty [jkvt8
2 fh itutibylf0
2 hbcb0
2 hjv ityc flubkc dbyvt c[df lfbrfdt,lf8
2 fhf8 vt [jv ityb lfrfhuekb ytryb dfh0
2 bvbnjv vnrbjlf0
2 hf0
2 yfytryfhb8
2 fm0 2 vfij exfc athlpt [tkc lfflt,c8
2 /j8 2 exf vbc vbc [tkc lfbzthc lf next,pt vbblt,c8
zbhb bmf7 k[byb fmf8 .dtkfathb bct eylf lfvsfdhltc7 hjujhw otcb lf
hbubf8 fct [lt,f pqfght,ib7 abkvt,ib7 hjvfyt,ib8 w[jdht,fib hfnjv vj[lt,f
c[dfyfbhfl0 pqfght,c7 abkvt,c7 hjvfyt,c [jv xdtekt,hbdb flfvbfyt,b bujyt,ty0
cwtyfhb wjnf c[dfyfbhfl ofhbvfhsf8 vfijv rfhb itfqj lf ,byfib itf,b]f8 exf
iby lf[dlf7 vfuhfv fh t’byf8 sfduflfult,ekb bodf kjubypt8 ptdblfy7 vfshf[bs
[tkib7 ltlbij,bkf byuf vjmwtjlf8 bynbvehb flubkt,b thsvfytsbcsdbc vbtljs lf
euekjl7 vtmfybrehfl bh[tjlyty7 sbsmjc hfqfw trpjnbreh hbnefkc fchekt,lyty8
vfij itybiytc7 vfuhfv .ehflqt,f fh vbemwtdbfs8 jhbdtc lf’f,ekb7
vb.ehflt,ekb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f /mjylfs8
2 hfnjv0 2 sdfkt,bs lftrbs[f vfij8
2 f,f7 hf utujyf0 2 sdfkt,bs egfce[f exfv8
2 vtujyf7 lfvtkjlt,jlb8
2 hfnjv0
 2 bvbnjv7 hjv vb.dfhlb8
2 it.dfht,ekt,b fct fh bmwtdbfy8 ity vt vbqfkfnt7 yfstcfdt,b itd.fht ityc
ufcfwyj,fs7 sdbsjy rb fh vj[dtlb8
2 fb7 vjdtlb8
2 itub’kbf itvjudbthslt8
2 hfc frtst,s0
2 [f[eybc rjtabwbtync dflutys8
vfij kjubyc lffrdbhlf lf epfhvfpfhb udtkbc relb lfbyf[f8 relpt7 hjujhw
rdfhw[k,trpt7 byufc nfyb fvjphlbkb.j8 cfresfhvf itrbdkt,fv uffqdb’f8
lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb8 sfdbcfc e,thfdlyty vfnfht,kbc ,jh,kt,b8
,thtnbfyb mfkb vfijcsfy xfwewmekb.j lf vjrheyx[ek sbst,c eptklf8
2 welb cbpvfhb yf[t7 idbkj0
vfijc nbhbkb ofcrlf8 mfkb udthlbs vbe]lf7 [tkb vj[dbf8 lfo.yfht,fc
lftkjlf8 regtib wbjlf lf ytcnbfyb stshtekbc ceyb bluf8
2 bcbyb cfl fhbfy0 2 vfijv uekb b]thf lf regtc yfvbfyb sdfkt,b vjfdkj8
2 ujhib xfdblyty8 ity cfbs ufubotdbf0
2 fh dbwb8
2 tc vfnfht,tkb ,fsevib vblbc8
2 vfiby7 vtw ,fsevib vbdlbdfh8
mfkvf ,thtnblfy ufvjdfhlybkb rekekb sbsbs itcobf8 [titib7 xfkbcathb
svf /mjylf7 v,pbyfdb dthw[kbcathb ’fat,bs8
2 uekb vthtdf8 2 smdf vfijv8
2 ubylf7 nefktnib vbufwbkj0
2 fhf7 smdty ,fhuc e.fhfekts8
2 cf.fhfekj fhfathbf888 2 mfkvf lfvwbyfdfl it[tlf vjphlbk re,jrhek
xfysfc7 cfblfyfw otqfy dfikt,b fvjbqj8
2 fm ,f,efxtvbc [tkyfotht,bf8 thsflthsb7 hfw lfvhxf8 2 vfijv [frbcath
pehuxfysfpt fybiyf8
2 oflb7 vt de.fhfekt,8
nfv,ehib qbgbfyb rfwb cbufhtnc totjlf8 vfijc lfyf[dfpt [th[tvfkb
itpybmf8 cfgbhafhtijc acbnbc ceypt vbfuyj8 eybnfpsfy lfb[fhf lf utvhbtkfl
vbhsvtekb dfikt,b mehmbfy-rehrbfyf fvjfho.bf8
lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb8 vfijcsfy thsfl bh[tjlf vfnfht,tkb8 cfhrblfy
ufwhtwbkb7 egtt,xfkeh]t,ekb cf[t itvjtatsf8 bctd vbe,heylf eybnfpc8 ytnfd
otqfyltkb cbpvfhbw fv dfikbdbs fvjfys[kbjc8 jhabyfkbfyb cbpvfhbw7 exfw7
byufw7 fuytcfw888 .dtkfathb7 hfw obyf w[jdht,fcsfy frfdibht,lf8 fh ufvjdblf8
ecfidtkjl itreviekb rezblfy ufehdtdtkb itathbkj,bc odtyb fvj[hbfklf v[jkjl8 gbhb
o.kbs vjb,fyf lf cfgbhafhtij lfnjdf8
cbufhtnbc votdtk vfvfrfwc gjcnb lftnjdt,byf8 vfij qbf afy]fhfcsfy itluf lf
vstkb abkndt,bs itbceysmf cec[bfyb /fthb8 w[tk uekpt vbqt,ekb uflfo.dtnbkt,f
fhw bctsb hjvfynbekb fqvjxylf7 hjujhw sfdlfgbhdtkfl vjtxdtyf8 f[fkb w[jdht,f
.fhlf7 fv nfv,ehbdbs8
,thtnbfyvf vjvkjlbyt vpthf itfut,f8
2 erts dfh8 2 vfijv xfsdfkf cfmvbc rehcib xft.tyt,byf8
2 utn.j,f8 2 fh lfe]thf bvfy8
2 hfqfwfv se vfo.byf888
2 dfikb fh ufo.tylf8
2 c[df fhfathb vbzfvbf8
2 at[v’bvtl [fh8 2 lf,tzlf mfkvf8
2 hf0 2 sdfkt,b lfevhudfklf vfijc8
 2 hfw ufbut8 tutst,b fh vtikt,f7 jwlf[esb otkb dveifj,lb ,t,bfmfkfl8
at[v’bvt mfkc rbkjvtnhib duh’yj,8
vfijv vewtksfy vbblj vjvezekb [tkbcuekt,b8 ,thtnbfyvf fvjbj[hf lf
afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 gbhpt xdtekb7 bhjybekb qbvbkb lfcsfvfit,lf8 vfijc ghj,ktvbc
ufytbnhfkt,fc se wlbkj,lf8
2 cf[kblfy [fh ufvjmwtekb0 2 /rbs[f wjnf [ybc itvltu8
vfijv sfdb lfemybf8
2 ,fsevib hf lfuhxtybf0
2 fhfathb8
2 ofvjlb xtvsfy8
2 smdtysfy hf lfvhxtybf0
2 vt sfditcfafhc usfdfpj,8 rjvajhnc lf cbvlblhtc dth lfugbhlt,b7 vfuhfv
cfzvtkc lf cbs,jc fh vjufrkt,8 ’hj[f v.fdc7 mfsvt,b7 thsb ’fqkb lf thsbw ,bzb8
fdflv.jab ,bzbf7 vfuhfv vfdyt fh fhbc8
vfijv [tkt,b vjfleyf8 rfwvf hjv smdfc7 cekthsb fhff7 hjvtk cfluehpt
uflvjbcdhbc ,tlbc vfnfht,tkb8 vt ity utn.db7 ,fsevib tkjlt,f dbyvt888
2 lhjpt vjbabmht7 sjhtv [fiehib dfgbht, xfvjcdkfc8 2 [vf vbfodlbyf
mfkvf8
2 [fiehib w[jdhj,s0
2 fhf7 f[fkwb[bc hfbjyib8 cjatkb fo.ehb8
2 fo.ehbc wb[t ufvbubf8 2 hfnjvqfw ufe[fhlf vfijc8 3f,ecth f,ecthbc’t7 ’t
bjfyt f,ecthbc’bcf7 fo.ehbcf lf wb[bc]dhbc wb[tsf ufvut,tkb8884 ufetkdf sfdib8
2 wb[tw fhbc7 vlbyfhtw7 cf.lhbc yfyuhtdt,bw888 2 mfkb oby uflvjb[fhf
lf itsmvekbdbs fxehxeklf8 2 fv,j,ty7 tc cf.lfhb ,bpfynbbc rtbcfhvf7 /thfrktv ffuj
vtidblt cfereytib8 vjudbfyt,bs7 cfvw[bc cftrktcbj wtynhb ufv[lfhf8
2 smdty7 hf bwbs0 2 uekohatkfl uferdbhlf vfijc8
2 vfvfxtvb bcnjhbbc vfcofdkt,kfl veifj,lf7 e.dfhlf sfdbcb cfufyb
w[jyt,ekc7 vfubc yfvjofafht,b cek ahbflt,pt f,fht,lyty ufvjwlt,c8
2 vt wjnf aekb vfmdc7 bvltyfl wjnf7 hfvltybvt sdbc mbhbc uflf[lfc se
vjdf[th[t,8
2 vthtlf7 dby ubs[hf7 sbsmjc ,byfc dfmbhfdt,0 bct utgfnb;t,b7
ltlfidbkehfl8
2 bct0
2 hf7 fh itb’kt,f0 lqtc ity ubzbhc7 ueiby vt vbzbhlf7 ptu c[dfc
ufezbhlt,f7 thsvfytsc se fh fvjdeltmbs v[fhib7 hf fhbc xdtyb w[jdht,f0 vfhnj
vewkbc fvj.jhdf0888 yfsmdfvbf7 vfhnjrbyf rfwb zfvfibfw ,hfkbfj8 ofvj[dfk0
2 rb8 2 [vflf,kf7 vfuhfv vnrbwtl egfce[f8
2 vfiby vjdtvpfljs7 vfkt xdtyb ufxtht,ff8 [fiehblfy fdnj,ecc lfdf]lt,bs lf
cf[kib dfhs8
3cf[kib47 idt,bs fvjbceysmf vfijv8 hfvltyc bntdc tc xdtekt,hbdb7
.jdtklqbehb [vfht,bs ufwdtsbkb7 vjrkt cbn.df8 cf[kib vtxmfht,f7 cf[kib
vbdlbdfh7 cf[kblfy ufvjdlbdfh7 cf[kib utkjlt,b7 cf[kib d,heylt,b888
d,heylt,b8 d,heylt,b8 c[df [vfpt fvqthlyty ,jh,kt,b8 mfkvf sfdbcb js[res[f
xfysf nfv,ehib uffxjxf lf ,thtnb ufbcojhf8
2 hfqfb vjlb[fh7 ufdbwyjs thsvfytsb8 vt vfdhf vmdbf7 wjnf ewyfehb
cf[tkbf7 vfuhfv vbtxdtdb8 ity0
2 vt0888 vtw ewyfehb cf[tkb vmdbf8 tdf8 2 smdf vfijv lf sdbsjyfw
uferdbhlf8
2 tdf8 2 ufbvtjhf vfdhfv8 2 uflfcfhtdb cf[tkbf7 hfw vsfdfhbf ew[j8 fltmb
tdf7 bcts flubkpt ofub.dfy7 ityb flfvb w[jdht,fib dth vjufuyt,c8
 vfijv7 eahj cojhtl tdfv7 gbhdtkb yf,b]b uflfluf8 ufbfhf dbohj nfv,ehb7
erfy vjbnjdf ifhljdfyfc ceybs fmjst,ekb nefktnb7 ufrdtsf yfc[dbcfhb stshtekbs
uf;qtysbkb /fthb lf ,fmfypt xfvj[nf8

222

[esc fsb oesb frklf8 rj,f sfdbc rf,bytnib b]lf lf ufnfwt,bs rbs[ekj,lf lbkbs
yf.bl ;ehyfkc8 bm bctsb cfbynthtcj fv,t,b tothf7 rj,f lhjufvjidt,bs mfsfvbdbs
qhbwfdlf sfdc lf zthib [fh[fht,lf8 sehvt7 rfyflbc cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs fhbc gfnfhf
rey’ekb 2 ,fabybc vbof8 fv vbofpt cf[kj,c tcrbvjct,bc eybrfkehb njvb 2
ytncbkbrt,b8 otkboflib ths[tk7 bhvbc lqtcfcofekpt7 tcrbvjcb mfkb qfkfnj,c
mvfhc ew[j njvbc vfvfrfwsfy8 ths-thsb fctsb vfvfrfwb fqvjxylf byukbctkb
vrdktdfhb ctv rjkbypb8 rjkbypb bhvbc lfrdkf-ufn.fdt,fc lftcohj7 wtw[kbc
ufhitvj vj[neyfdt rfyjybthb mvhbc hbnefkehb wtrdbs lfnr,f7 w[tk-w[tkb bhvbc
uekb ufcby]f7 ifvfysfy ufbcfe,hf lf ,jkjc7 cfgfnbj vbcbbc itcfchekt,kfl uftvfhsf8
bhvbc n.fdpt bodf ytkcfw[t,kt,bs lfptkbkb tcrbvjcbc wjkb7 hjvtkvfw thsb
lfedbo.fhb qfvt fxemf wbdbkbpfwbbc ,j,jmfhb hbnvbs lfqkbk vrdktdfhc8
vlff7 rj,f cbfvjdyt,bs ufbctbhyt,lf ,fabybc vbofpt7 fhw 3cfgfnbj vbcbbc4
itchekt,fc lfpfhlt,jlf8
pecnfl ths oesib 3,fabybc vbof4 sfdbc at[bs ufvjw[fllf vbc rf,bytnib8
rfhb ufbqj7 lf rj,fv BC lfbyf[f7 mfkb dbcfw mdtwyj,bthfl vstkb w[jdht,f tkjlf8
fhf7 tc fh b.j trpjnbrehb tcrbvjcb7 rj,fc [jhwitc[vekb vthkbyb tcfkvt,jlf stshr,bkf
qbvbkbs8 [fkb7 next,b7 vb[dhf-vj[dhf888 2 thsb thsib ]lt,jlf8 vfhnj svf /mjylf
of,kbcathb7 lf yfvptehb rfyb7 cfahfyutsbc fkgt,ib se bcdtyt,lf8
2 ufvfh]j,fs8 2 vthkbyb mfhsekfl vtn.dtkt,lf lf [tkbw ufeojlf8
rj,fv jlyfd ofvjbobf7 [tkb xfvjhsdf lf bctd xftgthn.f cfdfh’tkib7 hjv fh
ofmwtekb.j8 mfkvf ifhfdfyltlbs vjcbkb mehmbc rfkst,b fbrtwf lf vfublfcsfy
xfvj]lf8 lfegfnb;t,kfl8
2 hbs itvb’kbf lfut[vfhjs0 2 rj,f vstkb uekbs ittwflf ufmwtekb yfrdst,bc
lfkfut,fc8
2 xtvb cbwjw[kt smdtyptf lfvjrblt,ekb8
cfjwht,f gbhlfgbh= vfc7 kf,jhfnhbbc ufvutc rj,f [flehc7 tc fhfvbobthb
fhct,f cs[jdc lf[vfht,fc8
2 ubrdbhs7 fhf0
2 hfqf lfubvfkjs7 lf888
2 dbwb7 wjnf fhtekfl dkfgfhfrj,7 fh ufvjdhbw[fd itikbkflfw xfvsdfkjs7
vfuhfv smdtyc bmbs upf fh vfmdc= 2 dtlht,bs itfn.egf [tkt,b8
2 ufvfut,byts7 hfibf cfmvt0
2 cfmvt bvfibf7 hjv xtvvf mvfhvf smdtysfy lyv-c ufcfhrdtdfl fyfkbpt,b
xff,fhf7 eahj cojhtl xtvvf mvfh-idbkvf8
2 dby fhbc smdtyb mvfhb0
2 vfyexfh888 exf f,ecthb’t8 vt byuf vmdbf7 byuf f,ecthb’t8
byuf /mdbf8 f,f7 vfhskf vthkbyb [jv fh thmvtdf0 fb7 hjujhb wjkb /.jkbf
atsbfy vfvfc8 vtht bn.dbfy7 aekb [tkbc zez.bfj8
2 ,fnjyb exf7 smdtyb vteqktf0
2 lbf[8
2 se .jabkb0 2 lffpecnf rj,fv8
2 sdbsjy fctsb cnfnecbs vjvb[ctybf0 2 voe[fht ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs lftrbs[f
byuf8
 2 hfqf lfubvfkjs lf7 rb8
2 vtcvbc vbcb7 vfc itvltu7 hfw xdtyc ijhbc ifdvf rfnfv ufbh,byf7 ’fkbfy
itbwdfkf8
2 ufvjlbc7 vbc tzdt,c fmdc cfae’dtkb8
2 cfvoe[fhjl8 2 byufv next,b lf,thf8 ljyf ,fv,byf ,fabybc vboblfy8 rj,f
qfodpt lfcregek mkbfdbcath [fkc vbfxthlf8 yfvldbkbf se cgtwbfkehfl lfbcdf7
rfwt,bc ufcfqbpbfyt,kfl0
2 hfib vlujvfhtj,c smdtyb s[jdyf8
2 fyfkbpbc gfce[t,b eylf itwdfkjs8
2 hfc ,h’fyt,s0 2 fcts sfdufcekj,fc rj,f fh tkjlf8 tuqf frkbf mfkbc ufvj
cfwb[jl ufb[fljc cfmvt8
2 fvbs smdty cfv flfvbfyc uflffhxtys 2 vt7 exfc lf xtvc ,bzeyfc7
vbcvbyts7 ,fnjyj rj,f888 vbcvbyts lf ittwflts it[dblts e,tlehb ltlbc vlujvfhtj,fib8
xdty hfvltybvt otkb fh ud.fdlf idbkb7 fvbc vbptpb exf b.j8 hfnjv eylf fvt.dfyf
dbqfwbc uflfult,ekb xdbkb7 hjwf itvt’kj xtvb v.jkjlf= lyv-c ntcnbht,f fxdtyt,c7
hjv ybrf exfc idbkb fh fhbc7 hfnjv eylf lfdo.dbnj uekb rfwc7 hjvtkcfw xtvb
,bzb cfresfhbdbs e.dfhc0
2 dthfahbs lfut[vfht,bs8
2 hfnjv0
2 dth lfdf.tyt, rbs[dbc ybiybc mdti xtvc htgenfwbfc8 2 rj,f itedfkb cf[bs
uflfodf crfvbc cfpehutpt7 [tkt,b vfublbc rbltpt lffkfuf8
2 xdtyc ufhlf fhfdbc twjlbyt,f8
2 bct fv,j,s 3xdty47 sbsmjc fsoesbfyb yfwyj,j,bc ufhlf hfvt
udfrfdibht,ltc8
2 pju]th fsb oesbw cfrvfhbcbf8 2 byufv rj,fc sbst,c sfdbcb lfflj lf
crfvbfyf oby uflfb[fhf8
,fabybc vbobc cehytkvf rj,fc ytcnjt,ib iteqbnbyf7 ndbyib lf/rhf7 rfybc
htwtgnjht,ib itfqobf8 [tkbc ufvj’hj,fc ittwflf7 vfuhfv mfkvf vfuhfl vjezbhf
vjdkbkb sbst,b8 e[vjl itcwmthjlyty thsvfytsc8 rfwb 2 [fafyuib uf,vekb
yflbhbdbs7 mfkb 2 vjyflbhbc fpfhnbs8
ewt, ,hf[eyb ufbcvf8 byufc fpfhnekb abpbjyjvbf vjvtynfkehfl ufmhf lf
cflqfw vfublbc mdti ufexbyfhlf8 rj,f uekuf[tsmbkb ofvj[nf flubkblfy8 bfnfrpt7
fvj.bhfdt,ekb crfvbc oby7 gbhlfgbh mehmpt tulj at[t,ufkf]ekb byuf8
2 mfk,fnjyj byuf7 qvthsj xtvj7 hf vj[lf888 2 lfafwehlf lf,ytekb tmbvb8
2 crfvb ufvbwehlf8 2 lfbrdytcf byufv8
2 hfvt [jv fh lfbpbfyts0
2 fh dbwb888 releceyb vnrbdf8 fb7 fm8 2 byufv at[t,b itfn.egf lf
vjvhudfkt,ekb st’j lffyf[f8
2 rene888 erfw888 rele888 relececeyyb888 llbf[7 vjvtwbs [tkb7
vvvjut[vfhjs8 2 ubukf ,en,enbs lftv[j ve[kt,pt8
2 hfnjv ut,vbs tyf0 vt dfh lfpfhfkt,ekb se smdty0
2 byuf7 mfk,fnjyj byuf888 vt888 smdty888
2 hf vzbhc0
2 cfl0
2 fb7 fm8 2 byuf vewtkpt lfodf lf rf,f fbobf8
f[8 rj,fc ceysmdf ittrhf8 yfnbab at[t,b 2 tatmnehfl lf.hbkb ’dbhafc
mehmpt8 nfyuf nhecbrb8 e[8 chek.jabkb leylekt,b8 f[8 cfyn-nhjgt8 vfbfvb8
/jkbdelb8 jcrfhbc wthtvjybf8 crjhctpt888 cnjg= hf iefibf crjhctpt8 gfvtkf888
gfvtkf fylthcjyb= ctmcb7 cbkbrjybc ’e’et,b8 vvv888 vtjwyt,t tmbvb bct f[kjc
b.j ,fabybc vbofcsfy888 hfqf jwyt,f7 vbcb cnthbkehb vfh]dtyf erdt lfchbfkt,lf
3lfpfhfkt,ekbc4 st’jpt8 fhf7 fh lfchbfkt,lf7 ltypt itthst,ekbdbs wf[wf[t,lf8
2 rj,f0 2 vfwlehfl lfe’f[f byufv8
2 lbf[[[888
2 vujyb vbcfvfhsb itutifkfs888 hf [lt,f xtvb releceybc sfdc7 [jv fh
ufb,pfhf0
vt7 vt ufvt,pfhf ndbyb7 eyljlf t.dbhf rj,fc7 vfuhfv tyf dth lfbvjhxbkf8
dthw tyf7 dthw sdfkt,b7 dthw [tkt,b7 dthw otkc mdtdbs fqvjwtyt,ekb utbpthb7
ofktrdbs hjv tvemht,jlf .dtkfc lf .dtkfathc8888
2 rj,f fh ubylfs888 vujyb ptlvtnb vjulbs888 f/7 fct fh itb’kt,f rj,f7 xdty ]
th fh itdsfy[vt,ekdfhs8 2 byuf uflvjnhbfklf lf fvj,heyt,ekb [tkbcuekbs itfxthf
rfwb-utbpthb8
2 itd888 itdsfy[vlbs8 2 sdfkt,b fvjfnhbfkf rj,fv8
2 lfhoveyt,ekb [fhs0
2 hfcfw vtn.db bvfc ufdfrtst,7 xtvj qdsft,f7 xtvj ljyyf7 xtvj vthbkby888
2 rj,fc cbn.dt,b fh t.j7 wfkb [tkbs byufc cfrby’tc lft]f]uehf7 wfkbs 2 ifhdkbc
mfvfhc8
2 ye xmfhj,7 xtvj rfhuj7 se fo.dtnff7 fo.dtnf b.jc8 2 byufv gekjdthbc
mdti itewehf sbst,b8 2 rf,bytnbc rfhb lfrtnbkbf0
2 rfhb0 2 rj,fc thsb ofvbs lfe,heylf htfkj,bc ituh’yt,f8 xfxfxekb ifhdkbs
vbbh,byf rfhsfy8 uflfhfpf8
vidblj,bs7 eobyltkj w[jdht,fd7 vidblj,bs /bgjrhfntc abwj7 vt bc rj,f fqfhf
dfh= lff[kjt,bs fct abmhj,lf jwyt,bc j,btmnbcrty vj[neyfdt tmbvb8

222

cfqt,fdbc v’fahb ceyb bv thsflths jsf[fvlt fqotdlf7 hjvtkbw ubjhubv

cf[tklf[tkjl vjbo.j vityt,fht cffldjrfnj ,behjib8 ’bhbsflb cfhtvjynj cfveifjt,b
afmnbehfl lfcheklf8 ufpfa[ekpt se fhf7 itvjlujvfpt vfbyw7 f[fkvjcf[ktj,f eylf
tptbvf8 cjatk lbqjvib7 cflfw vfvbc fityt,ek itatyt,tkeh cf[kib w[jdhj,lf7 rkbtync
fvjcdkf tpfht,jlf8 vjvfdfkb jabcb vsfovbylfpt b.j7 e,fyib7 cflfw ubjhubv vstkb
,fdidj,f uffnfhf8
rf,bytnib ubjhubc ufhlf jhyb b.dyty 2 vtvfhw[tyt gfhnbbc utythfkehb
vlbdfyb lf oe[tk lfrfdt,ekb fmnbdbcnbc vij,tkb8 f[fkufphlf fmnbdbcnc
vfylfnehbc itehfw[.jafib tlt,jlf ,hfkb8 bywbltynb cfcfvfhskjc vbvlt,fht
nthbnjhbfpt vj[lf7 bv lhjc hjwf ufyb[bkt,jlf .jabkb vfqfkxbyjcybc cfcfvfhskj
ghjwtcb8 vtvfhw[tytt,bc fphbs7 xbyjcfyb gjkbnbrehb ybiybs b[lblf cfc]tkc7 hbc
cfae’dtkptw fmwbf ufvfhstc 2 nhfycgfhfynt,bs7 vtufajyt,bs7 it’f[bkt,bs7
fdfyufhlekb ktmct,bs8 fmwbfc itethslf hfvltybvt fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf8
crfylfkbc ceypt ;ehyfkbcnt,b vjdfhlyty8 vfcvtlbc ufvjxtyfv cbsfvfvt itvfnf
ghjntcnfynt,c7 hfcfw vj/.df itvj[kf-itvj[kf vfylfneht,sfy8 .dtkfpt fmnbehvf
fmnbdbcnvf vfylfnehc eybajhvbc ,thtnb vj[flf lf at[t,bs itluf7 hfw uf[lf fv
erfyfcrytkbc lfrfdt,bc vbptpb8 uekitvfnbrdht,b ubjhubc todbty lf[vfht,bc
cfs[jdytkfl8
cfmvtib efvhfdb ,eyljdfyb ltnfkb abuehbht,lf7 vfuhfv efhbc smvf fh
ufvjlbjlf8 dby7 se fhf gbhdtkb rkfcbc fldjrfnvf eylf lfbwdfc cbvfhskbcsdbc
vt,h’jkb v[fht8
utythfkehb fh efh.jalf cfxjsbhj bywbltync7 vfuhfv vbcb vnrbwt,bs
vfylfnehvf ufvjbodbf ntvgthfvtynbfyb fmnbdbcnb7 itfubyf hf ufvphltkb ltlf8 fct
b.j se bct7 ubjhubc lfwdbc mdti v.ja gfnbvfhpt eylf tpheyf7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7
itt[j se fhf tc erfyfcrytkb vfylfnehbc ,thtnc8 ,hfktekj,bc lfvnrbwt,bc itvs[dtdfib7
ubhfjc uflf[lfc lffrbcht,lyty7 hfcfw yfvldbkfl dth ufodlt,jlf fmnbdbcnbc [tkvjrkt
j]f[b7 fvfcobyfyltkb eqbvqfvj cffhxtdyj rfvgfybbc vb[tdbs se dbvc]tkt,s7 fhw
vtvfhw[tyt gfhnbf xfylf vfbywflfvfbyw otkib ufvfhsekb8
2 xtvb ,bzb bctsbf7 ubyt,fc fhfdbc itfhxtyc8 2 whtvkvjhtekb ltlf idbkbc
ufvfhskt,fc ittwflf8
2 vbc flubkpt .dtkf fct vjbmwtjlf7 ye qtkfds7 mfk,fnjyj888 2
utythfkehvf xff[dtkf lf mfkc it[tlf8
2 bpjklf8 2 vbfidtkf bvfy8
2 lbf[7 mfk,fnjyj bpjklf7 ye qtkfds7 vfhskf xfkbs [jv fh fhbc lf[ehekb
mdt.fyf= .dtkfv itcfybiyfdfl bwbc7 dby b.j vsfdfhb ghjdjrfnjhb8
2 cfbyajhvfwbj cfiefkt,t,pt lf.hlyj,bs7 ghjdjrfwbf fmwbbc vjyfobktsf
v[hblfy lfbo.j8 2 nfmnbfyfl fqybiyf ubjhubv8
2 fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib8 xdty ]th rjhtmnekfl dbs[jdts lfh,fpib itidt,f7
bvfs .ehfl fh bqtc7 ukflbfnjht,bdbs xfvorhbdlyty tpjib7 w[dbhc fh udf.jabyt,lyty
ibuybs8 vtht vbdfotmbs7 c[df hf lfudhxtyjlf0 2 utythfkehvf at[b at[pt uflfblj lf
at[cfwvkbc odthb uffmybf8 ptdblfy mdtdbs lf gbhbmbs8 at[bc rfynehb
ufhlfnt[bc fcfrib lfcxtvlf7 vfiby lhjt,bs vjdktyfc vbfothf8 ityw fh vjvbrdlt7 bct
vjb.fhf jwlffsb okbc7 e[th[ekb nbrb dthfahbs vjbijhf8 fvfcobyfs7 gfhnbbc
kblthbc itybidyf lfbvcf[ehf7 njr-ijeib vjerhfdc sdfkb sfyfgfhnbtkbc fhftsbrehb
xdtdbcsdbc8
2 tc fh fhbc fhuevtynb7 vfylfneht,b ,h’fyt,fc fchekt,lyty7 vfs lffdfktc
vzblhjl lujvf lf vjmfkfmtsf lfh,fpib itcdkbc rjynhjkb8 bmfw kbvbnbht,ekbf
flubkt,b7 yt,bcvbthc fhf fmdc itcdkbc eakt,f8
2 xdty 3yt,bcvbthb4 dfhs0 2 to.byf utythfkehc8
2 fh udbylf f[kf /fthbc n.ebke,hfkjl .fy.fkb7 ibyfeht,b dfhs lf cbvfhskt
des[hfs thsvfytsc8 lbnjv vfhskf vj[flf ,thtnb vfylfnehc8 tc afmnb
lfabmcbht,ekbf dbltjrfvthfpt lf .dtkf ntktrjvgfybfv lffnhbfkf8 xdty eylf
lfdfvnrbwjs7 hjv sfdlfgbhdtkfl bmblfy /mjylf flubkb itehfw[.jafc8
2 yfqlfl itfubyf7 xtvb .ehbs ufdbujyt=
2 smdty fh ufvjlut,bs vjovtl7 lfbynthtct,ekb v[fht [fhs8
2 vt bctsb ,bzb ufdpfhlt7 ubyt,fc fhfdbc itfhxtyc8 2 lfptgbht,ekb
ufrdtsbkbdbs ufbvtjhf ltlfv8 rbltd hfqfwbc smvf eyljlf7 vfuhfv cbn.dt,bc vfhfub
fh t.j lf gbhvjqhtwbkb lflevlf8 vbcb ,bzb hjv cf]fhj ufyc]bc cfufyb uf[lf7
cbfvf.bc uh’yj,bs fdct,lf7 vfuhfv obyfcofhb lfrfdt,bc cfrfyib lfvo.dlt,ekb
yfibthbc ofhvjlutyfpt7 uekb eoe[lf8
2 bmyt, dbyvtv vjf[th[f uflfqt,f7 seylfw vj,bkehb ntktajybs8 2 ubjhubv
utythfkehc it[tlf8
2 ufdbrbs[fd8 2 ufe[fhlf bvfc8
2 vtw ufdbrbs[fd7 vfuhfv se fctsb rflhb fh vjb’t,yt,f7 c[df fhuevtynt,bc
vjidtkbt,f vjudbotdc8 cfgbhbcgbhj v[fht ghjdjrfwbfpt fgtkbht,c7 sbsmjc smdty
obyfcofh lfutuvbkb cwtyfhbs vjmvtlt,lbs7 vfsb dfhfelbs fmnbdbcnbc lfrfdt,f
gfhnbbc htbnbyupt lffc[fvc o.fkc8
ltlfv itiajst,ekb vpthf tchjkf utythfkehc7 bvfy at[bc rfynehb ito.dbnf lf
[tkbcuekt,b fvjf,heyf7 dbsjv7 hfc fh bn.dbc [fk[bj8 ,hn.tkb [tkbcuekb /mjylf7
ctmcefkehj,fpt gfce[bcvut,tkb dtythfc ,jhwdb cfthsjl fh fqtybiyt,jlf8 vfc itvltu7
hfw tbyintbybc [tkbcuekbc ufvjrdktdfpt cnfnbf ofbrbs[f7 ubjhubc xdtdfl tmwf
c[dbc [tkt,pt lfrdbhdt,f8 cfresfhb [tkb7 hjv bn.dbfy7 [tkbcuekbdbs itbcofdkf8
[bhjvfynbfc se lft]tht,f7 lblb vjvfdfkb tkbc8
 rfkfgjnblfy fvjdfhlybkb abmht,b vj,bkehbc pfhvf lfeahs[j8 htrfdlf
ytkbrj7 bctd lf bctd sfdbcb rehctkbc sfj,fpt8 itiajst,ekb [vf /mjylf7 tn.j,f
uekohatkfl ufybwlblf tkbcjc sfdc lfvn.lfh e,tleht,fc8
2 yf[tdfhb cffsb itvb’kbf lfubsvjs7 vtnb fhf8 2 uffahs[bkf ubjhubv lf
cnevht,c vbe,heylf8 2 fv lqtt,ib lfvbrfdibhlbs8 dtwlt,b vjdbgjdj gfnbvfhsfy
it[dtlhbc eakt,f7 rfyjybs vtresdybc7 fh vujybf efhb vbs[hfy8
2 smdtyb bvtlb vfmdc7 2 lfbrdytcf uekvjrkekvf ltlfv8
ubjhubv lblcekjdyfl lferhf sfdb lf lfo.t,ek cfveifjc vbe,heylf8 vbcb
lffhct,ekb cffldjrfnj ,behj vfhnj cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc cfmvtt,bs fh itvjbafhukt,f 2
fctsb b.j vfyfyfc cf,jkjj dthlbmnb7 hjvtkcfw .j.vfybc itvltu sdbsjyfw lftsfy[vf8
vjvcf[eht,bc xfvjyfsdfkb cfrvfjl cjkblehb ufvjluf8 cfofhvjc obkt,bcf lf fmwbt,bc
it’tyf-yfc[dbct,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb rjyceknfwbt,b lf ljrevtynt,bc vjvpflt,f7
ofhvjvflutykj,f cfcfvfhskjib lf rth’j fh,bnhf;ib7 ptgbhb lf othbkj,bsb
rjyceknfwbt,b cfvjmfkfmj7 cfuflfcf[flj7 cfvtofhvtj rfyjyvlt,kj,fcsfy
lfrfdibht,bs888
2 vfvbrj7 xdty vjdtlbs8 2 rf,bytnib ytkbrjv itvjbz.bnf7 eahj cojhtl7
itvjfyfsf8
kfvfpb7 [fkbcbfyb7 cbwbdbcufy fnrtwbkb kj.t,bs888 hjujh ufvjedblf
vfc lf vfyfyfc fctsb vjv[b,kfdb mfkbidbkb0 xfcf[dbc flubkvf se bvjmvtlf888
bnfkbf7 hjvb7 gfystjyb7 dtythfcf lf hjvecbc nf’fhb7 gfkfwj ltb ctyfnjhb7
lfedbo.fhb sfakj,bcsdt888
2 itvjlbs8 2 fybiyf [tkbs8
2 ufbwfyb7 tc tkbcj vjcfidbkbf8
tzdbnfybkb tkbcj cekfw fh ufvjb.eht,jlf lfxfuhekfl8 [dtekb7 ifdb svf
tudbgntkbc gfhbrbdbs t[ehf cbvgfsbeh sfdpt8 vbybvev rjcvtnbrf7 vfmcbvev
sfdlfzthbkj,f8 fy rfhub vcf[bj,bf fy vfhskf fh vbe’qdbc lfyfifekb7 vjvtynfkehfl
itfafcf ubjhubv lf ujujyt,c crfvt,pt vbesbsf8
2 lfbo.t tkbcj7 sjhtv vfvfxtvvf erdt xfhsj ofvpjvb8 yf[tdfh cffsib se fh
xfdtnbts7 ufudwjw[fdc fmtlfy8
tkbcjv vfynjc ptlf qbkb itb[cyf lf [vf xfbovbylf8
2 fh dbwb cfblfy lfdbo.j8 2 smdf ewt,8
2 vjrkekblfy lfbo.t8 cfblfy bwyj,7 hf ehsbthsj,f umjylf lf hbc cfae’ktkpt
[fh tzdvbnfybkb8 2 vbt[vfhf ubjhub8
2 xfmexbc cfae’dtkpt8 2 v[jkjl ,jkj rbs[dfc egfce[f8
2 hjvtkb xfmexbc0 2 dth ufbuj ubjhubv8
2 hjvkbsfw bc rfwb vjrktc lf hjvtkptw xtvb sbst,bc fyf,tzlt,b fqvjxylf8 2
tkbcjv pecnfl bct fvjb,heyf [tkbcuekt,b7 hjujhw otqfy7 utythfkehvf8 ubjhubv
dthfahbc ofrbs[df dth vjfcohj7 hflufy [tkt,b vfibydt ufmhf sdfkcfobthblfy8 2
vjrkekb xtvb rfhbc vtpj,tkbf7 cek hfvlty]thvt v.fdc yfyf[b7 bcbw itvs[dtdbs7
rb,tt,pt8 ,byf7 cflfw lqtc dw[jdhj,7 [esb sdbc oby dbmbhfdt8 tc rfwb
cfvjsf[bfyib w[jdhj,lf j]f[sfy thsfl8 ths cfqfvjc vjvfluf lf xfmexb vs[jdf8
ufvbrdbhlf7 cfblfy eylf vmjyltc xfmexb7 hfib vzbhlt,f-vtsmb8 fvb[cyf5 ,bybc
vtgfnhjytc xtvb xfmexb dfs[jdt7 bvfc vjnfyf lffdbo.lf lf se fh itoe[lt,b7 fbdfypt
yf[t7 cflvt tult,fj8 ’fkbfy phlbkj,bfyfl kfgfhfrj,lf7 vtw fh lfdpfhlb8 vfhskfw7
xfmexc cfvtehytj bfhfqsfy thsfl ve.fjc .esib vbdfutyb8 vbdtwb7 bvfy vflkj,f
uflfvb[flf lf ofdblf8 vtjht lqtc ufdbut7 hjv cojhtl bv xfmexbs vjerkfds8 vtpj,kt,b
lfrbs[tc7 vfs ijhbc vtw7 hfvt cftzdj [vt,b [jv fh ufububfj8 hfw dbwjlb7 bc
degfce[t cfvfhsfklfvwfd jhufyjt,c8 ths rdbhfib bctd vjvfluyty7 sbsbc fyf,tzlt,b
fvbqtc8 tmcgthnbpfv ufvjfdkbyf7 hjv xfmexbc nfhpt fhct,ekb fyf,tzlb xtvcfc
tvs[dtdf7 hbc cfae’dtkptw tzdvbnfybkfl vwytc8 ’bt,f rbltd hfqfw dthcbt,pt
veifj,c7 fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb vrdktkcfw vbfuyjy7 vfuhfv fhw bvfc ufvjdhbw[fd
vt itvfovbyljy [tkt,b8 2 ,jkj cbn.dfpt tkbcjc ythdt,vf evn.eyf lf [vf ferfyrfklf8
2 ye qtkfd7 utyfwdfkt7 sbsbc fyf,tzlb fh fhbc fcghjwtynbfyb
vnrbwt,ekt,f8 2 lffvidblf ubjhubv7 sevwf ujujyfc kfgfhfrbc vfythfv bvsfdbsdt
lfftzdf8
tkbcjc lf,fkb [vbc ntv,hb /mjylf7 cbn.dt,c ijhbc cfrvfjl lbl gfepfc frtst,lf7
sbsmjc ojyblf7 hf smdfc lf hf lfvfkjc8 fct ghjatcbjyfkb vfn.efht,b vtn.dtkt,ty fy
vcf[bj,t,b888 ybzbth vcf[bj,c eylf uffxyltc bvghjdbpfwbbc eyfhb7 bmyt, tkbcj
hjkib itdblf lf dth ufvjlbc0 n.ebkb ewyfehb atyjvtybf7 ufyf ubjhub fh n.ebc
[jkvt ghjwtcpt cbn.dbs ufvjcdkbcfc0 .jdtksdbc fhf7 vfuhfv pju]th eotdc8 lfwdbc
mdti v.jabc cfcfhut,kjl8 fylf tmbvb7 hjvtkbw gfwbtync rb,jc lbfuyjpc evfkfdc0
uffxybf n.ebkbc vfcinf,c8 edyt,tkb n.ebkb pjubthsb ghjatcbbc sfyvltdb
yfobkbf8 tkbcj ybzbthb vcf[bj,bf7 tcff lf tc8
2 dbqfwfc fo.j,c fv cfmvbc lf[ehdf8 2 ufyfuh’j tkbcjv8 2 ufvjv’bt,tkvf
vbhxbf dfqbfhj fhxfltybkb lfyfifekb7 sbsmjc vjuthbt,bc vbpybs vjdrfkb
vj’fkflt7 fcts itvs[dtdfib vbybvevc vjubc]bfyj8 hfnjv eylf vjdbn.ej0 fhw ’fkflj,fc
/mjybf flubkb7 fhw vjuthbt,fc8 fhw bc vbylf ub;fl ufvjvfw[fljy lf
acbmbfnhbekib ufvfvotcjy8 lfdb,tyb7 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 fct vujybf hfqfw
lfechekt,ek7 rjivfhek cgtmnfrkib dvjyfobktj,8 cbwjw[kt fh vbylf8
ubjhubc otqfyltkb tzdt,bc ithw[df8
2 dby fhbc vjrkekb7 hfc ofhvjflutyc0 2 hfw itb’kt,f uekqbfl /rbs[f8
2 cf[tkb f[kf[fyc ufdbut7 pfehb /mdbf sehvt7 v’qjkfl eveifdbf dbqfw
vfqfkxbyjcfysfy8
2 vfqfkxbyjcfybc dbyfj,f bwb0
2 fhf8
2 ufvjv’bt,kbc0
2 kfif eceafidbkb8
2 dbwyj, kfifc7 fh fhbc welb behbcnb8
2 welb behbcnb itb’kt,f fh fhbc7 vfuhfv lfvthoveyts7 welb flfvbfybf8 2
tkbcjv sdfkt,b lf[fhf lf hjujhw ubjhubc vjtxdtyf7 cfresfh sfdib xfbrtnf8
cfvfubthjl ytkbrj ufvjb.eht,jlf uf[cybkfl7 flubkpt wmvenfdlf7 fmts-bmbs
b.eht,jlf7 sbsmjc cflqfw fudbfylt,f8
2 dtwlt,b lfut[vfhj8 2 smdf ubjhubv8 2 fldjrfnj,fc dth ufubotd7 .tkfvlt
dfh xfakekb cfmvtib7 [dfk thsb cfcfvfhskj vfmdc7 ptu rf[tsib vbdlbdfh cfmvbc
ufy[bkdfpt7 vjrktl7 lfndbhsekb cfveifj ht;bvb vfmdc7 vfuhfv cfylj fldjrfnbc
f.dfyfib vjut[vfht,b8
2 bmfvlt hjv lfvbzbhjy0
2 vfiby lfvbhtrt lf cfcohfajl ufdxylt,b8 2 ubjhubv cffsc lf[tlf8 2 ujujt,j7
smdtyb kbvbnb fvjoehekbf8
2 wel [fcbfspt lfdltmb8 2 fqbfhf ytkbrjv8 2 vfv7 lfvfabyfyct hf7 vt lf
tkbcj cflvt rfatib xfvjd]lt,bs7 lfv’bvt,ek xfrht,c ufdbybfdt,s8
ubjhubv jwkfhbfyb fvjbqj8
2 ut.jaf0 2 lftrbs[f .fcblfl7 hflufy ytkbrjv lbkbs erdt lff.fxfqf8
2 fsbw lffvfnt8
ubjhubv jwkfhbfyb regbehf lff’hj lf jhfphjdfyb vpthf uff.jkf rfht,ib
ufexbyfht,ek mfkbidbkc8 fvfy hjv vcf[bj,pt itfxthjc fhxtdfyb7 lftyuhtdf j]f[b7
cfl fmdc vcf[bj,c ytkbrjcsfyf ghtntypbekb mfkbc ityf[dbc sfdb8 ybzbthb
vcf[bj,t,bw rb cthbfkt,ib [ehlfdlt,bfy7 jhb rfgbrbc vjcfgjdt,kfl uflflbfy vfkf.t,c8
cfmfhsdtkjc cbyfvldbktib cfhbcrj ghjatcbff8
 bc b.j7 veifj,bc ufuh’tkt,f lffgbhf7 [tkvtjhtl lfhtrf vj,bkehvf8 htrfdlf
becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc ghtc-vlbdfyb8 ubjhub rfhkjc ’t f,ecthb’tc vbybcnhbc
vjflubkt b,fht,lf8

222

ybrf c[dt,sfy thsfl ufvjdblf crjkbc ityj,blfy8 vfymfyfib vfvf tkjlt,jlf8 bctd
bctsb8 ufbabmhf ybrfv lf vjbo.byf8 vfvf fqfh bwbyjlf7 fqfhw e.dbhjlf7 fqfhw
itybidyt,c f’ktdlf8 fv lbkbs vfbjytpbc zfvbc eakt,fw vbcwf7 hfcfw flht wjw[fkb
sfdbs lffyt,t,lf8 ybrfv cgtwbfkehfl vjbs[jdf vfbjytpb7 bmyt, lfvbikbcj7 vfuhfv
bvfy e[fkbcjl lferhf sfdb8 lftsfy[vf8 ufvjlbc7 cekthsbf7 idbkb vfbjytpc itzfvc se
cfgjyc8
ybrfv vfymfybc rfhb ufvjfqj lf oby lf]lf8 lftkjlf7 bmyt, vfvfv erfyf
cfkjyib uflfcdkf cs[jdjc fy ecfahs[jt,bc qdtlbc ufrtst,f8 fhfathc fv,j,c8 vbcb
levbkb v’bvt kjlfl fodt,f v[ht,pt7 ufz.ktndbs tvemht,f8 v[ht,ib lfvfkf sfdb7
rfgbeijypt itvj[dtekb ,todb .eht,ib eqeneyt,c7 ufeajhvt,tkb fphb .dtkf e]htlib
ehn.fdc8 uekb vnrbdf7 ujyt,fib yfwyj,b ahfpf ufihbfklt,f8 cekfw fh bwbc cflff
uekb7 vfuhfv bctsb uh’yj,f fmdc7 hjv nrbdf8
vfvfv vfymfyf lfmjmf8 fh lfbmjmf8 vfvf fhw f[kf uf,hfpt,ekf8 fh
iteubyt,bf7 fhw fhfathb8 vtjhtl cwflf7 vtcfvtl8 bmyt, vfymfyf vfvfcsfy thsfl
ythdbekj,c lf bvbnjv fh tvjhxbkt,f0
lfbmjmf8 ybrfc ufe[fhlf7 udthlekfl it[tlf vfvfc8 otcbs bvfcfw eylf
uf[fht,jlf7 vfuhfv fhf 2 yfrdsbw fh ith[tdbf7 sbsmjc sdfkt,b ufeitilf7 w[dbhbw7
ybrfgbw888
2 vfv7 lqtc .jxfqb vbdbqt vfstvfnbrfib7 vfcofdkt,tkvf itvfmj8
2 rfhub ,bzb [fh8 2 vihfkfl fvjqthqf vfvfv8
2 wel [fcbfspt [fh0
2 fhf7 cfblfy vjbnfyt0
ybrfv fh bwjlf hf tgfce[f8
2 ubylf 3vfrljyfklcib4 ofub.dfyj0 2 vjekjlytkfl /rbs[f vfvfv8
2 vbylf= 2 b.dbhf ybrfv8 [vfvfqkf ufvjedblf7 vfuhfv bct ufe[fhlf7 sfdc
dth vjthbf8 ofhvjblubyf xbp,ehub7 rfhnjabkb ahb7 rjrf-rjkf7 ;jkjc yf.byb7
,fdidt,b7 ,eint,b888
fvfcobyfs bc7 vfvf lf vfij b.dyty 3vfrljyflcib47 bvltyb bwbytc888 VFIJ=
ufetkdf ndbyib lf .dtkfathb sfdbc flubkpt lfkfulf8 ufeajhvt,tkb fphb7 hjvtkbw
fvlty [fyc fodfkt,lf7 vfijib [ctyt,fpt xfvj.fkb,lf8 ybrf vb[dlf 2 vfvbrjc e[fcbfsj,bc
vbptpb vfijf8 vfij hfvltybvt lqt fh ufvjxtybkf7 vfvf ]th htcnjhfyib tkjlf ubjhub
,b’bfcf lf vfyfyf ,bwjkfcsfy thsfl7 vtht ybrf bvfssfy lfnjdf lf sdbsjy cflqfw
ufdfhlf8 vfkt vjdblf7 vfuhfv yfo.tyb8 ,tdhb lfkbf7 bvltyfl ,tdhb7 cfztcsfy
ubjhub ,b’bf lf]lf8
bv lqbc itvltu .dtkfathb itbwdfkf7 welfl itbwdfkf7 hjujhw vfijc vj.jkbk
pqfgfhib888 sehvt7 mfkqvths ltvtnhfc vptseyf[fdb mfkbidbkb vjcnfwtc7 cf[tkfl
gthctajyt8 ,jhjnvf vtatv vjbnfwf lf mdtcrytkib lffvo.dlbf8 cfyfv ltlf idbkc t’t,lf7
cfv.fhjib welb fv,t,b lfnhbfklf 2 fqfhw [tt,b [fhj,lyty7 fqfhw xbnt,b ufkj,lyty7
fqfhw vpt fyfst,lf8 vfvf vfijc lfhlj,c8 vb[dlf ybrf8 vfvfc lfhlb ybrfpt vjmvtlt,c7
cf[kptw7 mexfptw7 wfptw888
ptdbs fb[tlf8 wf sdbsvahbyfdvf uflfcthf8 stshb yfrdfktdb lbyjpfdhbc
[th[tvfkc /ufdlf8 ytnfd7 vfij bv sdbsvahbydib [jv fh pbc0
2 cfl ofdblf0 2 brbs[f [vfvfqkf8
2 dby0 2 vfvfv iemybifysfy lffve[hezf8
 2 vfij8
2 fh dbwb8
2 lf,heylt,f8 2 ybrfv sdfkb uff.jkf lfikbk [th[tvfkc8
2 cekthsbf8
2 vt vtyfnht,f8
2 vt fhf8 2 vfvfv ,hfpbs lf’hf vfymfyf8
ybrf .ehc xffahbylf8 .ehbc odfkt,fc .dtkf eikblf 2 tmbvbw7 vfvfw7
ytkb ,t,bfw7 vfcofdkt,tkbw8 vfuhfv ,bzb dth frjynhjkt,lf [tkbc vtmfybreh
vj’hfj,fc8 rbltd rfhub vfvf dth [tlfdc7 sjhtv itybidyfc vbcwtvc8
vj,bkehbc orhbfkvf ybrf itfrhsj8 dfblf7 vfvfc cfvcf[ehblfy ehtrfdty lf
3vfrljyfklcib4 dbpbnb uflfblj8
2 ufvjvfhsdb7 ltlfitybf8
ybrfc uekpt vjtidf8 ltlf cfvelfvj vbdkbyt,blfy xfvjdblf8 fhw bctsb
cfufyufij .jabkf tc 3cfvelfvj47 hjujhflfw gbhdtkfl vjtxdtyf8
2 ltlf= 2 xfc’f[f vj,bkehc8
2 hjujh vjvtyfnht7 xtvj cb[fhekj7 hjujh vjvtyfnht=
2 vtw8 2 ybrfv ybiybcvjut,bs uflf[tlf vfvfc7 fb7 ltlfc dtyfnht,b7 ity rb
vb,qdthj8
2 cfl [fhs0
2 vfymfyfib8
2 cf[kib vblb[fhs0
2 fhf7 3vfrljyfklcib48
2 ’fkbfy rfhub8 crjkfib hjujh vblbc cfmvtt,b0
2 lqtc .jxfqb vbdbqt8 vfcofdkt,tkvf itvfmj8 rblt zflhfrpt lfdlbdfh7
wehdfpt888 vfvfv vecbrfptw bfhtj7 vfuhfv vt fh vbylf8
2 xtvb zrdbfyb ,bzb888
2 bwb7 ytvcb ufdbrtst lf fh dbnbht8 2 ybrfv [tkvtjhtl it[tlf vfvfc7 bvfy
[tkb femybf7 ufxevlbj8 lfb,yf8 hfnjv eylf ufxevltc7 hjwf fct tfvf.t,f vjvsvtyb
,bzb cf[tkb8
2 fdfl b.fdb0 2 vpheydtkfl lftrbs[f ltlf8
2 fhf8
2 f,f7 ytvcb hfnjv ufbrtst0
2 fh dbwb7 vfvfc /rbs[t888
vfvfv vj,bkehb ufvjfhsdf7 vfuhfv ltlfc fh lfkfgfhfrt,bf7 vfibydt ufsbif8
vfvfc ltlf fh e.dfhc8 welbf8
3vfrljyfklcib4 rkjeyb ittut,f lf ofhotht,bfyb ,einb fxemf8 ybrf .ehbc
odfkt,fc ittidf lf ,einbfyf lf[kbcrty ufbmwf8
2 ffhxbt7 hfc ubylf8 2 vfvf bqbvt,f8 rfhubf8
2 cfxemfhb hjvtkibw fhbc7 bc vbylf8
lfndbhsekb gjlyjct,bs vtjht cfhsekpt fdblyty8 ybrfv gbhdtk hbuib
yf[fnt,bfyb rjkjab uf[cyf8 [tkc ifdafahbfyb7 cbvgfsbehb pt,hf fvj.df8
2 pt,hf hfs vbyljlf0 2 brbs[f ufo,bkt,ekvf8
2 fh vjuojyc0
2 vjvojyc7 vfuhfv hfib vzbhlt,f0
2 cfojksfy lfbrblt,8 hjwf it[tlfd7 fmfehj,f ufuf[ctylt,f
2 /jjj888 2 ybrfc bltf vjtojyf lf ,br-vfubc fsdbct,fc iteluf8
utvhbtkbf7 eahj utvhbtkb bmyt,f7 vfvfw hjv zfvltc8 vfvf rhbfkjcfyc
fsfvfit,c lf afy]fhfib bwmbht,f8 flht tc rhbfkjcfyb cbxmfhbc uflfvhsdtkpt b.j
xfvjwvekb7 hfvltybvt lqtf [tkblfy fh eidt,c8 vujyb kjubyibw rhbfkjcfybs
odt,f8 /rbs[jc0 fhf7 fh qbhc8 itb’kt,f to.byjc8
 vtpj,tk vfublfcsfy mfkb lf jhb ,fdidb pbc8 lblb ybrfc njkb bmyt,f7 gfnfhf
2 ’fkbfy gfnfhff7 sfyfw ujuj8 mfkb dbqfwfc vbtcfkvf7 lblvf lhj b[tksf lf gfnfhfc
,fh,bc sj]byf offhsdf8 gfnfhf fqhbfklf8 nbhbkpt mfkvf vjb[tlf lf next,pt vbw[j8
lblc ufe[fhlf8 ybrfc uferdbhlf8 rbltd eahj uferdbhlf7 hjwf lfh,fpib itvjcekb ltlf
lfbyf[f8
2 vfvf7 yf[t7 ltlf= 2 ofvj[nf flubkblfy8
vfvfv ofh,t,b itrhf lf .,f ufvjcobf8
2 fb7 uflfdo.dbnt7 itvjubthslts8 2 ltlfv ybrfc frjwf lf lf]lf8 rfhub ceyb
/mjylf7 vfuhfv ew[j8
2 ltlf7 cfblfy vb[dlb7 hjv fm dfhs0
2 ity fh vbs[fhb7 3vfrljyfklcib4 vbdlbdfhsj0
2 fff888
2 rfhjxt7 hf ubylf0 2 vfvf ltlfc vbe,heylf8 welb [vf /mjylf8 ybrf wfkb
[tkbs pt,hfc lfcodlf7 vtjhtsb .ehc oftgjnbyf8
2 ,fdidsfy ehsbthsj,f8
2 ybrf7 ubylf ltlfitysfy ehsbthsj,f0
ybrfc fhfathb eyljlf 2 fqfhw ,br-vfub7 fqfhw rfhnjabkb ahb7 fqfhw ;jkjc
yf.byb8 ibivf rezb iterevif8 hfc bn.dbc [fk[b7 ltlf lf vfvfv 3vfrljyflcib4 hjv
bx[e,jy0 vfvfv bctsb .dbhbkb bwbc7 fhw ltlf frkt,c8 cbhw[dbkbf8
2 vewtkb vnrbdf8 2 ’kbdc ufcfujyfl smdf ybrfv8
2 dth ufdbut7 hfnjv fibyt, ,fdidc0 2 ecf.dtlehf ltlfv8
2 ybrf7 ye utibybf7 df;rfwehfl vbs[fhb7 ubylf fv mfksfy lfhxtyf0
2 dby mfksfy0
2 fvfcsfy8 2 vfvfv sbsb ufbidbhf ltlfc vbvfhsekt,bs8 yfwyj,b sbsb ’fkbfy
ujhjpfl ufvjb.eht,jlf7 hjujhw gbcnjktnbc kekf8
2 fh dbwb8 2 ybrfv pt,hfc vjezbhf8
vfhskf fh bwjlf8 vtpj,tk vfublfcsfy yfwyj,b ,fdidt,b vflbfyfl bqtzt,jlyty8
gfnfhf wlbkj,lf tybs ftkjrf ybrfgpt xfvjodtst,ekb rtnxegb8 vfublfpt lfcregekb
,fh,b fqfhfdbc f[cjdlf8 lfz.tnbkb b]lf 3rjrf rjkbc4 zbmfcsfy7 dby bwbc7
ytho.dt,c .kfgfdlf8
2 vjrktl fct8 jh cffsib lfvbhtrt lf vbs[fhb cfl vjdfrbs[j8 2 vfvf ofvjluf8
2 vt sdbsjy vjdb.dfy cf[kib8 2 es[hf ltlfv8
2 fhf8 2 lfcx[fdkf vfvfv lf erfyvje[tlfdfl ufdfhlf8 [tkib ufye.htkb
rhbfkjcfyb tzbhf8
ybrfv sdfkb uff.jkf8 cbfvjdyt,bs uftrblt,jlf7 vfuhfv ltlbc vjthblf8 hfw fh
eylf b.jc7 vbc cfyf[fdfl vjdblf8
2 zfvt7 hfnjv ufxthlb8 2 ltlfc fqfh /mjylf v[bfhekb [vf7 fqfhw cf[t
ewbyjlf8 bv ,fh,bc /ufdlf7 sdfkt,lfz.tnbkb hjv b]lf udthlbs vfublfpt8 2 uffyt,t
.ehc sfdb= 2 ufqbpbfyt,ekvf tchjkf lf mfqfklbc gfhrblfy rfhnjabkb ahb
fvjfwjwf8
ybrfv vfvbc ufybthb pehub uff[ctylf lf cf[kib .jayf byfnhf8
2 fh utcvbc7 hfw ubs[fhb0
’fkbfy rfhufl tcvbc7 vfuhfv ]b,hpt fh xfvjbqt,c8 hjv ts[jdf7 xfvjbqt,lf7
bct 2 fhf8
2 ity lf vfvf bctd vfhnj w[jdhj,s0
2 /j8
2 vfij fh ufvjxtybkf0
2 fhf8
2 [jv fh bwb7 cfl fhbc0
2 yoe8 ity cfblfy bwyj, vfijc0
 2 dbwyj,8 yf.byc hfnjv fh zfv0
2 fqfh vbylf8
2 vt hjv dzfvj fh uto.byt,f0
2 fhf8
ltlfv yf.byb vbbluf lf stshb rjdpb obstk next,ib xfbwehf8 ,fh,b yf.byc
zfvlf8
2 ybrf7 fh ubylf .dtkfv thsfl dbw[jdhjs0 vt7 ity7 vfvfv888 hjujhw eoby8
2 vbdkbyt,t,ib fqfh bdkb0
2 fhf8 erdt fqfh dveifj,7 vstkb lqt cf[kib db]lt,b lf pqfght,c ofubrbs[fd8
2 crjkfib fqfh dbdkb0 2 bvtlb vjtwf ybrfc8
2 cfblfy vjbnfyt7 crjkfib .dtkf ,fdidb lflbc8
2 f,f7 vstkb lqtj0
2 bct dsmdb7 cbn.dbc vfcfkfl7 crjkblfy sfdbceafkb lhj dbuekbc[vt8 hfc
bn.db0
2 vbylf8
2 tc ityptf lfvjrblt,ekb8
2 xtvpt0 2 tcbfvjdyf8 hfqfw vfcptw .jabkf lfvjrblt,ekb8
2 /j7 itypt8 es[fhb vfvfc7 ltlfcsfy thsfl vbylf-smj .jayf8 tn.db0
2 rb8
2 jqjyl7 vt hjv ubs[fhb7 fh es[hf8
ybrfv sfdb lfemybf8
2 tc bmyt,f xdtyb cfblevkj8 it’kt, cfblevkjc ityf[dfc0
2 rb8
2 ity erdt lblb ,bzb [fh lf eylf vjudt[vfhj8 vt lf vfvfv ofdbx[e,ts7 dbc fh
vjcdkbf0= wjk-mvfhbc x[e,b cektkc vfhsfkb tujyfj8 vfvfitybc cb]benbc fv,fdb
vjut[ctyt,f7 vfuhfv se ityw itt[dtot,b7 lfsvj,c8 ity ’fkbfy e.dfh[fh8
2 ity fh e.dfh[fh0
2 de.dfhdfh7 vfuhfv fqbfht,f ezbhc8 ]benbf8 uf[cjdc7 hf rfhufl db.fdbs
thsfl0
ybrf xfabmhlf8 dthfahbs ufb[ctyf7 hjlbc b.dyty rfhufl cfvbdtyb8 fk,fs7
hjwf ’fkbfy gfnfhf b.j7 hjujhw ,fh,bc gfnhjyb ujujyf8
2 ity se [tkc fh itudbo.j,7 ltlbyfwdfkb ut.jkt,f8 ubylf ltlbyfwdfkb0
2 ,jhjnb0
2 f,f7 rtsbkb ltlbyfwdfkb cfl ufububf0 3obmfhf4 ufmdc ofrbs[ekb0
2 rb8 vfijv ofvbrbs[f8 ubylf ptgbhfl ubs[hf0
vfijc [ctyt,fpt ltlfc next,b lfedbohjdlf8 uekf[lbkb cfe,fhb xb[ib vjtmwf8
ujyt,fib bctd fqvjwtylf vfvbc afhst pehub8
2 ity vjuojyc vfij0 2 next,b uf[cyf ltlfv8
2 vfvfc vjcojyc8
2 vt ity utrbs[t,b8
firfhfl fh trbs[t,jlf8 ,hfpj,lf8
2 vewtkb vnrbdf8
2 ye bn.et,b8 lffyt,t .ehbc odfkt,fc sfdb lf vbgfce[t8 ltlf eahj ub.dfhc se
dbqfw dbubylfhf vfij0
[vfvfqkf vjedblf8 vjgbhlfgbht ceahfpt v]ljvvf mfkvf vjb[tlf8 vjb[tlf
ybrfcnjkf ,bzvfw8 [tkib 3rjrf rjkfc4 zbmf tzbhf7 gbhib 2 cfohegtkf8
cbhw[dbkbf8
2 vbgfce[t7 dby eahj ub.dfhc0
2 ltlf8 2 ybrfc lfw[f8
2 [vfvfqkf=
 2 ltlf8
2 smdb5 vt ltlf vb.dfhc8
2 ofvb.dfyt cf[kib7 vewtkb vnrbdf8
2 vjhxb fathbcnj,fc8 ufbvtjht5 vt ltlf vb.dfhc8
2 vt ltlf vb.dfhc8
2 fct se b,en,ent,7 fhfdby lfub]tht,c8
2 fh db888 db,en,ent,8
fv lhjc ltlfc vj,bkehvf lfhtrf8 rbltd rfhub8
2 ubcvty7 rj,f8 2 ltlfv ufvjblfhf8 2 ufcfut,bf888 ufcfut,bf888 hjujhw ity
bn.db8 f,f7 lhjt,bs8 2 cfvcf[ehblfy lfvbhtrtc8 2 fe[cyf ybrfc8
2 frb fqfh dveifj,j0 vstkb lqt db]lt,b lf pqfght,c ofubrbs[fdj0
2 pqfght,c ,t,bfityb ofubrbs[fdc8
2 ytkb ,t,bf vjrdlf8
2 ytkb ,t,bfc ufhlf ,t,bf fh u.fdc0 se wbfkf ,t,jc fhct,j,f lfufdbo.lf0
ybrfc uff[ctylf cjatkib vw[jdht,b ifdsdfkf mfkb7 hjvtkbw cek hfvlty]thvt
/.fdlf yfyf[b8 ytcnjt,c fyfleqfhb h’bc ceyb vbodlf8 bv mfkvf ths[tk ,jctkib
itb.dfyf lf ’hj[bc vjodtkf fxdtyf8 ’hj[f ufey’htdkfl bluf lf [vflf,kf pvejlf8
2 xfvjdb.dfy wbfkf ,t,jc lf .dtkfyb thsfl dbw[jdht,s7 hjujhw yfvldbkb
j]f[b7 sfdbcb ,t,bbs7 [fzfgeht,bs7 mflt,bs888 ubzfvbf wbfkf ,t,jc ufrtst,ekb
mflf0
2 fh vb.dfhc mflf8
2 itub.dfhlt,f8 wbfkf ,t,jc ufrtst,ekb mflt,b .dtkfc e.dfhc8 crjkblfy vt
ufvjub.dfy [jkvt888 ufvfwyj, ityc fv[fyfut,c0
2 rb8
2 hfnjv ufmdc fctsb vjo.tybkb cf[t7 fh ufub[fhlf ltlbrjc yf[df0
2 rb8
2 se zfvfc vjhxb7 cflvt ufdbctbhyjs vfymfybs lf cf[kib vbub.dfy8
2 vfvf fh uf,hfplt,f0
2 uf,hfplt,f lf uflfedkbc7 lblb fv,fdb=
ybrfv pt,hf mehserbc ]b,tib xfntyf lf lfobyfeht,ek ltlfc lftltdyf8
vjgbhlfgbht vfublblfyfw ofvjbifkyty8 ,fh,b cflqfw ufvmhfkb.j8 bmyt, ybrfc ltlfl
uflfbmwf0

222

vfyfyf cf[kib lfqkbkb vjdblf8 it[dtlhf eptyftcib7 lt,fnt,b gtybntywbfkehb

cbcnt,bc ghjtmnsfy lfrfdibht,bs7 jhb cfcfvfhskj ghjwtcb7 vfs ijhbc thsb ef[kjtcb
vtuj,hbc yfskekbc8 vfyfyfv hfw itt’kj uffrtsf7 vfuhfv ef[kjtcb vtuj,fhb vfbyw
ervf.jabkj lfhxf7 sbsmjc yfhrjnbrt,bc htfkbpfnjhc dbyvt cfcfvfhskjc lfh,fpblfy
uffsfdbceakt,lf8 ptlvtnb fhfathb dfhuf7 vfs ijhbc vtuj,hbc cekib xf’dhtyf8
ufhrdtekb lbcnfywbf ehsbthj,bc ityfhxeyt,fib ut[vfht,f8 fdbqjs7 vbcnth /jkvcb lf
vbcb ufye.htkb dfncjyb7 sbsmjc vtuj,ht,b b.dyty7 vfuhfv fhfcjltc uflflbjlyty
lfcfidt, cfpqdht,c8
mfhsdtkt,vf fh dbwbs lfcfidt,b cfpqdfhb7 .dtkfathib erblehtcj,f
udf[fcbfst,c7 vfs ijhbc ghtntypbt,bc of.tyt,fib8 fct vc]tkj,lf jyrfysfy ofrepekb7
[tkt,bc lf,fybs lfrfdt,ekb vfyfyf8
rjynfmnehvf kbypt,vf wjnf fh b.jc itfoe[f7 vfuhfv cbkfvfpt vc[dthgkc
vjbs[jdc8 vstkb f[fkufphlj,f cfsdfkbs uffnfhf7 crjkfib 3kbypfc4 t’f[lyty7
bycnbnenib 3ghjatcjhifc48 vj,tphlf8 sfdvj.dfht mfkvf ufhtuyj,f vfmcbvfkehfl
eylf ofhvjfxbyjc7 fvjbrbs[f ths-ths mfksf ;ehyfkib lf cek ’fkbs offxfyxfkf
cfresfhb sfdb jasfkvjkjusfy8
jasfkvjkjuvf dhwkfl bkfgfhfrf kbypt,bc egbhfntcj,fpt cfsdfktcsfy
vbvfhst,fib5 vfmcbvfkehb v[tldtkj,f7 ghbpvekb tatmnb7 itepqelfdb dtkb888
vfyfyfv bv lqtcdt xfbnfhf chekb jasfkvjkjubehb rdktdf7 kbypt,bw vjbhuj lf
fqvjfxbyf7 hjv yeibct,ehb ajhvbc7 abmhbfyb sdfkt,b fmdc8 vtn.dtkvf sdfkt,vf
vstk cf[tpt ufeidf uh’yj,fl-tythutnbrekb bvgekct,b lf ahbfljcfyb ujujyfc fcrtnehb
next,b qbvbkib fbwmdbnf8 qbvbkvf eahj yfpb uf[flf7 mfkehb8 cfcbfvjdyj
wdkbkt,f mvhbc ufhlf7 .dtkfv fqybiyf8 ubjhubc wjkb .dtkfyfbhb vjcojylf 2
cfsdfkbfyb7 ecfsdfkj7 vjvqbvfhb7 vrfwhb7 ,enbf7 ufghfyzekb7 cfibyfj
ajhvfib888 e,hfkjl rjvgkbvtynt,b fh t[th[t,jlf8
vfyfyfv kbypt,b cgtwbfkehb [cyfhbs ufovbylf7 ,eltib itbyf[f lf
mfkbidbkt,bc lfcfpdthfl uftvfhsf8
sfvhj at[vjhs[vbs b]lf rjvgbenthbc vfublfcsfy lf gfynjvbvbc bktst,bs
lfrfdt,ek lfc ndbyc e,ehqfdlf8
2 se ub.dfhdfh7 it[dlb8
2 vtnb cfmvt fh vfmdc= 2 ifd tkfcnbrt,ib ufvjo.j,bkb ytkbrj .fcblfl
buthbt,lf lbc itvjntdt,c7 vbcb ujyt,bc js[vjwlffsb ghjwtynb ufhlfcf[dbs b.j
lfrfdt,ekb8 fv]thfl vjvfrdlfdb utlbc ufycf[btht,fc wlbkj,lf8
2 f,f7 hf dmyf0
2 ity oflb7 vt hf iefib dfh0
2 ityb cehfsb vfmdc ufupfdybkb7 vt hjujh ofdblt0
2 ltlf7 es[fhb ityc idbkc sfdb lfvfyt,jc8 2 ytkbrj itvjcohe,ek vfyfyfc
vbe,heylf8 2 hfqfw gftvfyc vfntybc888 xtvb vptzf,erb sf.dfybcvwtvkt,bcsdbc
dth vjvbwkbf7 dbqfw ghbixbrbfy .b.kb.jcsfy vfh,tybyt f[kf8
2 cekfw fhf fmdc ghbixbrt,b7 ghjcnf cfsdfktc [vfhj,c8 2 sfvhjv
rjvgbenthbc trhfyc it[tlf8 s[bkfveht,pt itvlufhb cfylhbrf [tkbc fotdbs tcfkvt,jlf8
2 ufvfut,byts hf [lt,f0 2 vfyfyfv upflfupf f[brf bfnfrpt lf.hbkb ybdst,b 2
xfysf7 ;ehyfkb7 rjkujnrf7 wfkb xecnb7 ifhab888
sfvhjv ervf.jabkjl vbf,]byf ybrfgb odtnbfy ve[kt,c8 .dbyxbkfc /ufdlf7
tujbcnb ltlkt,bc vbth lfrjhnybkcf lf ufhb.ekc8 ltlfcfdbs f[kjv[tldtkc sdfkt,bc
vjzendf xdtdfl tmwf8 cfsdfktc vfhnj obuybc rbs[dbcfc [vfhj,lf8
2 fh bn.dbs0 2 cekb lftkbf vfyfyfc8
2 ityvf ’dbhafcvf mfkbidbkvf7 xevxevtkf sfvhjv lf fhf f[nf]fyf ytkbrjv7
c[dfsfijhbc888 2 [fpufcvbs fqybiyf ytkbrjv8 2 dbhnefkehb hjvfyb dbyvt
cfylhbrfcsfy7 tuth7 s[bkfveht,bfy f.kf.elfc [tlfd0 2 vbesbsf rjvgbenthpt8
2 d[tlfd8
2 [jv /ufdc ,bk utbnc7 dbyljecbc vfvfc0 fhf7 it[tlt7 ceasf ,bkbf=
2 xfvjufdc7 vfuhfv tc f[fkufphlff8 2 smdf vfyfyfv8
2 /jlf7 xtvj cf.dfhtkj ltlbrj7 kfgfhfr-kfgfhfrib xdtyvf sfvhjv tc ,bkb
itbn.ef7 uff,hef7 lffbynhbuf8 bvfy ajnjcehfsbc ufvjupfdyf s[jdf7 [jv eylf bwjltc
hjujh ufvjb.eht,f blevfkb ujujyf xtsblfy8 fvfy7 xdtyvf xevxevtkfv7 fluf lf xtvb
cehfsb uffupfdyf8 bvfcfw vtnb hf eyljlf7 cfcohfajl it[dtlhf cs[jdf8
2 cfcohfajl fh es[jdbf8 2 htgkbrf xfhsj sfvhjv8
2 ye7 babmhf7 babmhf lf udwf gfnbdb8
2 vtht0 2 vfyfyf lfbynthtct,ekb xfvj]lf cfdfh’kbc n.fdbc cf[tkehpt8
2 vtht7 cfmvt cfmvtpt hjv vbluf7 sfvhjv tktvtynfkehfl xfbrerf8 f[kf lufc
lf vt vt[dtot,f gftvfypt ofcdkfc8
2 f,f7 sjs[vtnb okbc kfobhfrb [jv fh ufainbdblkt,f0
ytkbrjv uekbfyfl uflfbrbcrbcf7 sfdbcb ,j,jmfhb cb.vfodbkt se uff[ctylf8
 2 hf fwbyt,c0 2 sfvhjc lftrbs[f vfyfyf8
2 lt,bkbf8 2 eahjcb lf itfvrj bvfy8
2 fhf7 hjv vjvojyltc7 ]fyb ufdfhltc7 ufdhbcrfdlb7 vfuhfv dff,it fh
vjvojyc tc byntktmnefkb cbhrent,b8 dsmdfs itd[dlb7 hfpt eylf dtkfgfhfrj 2
,jhutpfc ufkthtfpt7 rfarfpt7 ybwitpt se frbhf rehjcfdfpt0
2 hf iefibf rfarf0 2 dth ufbuj vfyfyfv8
2 sfdibf7 sjs[vtnb okbc fcfrib 3ybhdfyfc4 afyb db.fdb7 tc rb ijgtyc
ecvtyc lf rehjcfdfpt fafyfnt,c8 lt,bkb sdbsjyff7 zrdbfyb lt,bkb8 2 ytkbrjv
vjvfrdlfdb utlbc ufycf[btht,fc sfdb lffyt,f lf gbhlfgbh yj[pt vjbhs[f7 ltlbc
at[t,sfy8
2 vjvfdfkb vcf[bj,b rehjcfdfc fphpt eylf b.jc8 2 rbltd thsb htgkbrf bchjkf
sfvhjv8
2 yfvtnfyb ufrehjcfdlb xtvj lfbf7 bvbnjvfw ufmdc nhfrbc ;bv;bvb8
gfnfhf [fyc ufhts ufvjlb7 vbb[tl-vjb[tlt7 /fthb xf.kfgt7 ity[tkf ujujt,b vfkf.t,c
uflflbfy uelfehib8 hfc vbabxbyt,b[fh fv rjvgbenthc7 dth [tlfd7 ityvf ,bk
utbncvfw vjf[th[f ufyfdfhlt,f8 t/7 hf okt,c fwlty888
2 cek fh vjvojyc ityb w[jdht,bc otcb7 fhw ityb endbyj fv[fyfut,b
vjvojyc8 bcbw cfrbs[fdbf7 vjtojyt,b se fhf cfylhbrfc8
ytkbrj vstkb nfybs vjnhbfklf lf sdfkb sdfkib ufe.fhf8
2 bwb7 fdlut,b lf vfhskf itd[dlt,b8
2 it[dlb8 2 yt,f lfhsj sfvhjv8
2 hjv itde.dfhlt7 fh utibybf0
2 yoe8
2 ltlf7 vjovt [fh7 hjv ’fkbs xfvbshbtc fv bynhbufib8 ]fylf,fc fvbc sfdb7
itd[dlt,b8 hfqfw epb[fh7 frhbat ntmcnb lf lfecnhtkt bv ityc ’dbhflqbht,ek
cfylhbrfc8 jqjyl cflvt ufhte,fyib fhf7 wtynhib itv[dltc7 vfufkbsfl7 stfnhfkehsfy8
t/7 hfc fh bpfv rfwb cf.dfhtkb lfbrjc uekbcsdbc8 dby ubafct,c0
sfvhj mehwbrbdbs xfvj[nf lf eahjc lfc xft[dbf8
2 cektkt,b [fhs8 2 vfyfyfv qbvbkvjhtekvf lfnjdf jsf[b8 hf bwjlf cf,hfkj
ltlfv7 hf dyt,fsfqtkdt,b vj/.dt,jlf fv thsb it[tldbs ueke,h.dbkj sfvfic8
cfvpfhtekjlfy chekbfl itcfybiyfdb ceyt,b ufvjlbjlf8 yf[tdhflufvzdbhdfkt
vbyblfy xfylf ufpmehfcsfy vjaecaect wbwjc aevaekf st’jbfyb7 v.elhj cbketnb8
ntktdbpjhsfy7 lhjvjhzvekb abnekbdbs b]lf ufae.ekb rfhkbxb8 sdfkt,b fyafpib
/mjylf7 hjujhw ahtcrfpt lf[fnek tudbgntkc8 obyblfyfw ub.eht,lf7 vfh]dyblfyfw7
vfhw[yblfyfw8 itb’kt,f fhw ub.eht,lf7 vfuhfv ijhblfy fct xfylf8
flht vfyfyfc shueyfdlf vfvfvsbkbc cec[bfyb vpthf8 fcfrsfy thsfl
.jdkbcvjvwdtkvf hfrecvf fmnefkj,f lfrfhuf7 sevwf vskbfyfl fh fkfuvekf8 vfyfyfc
vj,tphlf rfhkbxbc obyfit pbkbyfc sfvfib8 cbrjc lfrfhudbc itvltu ,thbrfwb .dtkfc
thxjlf 2 j]f[bc otdht,c7 [tkbceakt,fc7 vtpj,kt,c7 yfstcfdt,c7 mfkfmbc vthbfc7
cjakbc flvbybcnhfwbfc888 ’dtk lhjc vbcnbhjlf lf f[fkc fubyt,lf8 ]th b.j lf jvib
lfrfhuekb ’vbc ajnjcehfsb ufvjzbvf cf’byt,tkib7 vtht xby-vtlkt,b xfvjpblf
c[dtyblfy7 yfvufk-ehjbfyb obstkb lhjifqf frklf vbc fdfyufhlek res[tc8
ntktdbpjhib cfbyajhvfwbj ufvjidt,f uflbjlf8 vbrhjajyt,bc ufhtvjwdfib
v]lfhb hectsbc tkxb jhb mdt.ybc ufhsekt,ek ehsbthsj,fpt ,zj,lf8 ;ehyfkbcnt,bc
vodfdt itrbs[dt,c tkxb sfditrfdt,ekb bhjybbs gfce[j,lf8
2 cf/fthj vbvjcdkf se fh fqluf7 ujubnfc cjv[tsbc ufdkbs vjeotdc s,bkbcib
xfvjcdkf8 2 vfyfyfc hectsib cfmvbfy dbpbnfl v.jab ’vf uff[ctylf8
2 vtnbc qbhct,b dfhs8 2 fbnfwf rfhkjv8
2 [fk[b hf iefibf0
 2 [tkbceakt,f [fk[bc itrdtsfc fchekt,c8 vjvtync fh eidt,ty [tkblfy hect,b fh
fubyjy8 fvfs hjv /rbs[j7 thtrkt vtatcfw vjqfkfnbc bfhkb.c vbfrhfdty8 thtrktc hjv
fh tvfh]df7 lqtc sehmtsbc ths-thsb dbkfbtsb dbmyt,jlbs8 thsb sehmtsbc
vbnfwt,ek vbofpt lfhxtybkvf mfhsdtkj,fv itbyfhxeyf hovtyf lf tyf7 vtjht xdty
itdbyfhxeyt,lbs8
2 hovtyf fhf7 vfuhfv tyf itbyfhxeytc8
2 ,f,fb-vfvfb7 fhf0 vfufc t’f[b tybc ityfhxeyt,fc0
2 hect,vf [jv fudfitytc0=
2 lfvjerblt,tkb cf[tkvobaj hjv umdbf7 hect,c evflkjlt8 cekpt vjudbcohj
jmnjv,hbc htdjkewbfv7 sjhtv lqtcfw s,bkbcbc lf mesfbcbc ue,thybf dbmyt,jlbs8
2 hfc ,h’fyt,s7 vfvf7 jmnjv,hbc htdjkewbfv cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,fc
ufvjes[fhf ’bhb= 2 fqiajslf vfyfyf8
2 mfhbc vjnfybkb lfvjerblt,kj,f mfhvf ofbqj8
2 bvbc smvf ubylfs7 hjv fh dfhs lfvjerblt,kj,bc qbhcb0
2 vpfl fh dfhs8 vpfl= lfvjerblt,kj,f lf sfdbceakt,f it’kt,eksf [dtlhbf lf fhf
qfhb,-qfnfrsf8 ubyf[fdc lfvjerblt,tkb vfs[jdfhb0
2 yt,bcvbthb7 vtn-yfrkt,fl otkib ufvfhsekb mdt.fyfw rb7 c[dbc
bynthtct,c bsdfkbcobyt,c8
2 b’ekt,ekbf ufbsdfkbcobyjc7 bvbnjv7 hjv gfhnybjht,b fhbfy8
sfyfcojheakt,bfyb gfhnybjht,b8 dby fhbc xdtyb gfhnybjhb0 fvthbrf7 byukbcb se
bfgjybf0 dby dfhs xdty vfssdbc7 thsb cnhfntubekfl cfbynthtcj7 vfuhfv lfvitekb
mdt.fyf8 zrefc udfhbut,ty7 itybidyt,c udf’ktdfy7 htrjvtylfwbt,c fifyifkt,ty888
erfy ufb.fhjy sfdbfysb htrjvtylfwbt,b8 xdty xdtyb ltvjrhfnbf eylf fdfityjs8
2 hect,sfy thsfl7 fhf0 2 bhjybekfl lftrbs[f vfyfyf8
2 ]j,bf itycfdbs ]b,tufa[trbkc ittrhf7 dblht ctyfnjhbc vfublfpt xfvj]lt
yfceahfkbc vjkjlbyib8 hect,sfy cfthsj bcnjhbf udfrfdibht,c7 thsfl ufdbfhts
cfvfvekj jvb7 ufdbvfh]dts888 fvfs rb jregfwbbc veptevb uf[cytc7 sbsmjc hect,c
ek[bylfs cnfkbybc lhjc=
2 tctw bcnjhbff8
2 vjlb7 ]th ityb [fk[b lffgeht7 veif[tkb lffcfmvt7 veptevt,bc uf[cyfpt vtht
babmht8 rfhubf7 ityb ’vf hjv dth xfvjlbc7 vjuojyc0 fh vjuojyc8 ,f,fw ubylfs lf
xbxbfw7 tuht cfl fhbc0 bcnjhbfj888 bcnjhbekb afmnb hjv itfafcj7 cfereyt
vfbyw eylf ufdbltc8 itb’kt,f vtnbw8 vtlfkc jhb v[fht fmdc7 fhbjkc hjv [tlfd7
htirfw lfbyf[t7 lfkjwdbkj=
rfhkj rbltd ,j,jmhj,lf hfqfwfc7 vfyfyfc .ehflqt,f rb ntktdbpjhib
ufydbsfht,ekvf vjdktyt,vf vbbg.hj8 bm7 ubufyneh zbfrjrjyfcfdbs bojlf ,bpytcvty
rjnt .fhfekfidbkbc f[kflfityt,ekb [jhwrjv,byfnb8 wfc odlt,jlf cf[ehfdblfy
fdfhlybkb fkb7 yfafy]hfkib nrfwfnrewbs buhb[t,jlyty wtw[kbc tyt,b8 cf[fy’hj
vfymfyt,bc cbhtybc ajypt jkbvgbehb cbvidblbs uflfflubklt,jlyty
rfvthfuflfrblt,ekb jgthfnjht,b8
2 e,tlehb itvs[dtdf se cf,jnf;b0= 2 vbrhjajyc ljh,kfdlf ctycfwbfpt lfutibkb
;ehyfkbcnb8
3cf,jnf;b47 uekib uftgfce[f vfyfyf lf trhfybcsdbc sdfkbc vjeijht,kfl
ntktajybc .ehvbkc lfodlf8
2 ubjhub7 ntktdbpjhb [jv fh ufmdc xfhsekb0 888fhf0888 hf [lt,f lf888
,hbekjdbc nbkj 3gjvgtbc erfyfcrytkb lqt4 uf[cjdc0 888 bubdt [lt,f rjnt
.fhfekfidbkbc cfofhvjc sfdc7 jqjyl gbtltcnfkblfy lf’hekb mfylfrt,t,bc ufhtit888
fk,fs vjubotdc vbcdkf888 cfl bv.jat,b0888 becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjib hf
ubyljlf0888 hff0 2 cek c[df [vfpt itc’f[f vfyfyfv8 dth ufbut,lb7 ufe[fhlf se
to.byf8
 2 hf vj[lf ujuj7 ye uflfvhbt= 2 mdtdblfy fvj[tlf rfhkjv8
2 ubjhubc sfyfvlt,j,f itcsfdfptc8
2 hf sfyfvlt,j,f0
2 cffgtkfwbj ltgfhnfvtynbc eahjcbc vjflubkt8
2 ,fhtv eahjcfl lftybiyfs8 2 twjnfdf rfhkjc8
2 tzdb fh itutgfhjs7 lfybiyfdty7 hfvltyflfw dbwb gtnht ujuhbzbfyc o.fkb
fmdc it.tyt,ekb8
2 ujuhbzbfyb dbqff0
2 lqtdfyltkb eahjcb8 tc fv,fdb se ufcrlf7 itb’kt,f [dfkdt uflvjfuljy
crfvblfy8 2 trhfypt fybiyf vfyfyfv8
2 hf iefibf .fhfekfidbkbc wtw[kvjrblt,ekb ,bpytcb sfd]ljvfhtcsfy0
2 ]eyf n.fdf’tc gtnht ujuhbzbfyb vafhdtkj,c8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 rjnt
.fhfekfidbkbc xf’bhdfib vfufsb nfyltvb ehtdbf8
2 bmyt, itvs[dtdbs oftrblf wtw[kb0 2 rfhkjc bct uferdbhlf7 sbsmjc
yf,jkfhf df;vf yfrkt, ifhib uf[dbf8
2 fctsb hfqfwtt,b itvs[dtdbs fh [lt,f8 gtnhtc .jdkbcitv’kt vtnfcnfpf c[df
,bpytc ufhbut,t,ibwff itvxytekb8
2 vtht7 hjujh bveifdt,c ityb ufvjrhbcnfkt,ekb mvfhb tuts vtnfcnfpfcsfy0
vfyfyfc fh /mjylf gfce[b kjubreh rbs[dfpt8 v[ht,bc fxtxdbs lfrvf.jabklf8

222

bv efvhfdb rjvajhnblfy7 hjvtkptw flfvbfyc [tkb vbeodlt,f7 s,bk f,fpfyfc

fhfathb ittlht,f8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 fct abmhj,lf vfdhfc f,fpfyfib vjyt,bdht
yfvupfdhb vfij8 f,fpfyf cfrvfjl lblb b.j7 sevwf ufcfvfhsb8 rfatkbc lfrdhf vfhnj jh
rtltkpt vjt[th[t,byfs8 bfnfrpt lfcfut,b vtnkf[b frehfnek cdtnt,fl to.j res[tib8 zthsfy
vjvb]yfdt7 wbwmyf cfhrvtkib yfvufkf vsdfht rhsjlf8
s,bk f,fpfyfib yt,bdhj,f rfhubf7 vfuhfv c[dbc cf[kib ecfchekjl dth
vbtwtvb nr,j,fc7 sfyfw o.fkvf ituhbkt,f lfbo.j8 vfij pfynfl ofvjbvfhsf8 gbhcf[jwb
f[fkb b.j lf welfl fvihfkt,lf8 vfdhfvfw hf myfc7 hfw rfhub /mjylf7 bc vbfhsdf
cnevfhc8 fuytcf ,t,bfc vfhnj ,fv,bc gbhcf[jwt,c fqbfht,lf7 cfrvfjl cjkblehb vfhfub
/mjylf7 cbrdlbkfvlt vt.jafj7 fv,j,lf8 cfo.fkb ,t,bf7 dby f,fyfdt,c idbkbidbkbc
fh.jayfib888
lbl jsf[ib7 hjvtkbw vbcfqt,bcf lf cfcflbkjc aeymwbfc fchekt,lf7
vfcnbrbcf lf yf[th[bc ceyb bluf8 cfthsjl7 vfdhfc jhcfhsekbfyb cf[kb /ufdlf
vityt,kj,bc ;bybs itg.hj,bkb flfvbfybc yf.jac8 res[tt,ib itbybiyt,jlf cfhtvjynj
cfveifjcsdbc ufyresdybkb fnhb,ent,b 2 hekjyt,fl lf[dtekb igfkbthb7 cfqt,fdt,bc
mbkt,b7 .est,ib lfafcjt,ekb gfhrtnb8
qevtksfy7 bydfkblbc tnkib v]lfhb s[esvtnbjlt okbc ,bzb mcjdlf8 vfijc
lfyf[dfpt qbvbkbcvfudfhb vbvbrf lft[fnf htpbybdbs vj’hfd cf[tpt7 vjrheyx[ek
sbst,ib xf,qe]ekb cfmcjdb x[bhb [tkblfy ufec[knlf lf vfcnbrbs uflfghbkt,ek
bfnfrpt ufujhlf8 vfijv x[bhb vbfojlf8
2 vfflkjj,8 2 sfdb ffrfynehf7 ytwrtc sj]byfcfdbs8
2 ity nfhbrj [fh7 fhf0
2 rb8
2 vt tdf vmdbf8
2 tdf7 2 ufbvtjhf nfhbrjv8
2 ub.dfhc mcjdf0
2 rb8
2 hfc mcjd0
 2 oylt,c8
2 hf0 2 dth ufbuj vfijv8
2 oylt,c8 ltlfcsdbc8
2 obylt,c0
2 rb7 rb8 2 ufe[fhlf nfhbrjc8 fhw bct ufehrdtdkfl kfgfhfrj,lf7 e,hfkjl
vbxdtdf eyljlf8
2 vtw vfcofdkb mcjdfc0
nfhbrjv lbfujyfkpt ufzbvf cdtkb next,b8 sfudbdbs odhbkb r,bkt,b lf
vjibidkt,ekb qh’bkt,b /mjylf7 sdfkt,ib rb bctsb vjyljvt,f tothf7 vfijc uekb .tkib
vjt,]byf8
vfdhfv thsvfytspt lfo.j,bkb stait,b itvjbnfyf lf ceahbc ufo.j,fc iteluf8
2 tmbvvf7 [tkbc ufcfdfh]bit,kfl mcjdf rfhubfj8 fvfcfw lhj uf/.fdc7 c[df
hf cfmvt fmdc8 ]tvghb hjv fwdbf7 vfubc vjmcjdbkbf7 obylt,bw8 vtw vb.dfhc
mcjdf7 thsvfytsc dtyfwdkt,bs [jkvt8 2 vfdhfv gehb lfzhf lf bctd cfvpfhtekjib
ufexbyfhlf8
vfijv nfhbrjc ufokfoekb ]tvghblfy vpthf tnkbc cfat[ehpt lfo.j,bk eqjyj
at[t,pt uflfbnfyf8
2 [jv fh lfut[vfhjs0 2 ufc’f[f vfdhfc8
2 fhf7 voybkb lfvhxf fvjcfqt,b lf vjhxf8
voybkbc ofhvjlutyfpt vfijc gbhb ytho.dbs ftdcj8 nfhbrjw lffdbo.lf lf
vbcb itvjmvtlt,fw8 [fh,fl vbfxthlf ceahfc7 cflfw jhsmkb fclbjlf vj[fhiek
rfhnjabkc8
gbhdtk hbuib rbnhbc oybkb ufcby]f8 w[jdht,fib fh vbeqbf fctsb
cbfvjdyt,f zfvbcufy8 qtzdf v[jkjl vfiby itfxthf7 hjwf lbfcf[kbcbc lf;byt,ekb
vpthf buh’yj8
2 rfhnjabkbw vbfnfyt7 vtnbcvtnb v;fdbfyj,bcufy rezb fh funrbdltc8 2
vfdhfv rfhnjabkbfyb staib vbexjxf8 2 xdtyt,ehb rfhnjabkbf7 lf[t7 hf utvhbtkbf8
rfhfmbw vbf.jkt7 .dtkbw888 .dtkfathb ibyfehbf8
2 vflkj,s8 2 xfb,ehn.eyf vfijv8
vupfdhj,bcfc lf,flt,ekb tzdb rbltd eahj ufev’fahlf8 vfnfht,tkib vfnfht,tkib
ite’kjl uf[lf7 ceahfpt vstkb voybkb uflfzfvf7 ub;bw vb[dlt,f 2 at[v’bvtlff=
mfkfmib hjv b.jc7 ntcnc b.bllf lf cf,jkjjl lfhoveylt,jlf8 dsmdfs lfhoveylf8 vtht0
vtht cfl vblbc0 fhcfl8 bc uffxtyc fv ,fdidc7 ufphlbc7 hjujhw vjf[th[t,c8 bmfvlt
lblb lhjf7 ]th eylf lfhoveyltc7 ittuejc7 obyfcofh fh qbhc ythdbekj,f8
nfhbrj nfhbfyfl xf,qe]ekb xfyukbc w[tk rfhnjabkib xfhzj,fc wlbkj,lf8 dth
vjf[th[f8 xfyukbc odthb staibc acrthc rfohfdlf lf ecbfvjdyj [vfc ufvjcwtvlf8 cekb
lftkbf7 xfyufkb vfublfpt lffulj lf [tkbs lfodlf vj[fhiek rfhnjabkc8 [fh,fl zfvlf7
vjcoht,fpt7 ’fqkbdbs8 wf[wf[f7 cdtkb next,blfy rfhnjabkib fhtekb ljh,kb
wdbjlf8
vfijv vpthf ffhblf8
2 ity vjubrdltc7 ltlf= hbs dth bcofdkt xfyukbc lfzthf7 /f=0 vjvt [tkb= 2
vfdhfv vjs[egyekb sbst,b nbkjsb ufeovbylf lf vezib ’fkbs itechbfkf xfyufkb8 2
afymfhc se bzth7 xfyufkvf hf lffifdf0 utxmfht,f lf bvbnjv7 ytnf dbwjlt cfl
utxmfht,f0 ytkf zfvt7 ufvjpjvbkfl7 hjujhw otcbth ,bzt,c ittatht,f8
,bzvf lfvyfifdt qbvbkb itfut,f ltlfvbcc7 xfyufkb xf,qe]f lf staisfy lfb[fhf8
fvfcj,fib lfqfvlf7 vfdhfv idbkb lfcf’byt,kfl ufb.dfyf lf vfkt lf,heylf8 [tkib
nfhbrjc lfo.t,ekb cfmcjdb tzbhf8
2 lblb [fybf hfw lfbydfkbllf0 2 /rbs[f qevtksfy vbv]lfhvf vfijv8
2 js[b okblfy fcts odfkt,fib dfhs8 gjkbjvtkbsb .dtkfpt dthfub byatmwbff7
hfw itb’kt,f flfvbfyvf ofhvjblubyjc8 hfw tc e,tleht,f lfudtvfhsf7 mvfhvf
fdubsdfkbcoeyf7 fqfh itt’kj fvbc odfkt,bc wmthf8 fluf lf c[df mfkb ufbxbyf8
ufqvf cjatkib w[jdhj,c7 idbkt,bw /.fdc888 ]fyvhstkb idbkt,b8 2 vfdhfv e,jhjnjl
xfbwbyf8
2 fh ut[vfht,fs0
2 vfubcsdbc cfthsjl fh dfhct,j,s7 fvjud.fhf vt[cbtht,blfy8 xtvc sfdc fh
dxbdb7 vfuhfv ,fdidvf hf lffifdf0 bydfkblbf7 lt,bkb rb fhf7 .dtkfathc [dlt,f7
ufybwlbc8 vtht hjujhb vihjvtkbf7 tnkib pbc7 vfuhfv .dtkfathib vt[vfht,f8 abx[bc
vjuhjdt,f ubylf7 mfsvt,bc lfgeht,f7 wtw[kbc itrtst,f888
2 fh b.j fwhbkb7 se hfnjv lftvfhsf0
2 xtvptf vfubc wjldf7 vt ufvjvhxf7 vt cfcbrdlbktc888 2 vfdhfv
fobskt,ekb w[dbhb vjbchbcf lf bctd cfmcjdc xfeqhvfdlf8 2 rb fh ufvjvhxf7
hfbjyib of.dfyf lfvtpfhf7 bm b.j vfiby gjkbrkbybrf8 dbabmht7 hf cfzbhjf7
bctlfw .dtkfathb rfhuflff8 hfw vt vjvfdfkib mfkfmib cbh,bkb lfvt,tlf888 ]th
f[fkwb[tib7 vtht s,bkbcib8 fhfathvf eidtkf8 ufycfresht,bs mdtlf rbleht,b
lfepfhfklf7 gfhtpt,b lfthsj888 ,jkj fsb otkb cek lftkbf reyst,b7 wfhbtkb ’dfkb lf
n.fdbqf lfhxf8
2 lbfuyjpb hjujhbf7 lfv,kbc hf cf[tj,f fmdc0
2 hjujh7 hf cf[tj,f0
2 cgbyfhekb7 ,ek,fkehb7 tywtafkehb888
2 ity cfblfy thrdtdb0 2 vfhsfv ufrdbhdt,ekvf it[tlf7 cfvres[f ofh,t,b
cf[kbc cf[ehfdt,fl lft[fnf ie,kpt8
2 cfvtlbwbyjib dcofdkj,8
2 rfhub ghjatcbf fubhxtdbf8 cfzbhj8 cofdkfc sfdb lffyt,t0
2 fhf7 hfnjv8 vfhnfvlt fhlfltut,b vfmdc7 vtht hfvtc vjdbabmht,8
ufvjhbw[ekb fhff frfltvbehb idt,ekt,f fdbqj8
2 vfhnfvlt lblb lhjf8 t/7 vjvtyfnhf ufpfa[ekb7 fv e;vehvf fvbylt,vfw
ufvf,tphf sfdb7 sjdkb vfbyw vjdbltc hf dmyf0
2 uo.bylt,fs [jkvt0
2 3vo.bylt,f4 c[df cbn.dff7 ebvtlj,f vbg.hj,c [jkvt7 cbrdlbkpt abmhb
vt’fkt,f8 fcts lhjc vjyfcnthib fdlbdfh7 kjwdbs dt,h’db ltghtcbbc itvjntdfc8
vfvfjcsfy kfgfhfrb vfvidblt,c lf ’fkfc vf’ktdc8
2 rfhubf7 hjwf fctsb flfvbfyb utuekt,f8
2 se ubylf ityw ufufwyj,8 ,fcbkb /mdbf8 cfsyjf7 rtsbkb7 lfepfhtkb888
s,bkbcblfyfw fvjlbfy [jkvt lf[vfht,bc cfs[jdytkfl w[jdht,fpt uekf.hbkb flfvbfyt,b8
vfubcsdbc fh fmdc vybidytkj,f ghjatcjhb bmyt,f7 yfhrjvfyb se xtvcfdbs e,hfkj
ltlfrfwb8 .dtkfc t[vfht,f7 .dtkfc ufzbhdt,f vbfmdc ueksfy8
2 ufvjclbc0
2 pju]th ufvjclbc7 pju]th fhf8 ufycfresht,bs yfhrjvfysfy zbhc7 vfyl vfhnj
lf.dfdt,f fh zhbc7 kjvrbc vj[cyfib eylf vbt[vfhj7 hfcfw cekbthbc ufhlf7 abpbrehb
’fkfw czbhlt,f8 c[df ,tht,bw elufyfy v[fhib7 sjhtv vfhnj hfc uf[lt,jlf8
2 rfhub flfvbfyb .jabkf smdtyb vj’qdfhb8
2 qdsbc rfwbf8 2 jwyt,bs ofhvjsmdf vfdhfv8
2 itb’kt,f lfdodt0 2 vfij gbhc vjvlufhb vsmyfht,bc itrfdt,fc ittwflf8
2 bct vjbmtwb7 hjujhw ity cf[kib8 hjwf ubylf lfotmb7 hjwf ubylf
fltmb7 hjwf ubylf zfvt8 se ituwbdlf7 crfvpt fmktvbc ,todbc gktlb ltdc7
gbhlfgbh cf,fypt lfbafht8
2 lblb vflkj,f8
2 ye vb[lb ofvlfeoev vflkj,fc7 xfsdfkt ltlfityb dfh8 ltlfc [jv fh t,jlbit,b
[jkvt0
2 vflkj,s8
 vfdhfv sfdb uffmybf lf mcjdf ufyfuh’j8
vfij itvwbdyekb it’dhf cf,ybc mdti8 3lbvgbnfehb-lfvgbnfehb47 xftcvf
vfnfht,kbc ,jh,kt,bc lbkfyltkb ufvj’f[bkb7 hjvtkcfw ebvtlj,f ftrjyobfkf7 f,htievbc
’fabdbs8 itibyt,ekvf z.bnf sdfkb8 ofhcekb fh eidt,lf7 vjvfdfkc bvltyfl ,eyljdfyb
rjyneht,b /mjylf7 xfqhvfdt,fw fh qbhlf8
oby afy]fhf xfylf7 afy]fhfib 2 rfylfvcrlfhb sesbc [tt,b8 e’hfdfl bluyty7
vtlufhb ]fhbcrfwt,dbs7 sbsmjc vfijc ’bkc lfhf]j,lyty8 [tt,bc cbf[kjdtv lffvidblf7
dthfcjltc ofhvjblutylf7 fct cfcbfvjdyj se b.j qfvtib ufx[thbkb [tt,bc .eht,f8 zflht,b
vfijc s,bkbcehb ,bybc afy]hblfyfw xfylf7 vfuhfv vfij dth fvxytdlf7 fh
fbynthtct,lf hdfcfhsekbfyb cf[kbc cbvfqktpt fvjphlbkb ubufynt,b8
ijhc .taf ufbcvf8 mfkfmtkb ’fqkt,b c[dfyfbhfl .talyty 2 ,hfpbfyfl7
ufyobhekfl7 cbvfhnjdbc ufywlbs8 cjatkib fh fhct,j,c egfnhjyj ’fqkb7 .tafw
jvf[bfyb bwbfy7 sfdlf]tht,ekb7 sbsmjc fv,j,ty7 futh dfh7 ierbc uflfqvf7
yehfahbc itutibylt,fj8
ewt, vfijv zjnb lfbyf[f8 ufv[vfh hjrpt lfcregekb zjnb vjytnfcfdbs
vhudfkb sdfkt,bs8 nbrbfybdbs ewf[wf[t,lf he[b ,ev,ekbs itvjcbkb qf,f,b7
sfudbdbs .eht,b ptdbs ftwmdbnf8
fvfcobyfs~bv w[jdht,fib`7 ybrfc cfibyfj lfdfkt,fl /mjylf vbwtvekb
vjs[hj,f gfnfhf zjnpt7 hjvtkbw cjakbc ,bzt,vf lqbcbs-vpbcbs cfresfh ,fqib
fqvjfxbytc8 ybrfc vj.jkf tpfht,jlf lf rbs[dt,bs wlbkj,lf sfdbc fhblt,fc5 3se qfvbc
ahbydtkbf7 hf eyljlf lqbcbs ufhts04 3,fhn.bf lf bvbnjv7 ]th fh bwbc7 hjv lqbcbs
eylf t’byjc4 2 gfce[j,lf vfij8
vfibyltkb cbnefwbbc uf[ctyt,fv bctd feifkf vjujyt,f8 fhfdbsfhb ybrf7
exf7 zjnb lf cjakbc ,bzt,b8 vjhxf8 ’bkbc lhjf8
2 tb7 2 [tkb femybf afy]fhfc7 vfuhfv zjnb fhw ith[tekf8 tn.j,f dth [tlfdlf
cfojkib ofvjv]lfh fhct,fc8 bc cfyflbhjl b.j ufvjcekb lf fhf dbyvtc itcfibyt,kfl8
vfijv cf,fyb fvjbrtwf lf vrdlfhbdbs xfb’byf8 cbpvhfl vfyexfh ,f,ef b[bkf8
vj[ewb rklbc odthpt bluf lf idbkbidbkc ptdbs tgfnb;t,jlf8 bctsb vjyljvt,bs
bmytdlf ufkf,tbcvfudfh ,fkf[jyib xfrfhuek [tkc7 firfhfl hfqfw /mjylf cfsmvtkb fy
uflvjcfwtvb8 vfijv sdfkbs ufpjvf rklbc wbwf,j ptlfgbhb8 cgtwbfkehb ohbfgt,bc
ufhtit vsfcdktkc ufezbhlt,jlf obyffqvltuj,bc lf’ktdf8 ufvjcfdkbc ’t,yfib rkltc
itvjefhf8 vfqkf7 vthw[kbc ,eltcfdbs mdf,ekb itybiyf8 bmyt, mdf,ekbc ufdkbs
ufdkbs itb’kt,f vsbc odthpt vj[dtlhf7 ufbabmhf bvtlbs lf vcdktkj,fc iteluf8
cbpvhbc lfhxtybkb yfobkb vfij fvfjl t’t,lf ,f,efcrty vbcfcdktk upfc8
lbkbs vfvkbc .bdbkvf ufvjfqdb’f8 ufhts vihfkb lf vpbfyb lbkf bluf8 zjnc
vjtsfdt,byf sfdbcb ifd,ytkb cfmvtt,b lf lfcf’byt,kfl ufahtybkb.j8 vfijv yfxmfhtdfl
uflfbwdf lf tpjib ufdblf8
ite[tlfdb yfufpb7 cf[tkfl vjhf relbc mbwbybs ufvjtysj8
2 ufvfh]j,f8 2 vbtcfkvf vfij8
2 /fv= 2 ufe[fhlf ’fqkc8
2 vfdhf cfl fhbc0
vjhf ,jctkbc vbvfhsekt,bs ufbmwf8 vfhskfw7 vfdhf bm fqvjxylf7
mthmufwkbk rey’pt b]lf lf ’hj[fc odtkblf8 h’bs ufotgbkb sbst,b ;jyukbjhbc
ghjatcbjyfkbpvbs lfwehfdlyty ]bmfypt8 ’hj[f ,pebkbs ufvj[fnfdlf lfcnehc
ptvjfqybiyek ghjwtlehfpt7 lhjufvjidt,bs relcfw bmytdlf7 vfuhfv .fcblfl7 gfnhjyb
hjv fh lftpfhfkt,byf8
2 tdfc ufevfh]jc8 2 vbtcfkvf vfdhf7 2 hjujh ut’byf0
ew[j cf[tkb t[fveif8 fhf eifdc7 f[fk fvgkefc f[fkb cf[tkb eahj ittatht,f8
,eyt,fib w[jdht,fc ,b,kbehb tdf eahj e[lt,f7 dblht stfnhfkehb vfibrj8
2 ,f,efxtvb lfvtcbpvhf8
 2 wjw[fkb u.fdc ,f,ef0
2 fhf8
2 vbwdfkt,ekbc lfcbpvht,f fvbylbc ufvjwdkbc vjvfcofdt,tkbf7 [dfk se
vjbqhe,kt,f8
2 fo.ehbc wb[t fmtlfy ijhcff0 2 /rbs[f vfibrjv8
2 se at[bw cbfhekb utcbfvjdyt,f7 fhw bct ijhbf8 f,fyjcqtktc vfh]dtyf
yfgbhc fe.dt,b7 vbyljhc uflf[dfk lf vbflut,b8 cfepvbc ufhtit fh of[dblt7 bwjlt8
rdthw[b vjub[fhit7 xfb ity sdbsjy lfbc[b7 .dtkb vfublfptf7 tvfkbc sfcib8
2 vflkj,s7 mfk,fnjyj vfdhf8
2 fh vjbikb vfu vflkj,t,c0 2 erfyvje[tlfdfl ufrbw[f vfdhfv8 2 hjvtkb
mfk,fnjyb vt vyf[t7 vodtkfdb mfk,fnjyb cfl ufububf0 se vfbylfvfbyw7 ltblf
lfvb’f[t8
2 tuht dbpfv8 2 lfgbhlf vfij8
2 se dbyvtv hfvt urbs[f7 es[fhb vfdhfc cnevfhb dfh-smj8 ew[j ’fqkc fh
itfibyt,byj sfdb7 .tabs se ufvjutrblf7 cf[ht vjemybt8
2 cf[ht cfl vtmyt,f0
2 vfiby mdf7 vbobc ujhj[b7 hfw [tkib vju[dlt,f7 ew[jc lfyf[dfpt
fobjrlt,bfy [jkvt8
2 vjhf hjv ofdb.dfyj7 itb’kt,f0
2 hfnjvfw fhf7 ofb.dfyt8 xdtyib lfhxtc7 lblb dthfathb ’fqkbf tc xdtyb
vjhf7 ’fqkbc gbhj,fpt yfvtnfyb wfywfhff8 itbfhfqt,ekb .fxfqb hjv lfudflutc7
bvfcfw sbst,c fekjrfdc8
yf[tdfh cffsib vfij cjakbc jhqj,tib vbf,b]t,lf7 udthlbs sfdvjvojytl
vbwe[we[t,lf vjhf8 hjvtkbqfw tpjib nehfcfdbs uh’tk.ehf yfufpb vjfcrlf qj,tc7
vjhfv sfdb ufvjblj8 thsvfytsc it/.tatc7 vtht lfceytc lf lfo.yfhlyty8 vjhf ltlfkb
fqvjxylf7 uh’tk.ehf 2 vfvfkb8 hf /mjylfs cfx[e,fhb888
vidblj,bfyfl xfefhtc flvbybcnhfwbek ityj,fc7 crjkfc7 ifnfkjpt ufvjgfhekb
vjofatt,bc ueylc7 atcdt,fvj.hbk ,t,th rfrfkc7 kf]t,pt ufvfdfkb yfrflekbs lf
uev,fsjdfyb nf’hbc yfyuhtdc vbfluyty8
vfij itluf8 fsb-sjhvtnb cfereybc oby fm w[jdht,f leqlf lf uflvjleqlf8
cfvqdltkvsfdhj vfynbbs itvjcbkb tgbcrjgjcb lff,b]t,lf mdbc bfnfrpt7
ve[kvjlhtrbkb vkjwdtkb itylj,fc bs[jdlf7 htrlyty cfvhtrdkjc pfht,b7 ufkj,f
bcvjlf888 lqtc wtkmb ybfdb lfyfdfhljc xfvjmwtek rfvfhfcf lf uev,fsib7 cfcofekfl
uflfhxtybkb xemehsvf sbsmjc lf[vfht,fc bs[jdc8
vjhfv ve.fjc ufz.ktnbkb .esb vjfh,tybyf lf vfijc at[t,sfy lfeulj7
yfyflbhtdbdbs8 3Моя семъя4 tothf vc[dbkb ihbanbs7 bmdt vodfyt dfikb t[fnf8
yfwyj,b ckjufybc lfyf[dfpt vfijc vofhtl xftwbyf8 bcnjhbek yjnpt vjvfhsekb uekb
evfk xfluf cfuektcf8
upf ufyfuh’j8
rklbc gbhfc ;qfkb neabcufy yfut,b vjyfcnthb bluf8 tpjib7 [jhrkbfyb
ktqdbc [t8 ajskt,bc ufhtit cbc[kyfrkek fdflv.jac /ufdlf8 mdbsrbhbc ufkfdybc
ufcodhbd uh’tksvbfyb vfvfrfwb vj’hfj,lf7 vfijc lfyf[dfpt vjyfcnhbc erfyf v[fhtc
ufexbyfhlf8 vfijv ufe,tlfdfl itf,b]f vjyfcnhbc qbf rfhib8
gbhdtkfl dthfathb uffhxbf8 lqbc cbyfskbc itvltu ufezbhlf sdfkbc itxdtdf
vjyfwhbcahj-he[b ,byl,eylbcsdbc8 hjlbc-hjlbc lfbyf[f fv,hbjysfy vlufhb ,thb 2
[vtkcf[bfyb odthjcfyb ifdb reabbs sfdpt8 vfvf ,fcbkb sef7 ufetkdf sfdib8
2 ufvfh]j,fs8 2 hfnjvqfw vbtcfkvf8
2 qvthsvf vidblj,f vjuwtc7 2 vtuj,hekfl ufeqbvf bvfy8 2 cfystkb se
ubylf7 futh7 bv res[tib itub’kbf fbqj8
2 vflkj,s8 2 vfij vbsbst,ekb flubkbcrty uftvfhsf8
 nf,kfpt blj c[dflfc[df pjvbc cfyskt,b8 ufv.bldtkb fh xfylf8 kfhbfyb lfnjdf
lf qdsbcvij,kbc [fnbc ’t,yfib rfyrtkc xfvjefhf8
cfyfv vfij cfystkc fyst,lf7 ,thsfy nfyvjhxbkb f[fkufphlf fqvjwtylf8
uh’tkb7 ifdb rf,blfy ]bycbc mj,t,b exfylf7 at[pt twdf s[tk’bhbfyb ibgktnt,b8
athvrhsfk cf[tpt bctsb fcrtnehb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f it/.bydjlf7 vfijc vfibydt bkbf
zfdzfdf’bc ufyltubkb uff[ctylf8 [vflf,kf cfe,hj,lyty7 vfuhfv wfhbtk cbdhwtib
vfbyw bcvjlf kfgfhfrbc ahfuvtynt,b8 cfcbfvjdyj ,fhbnjyb cfdfhfelj vfvf ,fcbkc
tresdyjlf8
2 vtlfdbsyt [ewehb yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib eylf bwjltc888 se ufhbcrfd
cfcekbthj ctvbyfhbfib xf,fht,fc7 gbhflfl vt [tkc itubo.j,7 htrjvtylfwbfc vjuwtv7
ityw lf ityc vtuj,fhcfw888 c[df itvs[dtdfib cfvcfat[ehbfyb ufvjwlbc xf,fht,f
vjubotds888 hjujh se hfc urbs[fdty7 stjhbfc7 ghfmnbrek xdtdt,c888 cehdbkbc
itvs[dtdfib .dtkfathb itb’kt,f7 hovtyf wjlyfc eylf tae’dyt,jltc8 tu c[dfj,ff
cfcekbthj gbhcf lf vhtdkc ijhbc888
kfgfhfr-kfgfhfrbs ufdblyty8 vfij cfyskbc lfodfc lftkjlf8
yfwyj,b ,thb mdbsrbhbc ufkfdfysfy itybiyf7 [tkt,b lfkbfylfut,ekb ;bktnib
xftlj lf vbofib xf/rbhrbnt,lf hfqfwfc8 rdflhfnt,fl fvjs[hbkb vbobc lfyf[dfpt vfijc
nfyib ;hefyntkvf lfefhf8
2 erfwhfdfl7 fm ufs[ht,b ofhvjt,c0
2 fv vjvtynib afmnbehfl itxtht,ekbf7 veifj,f ufpfa[ekpt ufyf[klt,f7 hjwf
fhmtjkjut,bc tmcgtlbwbf xfvjdf8 2 ,thb otkib ufcojhlf8 cfatsmtkpt yfflhtdb
zfqfhf vjclt,jlf7 reabblfy ufvjdfhlybkb .jhybcathb svf htpbybs uftyfcrdf7
fcfritgfhekb hjrthbdbs8
2 smdty fk,fs vfvf ,fcbkb ,h’fylt,bs0
2 fctf7 ity dby bmyt,b0 2 ,thb .ehflqt,bs lffrdbhlf vfijc8
2 vt888 vt vfdhfc cnevfhb dfh8 s,bkbcblfy8
2 cnevfhb qdsbcff8 fhmtjkjubf ufbynthtct,c0
2 eahj fyshjgjkjubf8
2 thsb vtjhtc fh ufvjhbw[fdc8 fhmtjkjuvf se fh fqvjfxbyf yfvfh[b7
fyshjgjkjub hfc ufvjbrdktdc0 fm7 fv flubkpt7 vtidblt cfereytib yfut,b cftgbcrjgj
nf’fhb eylf .jabkb.j7 cfrehs[tdkbc yfyuhtdt,bqf itvjhxf888 2 chekbfl
vjekjlytkfl ,thvf rdflhfnib bcregf lf ufyfgbhf pqeltcsfy ufxthlf8 2 fm vstkb hbub
reknehekb atyt,bc sfyvbvltdhj,f ufbhxtdf 2 vtidblt cfereyblfy lfo.t,ekb7 dblht
vtstmdcvtntvlt8 tzdb vfmdc7 cbqhvtib rbltd eahj flhtekb tgjmf bvfkt,f8
2 fv,j,ty7 fv flubkt,ib rtbcfh /thfrktc ekfimhbf8
2 cojhtlfw8 2 ,thvf [tkb vjbxhlbkf lf ,fdidehb wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bs f[tlf vpbc
ajypt vlufh vfijc7 2 flht fv flubkc cjcfyutsb thmdf7 fo.ehc 2 fo.dthbc cf[tkbs
vjb[ctybt,lyty8 gbhdtkb nf’fhb /thfrktc kfimhj,bcfc feubfs7 itvlujvib tc nf’fhb
cfvw[t-cffsf,fujc gjkbnbrehb wtynhb ufv[lfhf8 vobuyj,ht,b7 rfkbuhfat,b7
obuybc vrfpvfdt,b vjqdfotj,lyty7 hjv fhfathb dsmdfs uhbujk [fy’stkpt8 fmdtf
cfv’bdfhsf atjlfkehb cfudfhtekjc flubkcfv.jatkb8
2 cfv’bdfhsf itcf[t, dthfathc utn.dbs7 vfuhfv vtsthsvtnt cfereybc
iefokt,ib f,tcthbc’tt,b vj[ctybt,ekb fhbfy hjujhw fo.ehbcf lf wb[bc]dhbc wb[tsf
vg.hj,tkt,b8
2 lfpecnt,bs smvf ufvbzbhlt,f8 .ehvjrdhbs dbwb7 sbsmjc f,ecthbc’tt,bc
cf’dfkt cflqfw fv nthbnjhbfpt b.j fqvjxtybkb7 vujyb wb[bc vblfvjt,ib7
fhmtjkjubehb rdktdt,bw xfnfht,ekf8
2 lbf[7 fv rdktdt,ib ,f,efxtvbw b.j xfhsekb8
2 b.j hfnjv7 fqfh fhbc wjw[fkb0
 vfijv sfdb uffmybf efh.jabc ybiyfl8 lqtc erdt vtjhtl bynthtclt,bfy
vfyexfhbc cbwjw[kbs8 tybiyf8
2 hf ghjatcbbc rfwb b.j ,f,efityb0
2 fyshjgjkjub8
2 vfiby ufcfut,bf ityb bynthtcb8 2 ,fcbkb vbofpt lfult,ek aey]c lfodlf lf
pqeltc xfvjecdf8 2 f,ecthbc’tsf cfudfhtekjlfy f,ecthbc’t n,tkbc itcf[t, vcvtybf7
vbc rfkfvc tresdybc 3ufkj,fyb cfvsf bjfytsf47 vfuhfv bub fzfhbc cfudfhtekj
ahsfc tresdyjlf8
2 ofhvjij,bs fzfhblfy fhbfy7 sevwf f,ecth f,ecthbc’bc rdfkb fv
nthbnjhbfpt abmcbhlt,f8 !)$% otkc vfhbfv ltljafkvf f,ecthc cfufvut,kjl fybcb
xff,fhf7 vjudbfyt,bs7 f,ecthb itbg.hj kbgfhbn ,fqdfivf8 vjn.et,bs itbg.hj7 hjujhw
xdtjlf8
2 hfnjv0
2 ,fuhfn vtjs[tc v’tdkfl /.jkbf kbgfhbnbc idbkb bdfyt7 hjvtkbw f,ecthib
ufbwdfkf8 vjudbfyt,bs7 vtatcf lf kbgfhbnc ijhbc vjv[lfhb itnfrt,bcfc7 tc vj[lf
cfcbhtsbc zfkfib7 f,ecthb [tkvtjhtl lfen.dtdt,bfs8 fm o.lt,f vbcb vjqdfotj,bc
rdfkb8 2 vfijv s[hbkc xf[tlf8 ,fcbkb tysepbfpvbs ufyfuh’j,lf aey]bs
vfybgekbht,fc8 2 vt fk,fs ufwltys8 2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib lftrbs[f7 phlbkj,bc
uekbcsdbc8
2 gbhbmbs7 ufvjbfht [jkvt7 fm .jdtkb uj]b ceysmfdc bcnjhbbs8 hfwf
lfs,t,f7 itudb’kbf ufs[ht,b ufdfuh’tkjs8
2 fhmtjkjut,bc vjcdkfvlt itb’kt,f0
2 sfdfl uf[kfdfh .jabkb fhmtjkjub uf[kfdfh7 vcbfvjdyt,c eobyltkb
ghjatcbbc uf[ctyt,f8 rdbhf fh ufdf lfcfpdthfl fh xfvjdblt7 cfveifj bfhfqt,bw
obyfcofh vjdbvfhfut 2 othfmdb7 ,fhb7 kfywtnb7 aey]b888 vtmfybpvt,bcf lf
v’bvt ntmybrbc ufvj.tyt,f lfeidt,tkbf7 sbsj vbkbvtnhc lfdajabyt,7 hfvt hjv fh
lfdfpbfyj8 vtht vjyfcnthib fdlbdfh lf lfodhbkt,bs xfyfothc dfrtst,7 fhmtjkjut,c
hjv cfmvt ufdefldbkj8
2 dth ofhvjblutys7 hjujh ufvb[fhlf smdtyyfbhb flfvbfybc ufwyj,f8
vfdhfv bvltyb ufmjs7 dbabmht fzfh,t,c8
2 cojhtl ubabmhbf8 2 ufeqbvf ,thvf8
2 ofdfk7 wb[bc yfyuhtdt,c lfdfsdfkbtht,8
2 qvthsvf rtsbkfl ufnfhjc8
vjhf gfnbjcyfl tkjlf vjyfcnhbc cbf[kjdtc8 upf thsfl ufyfuh’tc7 hjujhw bv
pqfgfhib7 udhbnbc vjvgfhfdb rfwbc lfcfpdthfl hjv lfto.j ibyfehb w[jdtkt,bcf lf
cfvpfhtekj fnhb,enbrbc vwbhtjltyb hfpvb8
/jhbpjynpt fo.ehbc wb[t ufvjxylf7 eahj cojhtl vbcb yfyuhtdb 2
rfylfvcrlfhb7 yfmfhfkb7 bfdfhmvybkb lf vfbyw fvf.b888 bvbnjv hjv uflfhxf7
bvbnjv7 hjv bcnjhbekb mfhnt[bkt,bc wjw[fkb vjovtf7 bvbnjv7 hjv vbc lfyf[dfpt
vfijc lf vbcyfbht,c ceysmdf trdhbs lf uekb trevit,fs8
vfij vfhskf dth b.j rfhufl7 vfuhfv c[df vbptpbs8 bctsb ituh’yt,f /mjylf7
hjv tc .dtkfathb cflqfw eyf[fdc7 lblb [ybc oby7 vfuhfv eyf[fdc8 lf fhf v[jkjl
eyf[fdc7 euh’dybf7 ufvjewlbf8 cbc[kc f[cjdlf ujyt,bcsdbc lf[ehekb byajhvfwbf8
bmyt, bub ths-thsb vtwb[jdyt b.j7 fk.fib vjmwtekb lf ent[b7 bmyt, ujhjpb
atjlfkbc wjkb7 hjvkbc mvfhc sfdib vjedblf ’ytkfl vbcflujvb rklbc htkbtab wb[bc
fcfityt,kfl ufvjt.tyt,byf7 bmyt, sfdfl atjlfkb 2 cojhegjdfhb cnhfntub7 cf[tkvobaj
vj[tkt7 ijhcvzdhtntkb vsfdfhcfhlfkb888 fylf ukt[bc mfkb7 v[fhpt itvjlt,ekb
seyubs hjv lf/mjylf o.fkb vtwb[jdytt,bcsdbc8 888mdbcvsktkb7 hsekb
jhyfvtynt,bc heleyt,bs fvjv.dfyb7 sfdfl jhyfvtynb888 uev,fsb7 xfvjmwtekb
rfvfhf7 ,ehsekt,bfyb sfdcfvrfekb8 .dtkfathb=
 sf,helf[dtekb xfbwewmf8 fov.jv xhlbkib uflfbyfwdkf7 fsfcokjdfyvf
bcnjhbfv udtktifgbc fvjyfceysmbdbs lf/rhf abkndt,ib8 b.j fvfib hfqfw cflj-
vfpj[bcnehb8
rklbc hjvtkbqfw vjyfrdtspt mdf,ekb eylf b.jc8 mdf,ekbc bmbs udbhf,b7
cfblfyfw wb[bc ibuybs itqotdf itb’kt,f8 hf tkjlt,f bm 2 ufhlfwdkbk obyfgfhsf
fxhlbkt,b7 ,f,efc lfyfnjdfhb fhf,tcrbc ibahb7 qfveht,bc cfvakj,tkj888 oe[fyltkvf
cbpvfhvf hbrjitnbdbs lf/rhf sfdib8 serb cbpvfhb gfhfktkeh cfv.fhjib ufctbhyt,ff7
ufvjlbc7 vfijc fmfw .jabkf8 vfuhfv tc hfqfw vtnb b.j7 eahj vtnb7 dblht
cbpvfhb8
ptdbs fb[tlf8 fhf7 vfyexfh ,f,ef yfvldbkfl fh vlufhf wb[bc yfyuhtdt,pt7
hfqfw c[df ’fkf t’f[lf7 bhtfkehb7 ufvjewyj,b7 tybs esmvtkb888
gbh]dfhb uflfbothf lf wb[tc pehub fmwbf8 lhjpt eylf ofbqjc at[t,b7 cfyfv
ufvjewyj,b ’fkf vskbfyfl itbchenfdc8 wfpt zbk.dfdt,bc ueylvf uflfbahbyf7 .ehc
vlbyfhbc xe[xe[b vbodlf8 vnrdfhb eylf b.jc8 cjakbc v[hblfy vjyf,thvf mfhvf
svt,b feotof8 rflhb ’dtkb7 ifd-stshb abkvblfy7 e,hfkjl7 uvbhbf c[df8
ahbfkfrf,bfyb7 hjvfynbekb mfkbc yfwdkfl ]bycbfy-,jnfcbfyb mfkbidbkb
jwlfvtthst cfereyblfy8
dth vjbsvbyf8 wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,fv7 hbc ufvjw cfvjs[blfy bmyf uf’tdt,ekb
vbcb f[fkb ct[ybf7 erfy vjf,heyf8 bynebwbc fvfhf uftiehf mdf,ekbc cf’t,ytkfl7
fv]thfl vjhfc ufhtit8 fmfsmfst,tkb ’fqkb wb[bc vbcflujvt,sfy lfodf cekbc
vjcfsmvtkfl8
lbl[fyc fh edkbf7 rklbc vfh]dtyf rfksfpt7 lff[kjt,bs cfvcfhsekbfyb cf[kbc
cbvfqktpt7 flfvbfybc cbvfqkt [dhtkc vbfuyj8 ifdfl v,pbyfdb [f[f vjvyec[dtkfl
lfcwmthjlf ptdblfy8
yf[tdfhcffsbfyb ,qjnbfkbc itvltu lfybiyekt,bc flubkc vbfqobf8 rbltd
ths[tk uflf[tlf mdtdbs uflfikbk gtbpf;c7 sbsmjc tvidblj,t,jlf lf mdf,ekib it.dbysf8
2 vfij0 2 xftcvf ptl .ehsfy8
ibivf rbcthib lfw[j lf sdfkt,b uflvjf.htdbyf8 fhfdbsfhb obyfgfhsf
fxhlbkt,b8 mdf,ekbc itcfcdktkib cbrj f,ecthb’t bluf8

222

2 fh itdfhxty7 ,888idbkb db.j se itdfhxbyt= f[dht,b7 dth dbnfy vfufs

vjluvfc= rfkfiybrjdt,b ctbaib itbyf[tc7 [tkib jmhjc rfkvt,b lfbzbhtc lf sfdbfysb
zrebs rfwt,ib xftothty8 2 tc rjnt .fhfekfidbkb ,j,jmhj,lf fldjrfnbc rf,bytnib8
ubjhubc rf,bytnb gfnfhf b.j7 rjnt vj’hfdb lf ufybthb8 xfrtnbk cbdhwtib
vjvodltekb [fhf,epfcfdbs fo.lt,jlf rtlkt,c8
ubjhub lfhw[dtybkb fltdyt,lf sdfkc8 fv rfwbc obyfit dfkib b.j8 ybrfc
ufsfdbceakt,bc afcfl thsflthsb vjovt 2 vfs[jdfhb xfgkbyf uffidt,byf8 ]eyfv rb
vfbyw fh vjbcdtyf7 wtw[kc vbcwf bydtcnbwbfxflt,ekb7 fcfveifdt,kfl
ufvpflt,ekb [jhwrjv,byfnb8 rbltd rfhub lfwdbc ,bzt,b fh fvjb,euty7 lhjpt uffcohtc
fkvjlt,ekb ityj,blfy8 fv cb,by’ehtib hjv ]eyf n.fdf’bc [tkb thbf7 jhbdt
lfhoveyt,ekb b.j8 b.fdb hfvltybw ubylf lfhoveyt,ekb7 serb lfvfvnrbwt,tkb vfcfkf
fh ufufxybf8
2 dbqfw rhbifdc vfu ij,tk’fqkc7 dbqfw udtkbdbs ahs[bkb lf qjhbdbs
ufevf’qfhb8 dbwjlt vfbyw7 ;ehyfkbcnt,c vbdeult,lb cf]f]uyfl8
2 rjvghfc ufhtit dth vbeult,8 lf]tmb rjnt7 lf]tmb lf vbcvbyt8 2 ubjhubv
crfvpt vbesbsf fo.dtnbk ,bpytcvtyc8
 2 dth dbcdtyt,7 ufub;t,ekb dfh rfwb8 xtvc sfdc fh lfdt’t,7 bvfcfw
xfd.kfgfdlb7 kfvbc wfkb sdfkbs hjv lfvnjdf888
2 vfhskf7 hjujh ufmdc sdfkb0
2 cfjgthfwbjf8 2 rjntv ,jkbcathb htb,fyt,b vjbc[yf lf vfh]dtyf
lfgfnfhfdt,ekb sdfkb lffyf[f8 sdfkb sfdlfc[vbc lhjc lfbpbfyf7 hjwf ]eyfc ,bzt,vf
ob[kmdti ufbultc ghbywbgekb ,bpytcvtyb8
2 yeqfh uflflt,7 ufbrtst8
2 hf vtjgthfwbt,f7 vfubc lhj vfmdc0 lblb-lblb wfkb sdfkbs lfd,hvfdlt8
v[tldtkj,fc fh lfdt’t,7 bvfsb ]fdhb fvjvf.htdbyf lf vtht seylfw vjdrdlt8 fphpt [fh7
cbvjy7 hf [kfajhsib ufvf,tc vfu ltlf888888888 vfhnj vt rb fhf7 bydtcnjhb
lfpfhfklf8 bydtcnjhb= bvfc at[t,pt /rblbf dby dbcb rhbiff7 vt vtylyty7 vt= vt rb
ity utylt8 2 lff.jkf uekvjcekvf8
2 vt dth ufubvfhskt bvtlb8 dbwb7 lfvyfifdt dfh7 cfvoe[fhjl7 eqbvqfvj
,jlbibc ufhlf ]th]thj,bs fhfathb itvb’kbf7 sevwf bvtlb fh lfvbrfhufdc8
2 qvthsvf vidblj,fib vjuf[vfhjc ityb bvtlb8 bvtlc dth lfdfpqdtd7 dthw
fyufhbipt uflfdb.dfy7 dthw cfmvtib xfdlt,7 dthw bydtcnjhc ufdeupfdyb
lfvodfhb j,btmnbc cfyfwdkjl8 2 wbdfl vjezhf rjntv8
2 cbn.dbc vfcfkfl fh vb[vfhbf8 cffgtkfwbj ltgfhnfvtynbc eahjcbc
vjflubkbc gjcnc vsfdfpj,ty8 tc sfyfvlt,j,f fdnjvfnehfl lfvff[kjdt,c ’kbthsf fvf
mdt.ybcfsf8 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7 itcf’kt,tkbf ufdblt ]eyfc vafhdtkpt8
rjntv cfsdfkbc ptdblfy lf[tlf8 cfq sdfkib bhjybf brbs[t,jlf7 lfpbfyt,ekpt 2
cfyf[tdhjl xfvja[fnjlf fnhjabht,ekb mesesj8
2 sfdc ye bn.et,7 ubjhub7 bm7 ptdbs c[df vjhfkehb rjltmcb vjmvtlt,c8
crfvbc vjhut,bcsfyfdt uf[lt,b bvfst,ehb rjltmcbc vjyf8
2 fctsfl vbwyj,0
2 crfvb bct ituwdkbc7 cfresfhb wjkb dtqfh ubwyj,c8 fylf crfvbfyf bct
vjtojyt,b7 .jdtklqt lbsbhfv,t,c ubvqtht,c8 aekb7 ’fkfeakt,bc ufywlf h.dybc
flfvbfybc acbmbrfc7 ityw flfvbfyb [fh7 ovbylfyb [jv fhf0
2 hfc vbhxtd7 efhb dsmdf0
2 ityb uflfcfo.dtnbf8 2 rjnt hjujhw bmyf lf]lf7 ubjhubc vjtxdtyf7 hjv
rf,bytnb uflbllf lf ufyfslf8 ,j,jmfhb ,bpytcvtybc xhlbkb fqfh fo.lt,jlf rtlkt,c7
vfnthbfkehb c[tekb crfvpt b]lf lf bynthtcbs fwmthlt,jlf ufehrdtdkj,fib xfdfhlybk
fldjrfnc8
2 ity hf bpfvlb xtvc flubkpt0
2 gbhflfl vt lfdsfy[vlt,jlb8
2 fye7 crfvbc vjyf uf[lt,jlb8
2 hfc bpfv7 crfvcfw fmdc sfdbct,ehb [b,kb7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 bc
nhfvgkbybf eahj vfqfkb crfvbcrty8 flfvbfyc dth lfeikb cohfadfc vj]ltc
[tkbceakt,bc jkbvgpt7 fhw ajhneyf ufubvfhskt,c .jdtksdbc8 se ufmdc ifycb7
ufhbcrt7 dyf[js7 hf ufvjdf8
2 cfyfv ufdhbcrfd7 ]eyf n.fdf’tcsfy vjyf[ekt,f vjvbotdc8 2 uflfo.dtnbkt,f
vbbqj ubjhubv8
2 hfc vjuwtvc7 sjhtv rb8
2 rfwehfl lfdtkfgfhfrt,b7 fde[cyb888
2 fhfrfwc rfwehfl lftkfgfhfrt,f= 2 ybiybcvjut,bs lfbz.fyf rjnt8 2
ufvjecojht,tkb jgnbvbcnb [fh7 cek n.ebkfl uffwlty vfqfkxbyjcybc crfvc8
2 vt xtvcfc dwlb8 2 ubjhubv vj,bkehb fbqj lf cfyfv rjnt ufrdbhdt,fc
vjfcoht,lf yjvthb frhbaf8 2 ufvfh]j,fs7 ,fnjyj ]eyf8 ubjhub f,ecthb’t ufoe[t,s8
fldjrfnb8
 ]eyf n.fdf’bc jabcb sfyfvtlhjdt lbpfbybc .dtkf cbrtsbs ceysmfdlf8 ]bycib
xfafhs[eyt,ekb fldjrfnb firfhfl fvjdfhlybkb b.j tmcnthbthblfy7 ekdfibc vjphlbc
vwltkj,f v[jkjl fv’faht,lf efh.jabs isf,tzlbkt,fc8
lhfgbht,ek rtltkc abhvbc keh]-obstkb kjujnbgb fvidtyt,lf8 bfhect,bfy
zthib xfvjynf;t,ekb ufyfst,f h,bk fdt]pt bqdht,jlf lf cbv.elhjdbc tatmnc mvyblf8
rfkfiybrjdb ezbhfdc se jmhjc rfkfvb7 rfwvf bwbc cfl lf hjujh lff,fyljc aekb7
ufbabmhf rb,tpt fvfdfkvf ubjhubv8 hfw itb’kt,f vjrkt dflt,ib eylf lffchekjc
cfhtvjynj cfveifjt,b sfdbc jabcib7 cbhw[dbkbf rkbtynbc vbqt, cfqt,fdbc ceybs
fmjst,ek rf,bytnib8 cf[tkvobaj cfvcf[ehib se xfluf7 rfhufl vt.jkt7 vjzhbkb
[tkafcbs hfc lffvsfdht,c7 ,fyrblfy ufvjnfybkb ctc[bw lfcfafhbf8 vfyfyf itb’kt,f
zreblfy uflflutc7 ubjhubv efhb hjv smdfc itsfdfpt,ek sfyfvlt,j,fpt8 vfhsfkbf rjnt7
wjkt,c vfqfkxbyjcfyb mvht,b tghtcnb;t,fs7 lbgkjvfnb cbvfvhbw ufbvfhst,jlf
otkib8
2 vj,h’fylbs8 2 ]eyfv itvjcoht,ek cnevfhc [tkb xfvjfhsdf8 ptlvtnfl
vnrbwtl xfvjhsdf7 sbsmjc egbhfntcj,bc lfabmcbht,f cehlf8
ubjhubv vbbqj ufvjodtdf lf sdbsjyfw vjezbhf fhbcnjrhfnbc s[tkb sbst,b8
hfvltybvt ofvc sdfkt,bs pjvfdlyty thsvfytsc7 hbyupt ufvjcekb vjzblfdtt,bdbs8
vfcgby’tkvf lfsvj7 sevwf bhb,fl uflfa[htobkb qbvbkb fh vjijht,bf cf[blfy8
2 cfkfgfhfrj vfmdc smdtysfy8 2 ubjhubv n.fdbc cfmfqfklt vfublfpt lflj lf
ujhujkfzt,bfy crfvpt vjsfdclf8 crfvb h,bkb b.j7 cf]ljvpt ufvj.dfybkb7 jdfkehb
cf[tkeht,b uekbc[vbthb vfcgby’kt,bdbs uflfikbkb.dyty jhsfd v[fhtc8
2 dbwb8 2 ]eyfv vfublfc itvjefhf lf sfdbc cfdfh’tkib xf]lf8
2 cfblfy0
2 vjcfrbs[fl hjv fh ufh]bk[fhs7 sfdbcsfdfl w[flbf8 smdtyb ghjatcbbc
[fk[bcufy ghtntpbbc of.tyt,fc eahj dtkb7 dblht vtuj,hek cfe,fhc zbmf rjybfrbc
sfy[kt,bs8 sevwf7 itvb’kbf7 tctw itvjusfdfpj,s8 jwlffsb okbc rjybfrb vfmdc7
cjvt[vf rjktufv vjvfhsdf tmcrkepbdbc dfhbfynib7 njyecbc fcfvfqkt,kfl et,fhbf8
2 vflkj,s7 cfveifj cffst,ib fh dcdfv8 cojhtl ufvjbwfybs7 vjcfrbs[fl fh
ufdh]bkdfh8
2 ubylfs7 ubs[hfs7 hfnjv vj[dtlbs0 2 ]eyfv jlyfd vj[ezf cb,thbcufy
ufs[tkt,ekb mesesjt,b7 mhjybrek qbvbkc rb dth ittkbf8
2 cbfvjdyt,bs vjubcvtys8
2 rjnt .fhfekfidbkvf ufvjufupfdyfs8
udtkbdbw w,bthb lf qjhbdbs ufevf’qfhb7 ubjhubc rjntc cbn.dt,b
uff[ctylf8 ]eyf pecnfl ]lt,jlf afeybc fv ofhvjvflutytksf acbmjnbgib7 sevwf
dbpefkehfl rec eahj xfvj/ufdlf8 bmyt, fh fhct,j,c dbhnefkehb vafhdtkb7 bmyt, ]
eyf sfdfl fhbc cfresfhb sfdbc rhbifw lf zfyzbrbw0
2 cbxevt sfy[vj,bc ybifybf8
2 cbvfhskt bvfib vlujvfhtj,c7 hjv vfhskf rjntc cfmvtpt vjdtlb7 vfuhfv vfc
fh ufvjdeupfdybdfh7 xtvbs uflfdo.dbnt8
2 [jhwrjv,byfnbc lfodfib se ubylfs lfvljs ,hfkb7 n.ebke,hfkjl ufh]bk[fh7
xtvb [tkb fh ehtdbf vfu cfmvtib7 sevwf7 dth lfubvfkfds7 hjv ufvb[fhlf8 f[bf
vfufpt8 dth lff.tyf thsb flubkb lf vbbqj8
2 fh v]thf8
2 hf fh u]thfs0
2 hjv smdtyb [tkb fh ehtdbf8
2 dbcfw ud]thf7 ufudfnfhts8 2 ]eyfv e]hblfy cbufhbc vljudbcathb rjkjab
fvjbqj8 thsb cbufhf sdbsjy vjbvfh]df7 sfdf[lbkb rjkjab ubjhubc uflffojlf7 efhb
vbbqj lf bcts e]hfib itbyf[f8
 ths[tkfw bmyt,f tc ybrjnbyb uekc ufextht,c8 vfbyw vjerblf8 vjcojylf
sfdb cbufhbs [tkib8 flht bfhfqbs [tkib vjcojylf7 f[kf cbufhbs lf ’fkfeakt,bc
chekb ituh’yt,bs8
2 rjnt .fhfekfidbkb cfcfvfhskjib fgbht,c xbdbkc8
2 seylfw /ffubc cfcfvfhskjib itbnfyjc cfhxtkb7 at[t,c dth vjvzfvc8 2 ]
eyfv ltvjycnhfwbekfl uflfblj at[b at[pt8
2 se rfyjybthb upbs dth ufvjedf7 c[df [th[t,pt babmht,c8 ufvjubn.lt,bs7
erdt abmhj,c8
2 vfbyw0
2 nthvbyjkjubfc lfutctc[t,bs7 c[dfyfbhfl 3vjuzfvs48
2 vfbyw0 2 ufvjvwltkfl it[tlf8
ubjhubv sdfkb ufecojhf8 hjv fhf ]eyfc wbybrehb7 lfec]tkj,bc cbylhjvbs
itg.hj,bkb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f7 fhfcjltc brflht,lf bvfc7 hbcb smvfw brflhf5
2 hfvltyflfw xtvsdbc wyj,bkbf7 thsflthsb idbkbidbkb u.fds8
2 vtht0
2 fhff ufvjhbw[ekb bc ufubrtsjs7 hfw fvfcobyfs xtv ’vfc7 exfc ufertsts8
2 uflfdnt[fd rjzt,ib8 2 mhjybrekvf qbvbkvf cf[bafsj pjvt,b vbbqj8
lbfujyfkpt ufwjwlf lf cflqfw .ehbc ,b,bkjcsfy lfabmcbhlf8
2 rjnt .dtkfahbcsdbc vpfl fhbc8 2 rkbtynbc yfwdkfl egfce[f ubjhubv8
2 ity se [fh vpfl7 ,fnjyj fldjrfnj7 ity= 2 vjsvbyt,blfy ufvjcekb rhbvbyfkb
ityj,bs kfgfhfrpt uflfdblf8 hfqf kfgfhfrpt7 vfhskf udtkbdbs cbcbyt,lf7
fdbcvjvfcofdt,kfl e[njlf cbc[kbc’fhqdt,bs lfcthbkb mesjsj8
2 vt itdtwlt,b rfyjybtht,bc afhukt,ib lfdbwdf xtvb lfwdbc mdti v.jabc
eakt,f8
2 ityb rfyjybtht,f j]f[bc otdht,ptw dhwtklt,f0
2 smdtycfc fh bikbs7 bctd j]f[bc otdht,pt lt,s acjyc8 hf iefibf xtvb j]f[bc
otdht,b smdtyb lf rjntc ,bpytc-rjhblfcsfy0
2 bv iefibf7 hjv ityb eahjcb mfkbidbkb lf xtvb thsflthsb idbkbidbkb7
hjujhw otqfy fqybiyt7 thsvfytsc [dlt,bfy8
ubjhub crfvbc cfpehutpt uflfodf lf vjcvtybkbc fqmvfc ittwflf8 vbcb
eahjcb mfkbidbkb ytkbrjf8 fv jlbjpehb vfabjpbc idbkbidbkc fh bwyj,c8
ite’kt,tkbf= hfqfwfc xvf[fdc tc vfhskf rjzt,ib uflfcfnt[b fhfrfwb8
fatsmt,ekb fpht,bc vjcfrht,fl rf,bytnc vjfdkj vpthf7 sbsmjc fvfpt
vybidytkjdfyb cfmvt fv oesib fh /mjylf8 cfrblpt mfivbhbc ifdb gfknj trblf7
ptdblfy vbcnth /jkvcbc re,jrhekb rtgb8 xfhxjlfy uhfabnbs itchekt,ekb ,thbrfwbc
gjhnhtnb lf/.eht,lf8 ,thbrfwc cdfyehb melb t[ehf lf yfqdkbfyb sdfkt,b /mjylf8 hf
cfcbfvjdyjf .jdtklqt dbqfw ,thbrfwbc wmthf888 vtcvbc7 gbrfcjc lf[fnekb b.jc8
bmyt, ]eyfc hfqfw rfdibhb fmdc fv ,thbrfwsfy7 vbcb vfvff7 fy ,f,ef888
2 bctd lev[fh888 2 sfdb itf[ctyf ]eyfv8 2 boeyt, cfcb’jl xtv idbkbidbkc7
se hfibf cfmvt0
2 xdty ]th ityj,fpt fh uflfdcekdfhs8 2 yfudbfytdfl ufba[jhf8
2 se lfdvj.dlt,bs7 vjudbotdc8
2 ufxevlbs= tu fh vj[lt,f=
2 wbnfnf abkvblfy 3mtsj lf rjnt48 f[kf vt hjv db.dbhj5 3tc erdt vj[lf=4
hf cfyf[fdb bmyt,bs0 rfhub7 uflfdlbdfhs jabwbjppt8 3se mjhobkbf7 mjhobkb
b.jc84 [f7 [f7 [f= 2 cfpfhkfl xfb[bs[bsf8
2 rvfhf7 vjhxbs xtvc ythdt,pt sfvfic8
2 fh vtujyf7 fct se uto.byt,jlfs8 bmyt, vtw fh vt[fnt,f uekpt smdtyb
vcf[bj,b mfkbidbkb7 vfuhfv cfylhbrfc yt,fc oby dth fqlut,b8 ufvjubn.lt,bs7 fhw
vrbs[fdc8 lfvjerblt,tkb ,bzbf8
 2 fb7 xtvb mfkbidbkb rb vrbs[fdc888 llf ccfthsjl7 cfblfy vjbnfyts tc
f,cehlb0 ytkbrj hjv dbyvtc [dlt,jltc7 gbhdtk hbuib vt vtwjlbyt,jlf888 vt se fhf7
ltlfvbcc8 vcufdcb fhfathb itvbvxytdbf8 2 ubjhubv fkfgkfgt,ek .eht,pt xfvjbcdf
[tkb7 ythdbekj,bcfc .eht,b eobsklt,jlf lf hjujhw sdbsjy txdtyt,jlf7 kjrfnjhbdbs
bh[tjlf8 dtqfhw crfvib uh’yj,lf sfdc rjvajhnekfl7 uekbsflfl uflfikbkb cf[tkeht,b
sbsmjc ezthlf lf ufz.ktnbs tvemht,jlf8
2 mjhobksfy lfrfdibht,bs itb’kt,f uflfdfzfh,t7 cfrbs[b fct fh lufc7 vfuhfv
thsvfytsc hjv [dlt,bfy7 lfyfvldbkt,bs dbwb8
2 fhfcojhb byajhvfwbf ufmds8
2 itub’kbfs mfkbidbksfy uflffvjovjs8
2 lqbc cbyfsktc vjdfyfnht,7 se lfvnrbwlt,f7 hjv smdtyb vjyf.jkb
cbvfhsktc ittatht,f8
2 f,f7 ity bwb=
ubjhub n.dbfcfdbs ufdfhlf rf,bytnblfy8 cek lffdbo.lf rjntw lf vbcb
lfyf[ibht,ekb [jhwrjv,byfnbw8 hfw vsfdfhbf7 cfmfqfklt lffdbo.lf vfublfpt8 ]
fylf,fc= cffldjrfnj vfcfkt,b vfbyw fh tljc ibuybs8 /jkblfy lf,heylf8 [tkvtjhtl fe.df
rb,tt,c8
thsb cekb /mjylf cf[kib vbcekb.j lf ytkbrj uftgenf8 fhf7 ]th vfyfyfc
ufgenfdc7 vtht mfkbidbkt,c lfthtdf8 sfdc ufdblyty cfvsfdt= j]f[bc eahjcbc pehuc
erfy [kfhsfdty bynhbut,c8 tc vjvqbvfhb gbhfybf eylf b.jc vbcb gbhdtkb
byajhvfnjhb0 vfhsfkbf rfhkbxb 2 mfkbidbkt,bc vfvbc gbhj,fpt ptlvtnfl h,bkb
[fhj7 hjv te,yt,f8 fb7 cflfvlt vbb.dfyf kb,thfkehvf cfj]f[j gjkbnbrfv8 vfyfyf vstkb
lqt cfcfvfhskjib .eh.ent,c7 ghbywbgib7 fhw ubjhubc frkbf fv lfotct,ekt,fib
cbh,bkb888 vfuhfv mfkb lf rfwb thsbf0 mfkvf bct eylf uflffyfobkjc lqbc
uhfabrb7 idbkt,bc vjcfvo.tvcb lhj lfhxtc888 sjhtv hf ufvjdblf0 ufvjndbyt,ekb
wbwjc fvfhf lffultc ,fdidt,b= xtvb idbkbidbkb lf smdtyb mfkbidbkb thsvfytsc
[dlt,bfyj8 /v7 hjujhb vjcfcvtybff0 rhbvbyfkb ]eyfc idbkbidbkb hf eylf b.jc0 2
ifdb cfv.fhjc fvjvfdfkb dfhcrdkfdb= aeb=
rf,bytnbc rfhb ,jkjvlt fh vb[ehekb8 ofcdkbcfc ubjhubv bct vjbmybf7
tn.j,f bythwbbs ufbqj8 sbsbc cbcmt qhbzjlfy kfgfhfrbc [vf ufvjlbjlf8 ubjhubv
cvtyf lf’f,f8
2 888 ’vj,fc dabwfdfh7 cek nhfrib ob[kt,c bhn.fvlf7 bct ufh,jlf8 2
dbqfwfc e.dt,jlf ]eyf8
3xtvptf kfgfhfrb4 lffcrdyf ubjhubv8
2 hjujh se hf ufdfrtsjs7 lhjf xdtyb thsj,kbdb cwtyfhb ufdeidfs cfmvtib8 2
cfmvbfyfl ufyfuh’j ]eyfv8 2 lhjekb rb fhf7 lfudbfyt,ekb fh b.jc8888 /f7 /f7
tutst,b ufudbxfkbxbf0888 xfuf.tyt, cfmvbc rehcib7 ,fpfhb fh fhbc8 .dtkfathc
ufdfbfcyt, lf xfuf.tyt,8 plfhjdf8
ubjhub jhb oesbs it.jdylf8 rf,bytnblfy xfvbxevb fh bcvjlf8 vjhxf rbyj8 ]
bmeh itfzhf8 ]eyfc vbcb cfmfqfklt lftshbf7 cf[tpt bctsb uekohatkb ufrdbhdt,f
tothf7 e[th[ekbw b.j [tkblfy ufvjutukb]f .jdtkudfhb ptojkbc ufhtit lfshtekb
yflfdkb8
ubjhubv ufvjukb]f7 fcjs[vjwb uhflecbs vbnhbfklf lf ecbn.djl lfnjdf
cftzdj htgenfwbbc ,eyfub7 hjvtkbw otqfy lbpfbybc evfqktc ufvjdktyfl vjtxdtyf8
vfi fct8 rhbif fhct,j,c8 fctdt fhct,j,c thsj,kbdb cwtyfhb7 cflfw ubjhub
abuehbht,c8 hf xfbabmhf fv vjycnht,bc cf’vjv 2 vjrdkf7 vjc.bldf7 lfifynf;t,f7
lfibyt,f888 ]fylf,fc= fvfpt vtht babmht,c7 ]th sfdbcb mfkt,b /.fdc itcf]jhb8
ubjhub ufvfkt,ekb xfh,jlf rb,tt,pt8 gb]frbc ]b,tib vj,bkehb db,hbht,lf7 vfuhfv
ufvofht,ekb fldjrfnb .ehflqt,fc fh fmwtdlf8 eylf uffcohjc fmtlfy7 ytkbrjcb fh
b.jc7 ufhts ufdbltc7 xfrht,b ufbybfdjc8 j/7 ytkbrj7 ytkbrj888 ytnfd se ubuh’yj,c
uekb hf utkjlt,f=
vj,bkb fh fgbht,lf xfw[hjvfc8 ,elblfy fvjdfhlybkb ,fhn.bdbs afhs[fkt,lf7
sbsmjc lf[vfht,fc s[jdlf8
2 fkj8 2 uffujyf ubjhubv8
2 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 tkbcj dfh7 ytkbrjc ]ueatkb8 [jv uf[cjdfhs7 ,fnjyj
ubjhub0 2 tkbcjc itibyt,ekb [vf /mjylf8
2 vf[cjd[fh7 hjujh fhf7 vj[lf hfvt0
2 f[kf[fy ewyj,vf vfvfrfwvf lfvbhtrf7 yf[tdfh cffsib ityb cf[kbc
ufcfx[htrfl vjdkty7 .ehflqt,bs b.fdb7 hfvt fh xfubljyj8 vbidtkts7 ,fnjyj ubjhub7
fh dbwb hf vjdbvjmvtlj7 ufdub;lt,b yfvldbkfl888
2 sfdb fh ofhvjelutybf0
2 dbc0
2 ewyj,c8
2 fhf8 v[jkjl ufvfahs[bkf lf .ehvbkb lfrblf7 rbs[dbc lfcvfw dth
vjdfcofhb8 2 fvjbckereyf tkbcjv8
2 mfkfmbc ntktajypt lfhtrf se vj,bkehpt0
2 mfkfmbc8 hf vybidytkj,f fmdc7 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 lhj vblbc8
2 yf[tdfh cffsibj0
2 vujyb7 pecnfl fh vf[cjdc888 afmnbf7 hjv vjdkty888 vjdkty lf
yfhrjnbrc fvjvblt,ty ktb,bc mdti7 hjujhw fhfths[tk ufertst,bfs c[dt,bcsdbc8
ufvjlbs xtvsfy7 us[jds888 uekb vbuh’yj,c7 tc yf[tdfhb cffsb cf,tlbcothj bmyt,f
xtvc w[jdht,fib8 fldjrfnbc sfylfcoht,bs fvltyc fh uf,tlfdty7 smdtyw vbfltdyt,bs
sdfkc8
2 lfo.yfhlb7 tkbcj7 vjdfk7 w[flbf vjdfk8 vbrfhyf[t vbcfvfhsb8
ubjhubv vbcfvfhsb ujyt,fib xfb,tzlf lf vfymfyf lf’hf8 ytkbrj fhfahbc
qbhcbf7 vfuhfv vbcvf ]ueatkvf hf lffifdf7 vujyb vij,kt,bw fh /.fdc7 se
vhfdfkidbkbfyb j]f[blfyff888 hfw fhbc7 fhbc8 fhw sdbsjy fo.tyc ufwbt,f7
ytkbrjcsfy lfkfgfhfrt,f lfo.yfht,ek uekpt ertstcbwff8
hflbjib dbqfw ]ttkb htgc e,thfdlf8 sfdbcb zrebs abkjcjabehc fodt,jlf8
ubjhubv vtmfybrehfl uflfhsj8 ubnfhfpt mehlek ajkrkjhc f;qhbfkt,lf [vfxf[ktxbkb
vfvfrfwb8 mehlb lf wb[t frklf .dtkf cbrtstcsfy thsfl8 c[df nfkqf vjcby]f8
fv]thfl ,efcbkbc ofvkbc htrkfvfc offo.lf7 erfy vjhxtybkb ghj,ktvt,bc dfhbfynib8
ujyt,fib vjbybiyf8 fhfsfyvbvltdhekb rdt,bcf lf v]ljvfht cfveifj ht;bvblfy
ufvjvlbyfht bynbveh flubkpt ufvjcekb rdbhnbcvfudfhb ofvjyfpfhlb ef[kjtc
vjvfdfkib ufaehxmdybs bvemht,jlf8 cfresfh sfdpt uf,hfplf8 hf lhjc ,efcbkbf7
hjwf vbcb j]f[bc htgenfwbf cfahs[tibf0=
tkbcj vjcfidbkb [escfhsekbfyb rjhgecbc vtcfvt cfhsekpt w[jdhj,lf8
yfmbhfdt,bc gbhj,fpt vbcb jsf[yf[tdhbfyb ,byf cfrvfjl rjvajhnekfl ufvjb.eht,jlf7
itb’kt,f gkeibc cfsfvfijt,bc cbzfh,bc ufvj8 bcbyb .dtkufy to.j 2 nf[npt7 cfojkpt7
afy]hbc hfafpt7 yj[pt8 vfs ajypt [ezezsvbfyb tkbcjw sj]byfc /ufdlf 2 ytathnbnbc
rdfpb dfhbfynb8
2 dbwb7 hjv vjufwlbyts7 vfuhfv lfvthoveyts7 c[df upf7 c[df ufvjcfdfkb
hjv .jabkb.j7 fh itufoe[t,lbs8 2 tkbcj whtvkvjhtekb ittut,f8
2 vjrkekb udthlpt w[jdhj,lf0
2 rb7 cfvjsf[bfyib8
2 f[kf dbyvt w[jdhj,c bm0
2 lfrtnbkbf8 wjkb lhjt,bs vij,kt,bc cf[kib bv.jat,f7 fm se uflvjdblf7
vjvbotdc c[dfufy uflf,fhut,f8
2 hfvltyc b[lb ,bybc mbhfc0
 2 fcjhvjwlffs ljkfhc8
2 aekc cfl ijekj,0
2 hfnjv vtrbs[t,bs7 ,fnjyj ubjhub0 2 itw,f tkbcj8
2 eylf dbwjlt7 dbcb fldjrfnb d[dlt,b8 ytkbrjcufy vobhb byajhvfwbf
vfmdc7 fct hjv7 ye ufufrdbhdt,c xtvb efgtkfwbj itrbs[dt,b8 2 ubjhubv cffsc
lf[tlf8 byrjuybnj pfhblfy yf[tdfhb cffsb ufcekb.j8 x[htrbc 3jhlthjcyt,b4 rb fh
xfylyty8
2 vfiby c[df cfrbs[bf8 2 tkbcjv [ehsevbs lfbshbf gkeibc cgbkj lf
gbhlfgbh yj[pt vjbrtwf8 2 u.fdltc cfresfhb fldjrfnb 2 ,tdhc ybiyfdc7 vbsevtntc7
ghjatcbjyfkb8 hfw itt[t,f smdtyc itrbs[dfc888 [tkvjrkt j]f[ib ufdbpfhlt7 fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht xtvbs vbotdc kervf-gehbc vjgjdt,f8 sfdbceafk lhjc stfnhib dveifj,7
vfcjdrfib dbqt, vjyfobktj,fc7 fhfathc dsfrbkj,8 yjhvfkehfl vb[lbfy7 .jdtk
itvs[dtdfib ,bybc mbhbc uflf[lfc df[th[t,8 lblb aekb fldbkfl rtslt,f7 gfnfhf aekbc
ijdyf odfkt,fcsfyff lfrfdibht,ekb8 fh babmhjs7 doeoeyt,7 gbhbmbs7 bvfcsfy
itlfht,bs hfw uflfdbnfyt7 ltljafkbdbs dw[jdhj,8 b.j lhj7 ,bxjrt,c dfuhjdt,lb
mexfib7 f[kf cbufhtnbc .bldfw itvb’kbf888 vfhskf7 itb’kt,f vjdobj0
2 ityb yt,ff8
tkbcj cfvpfhtekjib ufdblf7 bmblfy 3lfdbljdbc4 rjkjabsf lf 3,jh]jvbc4
,jskbs lf,heylf8
[fhbc[bfy cbufhtnc totdf7 fcjhvjwlffs ljkfhfl ,byfc mbhfj,c888 cgjycjhbc
ceyb vwtvc7 lffcrdyf ubjhubv8 fhw tc cfsfvfijt,bf bfaafcbfyb8 flfvbfybc[tkf
gfynthf jhfcb kfhb vfbyw tqbht,f8 yfxemfhc /ufdc8
2 cnhtcbc lhjc rezb vbo.t,c nrbdbkc8 2 tkbcjv cmtk’bhbfyb zbmt,b
vfublfpt lffo.j lf ,jh]jvb xfvjfc[f8 2 vbbhsdbs7 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 se uyt,fds .fdfc
vjubleqt,s8
2 fhf7 ,jh]jvb vbhxtdybf8 2 ubjhub zbmfc lfodlf8 ,jh]jvb s,bkb b.j lf
zfj,bc utvj lf/rhfdlf8 fh tcbfvjdyf8
tkbcjv cbufhtnc vjerblf lf bctd cgbkjc xft[enf8
2 c[df7 vybidytkjdfyb lf cfuekbc[vj afmnb xtvc ,bjuhfabfib fh vjbgjdt,f8
se hfbvt ufbynthtct,s7 cbfvjdyt,bs ubgfce[t,s8
2 vt vfbynthtct,c ityb .jabkb fldjrfnbc dbyfj,f8
2 utkf yfz.t,bf8
2 fh ufvbubf8 hfvltyb okbc bmyt,f0
2 f[fkufphlff7 smdty fh utwjlbyt,fs8 hfib ufbynthtct,s0 2 tkbcj
ofh,mdtiblfy vbfxthlf8
ubjhubv rbltd ths[tk fqybiyf7 hjv tzdvbnfybkb mfkbidbkb cbn.dt,c
nrtgyblf lf cftzdj gfept,c frtst,lf8 hfqfw dth fhbc bct8
2 hf vbptpbs ubhxbf vrdktkj,bc cfresfh sfdpt fqt,f0
2 cektkbf8
2 tc fh fhbc fhuevtynb8
2 ertstcb fh vfmdc8
2 itub’kbf bc .esb vfxdtyj7 cfblfyfw xfmexb fvjbqt0
2 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 lfrbs[dfc vbo.j,s se vtxdtyt,f0
2 vtxdtyt,f7 hjv ,jkjvlt fh fv[tk cbvfhsktc8 se ltnfkehfl fh ufdthrdbt
cfmvbc dbsfht,fib7 dthfahbs vjut[vfht,b8 cfcfvfhskjib itb’kt,f bctsb rjynh-
fhuevtynb lfudf[tdtlhjy7 e[th[ek vlujvfht,fib xfddfhlts8
2 rfhub fldjrfnb .jdtksdbc bgjdbc ufvjcfdfkc7 smdty [jv vtmjsytt,bdbs
[fhs7 cfbsfw ubylfs bmbs ufvjf,fds .ehc8
2 vtmjsytc itb’kt,f dufdfh rbltw7 vfuhfv ]fljmfhb yfvldbkfl fh dfh8
stshpt ifdc dth dbn.db8
 2 vjubotds8 2 sfdlf]tht,ekfl fqybiyf tkbcjv8
ubjhubc eyljlf trbs[f eflubkj bhjybbc vbptpb7 vfuhfv sfdb ite’kjl
buh’yj8 ie,kpt wbdvf jakvf ufvj;jyf7 gbhb rb ufeihf8
2 athb lfrfhuts7 ,fnjyj ubjhub7 welfl [jv fh ,h’fylt,bs0
gfce[fl next,b ffwvfweyf8 byceknbf7 b.j gbhdtkb fphb8 hfqfwfv
vfo.byf7 lftobf vtjht8 vjdbofvkt= fhf7 vjvofvktc8 hjujhw bmyf xfvj.fkb,lf8
tkbcjc ,jh]jvbs cfdct zbmf [tke[kt,kfl blj vfublfpt7 mdtkvjmvtlt,bc ;bybs
itg.hj,bkvf fldbrfnvf rb vjofvkekb ,jh]jvb uflf.kehof8 xfo.j,bkbf= fhfdbsfhb
byrjuybnj pfhb ,eyt,fib fh fhct,j,c8 bc itbn.etc fv cf[kib7 ufvjewltkb ,bzbdbs
uffwehtc=
2 kjubypt ofvjufodtys7 sjhtv vtibybf smdtyb wmthf7 sbsmjc stdpbc a[f
uflf.kfgts lf cfwff lfb[hxj,bs8 2 mbhmbkt,lf vfnf [fhfl mwtekb rdfpb ytathnbnb7
sfy vc[dthgkbc ofvj.tyt,fc wlbkj,lf8
flujvf ,fhtv ubjhubcfw cehlf7 vfuhfv lflfv,kfdt,ekb jhufybpvb fh
tvjhxbkt,jlf ujyt,blfy ofvjcek ,h’fyt,fc8 tkbcj otkib iteluf lf cfojkbcrty
offxfyxfkf8
2 .dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f7 xdty f[kf lfdodt,bs7 vjdleylt,bs7 lfv]tht ,bzt,b
dbmyt,bs888 hfc dbpfvs7 mdt.fyf dthfuekflff vjo.j,bkb7 yt,bcvbthb cekbthb
sfdbc uflfcfhxtyfl bqodbc7 zbfyzdtkblfy lfo.t,ekb /jvj cfgbtycfvlt8 udbylf se fh
udbylf7 udbotdc rjvghjvbcpt ofcdkf888 smdtyw vjubotds7 xtvj gfnbjcfyj
,fnjyj7 hjujhw vt vjvbobf888 fb7 vjdtlbs rbltw8 jgkf=
ubjhub uekfqvf ufbijnf cfojkpt8 fnhjabht,ekb rbleht,b yfzhbc
sj]byfcfdbs uflfedfhlf c[dflfc[df v[fhtc8 vfhnj ndbyb veifj,lf7 jlyfd itytkt,ekfl7
vfuhfv htfkj,bc chekb fqmvbs8
tkbcjv sfdmdti uekbc ajhvbc afhxbc ,fkbib fvjelj lf ptdblfy lffwmthlf8
hfc vbgbht,c0 ubjhubc evotj vpthfc fh fijht,lf wbybrehfl vjvqbvfh mfkbidbkc7
hjvtkbw vfktdt ufvjdblf cfptbvj tbajhbblfy lf uf[lf lfbo.j8 ]th at[cfwvtkt,b
vjbchjkf7 vtht ]bycbc mdtlfrf,f7 vce,emfl vjmcjdbkb ,kepf888 hjwf ]thb
,bep/fknthpt vbluf7 ubjhub vb[dlf 2 hfc egbht,ty8
ltlbij,bkf tkbcjv gfnfhf ufh,tyf uffrtsf xfysbc vbvfhsekt,bs8 erfy
ajnjfgfhfnbs lf,heylf7 hfrecb uffcojhf7 j,btmnbdb cfojkbcrty vbvfhsf8
2 .dtkfathb vpfl fhbc8 fob fdnjvfneh ht;bvib bveifdt,c8 2 xfb[bs[bsf
rvf.jabkvf lf f[kf vc[dthgkbc ufibidkt,fc iteluf8
cf,hfkj fldjrfnb7 hjujhw bmyf ,jkjvlt xf[dlf ,by’ehb xfyfabmhbc fhcc8
3lhjf xdtyb thsj,kbdb cwtyfhb xfdeidfs cfmvtib47 ehjcfdbs lf/rhf sfdib ]eyfc
cbn.dt,vf8 ofvjlujvf cwflf7 vfuhfv tkbcj rtyuehecfdbs lff[nf vewtkpt lf hjv
bn.dbfy uffztyf8
ajnjfgfhfnb sfdbcsdbc x[freyt,lf8 [dteksvbfyb fkmf]b rb ghjatcbjyfkb
gjhyjdfhcrdkfdbdbs bh]t,jlf7 rfvfcenhfc fhw ths gjpf fh ufevfpfdc8 hfqfw
vjvtynib ubjhubc uekbw lfo.lf7 hjv dthfathc uh’yj,lf8 sbsbc ufy’htdf vfbyw
itt’kjc7 vfhnj sj]byfcfdbs frdfhrdfkt,lf lfvhudfkt,ek sdfkt,c8
b’ekt,bsb ctmcb cek hfqfw fsb oesb ufuh’tklf7 hbc vthtw tkbcj
cfmvbfyfl xfvjwehlf fhfahbcvfmybcb gfhnybjhbc c[tekblfy lf xfwvfc iteluf8
fhfdbsfhb rtrkewj,f7 sbsmjc cf[kc udblf8 fgfhfnb xfysfib itbyf[f lf ubjhubc
cfojksfy xfvj]lf8
2 bc rfwb vt vjdrfkb7 ,fnjyj fldjrfnj7 xfmexbs ufdent[t sfdb lf fhw thsb
oesbs fh dyfyj,8 hfnjv0 bvbnjv7 hjv vfifynf;t,lf8 vbdb[tlt-vjdb[tlt lf vbd[dlb7
ifynf;b 2 evfhnbdtcb [th[bf vbpybc vbcfqotdfl8 /jlf7 xfdeidb cfmvtib8 se tc
ajnjt,b lqbc cbyfsktc b[bkfdc7 j]f[bw lfutyuhtdfs lf yfyfnh sfyfvlt,j,fcfw dth
tqbhct,bs8 cek hjv .bhfpt lfluyts7 dthfahbs lffvnrbwt,s7 sbsmjc xdtyc ijhbc
fhfathb .jabkf8 fvbnjv7 smdty uf[lt,bs xtvb fldjrfnb888 lf se rfhufl lfvbwfds7
xfsdfkts7 hjv lqtc htgtnbwbf ufdbfhts8 2 tkbcjv sdfkb xferhf lf tybc odthbs
next,pt itt[j8 2 fh ucehs htfkj,fl dfmwbjs ctmcbc bvbnfwbf0 ucehs7 sdfkt,bc
,hbfkpt ufn.j,s cehdbkc888 se vtikt,f0 fhf7 tutsb hfvtt,b fh vtikt,f8 ufdhbcrjs0
lfvthoveyts7 smdtyb dj,kfcfsbs ufvjvihfkb7 ufvjv’bt,tkb wjkb dthfcjltc
vjufybzt,c vcufdc cbfvjdyt,fc7 dby vbcwf vfubc afynfpbf7 rjltmct,bs fmdc
ufvjntybkb ndbyb888 vjvojyc ufvjewltk7 byntktmnbs ufegfnbeht,ek ,b’tht,sfy
sfvfib888 se cojhtl vbeltmb tc obuybc zbt,b yfvldbk rtynfdht,fl uflfbmwtdbfy
[jkvt8 otkc ptdbs flfvbfyt,b7 otkc mdtdbs fnt[bkb w[tyt,b8 hjujhbf0 /f7 /f=
rfhub7 cfrvfhbcbf hb;f ,fpfhb8 vbcvtyts7 ofvkbc vjmvtlt,f hfqfw yf[tdfh cffsib
ufbdkbc8 n.ebkfl fh vt’t,js7 jhb lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib s,bkbcib fh dbmyt,b8 lhj
ufmds7 ,tdhb fhf7 vfuhfv chekbfl cfrvfhbcb cojhb uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbcfqt,fl8
.dtkfathb fojy-lfojyts lf lfvbhtrts8 vt fqfhfathb vfmdc lfcfrfhub7 smdty 2 rb8
tkbcjv cfcbhw[dj flubkpt gktlb vbfafhf lf jsf[blfy ufahs[bfklf8

222

exf f,ecthb’t f[kflfvjs[hbk jhvjcsfy bluf lf tmcrfdfnjhbc veifj,fc sdfkc

fltdyt,lf8 vfkt fm stmdcvtncfhsekbfyb cfw[jdht,tkb rjhgecb fitylt,f7 sfdbcb
vfhrtnt,bs7 fepbs7 cf,fdidj ,fqbs7 cfhtrhbfwbj pjybs888 flht cbfvjdyt,lf bvbc
ofhvjlutyf7 hjv vjnbndkt,ek flubkpt wjw[fkb jhufybpvb fqbvfhst,jlf8 exfcsdbc
cf[kb fhfcjltc .jabkf wfhbtkb rtlkt,b7 hfw vfij lfbrfhuf7 .dtkfathb cekthsb uf[lf8
flht yt,bcvbth ghj,ktvfc sfdlfepjufd ihjvfib fafht,lf sfdc7 fv]thfl fh ufvjedblf8
vfijc fhct,j,fv7 eahj cojhtl fhfhct,j,fv .dtkfathb lfxhlbkf8 bythwbbs ufyfuh’j,lf
w[jdht,fc7 dblht fh fvjoehfdlf .dtkf itcf’kj htcehct,c lf vfhflbek yfdcf.eltkib fh
ufitilt,jlf7 rhtbcth fdhjhfc vcufdcfl8
2 eahjcj7 vbkt,bf lfcfwktkb8 2 pehucerfy utyflb vfnthbfkbpbhlf7
fcfrjdfyb ghfhf,b vptpt ufvjvihfkb gbhbcrfybs8
2 hf vbkt,b0
2 [esfc vbkbvtnhbfyb7 thsb rdbhbc oby hjv itderdtsts8
2 vtht7 hfqfc ewlbs7 vt lfd]lt rhfypt se hfc vsfdfpj,0
2 rhfyfdixbrb fh ufvjcekf cfveifjl8
2 hfnjv0 2 exfv vhbc[fytl itfsdfkbthf kbvybcathb fvot8
2 welb gf[vtkbf fmdc8
2 hjujh se gf[vtkbf0= kjsb vbbqts cfvcf[ehib0 sfyfw rhfypt lfcdbs0
smdty ibu 888 2 gbhc vjvlufhb ,bkob cbn.df erfy lff,heyf8 utyflb hf iefibf7
,hbuflbhbf vjcfrkfdb7 bc fkf,lfhf ]ev,thf8 .jxfqb veit,bc yfwdkfl7 sfdbcb
ecfmvehb yfstcfdt,b xfvjhtrf ptcnfajyblfy8 2 lfe’f[t bv xtvfyfkfc7 t[kfdt lfe’f[t=
2 dbc0
2 ]ev,thfc8
utyflb e[fkbcjl uftvfhsf ,hbuflbhbc vjcf.dfyfl7 exfv vce.tl uflffaehs[f7
sfy vhfdfkcfhsekbfyb ubyt,f vbf.jkf8 ubyt,f /fthib ufidt,ekb7 evbcfvfhsj dfpyf
b.j7 hjvtkbsfw fuhtcbekj,bc itvjntdfc t,h’jlf8 ufvjcfdfkb vfbyw fh xfylf8
ebvtlj,fc fhw athb /mjylf7 fhw ceyb7 dthw [tkbs itt[t,jlb8 e,hfkjl lfu.dt,f7
cfresfhb xhlbkbdbs8
vfijpt vtnfl cfresfhb sfdb tyfnht,jlf7 eahj cojhtl vfijc lfyf[ekb cfresfhb
sfdb8 fhfcjltc .jabkf fctsb ,eyt,hbdb7 fctsb sfdvjvojyt7 fct cfcbfvjdyjl
vjo.dtnbkb htfkj,fc8
CB.DFHEKB= exfc c’eklf tc cbn.df7 c’eklf vbcb ;qthflj,f7 vbcb
ibyffhcb7 vbcb vjvyec[dtkb cb.fk,t8 .dtkf mfkb thsyfbhbf8 hf ufyc[dfdt,ff
byufc lf vfijc ijhbc0 fhfyfbhb8 hfqfw fcgtmnib byuf c]j,c rbltw7 rfwvf hjv
smdfc7 ufycfresht,bs ofhvjelutytkb fhfathb xfeltybf7 kbnthfnehf uf’t’ubkbf
vcufdcb ibyffhcbc tmcwtct,bs7 byuf vjbmwf hjujhw bfaafcbfyb hjvfybc ths-
thsb hbubsb gthcjyf;b8 vfijv rb ecbn.djl vbfnjdf7 thsb afhfnbyf aehwtkbw fh
lfenjdf f[cyf-ufyvfhnt,bc cf[bs8 fct7 euekj ltlt,b njdt,ty cfvij,bfhjib idbkt,c8
’e’ec vjfojdt,ty lf erfyf rfhblfy bgfht,bfy8
,hbuflbhb v[ht,foehekb vjlbjlf8 exf rbltd thsb dfpybc ufvjcfidt,fl
vjtvpflf7 vfuhfv hjwf ]ev,thbc lfvahs[fkb abpbjyjvbf ths vtnhpt vbef[kjdlf7
uflfbabmhf8 hf myfc fv e,tlehvf7 rfhu w[jdht,fc rb fh ufvjeulbf bv sfdbcb
ptcnfajyblfy0
2 rfhjxt7 2 hfw itb’kt,f h,bkfl lfbo.j7 2 [dfk fy f[fk rhfyfdxbrc vjb.dfy7
fy ityb ,hbuflbfyf ffwdfv fmtlfy8 vjndbyt0
]ev,thvf sfdbc vfhskt,f cwflf7 vfuhfv exfv bctsb sdfkt,bs it[tlf7 cfwjlfdb
kfvbc s[hbkib uflf.bhfdlf8
lqtc cfv cffspt lyv-bc gfce[b eylf b.jc8 exf rb fh qtkfdlf8 fv,fdvf se
lfrfhuf fmnefkj,f888 qvthsb fh ugfnbj,c ptlvtn cb.dfhekc7 exf ybrfpt ub;lt,jlf7
bc rb c[dbcb idbkb fqvjxylf8 vtht vfijpt ub;lt,jlf7 bc rb fh fqvjxylf vbcb
cb.dfhekbc qbhcb8 .dtkfathb cojhbf8 ]fyvhstkfl eylf ub.dfhltc7 ufvjpjvbkfl7
fojybk-lfojybkfl7 re,jc rfhfvlt cb.dfhekbc ljh,kbfyb gthcgtmnbdbc ufhtit8
,fdidj,fib7 hjwf rbrtsib bcdtyt,lyty7 vfvfv lfsdbc ,tkb xfvjb.dfyf
yflbhj,blfy 2 cfyfv pjjgfhrib xfdf,fht,7 ,fdidt,b ufthsjyj8 exf lf cbrj cb[fhekbs
wfc tobty7 ubjhub f[kjc fh vbtrfhf8 3utibybf04 2 lf;byt,bs trbs[t,jlf vfvf8
3vtwjlt,f4 2 gfce[j,lf ubjhub8 3mfkfxeyf7 mfkfxeyf=4 lfcwbyjlyty evwhjcb
’vt,b8 ,tkb vfhskf itcfwjlb b.j 2 vjo.tybkb7 bylbdblefkj,f lfrfhuekb7 xdtek
ufhtvjc vjo.dtnbkb8 bv ,tkvf cfresfhb sfdb uff[ctyf7 v[jkjl f[kf xf[dlf ubjhubc
ufyo.j,fc8
vityt,fht j,btmnblfy jabcib uftiehf7 cflfw itvrdtst,b /.fdlf lf,fht,ekb8
jabcib chekb cdkbs vblbjlf veifj,f 2 fhmbntmnjht,b rjvgbentht,sfy ]
fljmhj,lyty7 ,eqfknthb vbvlbyfht sdbc [fh]sfqhbw[dfc fofhvjt,lf7 rjycnhemnjhb
kflj .fdfc cdfvlf .dfdbkt,bfyb zbmblfy8 rf,bytnib wjk-mvfhb tkjlf 2 nfylf,fkb
vfvfrfwb lf ;ehyfkt,bs itbfhfqt,ekb vfylbkjcfyb8 fv o.dbkc exfc abhvfv ifhify
vfqfpbf lfeghjtmnf7 fv]thfl kfgfhfrb b.j vtjht cfhsekbc lfityt,fpt8
2 ghjtmnbc vbf[kjt,bsb dfhbfynb erdt vjybiyekb vfmdc8 2 mfkvf
ew[jehb ;ehyfkb uflfifkf lf sbsb nfrfvfwec lfghjtmnt,ek cfdfzhj wtynhc lfflj8
2 fh ufvjdf8 2 vjezhf exfv8
2 hfnjv0
2 afhsb fh ufmds itcfathbcb8 fcjhvjwlffs rdflhfnib vcufdcb lfndbhsdbc
vfqfpbf dth bveifdt,c7 rfksfib se xfec[lt,bfy ufv.bldtkt,b thsvfytsc7 fh dbwb8
2 bmyt, hjujhvt ufvjb.dfyjs0 2 itoe[lf mfkb8
2 jhb ctmwbbc ufcf[ctytkfl fv[tkf [fh]bc ufotdf qbhc0
2 hfnjv jhb ctmwbbc0 2 ufvjwjw[klf xhlbkib v.jab mvfhb8
2 rbj fh dfh7 thsb [tkbc lflt,f afhsib [esb ctmwbf xfdfrdt[j8 vtw vjvojyc
lfh,fpbc wtynhib vj;qehnekt iflhtdfyb7 vfuhfv smdtyc vfqfpbfib iflhtdfyb hjv
xfdcdf7 v.bldtkbc flubkb fqfh bmyt,f8
2 f,f7 hf dmyfs0 2 ufb,enf mfkb8
2 gbhdtk hbuib tu ;ehyfkb eylf lf[ehj8 2 ehxbf mvfhvf8 2 lfbyf[fdc
hfqfwfc lf uflfbhtdf8 ,hjldtbpt [jv fh uujybf sfdb0
2 ity hf utcvbc [tkjdyt,bc8888 lffrdbhlb fv iflhtdybc ajhvfc7 yfvldbkb
[tkjdyt,bc ybveibf8 ubyf[fdc cflvt vcufdcb cbkfvfpt0
 2 vt vbyf[dc8 2 mvhbc vfubdhfl egfce[f exfv8 2 fvcnthlfvbc
[esdfhcrkfdbfyb cfcnevhjc /jkib pecnfl fctsb iflhtdfybf8
2 vtht7 fh vjuojys0 2 w,bthb ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs lftrbs[f mfkb7 hjvtkcfw
cthbjpekb ghtntypbt,b /mjylf utvjdyt,fpt8
2 vjvojyc7 hfnjvfw fhf888 2 exfv cbufhtnc vjerblf lf afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8
sdfkib vj[dlf 3rjrf rjkfc4 cfhtrkfvj ,bk,jhlb8 fctsb ,bk,jhlt,bs cfdct b.j s,bkbcbc
mext,b8 2 e,hfkjl7 nbhf;bht,ekb [tkjdyt,f erdt lbpfbybf8 2 vbe,heylf mfkc8 2
fctsb iflhtdyt,b .jdtk vtjht vtufgjkbcibf8
2 rfhub7 dyf[js hfc itvjudsfdpt,c smdtyb abhvf8 2 mfkvf ervf.jabkjl
f[brf kfrbht,ekb ;ehyfkt,b8
2 xtv abhvfc ,tdhb hfvbc itvjsfdfpt,f ite’kbf7 uffxybf hf sfy[fc
ufmfxfds8 bnfkbehb vfhvfhbkjc rb,tt,cf lf vjvqthfk iflhtdyt,pt se ufmds
ghtntypbf7 ’dbhb lfub]lt,fs8
2 fhfdbsfhb vfhvfhbkjc rb,tt,b8 2 wjkc lffcohj mvfhvf8 2 hfl eylf zfqt,bc
vfqfpbfc vfhvfhbkjc rb,t0
2 rb,bc ufrtst,f fhw udmjybf utuvfib8
2 f,f7 vtjht cfhsekpt gbhlfgbh itahbylt,bs0
2 eb7 vfufpt fh vbabmhbf8 2 nexb vjbrdybnf mfkvf8
2 ;ehyfkt,bc ltvjycnhbht,fpt [jv rfhufl babmht= 2 ybiybcvjut,bs uf[tlf
mvfhvf8 2 xdtyib lfhxtc7 rb,t vtw lfvfdbo.lf8 2 vbe,heylf exfc7 2 ufvjlbc7
gbhdtk cfhsekptw vjudbotdc afhsbc itrdtwf8
2 hfc /mdbf afhsbc itrdtwf7 fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib= 2 uffghjntcnf wjkvf8
2 gbhdtk cfhsekpt ytvcbc xfcfdfhlyb fldbkbw fh fhbc8
2 ufxevlb7 mfkjjj= 2 rfwvf vjvezekb [tkbcuekt,b vfublfpt lffo.j8
exf vjhbub bycnthbrbc cf.eht,kfl vjtvpflf7 vfuhfv vbclf ufcfrdbhfl mfkb
xfrdlf8 ltvjycnhfwbekfl lfo.j,bkvf veint,vf se bvjmvtlf8
hjujhw bmyf itsfy[vlyty8 o.dbkvf jabcb lfnjdf7 exf rb fyfkbpbc
gfce[t,bc ufcfhrdtdfl uftvfhsf8
2 vfqfhbxb smdtyptf= 2 itc’f[f rj,fv7 hjwf rf,bytnib itvjcekb ,bpytcvtyb
lfbyf[f8
2 vfhskf0 2 vfijc ufmhj,bc itvltu exfv gbhdtkfl ufbqbvf8
2 ybrf f,ecthb’t smdtyb yfvldbkb idbkbf7 hfcfw flfcneht,c lyv-c
fyfkbpb8 2 rj,fv ltvjycnhfwbekfl uflfcwf fyfkbpbc gfce[t,b8
2 ’fkbfy rfhub8
2 hfqfw dth ufn.j,s fqvfahtyfc888
2 dbwtrdj0 2 v[ht,b fbxtxf exfv8
2 hfqf lfubvfkjs7 vt eahj v’fah htfmwbfc dtkjlb8 fdfl [jv fh ,h’fylt,bs0
2 lfqkbkb dfh8 2 exfv aehwkt,b mehserbc ]b,tib xfbwehf7 tmbvc [tkb
xfvjfhsdf lf tmbvc lftvidblj,f8
rj,f jhfphjdfyb ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs vbfxthlf lfrtnbk rfhc8 vfy lffhqdbf
/bgjrhfntc abwb7 cfvfubthjl cfresfh sfdpt ufvjcwflf 3yfvldbkb4 w[jdht,bc utvj8
s,bkbcbc ekfvfptcb mfkb vbcb cf.dfhtkbf8 ofhcekc xf,fhlf wjksfy ufnfht,ekb
eqbvqfvj qfvtt,b7 rj,fcsdbc .jdtkb lqt lqtcfcofekbf7 vfibyfw rb7 hjwf byufc fh
[tlfdc8 gftvfybc ofhvjlutyfptw rb7 cbc[kb .dtkf e]htlib ehn.fdc8 fvfcobyfs7
ntktdbpjhib ljrevtynehb abkvb uflbjlf5 bfgjytkt,b pfv,f[bc .dfdbkj,bc lqbc
fqcfybiyfdfl cf[kbc cf[ehfdt,pt mfqfklbc epfhvfpfh rj,ht,c fvfuht,ty8 rj,fc lblb
cehdbkb /mjylf hfqfw bctsb vjtvjmvtlf7 hfw cf.dfhkbc sdfkib ffvfqkt,lf8
bf[nbcf lf jrtfybcgbhf ,eyufkjc v.bldtkb hjv fh b.j7 tc byufvfw vidtybdhfl bwjlf7
vfuhfv cfresfhb afynfpbbs itmvybkb mfqfklbc rj,hf dfktynbybc lqtcfcofekpt
’fkbfyfw jhbubyfkehbf8
 rj,fv sfdbcb ’dtkb 3cbvtycb4 fvjbqj8 yjvthb frhbaf8 flht at[t,pt trblf7
hjujhb sfj,bc vj,bkehb tzbhf [tkib7 vsfdfhbf tveifdf7 vfuhfv hjwf byufv sfdbcb
ybrtkbc 3yjrbf4 lff’hj7 rj,fv lhjvjhzvekb 3cbvtycb4 .dtkfpt qhvf ]b,tib xffwehf8
byufv ewt, fh fbqj .ehvbkb7 f,fpfyfib sef7 lbfahfuvf ittrevif rj,fc8
ewyfehb j]f[bf7 .jabkb mvfhb .jabkb wjkbcsdbc ,byfc mbhfj,c7 hfsf fv
erfyfcfrytkvf cf.dfhtksfy thsfl b,fbhfvjc8 tc exf f,ecthb’t fcbfyb e,thfdc888 obyf
dbpbnbcfc ,tlybtht,bc akeblt,c bchjlf /fthib7 lqtc byltathtynekb txdtyf7
cfcb.dfhekj ahjynpt se lfth[f cfo.fkc7 bc yerhbcsdfkt,f dth’bw fh f[klf8 fhfathb
fh fsf.dfyt,c vfvfrfwc bct7 hjujhw vfhw[b fv thsj, ltkbrfneh cfmvtib8
hjujhw bmyf uffujyf8
2 vt dfh7 cf.dfhtkj7 cfl b.fdb fvlty [fyc0
2 kfmc dbcdfvlb8
2 vt rb vtujyf i[fgc bqt,lb8 2 tyf ufforkfgeyf rj,fv8
2 erdt vbdbqt8
2 cfvoe[fhjf888
2 hf fhbc cfvoe[fhj0
2 ityc udthlbs hjv fh db.fdb8 lfu,fylb7 ufufvihfkt,lb7 rhtvbs lfuptklb888
2 rj,f htfmwbfc lftkjlf7 vfuhfv byufv fhfathb egfce[f7 v[jkjl sfyf,hfl ceysmfdlf8
2 f[kf[fy ityb mvfh.jabkb ufdbcnevht8 2 smdf itwdkbkb [vbs8
2 vfhskf7 vtht xevfl [fh0 2 ufvjwjw[klf byuf8
2 fb7 ub.dt,b8
2 lhjpt7 yeqfh otkfd8888
2 ufvjw[fllf7 uftwyj tmcgthnbpbc gfce[t,c lf ofdblf sfdbc upfpt8
2 htfmwbf7 htfmwbf vfbynthtct,c= 2 cekvjesmvtkfl itc’f[f byufv8
2 ufe[fhlf7 vfuhfv bct7 kfbsfl7 hjv ubs[hf f[nf lf itvj,phbfklf7 vjufn.et,8
2 vthxbdyf7 vjutn.et,byt8
2 hfnjv0 2 uferdbhlf rj,fc8
2 xtvsdbc cfcbwjw[kjl vybidytkjdfybf exf vtw[ht wfpt b.jc cb[fhekbs8
2 xtvsdbc rb ityb yf[dff cfcbwjw[kjl vybidytkjdfyb8 hjlbc itd[dlts0
2 lqtc fh vwfkbf8
2 jjj7 vt fct fh vfo.j,c8 vstkb qfvt ifvaehuf.hbkb ujzbdbs dohbfkt,lb7
thsb cekb vmjylf uekib xfvtrhf xtvb vidtybthb vthkbyb888
2 rj,f7 fh vwfkbf hjvfynbekb kf.,j,bcsdbc7 vtxmfht,f8
2 cfl utxmfht,f7 sfdb melib ufmdc8 ity idbkc cfvelfvj gfnhjyb
ufvjexylf7 sfdbceakfl itub’kbf ufyfuh’j eobyltkb888
2 gfrf8 2 uffo.dtnbyf byufv8
2 byuf=
2 hjwf vjdbwkb7 vt sdbsjy lfubhtrfd8
vjhxf8 lfrblf .ehvbkb8
rj,f ufjht,ekb uh’yj,bs vbfxthlf sfdbc 3cbvtycc47 bvbyfw vodfyt sdfkb
xferhf7 cjkblfhj,bc ybiyfl8 mfkb7 hjvtkcfw ,jkj fsb lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib akj,lf7
bctd fqvjxylf jkbvgbc vbeodljvtk vodthdfkpt8 hfqfw dth b.j bct7 vujyb gfyqehb
fvjrhtc8

222

3fob byuf at[t,c dth vjvzfvc47 abmhj,lf ltlbc cfakfdpt vbvfdfkb exf8
dthw byuf7 dthw rfhkj7 dthw vjqfkfnt cbrj8 ybrf vbcb idbkbf7 yfvldbkb
f,ecthb’t8 evwhjcb ’vbc uf[ctyt,fpt uekb ittrevif8 cektkb8 bc njnb vjbzhf7
hjvtkptw b]lf8 cfl uflf]lf7 hjvtk [tpt vjbo.j f[fkb ,elt888 se js[ abwfhib bgjdf
cfvelfvj yfdcf.eltkb0
itcfcdktksfy cfystkb lf .jxbdfhlt,bc sfbuekb b.blf8 ltlfc e.dfhlf
.jxbdfhlt,b7 vfvfv bwjlf lf hdf vfhnc .jxbdfhlt,bs ekjwflf8 lqtc hdf vfhnb
ufemvt,ekbf7 ltlbc lqt lffotctc7 sbsmjc ltlj,f ufvjhxteksf ghthjufnbdff8 hf myfc
mfkvf7 serb eafkvf fh vbcwf ltlj,bc ufywlbc ,tlybtht,f0 dfktynbyj,f bptbvjc0
bmyt, fh /.fdc it.dfht,ekb7 dsmdfs7 ufes[jdfhb ibyf,thff8 fh tresdybc0 tresdybc8
rfwb se fh vbekjwfdc7 yfstcfdb vbekjwfdc7 vtpj,tkb7 vjofat888
ibyf,thfsf eakt,t,bc lfwdfpt vjvfhsekb vbfluf cfakfdc8 yfwyj,b cbketnbc
lfyf[dfpt ]th itluf7 vtht yf,b]c fexmfhf8
2 ity fm hf ubylf0 2 lftrbs[f cfakfdbc gfhfgtnpt xfvjv]lfh eahjc ’vfc8
ubjhubv sfdb fcobf8 exfc lfyf[df fhw ufrdbhdt,bf7 fhw uf[fht,bf8
2 yfcdfvb [fh7 ,bzj0 2 exfv sfbuekb cfakfdbc sfdsbs lflj lf ’vfc vbe]lf8
2 fhf7 wjnf uf,het,ekb dfh8 ity hfqfv ufvjub.dfyf cfveifj cffst,ib0
2 cb[fhekvf8 ybrf xtvb ,bjkjubehb idbkbf7 itvb’kbf fyfkbpbc gfce[t,b
ufxdtyj8
2 hfib vzbhlt,f7 xtvsdbc cekthsbf8
2 vfhskf0
2 tzdb utgfht,f0
2 hfw ity ybrfc ufvj uffrtst7 fh vtgfht,f8 2 exfv v[fhpt [tkb lfrhf7
ubjhubv sfdb xfmbylhf8
wjnf [fyc xevfl bc[lyty7 vbofib xfhzj,bk cfystkc ewmthlyty8
2 hfqfw fh vjvojy[fh lqtc7 vjb[tlt8 2 exfv ’vfc sdfkt,ib xf[tlf8
rfbaibf7 ufetkdf cfibytkvf vbuyt,fv8 yese .dtkfcfsdbc cfvfufkbsj
ubjhubw yfhrjnbrbs thsj,f0 vfi hfc eylf ybiyfdltc uflblt,ekb ueut,b7 ufabhst,ekb
kj.t,b7 chekb fgfsbf bynjyfwbfib8 fy ltlbc cfakfdpt hfv vjfh,tybyf fv elhjj lhjc0
exfc /mjylf vbptpb7 ubjhub hfnjv vjo.lf sfdbc cffldjrfnj cfmvbfyj,fc0
2 vjvb.tdb8 2 smdf ,jkitdbrehb gbhlfgbhj,bs8
2 hf vjub.dt0
2 hfw [lt,f ity sfdc8 lfdfb7 ubcvty8
ubjhubv .dtkfathb efv,j8 exf cfresfh .eht,c fh e]tht,lf8 mfhvf ofvje,thf lf
fyst,ekb cfystkb xffmhj8
2 it[tlt7 fqfhw ltlfc eylf fv fvphptyb bcnjhbbc vjcvtyf8 2 lfcfchek
fqybiyf ubjhubv8
2 gbhlfgbh bmblfy vjlb[fh0
2 /j8
2 cfcohfajl eylf ufbrtsj cbc[kbc fyfkbpb7 ,jh]jvbc ,jskbw lfcfshtdbf8
2 hfqf fphb fmdc888
2 fct obobkfcfdbs fgbht, lfyt,t,fc0 2 fqiajslf exf8 2 tu fdfynbehbcnrf
j]f[c lfubyuhtdc7 vfrjvghjvtnbht,tk ajnjt,c se ;ehyfkbcnt,c uflfcwtvc7 itub’kbf
rfhbthfcfw ufvjts[jdj8 fltmb8
2 dbsjv7 qbhc0
2 qbhc rb fhf7 bv ghfcnbnenrfc relpt lfdf]lt,b8 ufcfhrdtdbf7 dby e[lbc
,bybc aekc lf cfthsjl7 hbsb fhct,j,c0 ofdblts7 sjhtv ufutgfht,f jhufybpvblfy vstkb
ofvfkb8
2 vtacbf8
2 bm vjacfv7 kf,jhfnjhbfib8
exfv kfvbc rbyobcrdhbs ufbulj eahjcb ’vf8 vfymfyfib xf]ljvbcsfyfdt
byufv lfhtrf lf ,fdidbc crjkblfy ufvj.dfyf itcsfdfpf8 exfv cffsc lf[tlf8 lblfl fh
t[fnt,jlf byufcsfy itxt[t,f7 vfuhfv ubjhubc ufvj lfsfy[vlf8
 kf,jhfnjhbfib vbcdkfv lf 3lfyfifekbc4 flubkblfy ,jskbc fvjqt,fv hfvltybvt
cffsb ofbqj8 qfvlt,jlf7 hjwf exfv ’vf cjatk lbqjvib fb.dfyf8
2 vfvfc fh yf[fd0 2 vfymfybc rfhb ufvjfqj ubjhubv8
2 yoe8
2 hjltvlt eylf b.js uf,enekt,b7 dbyvtv [jv eylf uflflufc gbhdtkb yf,b]b8
2 ]th fh dfh vpfl7 ]th hfqfwtt,b vfmdc vjcfytkt,tkb8 2 exfv ,fqib xfluvek
cf[kc lf[tlf8 iemb vfhnj gbhdtk cfhsekpt tysj8 cfvpfhtekjib lf rfhkjc cf’byt,tkib8
2 fh ufvjxtybkf0
exfv vb[dlf7 ubjhub vfijc uekbc[vj,lf8 gfce[fl fvjbj[hf lf sfdb uffmybf8
2 vfiby ofdfk8
2 ytkbrjc ’fkbfy ye lffahs[j,7 sjhtv fhfathib ufvjn.lt,f8
2 dtwlt,b8
2 bmyt, c[df lhjbcsdbc uflfutlj7 f[kf vfubc sfdbc ufmdc0
2 dyf[js8
exfv sdfkt,bs uffwbkf zbirfhib ufexbyfht,ekb ’vf lf byufc lfehtrf8
2 cfl ufvjdefhj ybrfc0
2 xdty erdt cf[kib dfhs8 2 ufbrtrkewf bvfy8 2 ybrfc t’byt,jlf lf
uflfdodbnt gbhlfgbh cf[kib vjvt.dfyf8 f[kf xfbc lfdfktdbyt, lf lfdfodty8
2 yf[tdfh cffsib dbmyt,b8 2 vjezhf exfv8
bmyt, rfhubw fhbc7 byuf hjv cf[kib lf[dlt,f8 fyfkbpbc gfce[t,c uffwyj,c
lf ,fdidpt rfyjybth eakt,t,c itf[ctyt,c8
cf[kib lf’byt,ekb ybrf7 bynbvehfl vjwbvwbvt cfyskt,b lf vfwlehfl
vjvqbvfhb byuf lf[dlf8 bctsb dbohj rf,f twdf7 ,bec/fknthbcf lf cfwdkt,bc [fpb
exfylf8
2 hfc ptbvj,0 2 exfv fult,ekfl lf[tlf cthdbht,ek ceahfc 2 kjhbc
,enth,hjlt,b7 ifdb [bpbkfkf7 obstkb ifvgfyehb7 ijrjkflbc jhw[j,bkf8
2 xtvc vjmwtdfc8 2 byufv lbdfypt lf]lf lf [tkt,b ve[kt,pt lfbo.j8 2 itb’kt,f
fh lfvb]thj7 vfuhfv fv lqtt,ib bcts tbajhbfib dfh7 cfresfhb sfdbc ufvrdbhdt,bf8
cek ybrfpt dabmhj,7 xdty ofhcekc dffyfkbpt,888 t/7 hfvltyb ,tlybthb oesb
ufvbnfht,bf ity [tkib7 exf888
2 vjhxb fathbcnj,fc7 fhw thsb cbn.dbc fh v]thf8 gbhlfgbh vbs[fhb7 hbcb
ufvj’fkdf ubylf0
2 ye [fh mhjybrekfl ervf.jabkj7 fhfathbw fh vbylf smdtyb rfhufl .jaybc
ufhlf8 2 byuf ifvgfyehbc ,jskc oftgjnbyf8 2 ye ufb,jnt ief jsf[ib vsdhfkb
rf[tkbdbs7 ufb[flt tu le,kbjyrf7 [tkt,b lfb,fyt lf vjlb ,jskb uf[ctyb8
exfv ]th ,fdidbc cf’byt,tkib itb[tlf8 ybrfc [tkt,b uekpt vbt,]byf7
ve[kbcsfdt,b rb kfvbc ybrfgsfy vbtnfyf8 xfyfcf[bc gjpfib ’bkb cbcecnbc
ybifybf8 vfvbc vwltkj,bc vbe[tlfdfl ybrf sfdc vfhnjcekfl uh’yj,c8 welbf8 hfc
[tlfdc cbpvfhib vbcb tvjwbehb ,bzb7 ithbut,ek vij,kt,c [jv fhf0
byufv ifvgfyehbc ,jskb ufcf[cytkfl vbfxtxf lf jhb ,jrfkb lff[dtlhf8
2 vjlb7 gbhdtk cflqtuh’tkjc vt itvjusfdfpt,8 2 smdf exfv8
2 cbfvjdyt,bs vjubcvty8
2 ybrfc ufevfh]jc7 gbhdtk hbuib hjujhw xtvc idbkc8
2 tc hjujh ufdbujs0
exfv ]b,blfy lyv-bc gfce[t,b fvjbqj lf byufc uflffojlf8 bvfy .ehflqt,bs
ofbrbs[f lf cb[fhekbs it[nf8
2 fctw dbwjlb7 fctw dbwjlb888 2 fo.kbfyt,ekb sdfkt,b mvfh.jabkc
vbfg.hj8 2 ybrf ityb idbkbf7 exf= ity vbcb ,bjkjubehb vfvf [fh8 hf ,tlybtht,ff7 hf
,tlybtht,f= sbsmjc uekb vbuh’yj,lf ceahfc hjv dikblb8 fvfpt lblb cf,f,b hf eylf
b.jc= vjlb lfdkbjs7 ybrfc ufevfh]jc8
 ,jkjvlt itcdtc8 exfv ,enth,hjlb vbf.jkf7 byufv cbufhtnc vjerblf8
2 itb’kt,f hfqfw urbs[j0
2 lfdfb8 lqtc rfhu [fcbfspt dfh8
2 .dtkfahbc sfdblfy lfo.t,f itb’kt,jltc7 vjvb.dfylb wjkfl0
2 ifycb fhff8
2 hfnjv0 2 to.byf byufc8
2 ity xtvb elbltcb itwljvf [fh8
2 ufvjlbc7 ybrfw itwljvff888
2 ybrf xtvb itwljvbc itltubf8 cfcbfvjdyj itltub8
2 wjnf fkjubrehfl [jv fh vc]tkj,0
2 hjujhw ubylf7 bct xfsdfkt8 xtvsdbc cekthsbf8
byufv ,jkj yfafpb lffhn.f lf cbufhtnb cfathaktc vbfz.kbnf8 fhw bctsb
fldbkb vjcfxfyukb ufvjluf mvfh.jabkb7 [tkblfy ec[knt,f7 vlbyfhbc rfkvf[bdbs8
vtjht zbmf fcobf5
2 vjlb7 bv .jdtkbdt rfhuc ufevfh]jc7 hfw vj[lf xdtyc w[jdht,fib lf hfw
itb’kt,f rbltd vj[ltc8
2 tuht b.jc8 2 lftsfy[vf exf8
lfkbtc8 vtht ytkbc itcfylj,fhb lfkbtc7 bctd ybrf flqtuh’tktc7 vtht exf
vb[dlf7 hjv itsdhf8
2 vujyb ityb ofcdkbc lhjf8 2 itf[ctyf it.jdyt,ek cnevfhc8
2 vfult,0 2 next,b lf,thf byufv8
2 [dfk flht dfh fcflujvb8
byuf pfynfl ofvjbvfhsf8 [tkbc thsb vj’hfj,bs ufvjmfxf nfypt vjvlufhb
rf,f7 yfvptehb vrthlb ufvjbxbyf8 sbsmjc rfhbcrty eylf ofcekb.j7 vfuhfv fhf7
;ehyfkbc vfublfc vjefhf lf exfc rfksfib xfe]lf8
2 thsb rjwyf7 thsb ufvjcfvidblj,t,tkb rjwyf8 2 fphpt vjcdkbc cfiefkt,f fh
vbcwf7 gbhlfgbh next,pt lftrjyf8
exfc at[mdti bfnfrb ufwehlf7 zthvf rjyabuehfwbf itbwdfkf7 w[jdtkehvf
bycnbmnt,vf obyf akfyupt uflvjbyfwdkf7 vfijc cbketnb lfgfnfhfdlf7 ufbwhbwf
lf vjcf[dtdib ufexbyfhlf8

lbkbs cfresfh kjubyib ufbqdb’f8 udthlbs byufc t’byf8 uekfqvf t’byf7

vjstysbkb qbvbkbs lf vjibidkt,ekb vrthlbs8
exf kjubyib ofvj]lf lf cfresfh sfdc vbf.ehflf8 cbwfhbtktc lf cbvf’qhtc
thslhjekfl uh’yj,lf8 cbvf’qhtc yfufdib fvjufyukekb qjhbc ceyb /mjylf7
cbwfhbtkt cekib ehnfvlf8
oe[tk ufexbyfht,ekb vfij [tkf[kf fqvjwtylf lf cf.dtlehbs cfdct sdfkt,b
itfyfsf8 3ityb ,hfkbf47 sfdb bvfhskf exfv8 vfijv pehub itfmwbf8
gbhdtk hbuib f,fpfyfc vbfiehf 2 w[jdtkehb yfhxtyt,bc xfvjcfhtw[fl8
ghjwtlehfc cek fsb oesb lfczbhlf7 hbc vthtw jsf[ib lf,heylf8
2 byuf8 2 lfe’f[f v’byfhtc8
byufv ufbpvjhf lf sdfkb uff[bkf8
2 lbkf vidblj,bcf7 cf.dfhtkj8 vjlb xtvsfy7 f[kjlfy vjutcb.dfhekj8 2 vjb[vj
afy]fhfcsfy vbv]lfhb exf8
2 byuf7 fh ubylf8
2 dth ufdbut0888 2 ,fkbipt ofvjbobf7 fhw ewlbf ’e’et,bc lfvfkdf7 dby7
se fhf vfy7 bwjlf cfresfhb vrthlbc afcb8
2 xfbwdb lf oflb8 2 exfv afy]fhfib ufb[tlf8 vpbc c[bdt,b idblb okbc
uthfybfc lfcsfvfit,lf7 ,j,jmfhb qfvbc en.db vjovt8
 2 hfc /mdbf ofdblt7 vt xtvc cf[kib dfh0= bm7 udthlbs jsf[ib7 xtvc idbkc
c’byfdc8 exf7 fh vtcvbc7 hf itbwdfkf oe[fyltkb qfvbc vtht0 vujyb jhbdtyb
cbvfqktpt db.fdbs8
2 fh dbwb dby hf cbvfqktpt b.j7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib fhfdbsfhb cehdbkb fh
vfmdc [tkvtjhtl lfdbg.hj t8o8 cbvfqktt,b8
2 fh v]thf8
2 ityb yt,ff8
2 vjb[tlt7 hfnjv fh vb.eht, sdfkt,ib0
2 oflb byuf7 ,fdidbc ufqdb’t,fvlt lfnjdt fmfehj,f8
2 bmyt, ituf[ctyj7 hjv bv ,fdidc ltlfl dtresdyb7 se uujybf fct fldbkfl
lfdsvj, idbkc0 2 ufobovfnlf byuf8
2 hf ubylf0
2 ’fkbfy wjnf8 vidblb7 yjhvfkehb j]f[b8
2 vbcfcfkvt,tkbf ityb cehdbkb7 vfuhfv vt ityb j]f[bc otdhfl sfdc fh
vjdbfpht,8
2 hfnjv0
2 fh vjvojy[fh8 cb.dfhekpt [jv kfgfhfrb ptlvtnbf8
2 fh v]thf7 hjujh itb’kt,f fh vjuojylt0 itvjv[tlt7 vt [jv kfvfpb dfh= 2 bct
fkfkfl smdf7 exfc uftqbvf8
2 kfvfpb [fh7 vfuhfv ebynthtcj8 2 b.j gfce[b8
ebynthtcj8 byufv ofvofvt,b ff[fv[fvf8 pecnfl tc cbn.dt,b es[hf bv
cfpbpqfhvf kbkbgenvf 2 f[kflfybiyekvf utythfkehvf lbhtmnjhvf7 hjwf
cfvcf[ehblfy bs[jdlf8 blbjnt,b7 fvfs dby /ujybfs sfdb= byuf se ebynthtcjf7 tc
ufodhsybkb lfsdbf cfbynthtcj0 hfqfw eylf vjbabmhjc5 bcnthbrf fh ufzhbc7 fhw
whtvkt,b888 vjsfakdff cfzbhj8 vjsfakdf8 3udtkcf [dhtkbs fvjb.dfyc tyf nr,bkfl
vje,fhb4 2 uff[ctylf wyj,bkb fajhbpvb8 hflfw fh eylf lfe]ltc7 eylf lfnr,tc8 hf
e.dfhc lfsdc0 ifmfh.byekb8 bc uflfeult,c ifmhbc yfnt[c7 ]b,tib rb yfufyc
lfvfkfdc8 ufodhsybkbf se ufeodhsytkb7 lfsdb ufhtekb w[jdtkbf7 qvthsvf eo.bc7
hjlbc vjubmytdc qjybth njhc8 cfyfv byuf cnhfntubek [fpc f.fkb,t,lf7 exf
ofvjluf8
2 [es oesc uf’ktd8 2 tchjkf efgtkfwbjl lf rfhbcrty uftvfhsf8
2 ybrfc ufhtit fhcfl ofdfk= 2 kjubyblfy ofvjahbylf lf bcnthbekfl iteluf
nfycfwvkbc vj’bt,fc8 hf ifmfh.byekb7 gbhlfgbh yfufypt eylf uflfdbltc8
exf itluf8 vjb[tlf8 ’fkbfy vidblb cf[t /mjylf7 sbsmvbc etvjwbj8
2 ofb.dfyt8 2 smdf o.yfhfl8
2 hf0 2 fcts gfcf;c byuf fh tkjlf8 xfcfwvtkfl ufvpflt,ekb xtmvf ufedfhlf
[tkblfy8
2 ofb.dfyt7 vt fh vfmdc eakt,f idbksfy .jayf lfubifkj8
2 yese fvfc ity vte,yt,b0 ity7 hjvtkcfw bct ub.dfhlf ybrf7 vbe[tlfdfl vbcb
ofhvjvfdkj,cf7 vpfl b.fdb idbkfl vbutxybf8
2 xtvb cb.dfhekb ybrfc vbvfhs fhw vfiby lfvlufhf tzdbc mdti7 fhw t[kf
lufc8
2 f,f7 hjujh bvtnt,0
2 tc ity bvtnt,8 xtvpt erts vjut[ctyt,f7 hf nhfvdf bmyt,f ybrfcsdbc xtvufy
ofcdkf8
2 ye ofvjdf7 vtw fm dbmyt,b lf bcbw7 ’dtkt,ehfl dbw[jdht,s888 2
ecfvfhskjl efh.jabkb ifmfhb ufvjfvptehf byufv7 ufvjvtn.dtkt,fw itcfathbcb
vbbqj7 cf.dfhtkb ljyf ,fv,byf8
2 ufbut7 mfkj7 fqfh vbylf ’dtkt,ehfl w[jdht,f7 uekb vthtdf ofhcekbc
uf[ctyt,fpt8 fhw ityb fnfyf vfmdc7 [vfw rb vfqbpbfyt,c= vjhxb fv ’e’et,bc
ltvjycnhbht,fc7 cek hjv sfdpt xfvjvfwdf tu ityb ufvjgenekb bj;brb7 fh vbylb[fh7
fhf= 2 o.j,blfy ufvjdblf exf8
2 w[jdtkj7 vfhnj ’fqkbdbs .taf ut[th[t,f8 .jdtksdbc gbhen.db b.fdb7 ity hf
ituwdkblf=
2 rfhjxt7 fblf fmtlfy= cfyfv xfbc lfdktd7 ityb le[b fh b.jc fm8 2 fv
cbn.dt,bs exfv jsf[b lfnjdf8
cfvpfhtekjib xfblfyvf lfecndbyf lf rfhbw uf,hf[eylf8 exfc uekb ite[nf8
at[frht,bs vbdblf idbkbc cf’byt,tksfy7 rfhb ufvjfqj8
ybrfc t’byf8 lhfgbht,ek igfkbthpt lf[fnekb vbrb vfecb [fkbcbfyfl eqbjlf
,tlybth vfvfc8

222

fv flubkc lblb tythutnbrf fmdc7 es[hf cbrjv ufvjvidblj,t,bcfc8 hfvltybvt

lqtib vfij sfdfl lfhoveylf fv cbn.dt,bc cbcojhtib8 hfw fh eylf uftrtst,byf7 sdfkoby
fo.ehbc wb[bc yfyuhtdt,b tluf8 cbpvfhibw lfrfhuf vjcdtyt,f8 vfyexfh ,f,efcsfy
thsfl f[kf cfereytt,bc oby ufhlfwdkbk vjqdfotsf vstkb gktflf cnevhj,lf 2 uf,hbtk
rjnfblfy lfo.t,ekb7 bthtvbf vfo.dthtkbs lfvsfdht,ekb8 ths[tk odth-ekdfibfyb
hfbylb tcbpvhf7 dthw[kbcathb cfhn.tkbs vjcbhcek rf,f-[fkfspt8 vtj7 uhbujk
f,ecthbc’t vmdbf lf thsvfytsc vfkt itd[dlt,bsj8
vfijv ufqdb’t,bcsfyfdt vfdhfc xferfrkf cbpvfhb8 cfsyj vfylbkjcfyvf bct
it[tlf7 vfijv acbmbfnhbc rf,bytnib buh’yj sfdb8 vfhskfw7 hf e,tleht,ff7 .jdtk
vtjht lqtc w[tk-w[tkb cbpvht,bs vbfcrlt cfresfhb ghj,ktvt,bs uflfndbhsek
flfvbfyc8
ewyfehb vpthbc vbe[tlfdfl7 vfdhfv gfce[b fh lffvflkf5
2 ’fkbfyfl ye xfeqhvfdlt,b cbpvht,c7 qdsbc yt,fc vfbyw dthcfl ofe[dfk7
cbpvfhb rb tivfrbctekbf8
vfij fh lftsfy[vf7 vfuhfv fhw itrfvfst,bf8 hsekbf rfvfsb flfvbfysfy7
hjvtkbw .dtkfathc qdsbc yt,fc vbfothc8 fcts vcjakv[tldtkj,fc /mjylf sfdbcb
lflt,bsb v[fhtt,bw8 vfufkbsfl7 bubdt vfdhfc7 bydfkblb idbkbw kfvbc qdsbc
cfxemhfl vbfxylf7 bctdt7 hjujhw vfijpt itaj,bc fqt,f8 3v’bvt fh fcobj47 3/fthpt
ufbcthyt47 3[bkb zfvt47 3ut.j vtwflbytj,f4 2 ofvlfeoev b’ktjlf lbhtmnbdt,c8 vfij
fh abmhj,lf vjvfdfk ,fdidpt bctsb fqvfahtybs7 hjujhw tc qdsbcybthb ltlfrfwb8
vjvfdfkpt abmhb lbcrjvajhnc emvyblf7 ufycfresht,bs7 cbrjc ufvjxtybc ajypt8
cekfw fh fo.j,lf ufyltubkbc fvgkefib vjdktybk vtqdbytc ’vbcsdbc xftrfrkf vbcb
at[v’bvj,bc fv,fdb8 sevwf7 vfijc flubkcfv.jatkbc cfblevkjl ityf[dfc lfgbhlf8
vtnbw7 ewyfehb it[dtlhf vbcnbrfc eahj vbfothf7 dblht xdtekt,hbd lfvs[dtdfc8
2 f/f7 h’t vjubnfyt8 2 vfdhfv h’bs ufgbgbyt,ekb zbmf vbfojlf lf vfublfpt
uflfikbkb obuyc lf[tlf8 2 rblt xjyx[t,c xf/rbhrbnt,7 ujuj0 vtht uferdbhlt,f7 welb
cbpvfhb dyf[tj8 hf lhjc vfu lfcfqegt,bc sdfkbtht,ff7 cbwjw[ktpt eylf babmhj7
ufpfa[ekpt8 lf[t7 hf fvbylbf7 vihfkb7 vpbfyb888 thb/ff7 rdbhnt,vf se fvj[tsmf7
lfdbqegt8 2 lffvfnf uekvjcekvf8
2 hfnjv0
2 .bydfv se lf/rhf7 vstk vjcfdfkc uffaezt,c7 ifhifyltkbdbs8 vfuhfv ity eylf
bcfhut,kj fvbylt,bs7 ity vlujvfhtj,fib vj’hfj,fw rfhubf lf /fthbw8
2 fct dfgbht,8 2 vfijv fyshjgjvtnhbbc cf[tkv’qdfytkj lf[ehf lf h’t vjcdf8 2
vfdhf ltblf7 lblb vflkj,f eylf uflfub[fljs bv obuyt,bcsdbc7 ’fkbfy lfvt[vfhf
pjubthsb bcnjhbekb afmnbc it]tht,fib8
2 hjvtkb obuyt,b0
 2 fb7 vfvfsmdtybc ,b,kbjstrblfy888 ,th’tybidbkbc 3cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf
lf ,thb’bc 3cfvw[bc [ehjsvj’qdhekb ’tukt,b48
2 dth lfbifkt tu vflkj,t,b7 hf [fhs tc mfkfmtkt,b= 2 [tkb xfbmybf vfdhfv8
2 itb’kt,f lfdfsdfkhj0 2 obuypt vbesbsf nfhbrjv8
vfijv obuyb vbexjxf7 ,bzvf [tkbc rfyrfkbs uflfifkf8
2 tcctyb dby fhbfy0 2 ufs[tkt,ekb sbsb rfwt,bc gjhnhtnt,pt uffwehf8
2 gbhdtkb vfvfrfwb tdhjgtblekb hfcbc ofhvjvflutytkbf7 hjujhw xdty9
vtjht 2 vjyqjkjblehb hfcbc7 vtcfvt 2 ytuhjblekb8
2 pyub0
2 /j8
2 ntkbdpjhib vbyf[fdc8
2 vt rb [tkbw xfvjvbhsvtdbf8
2 ifdb [tkb fmc0
2 ijrjkflbcathb7 [tkbcuekt,b rb eahj qbf8
2 v.dfhc irjkflb8 2 nfhbrjv ltlfvbcbcrty uffgfhf vpthf8
2 fewbkt,kfl ub.blb7 f[kf vbdlbdfh7 hjwf lfd,heylt,b7 vjubnfy8 2 vfijv
h’t ,jkjvlt lfkbf lf zbmbfyf cfvpfhtekjib itdblf8
2 ytnfb n.ebkfl fh b[fh]t,jlt8 2 vbf’f[f vfdhfv8
2 ijrjkflb ,tlybtht,bc athvtync itbwfdc7 jhufybpvb s[jekj,c ,tlybtht,bc
vwbht ljpfc8 nfhbrj rb fhf7 ,t,bfxtvb dth ’kt,lf ijrjkflbc ufhtit8
2 tdf7 ity ,t,bfw u.fdc0 2 cfvpfhtekjc rfhib vlufhb vfdhf
wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bs e.eht,lf yb;fhfcsfy lf[hbk vfijc8
2 vthtlf7 hjujhb888
2 hjujhb0
2 ujhjpb8 yfvldbkb rytbyff8
2 yfvldbkvf rytbyfv bwbc idbkbidbkbc flubkcfv.jatkb0
vfijv zbmf cfihj,pt lfluf lf yb;fhbc acrthc vbfxthlf8 hfqf fmbktdcbc
meckb7 hfqf fuytcf ,t,bfc afmnjhb8 at[v’bvj,f hjv fhf7 fsfc]th lfhtrfdlf7 vfuhfv
fuytcf rfksbs vj.dfybk yf,bzdfhc yfvldbkfl fh fgfnbt,lf8 dthw vfij fbnfylf vjhbu
lfvwbht,fc8 vfhsfkbf7 vij,bfhj,fvlt idblb sdt b.j lfhxtybkb7 vfijv vfbyw
cbhfmktvbc gjpbwbf fbhxbf8
2 wjw[fkb hjv [fh7 bc vfbyw bwbc0 2 wtw[kpt yfdsb lffc[f vfdhfv8
2 lfdhtrfd8
2 se ubylf vtpj,tkc dts[jdt,b vj,bkehc8
2 ye itoe[lt,bs7 ajcnblfy lfdhtrfd7 upfl vfbyw eylf ufdbfhj8
vfijv [tkb itbvihfkf lf lbl jsf[ib uflfbyfwdkf7 vfdhfw uf/.df8
2 bctd wb[bc cfyf[fdfl vb[dfk0 2 /rbs[f ,jnfct,bc xfwvbs lfrfdt,ek vfijc8
2 hf dmyf7 vfdhf ltblf7 pjub jrtfybc ufqvf ufh,bc ,fknbvjhbc veptevbc
cfyf[fdfl7 vt tc yfyuhtdt,b vbpblfdc8 vfvf ,fcbkcfw lfdef[kjdlb7 ueiby
vjyfcnthbc obyfvlt,fht nthbnjhbbc lfceasfdt,fib lfdt[vfht8
2 vjvbrdltc sfdb7 itysdbc hj v’bvt fh itb’kt,f0
2 v’bvt fh fvbotdbf7 vce,emfl dt[vfht,jlb8
2 mflt,b hjv ufufnfyj vfvf ,fcbksfy7 [jv fh lfufv’bvt,c0
2 cbfvjdyt,bs ofdbqt,8
vfdhfv ceasf mfqfklb vfublfpt ufifkf lf vjphlbkb mdf,blfy lbkbs
ufvjvw[dfhb mflt,b fvjfkfuf8
2 lf[dtekt,b [f[dbfybf7 [fzfgehc hjv /ufdc7 nr,bkbf8 sdbsjyfw zfvc7 bv
ufzbhdt,ek ,bzt,cfw eobkflt,c7 ufvjcojht,bc bvtlbs hjv lfenjdt,bfs sfdbfysb
rtht,b8 ofhvjvblutybf7 hjujh tyfnht,fs ltlbc yf[tkfdb888
 2 ueiby bctsb rdytcf ufvjlbjlf ths-thsb rtkbblfy7 vfvf ,fkbcb b’ekt,ekb
uf[lf lfcf[vfht,kfl ufmwtekb.j8
2 yfhrjvfyb bmyt,jlf7 ,txfdb888 vfufsb vjmwtdf ’ffy zbhc8 ufyf eylfs
yfhrjvfyj,f7 vfuhfv ofvfkc hjv fh brtst,ty welfl [lt,bfy7 kjvrfc hjv t’f[bfy7 tu
tvfhst,fs8 vfhnjrbyf vfvf ,fcbkb hfc uf[kt,f7 erdt ufyrehyt,ekb ,bzt,bw
t[vfht,bfy8
2 lfdb]thj7 bc vjqeiekb ,tht,b .jabkb yfhrjvfyt,b fhbfy0 2 vfijv sfcvt,b
itbrhf lf mdtdblfy f[tlf8
2 .dtkf fhf7 pjub hovtyfv vbb.dfyf vjyfcnthib7 pjub 2 ibivf lf
ebvtlj,fv8 ]th cfresfhb sfdb eylf lfb,heyjy7 vtht qvthsbc cb.dfhekb bcofdkjy8
hjwf abpbreh nrbdbkc dth thtdb7 ’ytkbf cekpt abmhb8 c[tekbc vjhxtyf se
vjf[th[t7 cekbcsdbcfw idt,ff8 2 vfdhf [vflf,kf kfgfhfrj,lf7 vfhnj qf,f,b eshsjlf7
sbsmjc tsfy[vt,jlf vjcvtybkc8 2 futhf7 vpflff8 2 mfqfklib itaesekb mflt,b gfhrib
itfwehf lf vfijc vbfojlf8
2 vjhf7 ufctbhyt,fpt hjujh [fh0 2 itvjut,t,ek ’fqkc lftrbs[f vfij8
vjhf gbhdtk hbuib gfhrbc ibusfdcbs lfbynthtclf7 vfuhfv vfdhfv
lfewfw[fyf lf ufvwbkt,kbc hjkc lfc]thlf8
yfwyj, jhqj,tc ufe.dyty8 oby ’fqkb7 erfy vfij8 bfkfqpt vjatybkb w[dhbc
afhf vbcfkjw ,fhfspt lf[fnek yf[fnc /ufdlf7 ijhblfy bctsb isf,tzlbkt,f bmvyt,jlf7
sbsmjc fh by’htjlyty8 vst,bc ]fzdb ybckc frfdt,lf7 sevwf ybckb ]benfl vjbotdlf
[vtktsbcrty7 cfwff ufmdfdt,ek w[dht,c lfafhfdlf8
fvbylb itbwdkt,f7 lffcrdyf vfijv8 cek n.ebkfl tibybf vfdhfc yfflhtdb
ufpfa[ekbc7 /fthib vjcfkjlytkb sjdkb ceyb bluf8 itvwbdyekb vpt sdfkcf lf [tkc
ief boeht,jlf fhfyfrkt, itvwbdyek wfib8
,fsmfixfvjibk flvbybcnhfwbek ityj,fib itf,b]f7 ajcnbc ufy.jabkt,f brbs[f8
ifkbc sfdcfafhib uf[dtekvf mfkvf7 lthtaybc ,jkjc uffupfdyf8
hjwf idbkbidbkbc [vf ufbuj7 fuytcfv vwbht [ybs lfrfhuf vtn.dtkt,bc
eyfhb8
2 ye utibybfs7 ,t,bf7 wjw[fkb dfh8
2 ity rb [fh wjw[fkb7 vfuhfv vt hjv vjdrdlt dby lfvbnbht,c0= 2 fuytcfv
cfcohfajl fqblubyf vjyfnht,ekb vtynjhekb njyb7 vfuhfv vfijc fh o.tybf8
2 vt8 2 egfce[f v[ytl8
2 bc vfbyw vbs[fhb7 cfl ufvjubupfdyjy ltgtif=
vfij ufxevlf8
2 fh ufusmdfv7 ye utibybf7 b.j fm ityb uflfhtekb it.dfht,ekb7 rbyfqfv
yba[fdblfy fvjvfulj7 vfuhfv hfw fh dbwjlb7 hfc dtn.jlb=
2 exf0
2 exf8 f,f7 bc cbhbcnbfyb ubukf bv lqbc vtht fh ufvjxtybkf8
2 ufvjlbc7 hjv uwjlyjlf7 tn.jlb8
2 bcts lqtib b.j cfo.fkb7 itb’kt,f ofvjvwltyjlf rbltw8
2 vjutojyf0 2 nexb vjbrdybnf vfijv8
2 hf ubs[hf888 bv pfpeyfc rb ]j,bf7 vujyb e.dfh[fh rbltw8 sevwf7
phlbkj,bs dth lfbrdt[ybc7 atsmt,flb [fcbfsbc xfyc7 cek ubyt,f frthbf gbhpt8
2 bubyt,jlf0
2 tuqf vfrkbf= vfuhfv next,bc vj’hfj,fpt dfn.j,lb7 thsb cekb fmdc8 vfij=
2 /j8 2 vfijv .tkib ufx[thbkb ,ehsb uflf.kfgf8
2 cfl [fh0
2 fo.ehib8
2 fo.ehib0888 hjvtkvf mfhvf uflfubchjkf vfu lfcfrfhuib0
2 thsvf qdsbcybthvf mfkvf itvbafhf8
 2 hf uzbhc ujuj c[dbcb itcfafht,tkb7 egfnhjyj [jv fh [fh0 2 to.byf
fuytcfc8
vfijc rb tcbfvjdyf8 ufvjlbc7 fhbc gfnbt,bc ifycb8 bmyt,0888 fhf7 ]th
flhtf8 fctsb hfqfwtt,b ntktajybs fh bsmvbc8
2 rbltd ltlfityvf lfhtrf7 hjv xfvjdf ctvbyfhblfy lfvbrfdibhltcj8
2 hjvtkb ctvbyfhblfy0
2 f,f7 hf vtsmdf7 xf,fht,ekb ,fdidb eupj-erdkjl lfbrfhuf-smj0 f[kf
vfufcsfy vfvfhskt,byt sfdb8 b’ekt,ekb ufd[lb vjvtn.et,byf8
2 rfhub ubmybf8 yf[dfvlbc fuytcf ,t,bf8
2 yf[dfvlbc rb fhf7 vfhnbc lfcfo.bcib fm hjv fh ufxylt7 bynthgjkc
lfuf.tyt, sfdpt8
2 ity fvfc fh bpfv8
2 dbpfv hjvtkbf= vfubcsdbc fvjub.dfyt bv oevgblfy7 cb,thtib vfhnj hjv
lfvfulj0 oytdbc ufvcby]fdb fh v.fdc7 cf[kbc lfkfut,fpt fqfhfathc dfv,j,8
2 xfvjdfk lf .dtkfathc fsvfufl fubyfpqfeht,8
2 fh xfvj[dfk lf lfu[dlt,f tc ,byf c[dbc cf[tkpt8 vjb’t,yt,bfy vcehdtkt,b8
2 ye bvemht,b8
2 c[df hf upfc vbnjdt,0
2 yf[dfvlbc8 2 vfij sfdlf[hbkb vbfxthlf fvjzvek kbyjktevc8 bmyt, fh eylf
f.jkjlf byufc ifynf;c7 bmyt,888 bctd tc ufehrdtdtkb bmyt,888
yfwyj,b yjvthb frhbaf8
2 fkj8 2 ufbcvf ybrfc [vf8
2 ybrf7 vfij dfh7 vbwfyb0
2 vfij= 2 b.dbhf ,bzvf8
2 hjujh [fh7 ybrf0
2 bct hf7 cofdkf lfbo.j888 /jlf7 lfdlbdfh crjkfib8
2 fh vbs[hf7 hjv utpfht,f=
2 vtpfht,f7 vfuhfv vfvbrjc fv,fdb [jv bwb7 ths lqtc fh vfwltybyt,c8
2 cfl fhbc vfvf0
2 cfvcf[ehib8
2 cf[kib vfhnj [fh0
2 /j8
2 ltlf vjlbc [jkvt0
2 bv lqtc crjkblfy ufvjvb.dfyf7 vtht dbvtwflbyts7 ’bkbc oby obuyb
ofvbrbs[f888
2 ithbulyty ityb vij,kt,b0
2 hf dbwb7 kfgfhfrj,ty8 flht fh kfgfhfrj,lyty7 f[kf rb8
2 yf[dfvlbc7 ybrf8
2 vfvfc hf des[hf0
2 fhfathb8 cekfw ye tn.db7 hjv lfdhtrt8
2 hfnjv0
2 rfhufl b.fdb8
2 vfij7 fh of[dblt7 lfvtkfgfhrt888
vfijv .ehvbkb lfrblf8 hj,jnbdbs ufvjdblf tpjib7 uekpt vb[ent,ekb mflt,bs8
.dtkfathb cojhbf8 exf wjkc itehbulf7 ybrf ,tlybthbf7 vfij 2 ptlvtnb8 bc7 hjv
vbcb idbkb evfvjl ufbphlt,f welbf7 vfuhfv dbcfw bvsfdbsdt fh bwyj,7 fhw
vjutyfnht,f8 cek c[dff ybrf7 hjvtkcfw vfvfc offhsvtdty v[jkjl bvbnjv7 hjv vfij fh
ofdblf lfsvj,fpt8 vfijv uffsfdbceakf upf exfc uekbcrty7 byuf sfdbceakfl
ufreynheilf fv upfpt8 crjkblfy ufvj.fdc7 pqfght,c erbs[fdc7 bmyt, vfhskf
ufvjcojht,bc upfpt lufc888
 2 /fv= 2 sfdb itf[ctyf vjhfv8
2 ofdblts8 2 vfijv sfdc ’fkf lffnfyf lf hfw itb’kt,f v[ytl ufe.df ifhfupfc8
.dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f8 cfyfv fhct,j,c wb[t wfib ufx[thbkb mjyueht,bs7
dthfathb vjthtdf8
qdsbcvij,kbc nf’hbc yfyuhtdt,sfy itxthlf8 cehdbkc7 [tkbs it[t,jlf mdbc
mdbibcath ptlfgbhc obyffqvltuj,f dth ufeobf7 fqvjcfdkts rtlkbc ahfuvtynsfy
vbdblf lf [tkbcuekt,b lfflj8 wjnf [fyc sdfklf[ezekb bluf7 tythutnbrbc ufwdkfc
lftkjlf 2 mdblfy 2 [tkib7 [tkblfy 2 uekib7 uekblfy 2 cekib8 bmyt, vj[ltc cfcofekb
lf hfqfw uff[ctyltc7 se v[jkjl cbpvhfl lft,tlf ofhcekib vjupfehj,f0
vwltkj,bc vbe[tlfdfl tythubt,bc ufwdkf dth itluf8 ndbyb ,kjrfdlf
utytnbreh byajhvfwbfc8 ybrfcsfy kfgfhfrbs ufvjodtekb ijrb [tkc eikblf
vj,bkbpfwbfib8
vfvf ,fcbkb flubkpt fh lf[dlf7 vfijv mflt,b vjhxbkc lfenjdf lf wb[bcrty
vbvfdfk ,bkbrc ufe.df8
2 ufv.jkb fh uzbhlt,f0 2 ief upfib cbrj lftobf8
bc fqfh /ufdlf rfd,jbc 3vfk,jhjc4 htrkfvblfy8 bc /ufdlf ufyltubkc8
vjphlbkb svf-odthb fcfrcf lf fcrtnbpvc vfnt,lf7 sdfkt,ib fqfh lf[njlyty eobyltkb
tivfreyt,b8 ufvj[tldf ufe[lf ahs[bkb lf cec[bfyb7 ,jkj qbkpt itrhekb ]dfkjc
gthfyub sbsmjc ufybiyt,lf 2 ’fkbfyfw hjv twfljs7 cekib fhfdbc xfuf[tlt,sj8 vfij
fhw wlbkf vbc cekib xf[tldfc7 fhw vfiby lfecdfdc itrbs[dt,b7 hjwf gbhdtkb
yf[dbs ufvjodtekf ijrvf ufefhf7 fhw vjudbfyt,bs8 bctlfw w[flb b.j7 hfv
ufvjbodbf cbrjc vjekjlytkb vtnfvjhajpf8
2 hfnjvfw fhf8 2 vj[tlf dthitvlufh vfpkc lf upf uffuh’tkf8
2 ueibyoby fhmtjkjut,bc lfnjdt,ek s[hbksfy lfubyf[t vfvf ,fcbksfy thsfl8
2 vfvf ,fcbkb .jabkb fhmtjkjubf8
2 vt .jabkb vtqdbyt8
2 vt ]th dth xfvjd.fkb,lb8 flht tmbvj,f vbyljlf7 lqtc fh dbwb8
2 hjujhw d[tlfd7 bcnjhbf ubnfwt,c8 2 cbrj jhb yf,b]bs lfobyfehlf8
lftkjlf8
2 ubylf-fh ubylf7 fyshjgjkjubf bcnjhbfcsfy ufrfdibht,c8 [jv eylf dbwjlt7
dbc ’dkt,sfy vfmdc cfmvt8
2 fh ubzbhc cjakfl w[jdht,f0
2 dwlbkj, itdtxdbj8
2 t8b8 ubzbhc8
2 fldbkb fhff8 fhfcjltc vbw[jdhbf c[dbc [fh]pt8 f[kf b’ekt,ekb dfh
rtsbkb7 vfuhfv ew[j flfvbfybc yf.blb lf ufrtst,ekb itdzfvj7 bv bvtlbs7 jltcvt
uflfde[flb cfvfubthjc8 2 vfijc ’t’dpt ofvjtlj ,jnfcbc sfcvf7 ofb,jh’brf8 cbrjv [tkb
itfidtkf8 vfijv fh itbvxybf7 ’t’db vjbijhf lf ’fqkc lfe’f[f8
vjhfv .ehflqt,f fh vbfmwbf7 wfib vjyfdfhlt dtt,f mjhc frdbhlt,jlf8
2 fhw vt db.fdb vbxdtekb fcts w[jdht,fc7 sevwf ]th]thj,bs c[df
ufvjcfdfkc dth d[tlfd8
2 bvbc smvf7 ubylf7 hjv yt,f.jakj,bs n.dtj,fib bv.jat,b0
2 hjujh ubs[hf888 ,b,kbehb bjct,b uf[cjdc0
2 rb8
2 bcbw ut[cjvt,f7 ’vt,vf hjujh xffultc jhvjib7 cflfw hfvltybvt lqbc
ufyvfdkj,fib vibth-vo.ehdfkb bnfy]t,jlf8 nfy]dfv [tkvtjhtl lf,flf7 ofhcekpt
xffabmhf7 cfresfhb sfdbc vbvfhs rhbnbrekb uf[flf888 ghtntypbehfl ;qthc7
vfuhfv lff[kjt,bs fctsbdt ufywlf vfmdc vtw8 bc7 hfw xfdblbyt7 xtvb w[jdht,bc
kjubrehb itltub b.j8 bjct,bc fh b.jc7 vfvfxtvcfw .dtkfpt vtnfl vt de.dfhlb888 2
xfbwbyf cbrjv8
 cbrj bjct,sfy fbubdt,c sfdc7 vt tdf lfdbhmdb7 ufbabmhf vfijv7 ,b,kbfc
denhbfkt,s7 lfrfhuekb w[dht,bdbs8
2 otqfy nf’hbc yfyuhtdt,sfy vjurfhb sdfkb7 rtltkc fotgt,jlb7 gtgtkfcfdbs8
kjwekj,lb0
2 fhf7 lhjbc ufhqdtdfc dwlbkj,lb8 ufvjubn.lt,b7 pju]th ewyfehb ituh’yt,f
vteakt,f7 sbsmjc tc cfereyt xtvb fh fhbc7 itvs[dtdbs vjd[dlb lf vfkt eylf
lfd,heylt8 fmfehj,f vtwyj,f7 fh dbwb cfblfy8888 [ibhfl dabmhj, bv nf’hbc
gbhdfyltk cf[tpt7 ofhvjdbluty [jkvt7 cfl b.j cfrehs[tdtkb7 cflbfrdyt7
cfvrdtskj888 2 vfij it.jdylf7 itfvjovf7 se vbcvtycj8 cbrj lfeafhfdb bynthtcbs
ecvtylf8 2 hfw vsfdfhbf7 v]thf cfresfhb ofhvjlutybc8 2 lffvfnf vjhw[dfl8
2 fhmtjkjut,bc lfcrdybs gbhdtkb atyf cflqfw vtw[ht-vtfst cfereytpt
vjlbc7 vtjht 2 vtwfvtnt-vtsjs[vtntpt8 ity hjvtk cfereytib [tlfd sfdc0
2 lfvwbyb0
2 fhw vbabmhbf8
2 pju]th vfrdbhdt,8
2 fk,fs abmhj,7 .jabkvf vtqdbytv cfblfy bwbc bcnjhbfj8 ufvjdbwfyb0 2
cbrjv ufvjvwltkfl it[tlf vbofc xfxtht,ek vfijc8 2 ufvjubn.lt,b7 vfvf ,fcbkbc
ufrdtsbkt,bf888 fmfehj,f se fh itb.dfht7 bct dth ufxthlt,bj8 /jlf7 dtwyj,b888
dwlbkj, ufdtwyj8 qdsbcvij,kbc nf’fhb7 hjvkbc gbhdfyltkb cf[t ityb [bkdt,bc
stvff7 .dtkfpt vtnfl jcvfksf ,fnjyj,bc lhjc lfpfhfklf7 bmfvlt vbobc’dhfc
lfeyuhtdbf7 vtht fqflubytc7 vtht bctd lfbyuhf888 vjvtwb [tkb8 2 cbrj s[hbkpt
uflf[njvfib ittidtkf8
2 fvfc se fh vb[tlt7 ,jkjvlt lfbyuhtdf8 2 vfijv nfmnbfyfl ufbsfdbceakf
[tkb8
2 htcnfdhfwbfc fphb fhf fmdc8 htcnfdhfwbf rb fhf afkcbabrfwbf
ufvjdf8 c]j,c f[fkb ffityj8
2 rjycthdfwbf [jv itb’kt,f0= 2 uff[ctylf vfijc8
2 gbhdtkfl vtcvbc8
2 rjycthdfwbf ’dtkbc l f[kbc itho.vff7 ew[jtsib vbqt,ekbf vcufdcb
ghfmnbrf8
2 fk,fs cthbjpek sfy[t,sfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb8
2 se lfbynthtct,ekb gbhb ufvjxylf7 sfy[fw vjbyf[t,f8 hfvltyflfw dbwb7
fcts ghjtmnt,c ’tuksf lfwdbc cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbf fcgjycjht,c8
2 vjdtlbs8 2 cbrj wb[bc vbcflujvt,sfy ufxthlf8
2 3it[bpyt,jlf vst,c mehlt,bdbs7 ufvjmdf,ekb lf v.elhjt,f48 2 vfij ,hn.tk
kjlpt xfvj]lf7 gbhbs wb[bcrty8 vjhf .eht,bc gfhn.eybs vjdfhlf7 nthbnjhbf vjybiyf
lf fmfsmfste,ekb lftidf vbofpt8
2 ufvjn.lb7 vfij7 hfc lft’t, fv wb[bc kf,bhbst,ib0
2 ptdbs fdblts lf vtht utn.db7 fm hfqfwyfbhfl vthblt,f8
2 dbcsfy uthblt,f7 ’fqksfy [jv fhf0
2 trpjnbrehb fpht,bc uflvjcfahmdtdfl bm eahj itcfathbcb ufhtvjf8
2 3ufvjmdf,ekb lf v.elhjt,f47 fhf0 rfhub8 afyfhb ufmdc0
2 w[flbf8 2 vfijv fvf.fl vbbn.fgeyf [tkb mehserbc uekbc ]b,tpt lf ofvjluf8
2 itdeluts0
2 itdeluts8
2 vfhnj fgbht,lb fm fvjcdkfc0 2 cbrjv gbhdtkvf itluf at[b rklbc mdtlf
cfat[ehpt8
2 rb8
2 fh utibyjlf0
2 dbcb0
 2 ye7 hf dbwb888 vtwb[jdytsf cekt,bc8 fv wb[bc lfwdfc fk,fs efvhfdb
vtwb[jdyt ittobhf8
2 vtwb[jdytsf cekt,b rb fhf7 fo.ehtkb vfvt,b vtcbpvht,f .jdtklqt lf bvfsb
fh vtibybf8 qfvbs xtvb cekb ofhcekblfy frtst,c htgjhnf;t,c8 vbylf ubs[hf7 cfrvfjl
lfvqktkbf7 lbkbs ufoehekb kbvjybdbs dfh8 2 vfijv ,jnfcbfyb at[bs itfvjovf mdbc
vtltuj,f8 wjnf v.batf7 vfuhfv ufe’kt,c8 /jgkf= 2 cflqfw vtstmdcvtnt cfereytib
wb[t jcvfkt,vf lfbrfdtc7 ofhvjvblutybf7 hfvltyb mfhsdtkbc cbc[kb lfbqdfhf0 !
&&) otkc hec-mfhsdtksf ufthsbfyt,ekvf kfimfhvf cwflf bthbib7 vfuhfv fhfathb
ufvjedblfs8 vjudbfyt,bs7 flhbfyfgjkbc [tkitrhekt,bc sfyf[vfl7 wb[t ufsfdbceaklf
jcvfksf ,fnjyj,bcufy8 fct b.h tc fv,fdb8
2 tivfrehfl fhbc fut,ekb tc wb[t7 2 ptdblfy xfvj[tlf cbrjv8 2 tn.j,f7
vityt,kt,vf bvsfdbsdt ufbsdfkbcobytc ’ytkfl vbcflujvb htkbtab8 ahs[bkfl7 fm
yfifkb mdff888 vjvtwb [tkb7 vjut[vfhj8 vjvtwb7 rtshjdfyb rb fh dfh8
vfijc obyffqvltuj,f fh ufeotdbf8 [tkb ufeojlf lf cfyfv ,jkjvlt fh fdblyty7
lfvjerblt,kfl cbfhekb fhw ewlbf8
2 vjdtlbs7 ,fnjyj8 rtsbkb b.jc smdtyb at[b fv mdf,ekib8 2 cbrjv
vbcfgfnb;t,tkb ;tcnb uffrtsf lf ifdfl lf,xtybk [dhtkib itf,b]f7 2 tc uf[kfdc xtvb
jhvjf7 fm dbuh’tyb sfdb bjct,fl8 udbhf,c wb[bc cbqhvtib it.fd[fh8 xfvj[nb7
hfqfc elut[fh0
vfijv afyhbc sdfkb jdfkehfl fvjzhbk [dhtkib vbvfhsf8 jrhj,jrhj rtltkpt
ytcnbcufy itzvekb zbirfhb t.elf7 xfhxjpt xfvjrjyobfkt,ekb ;fyubfyb ,jmkjvbs8
2 lfdb]thj7 fv udbhf,c vfhnj wb[bc cbqhvtib itd.fdfhs0 bmyt, cflvt
lfkemekb vqdbvtf fy cfblevkj ufcfcdktkb888
2 ye vfyfst, sdfkt,ib vfu afyfhc7 sfdb utcnfgjib vujybf7 lfrbs[dfpt8
vjvtwb7 fm vt dfh vfcgby’tkb8 2 cbrjv afyfhb ufvjhsdf lf lfcf]ljvbc ’t,yfib
vbb[tl-vjb[tlf8 2 f,f7 lfgbht,ek fv,fdc dtkjlt,b8
2 vjub.dt,b7 jqjyl7 se cfcfwbkjl vjutxdtyf7 itub’kbf uekib ufbwbyj7
sjhtv lfdahs[t,b lf lfdlevlt,b8 vjrktl7 ,f,efxtvbc fhmbdib byf[t,f fhf,tcrbc fckb7 tc
fhbc hsekb utjvtnhbekb abueht,bcf lf jhyfvtynt,bc rjv,byfwbf ofhotht,bfyb
xfyfhsbs8 2 xehxekbs lfbo.j vfijv8
2 fhf,tcrb7 rkfcbrehb wtrdbc ths-thsb gjpf vtujyf8
2 itb’kt,f fhbc rbltw7 fhf,tcrt,b ,tdhyfbhbf 2 ,th’yekb7 ujnbrehb7
,bpfynbehb888 xdty udfbynthtct,c7 xdtyb7 mfhsekb7 byajhvfwbbc vfnfht,tkb
ihban-rjlbs8
2 hf byajhvfwbfc0 2 cbrjc sdfkt,ib yfwyj,b7 rjd,jbctekb ufvjvtn.dtkt,f
ufrhsf8
2 fh ufvfif.bht,0
2 ye [fh bpvtyfib7 hf uzbhc cfif.bhj7 fvltyb hfvt bwb888
2 fhfathbw fh dbwb7 2 vfij vstkb nfybs vjnhbfklf lf hfqfw
ufycfresht,ekb7 cfptbvj ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs vbfxthlf8 ie,kpt xfvja[fnekb yfmcjdb
melbc ufvj sdfkt,b lblb lf itibyt,ekb exfylf8 qbf of,kbcathb kjrjyt,b wtkmfl t.fhf
v[ht,pt8 2 hfw vtn vfcfkfc dtwyj,b7 vbs vtnfl dhoveylt,b7 hjv ’fkbfy welfl
dthrdtdb bcnjhbfib7 fyshjgjkjubfib7 ,bjrhbvbyjkjubfib888
2 vt hjv vrbs[j7 tutw vtnbf8 ofhvjlutyf fh vfmdc hf fhbc
,bjrhbvbyjkjubf8
2 cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc fyshjgjkjubehb crjkf8 2 lfptgbht,ekb ufrdtsbkbdbs
xffhfrhfrf vfijv8
tctw ityb e,hfkj tmsfyb7 fqahsjdfyt,bs ufbabmhf cbrjv8 byufc hjv
/rbs[j7 exfv vjvcf[eht gthcjyfksfy uff,f hjvfyb8 cfqjk7 ,hfn= fcts 3vjvcf[eht
gthcjyfksfy4 vtuj,hj,fpt fhw sdbsjy bn.jlf efhc8
 2 vjrktl7 ,f,efxtvc [tkib xfedfhlf sfdbc mfkf7 hjvtkbw lblt,ek bdfyt
f,ecthbc’tc tresdyjlf8 2 ufyfuh’j vfijv8
2 /v7 xtvb obyfgfhb .jabkf=
2 ye7 vfufc vjudbfyt,bs lfdflutys8
2 tu hjujh0 2 ufrdbhdt,f dth lfvfkf cbrjv8
2 bc mfkf fyshjgjkjubehfl ufvjrdktekbf7 bub tresdyjlf vfvfrfwbc
jwlffsblfy jhvjw okfvlt7 hjvtkbw w[jdhj,lf vtsthsvtnt cfereybc vtjht yf[tdfhib8
fhmbdib byf[t,f svbcf lf ’dkbc ahfuvtynbw8 se ityb7 fy ityb hjvtkbvt yfstcfdbc
lyv lftvs[dtdf vbcfc7 fye vj[lf bltynbabrfwbf7 ufvjlbc7 cbc[kbs yfstcfdt,b
.jabk[fhs8 2 vfij lf;byt,bs vbfwmthlf rtltksfy xfwewmek cbrjc8 2 sevwf
vttzdt,f8 2 lffvfnf [vflf,kf8
2 hfnjv0
2 ufy[dfdt,f fcj-,uthf 3c4-ibf8 bcbyb f,ecthbc’tt,b b.dyty7 smdty 2
f,ecthb’tt,b7 bcbw ufcfhrdtdbf cflfehb 2 fzfhtkb se cfvw[tkb8 vfuhfv tc fh fhbc
vybidytkjdfyb8 vbcvbyt= bdfyt f,ecthbc’t eylf .jabkb.j ,bpfynbtkb lblt,ekbc
erfyjyj idbkb8 tc ,bpfynbtkb sfdbc lhjpt ,fcbkb rtbcfhvf ufvjupfdyf cflfj
nthbnjhbbc lfcfg.hj,fl8 bdfytc ltlf 2 vfhbfv ltljakbc ths-thsb ctatmfkb 2 wjkfl
uf/.df cf,f f,ecthbc’tc8 bwjlf se fhf7 fv erfyfcrytkvf cbyfvldbktib dbc idbkc
phlblf7 xdtysdbc ewyj,bf7 cfvfubthjl dbwbs7 hjv f[fkufphlf bdfyt cftzdj
dbsfht,fib ufhlfbwdfkf8 fhbc dthcbf7 hjv bc vjfrktdbyf vfvj,bkvf7 hjvtkcfw
sdfkib vjcdkbf h’fkb 2 cfv[tlhj cfmvtsf dfpbhbc7 xdtyt,ehfl7 ibyfufy cfmvtsf
vbybcnhbc 2 mfkbidbkb8 vtjht dthcbbs7 gjkbnbreh lfgbhbcgbht,fc /mjylf
flubkb8 fhbc vtcfvt dthcbfw7 vfhsfkbf yfrkt,fl lfvf]tht,ekb7 vfuhfv vfbyw
cfsdfkfdib xfcfult,b8 tc fhbc bdfytc vbth ]dfhjcyekb kfimhj,fib lfshtekb
yflfdkb8
cbrjv uh’kfl lfecndbyf8
2 vt hjv vrbs[j7 .dtkfpt lfvf]tht,tkb ,jkj dthcbff7 lf ,jkjcobyfw8 aekb lf
’fkfeakt,f ufyfut,c vcjakbjc7 vfibyfw fct b.j7 f[kfw fctf8
2 vt rb gbhdtkbcrty db[ht,b8
2 tc mfkehb ctynbvtynt,bf8 bvbc idbkb7 fvbc idbkb7 rfyjybthb7
erfyjyj888 vlff7 ]dfhjcyt,b7 hfbylt,b888 hf yflfdkbf fvbcsfyf7 uhffkbc sfcb [jv
fh ufvjf.jkf [tkc xtvvf obyfgfhvf0=
2 fh dbwb8 ,f,efc .dtkufy fhf fmdc vbsbst,ekb bcnjhbekb o.fhj7
uflfvjovt,f rb dth vjdfcofhb8 2 vfijv w[dbhb vjba[fyf8 2 pju]th vtxdtyt,f7 tc
.dtkfathb vbcb afynfpbbc yf.jab b.j8
2 hfqf lfubvfkj7 vtw fct vtxdtyt,f888 2 cbrj ifhdkbc aths[dbs
ofvjbvfhsf8 2 lfdbo.js itvjdkf7 sjhtv lfudbqfvlt,f8
jhbdtv dbohj udbhf,ib it.dbysf8 cbrjc mdtdbs vbtvfhsf afyhbc sdfkb7
vfij vbc yfrdfktdpt vblbjlf8
2 hbs lfvsfdhlf vtkjlhfvfnekb bcnjhbf0 2 erfyvje[tlfdfl /rbs[f cbrjv8
2 cbrdlbkbc oby7 bdfytc ltlfc lf cf,fc wjkc7 lfe,fht,bf h’fkb lf uflfewbf
fhf,tcrb7 cflfw bdfytc cbrdlbkbc yfvldbkb vbptpb b.j xfothbkb8 vbcbdt
s[jdybs7 fhf,tcrf bdfytc cfakfdbc mdfib xffleqf,tc8 ,f,efxtvvf fv mdbc yfnt[b
lfbshbf sfdbc mfkfcsfy thsfl7 vtjht yfnt[c rb dthcfl vbfuyj8 bvbcfsdbc7 hjv
,jkjvlt ufibahj byajhvfwbf7 cfzbhjf vtjht yfnt[b8 bdfytc ytinb fqvjxtybkbf
f[fkmfkfmbc hfbjyib7 xtvb dfhfelbs7 cflqfw f[kjvf[kj eylf b.jc cfudfhtkj
cfvfh[t,bw7 hjvkt,bw bcnjhbekb cbyfvldbkbc fqlutyfib lfudt[vfht,f8 hfw itt[t,f
bdfyt f,ecthbc’tc7 vbc ’dkt,ib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbco.fkb vjofvdkbc dthcbfc
flfcneht,c8
2 dsmdfs vjofvktc7 vtht xdty hf0
 2 fhfathb8 ufwjw[kt,bs dth ufdfwjw[kt,7 vfuhfv bc vfbyw vtwjlbyt,f7
hjujhb b.j 2 eiyj7 kfvfpb7 lf,fkb7 vfqfkb888
2 f[eht,888
2 fh df[eht,8 2 vfijv [tkt,b fbmybf7 bvltyfl fmnbehfl7 sbsb [jhrkbfy
rtltkpt uftrhf lf nrbdbkbcufy foreveneylf8
2 ahs[bkfl=
2 tu fhfathb8 2 sbsc cekb ite,thf lf tysepbfpvbs ufyfuh’j8 2 xtvb cf,jkjj
vbpfybf cfae’dtkb xfde.fhj gkfcnbrehb htrjycnhemwbbc kf,jhfnjhbfc8 ,f,efc
[tkyfotht,ib xfqhvfdt,fv bvltyb cfbynthtcj gthcfyf;b fvjfnbdnbdf7 vtujyf
cfsfduflfcfdkj hjvfyc drbs[ekj,lb8
fsb yf,b]bw fh tmyt,jlfs ufdkbkb7 vfij [tkvtjhtl lfpfhfklf8 fv]thfl
of[yfujdfy ufvjidthbkj,fc uf/rhf v[fhb8 3ahbo4 ufbcvf mcjdbkbc [vf8
2 utnrbyf0 2 sfyfuh’yj,bs lftrbs[f cbrj8
2 vto.byf7 rehnrf ufb[f8 2 vfijv [tkbs fybiyf7 upf uftuh’tkt,byf8
2 ivjhbc ceybf888 hfyfbhfl uflfflubklt,jlyty fv cbdbohjdtib0 hfvt hjv
b.jc7 [vfkcfw dth vjbmytdlf vtjvfhb888 2 cbrj rbltd hfqfwfc ,en,ent,lf7 vfuhfv
vfkt buh’yj7 vfij fh ecvtylf7 vtnbw7 fh vjcltdlf8
2 hfc frtst,0 2 ufc’f[f cb,ytktc8
2 vjs[jdt thsb tu afyfhb8 2 vfijv vjf[kjdt,ek cbrjc afyfhb ufvjukb]f lf
ytcnbfy rtltkpt uffchbfkf8 2 it[tlt7 hf ewyfehb ajhvbc mdff888 vfhsres[tlb8
2 hfnjvff ewyfehb7 xdtekt,hbdb mdff7 jqjyl vjphlbkb8 ufkfdybc yfisc
/ufdc888
2 hf eylf ufkfdfyc fv cbvfqltpt0
2 fm efvhfd cfvityt,kj atyfc offo.lt,b7 dby bwbc7 hfvlty]thff fqlutybkb8
2 fhf7 cbrj7 vt tc mdf xtvib bynthtcc bodtdc8 2 vfijc ufxfx[ekb sbst,b
mdfpt ufchbfklf8 tn.j,f dth lfrvf.jabklf lf xfbwewmf8 2 vjlb fm888 vjvtwb [tkb
lf vbs[fhb7 hfc uh’yj,0 2 gfce[c fh lftkjlf7 cbrjv vf]fib [tkb xffdkj
ufkfdybcvfudfhb rjycnhemwbbc mdti vbvfhsf8
2 hfc uh’yj,0 2 /rbs[f itsmvekbdbs8
cbrjv cehdbkb buh’yj7 bvltyfl vjekjlytkb7 ve[kt,vjhqdtekb xfbwewmf8
fk,fs bvfdtc ufybwlbc vodthdfkpt fcekb vsfcdktkb8 sfy e[fhbf7 sfy
ufbidbfst,ek /fthc bzthc ufvjvihfkb gbhbs8
2 vb[dlb0 2 ptl cfatsmtksfy lfcxehxekf vfijv8
cbrjc uff;h;jkf8
2 hfc0 2 cfresfhb [vf tew[jdf8 obyf w[jdht,fib ecfsejl uflfdbljlf itntdfpt7
cfsdfkfdibw fh xffult,lf gfhnybjhbc cehdbkc8 vfuhfv vfij fhw vrthlcfdct yfyf7
fhw rjvajhnekb ybyj8 vfij ifd udbhf,ib itvjahtybkb stshb .dfdbf8
2 abwhbcvfudfhb hfqfwff7 pecnfl mdbc erfy8 rfhbc ahfuvtync /ufdc8
2 rfhb7 hjvtkbw vsfib itlbc0
2 bmyt, vqdbvtf0= ofhvjblubyt7 cbrj7 fm itb’kt,f b.jc cfblevkj udbhf,b7
hjvtkbw itlbc vqdbvtib8 2 vfij ve[kt,pt lfluf lf v[hbs vbfodf8
eitltuj vwltkj,bc itvltu cbrjc vje[vj cfidtkfl8
cbrj e[fkbcjl vjnhbfklf8 hjujh fe[cyfc7 hjv vbcb cbf[kjt otkc mdtdbs
ehn.fdc8 hfnjvqfw bctsb ctmcefkehb txdtyf rtltkpt fwf[wf[t,ekb vfijc xhlbkb7
cbfvjdyt,bcufy lbfahfuvf ittrevif8 flht ufvjvodtdb mfkt,b vjcojylf 2 ths]thflb
mfkt,b7 ths]thflb dyt,t,b7 ths]thflb lqtt,b888 vfij cnf,bkehbf7 hjujhw ltlbc vbth
cff[fkokjl ufrtst,ekb ujpbyf.b8 ctmcefkj,f flfvbfybc ibyfufyb vlujvfhtj,ff8 vfij
ybzbthbf7 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht ctmcefkehb8
 2 lfut’byf0 2 itc’f[f vjcfkjlytkb fqvjxtybs f;bnbht,ekvf vfijv7 hjvtkcfw
dth ofhvjtlubyf hf [lt,jlf ufyltubkfl ithfw[ekb vfvfrfwbc uekib8 2 vjvt[vfht7
hfqfc elut[fh0
thsfl vbfodyty fvjxtvt,ek vfhsres[tlc7 vfuhfv ’dhf dth e.dtc8
2 fh v]thf8 2 vfijv ufvjidthbkj,bc mdti xf]lf lf ybrfgb ve[kt,c vbf,]byf8
cbrjv lfzvezyekb rjkjab fvjbqj ifhdkbc ]b,blfy8 vjerblf8 vfijv
ufrdbhdt,ekvf it[tlf8
2 hfc vjvxtht,b[fh0 2 sdfkt,b vjzenf cbrjv8
2 vbrdbhc7 cbufhtnc hjv totdb8
2 hfnjv0
2 frb ,thfl fgbht, itlujvfc0
2 dby ubs[hf0
2 f,f7 fm hf ubylf0
2 eobyltk w[jdht,fc ufvjdtmtwb7 vfuhfv tc fh ybiyfdc7 hjv ,thfl
fqrdtwfc dfgbht,8 thbcrfwj,fibw itb’kt,f qbhctekfl w[jdht,f8
2 mfkfmib fgbht, lf,heyt,fc0
2 hfnjv mfkfmib0 2 cbrjv afyfhbc ufyfst,ekb sdfkb zthib vbvfhsf8 2
lfdcf[klt,b fo.ehib7 ths rfhu cjaktk ujujc vjdb.dfy wjkfl7 ’hj[fc db.blb7
rfhnjabkc lfdstcfd7 vjcfdfkc fdbqt,888
2 fh fhbc welb bltf8
2 ity bw[jdht,lb cjatkib0
2 uffxybf888
2 ufvjv.tdb wjkfl8
cbxevt xfvjdfhlf7 hjujhw ztmf-me[bkbc oby8 htfmwbfv fh lff.jdyf7
vfijv afyfhb [tkblfy ufvjcnfwf lf sfdgbhbcvndhtdbs ufbmwf ufcfcdktkbcrty8
2 vfij= 2 lfe’f[f cbrjv8
vfijc fh vje[tlfdc8 at[t,bc n.fgeyb ]th f[kjc bcvjlf7 vtht eahj ijhc7 ,jkjc
vbo.yfhlf8 ufahbylf stshb .dfdb7 uftwfkf8 ereyib ufvjvo.dt,ekb cbrj vfhnj[tkf
vutkbdbs f.vedlf8

222

jhcfhsekbfyb cf[kb vfycfhlbs7 hjvtkcfw exf f,ecthb’t esdfksdfkt,lf7

cjkjkfrib bluf8 cojhtl fv cf[kib ufexbyfhlf thsb cffsbc oby tkbcj vjcfidbkb8
cf[kb tzdc bodtdlf8 ;fkepxfvjafht,ekb afy]ht,bc vbqvf fhfathb xfylf7
sbsmjc bm itcekb flfvbfyt,b gfhfktkeh cfv.fhjib exbyfhlt,jlyty8 fhflf7 tkbcjc
ufhlf cfvb vfvfrfwb itdblf7 erfy rb fhw thsb fh ufvjcekf8
fb7 thsbw8 mfkb nekep kjnhtrbc ufkthtblfy 2 .dbstkb svf7 obskfl
itqt,bkb next,b7 vtkybcath gfknjpt itvj[dtekb ajhsj[kbcathb ,jf8 meckt,bc gfrb-
gerbs ufbfhf rtyzt,bs vjrbho.kekb tpj lf rfhib itahs[bfklf8
itcekb fh b.j7 fkf.fasfy dthw[kbcathvf 3,ttvdtv4 lffve[hezf8 cfvb
xfgbyudbyt,ekb vfvfrfwb tythubekb yf,b]bs uftvfhsf bvfdt rfhbcrty8 cfvbdtc
cfmvbfy-aekbfyb it[tlekt,f /mjylf8
rke,bf7 rfpbyj se hf ]fylf,ff7 bynthtcbs ufbabmhf exfv8 fvfcj,fib
cf[kblfy thsj, cjkblehb udfvb ufvjdblf8 jhvjwlffsbjlt okbc rdflhfnekcf[bfyb
vfvfrfwb 2 nbgehb cf[tkvobaj vj[tkt7 rfhufl yfcdfv-yfzfvb lf vfbyw ervf.jabkj8
rfwvf hfvltybvt vtnhb ufbfhf7 dbohj ierfib ite[dbf lf lf,bylek ieibfyb
3vthctltcbc4 erfyf cfkjyib lehsf sfdb8 vfymfyf fh lf’hekf8 exfv tkbnfhekb
yjvht,b vj,bkehib vjybiyf lf bctd lftkjlf vjdktyt,bc ufydbsfht,fc8 lff[kjt,bs [es
oesib rb,tpt sfdfl tkbcj vjcfidbkb ufvjxylf7 vfh]dybd ite[dbf lf bcbw
3vthctltcib4 it[nf8 vfymfyf h,bkfl lfb’hf lf sdfkc vbtafhf8
rfpbyj sef7 f,hf tmyt,f8 bmyt, lf[ehekb stfnhbf7 cffdnjhj7 vfhnj
hxteksfsdbc8 vfiby tmyt,f ,bybc cfmbhfdt,ekb aekb888 ubjhubc lfcfifynf;t,ekb
utuvfw fmdc888 fv ujujc .dtkfathb fmdc7 yfvecbc ufhlf8 dbqfw vfhsfdc8 bc
ufv’qfhb ,fnjyb [jv fhf7 vthcib hjv lffcdtyf sfdbcb qhvflgfnbdwtvekb cf]ljvb0
bmyt, ubjhubv vjdktyt,c lffcohj7 hjwf tkbcjc obyfcofh ufye[flf efhb
fldjrfnj,fpt8
exfv sfdbcb 3]bgb4 cbuyfkbpfwbfpt lff.tyf lf blevfkb cf[kbcrty lfb’hf8
vjvwhj tpjib ltrjhfnbekb vwtyfhtt,b [fhj,lyty7 j,j,fc mctkbdbs ufikbkb udbvhf
cf[kbc afcflc udthlblfy xf[ent,jlf lf vjsvbyt,bs tkjlf ufpfa[ekbc lflujvfc8 itv[vfhb
rtyothjt,b erdt vtjht cfhsekbc fbdfyc ehn.fvlf8 fmfehj,f pfa[ekib bmyt,f rfhub
cfyf[fdb7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib ufhtlfy8
pfhc ,hjybht,ek rfhpt vbfuyj8 jhbjlt oesib pqeh,kpt ,kfy;bfyb nbgb
uft’hj8 ceasfl ufgfhcekb7 xf/fkcne[t,ekb7 kfmbc vjrfcbyt,bs8
2 ubcvtys8 2 lftrbs[f vndhbfy ,fsbyrt,cf lf rfgbeijybfy mehserib vlufh
exfc7 hjvtkbw cekfw fh njdt,lf htcgtmnf,tkehb rkbtynbc isf,tzlbkt,fc8
2 vfvfcf[kbct,bc j]f[b fm w[jdhj,c0 2 /rbs[f7 hfw gbhdtkb vjedblf sfdib8
hflbjib ecvtylf dbqfw vfvfcf[kbcbc ktmwbfc tsybrehfl ceasf lf fhfceasf tht,bc
itcf[t,8 cfrvfjl cfbynthtcj fpht,c fahmdtdlf7 bvbnjvfw lffvf[cjdhlf8
2 fhf7 itutifkfs8
2 pecnfl tc vbcfvfhsb vbs[htc7 ufvjhbw[ekbf itvikj,f8
2 uflffvjovts8 2 ,kfy;bfybc vwltkj,f rfhb w[dbhoby vjtrtnf7 vfhw[bs
lfvsfdhlf7 hflufy exfv qhbzjib at[bc lflt,f vjfcohj8
2 thsb oesbs7 ,hfn7 thsb oesbs888 j]f[bc eahjcc lfe’f[t7 hf0 tmyt, udfhb
vtikt,f8
2 j]f[bc eahjcb ew[jtsibf8 yt,bs of[dfk se gfnhekc ufvjde’f[j0
exfv at[b ufvjcobf8 [vfehbc fnt[f fh fo.j,c8 pjubthsb zbhb vfhut,tkbfj
lf7 gfnheksfy lfrfdibht,bs gjkbwbfib vjveifdt rkfctkb7 sjhybrt uff[ctylf8 rfhub
b.j ,fdidj,fib vfstvfnbrbc cfrjynhjkjt,c hjv eothlf7 ifhify eafcj ghjtmnb lfbshbf
ofdrbcbc dbkbcsdbc888 bc ghjtmnb7 .dtkfpt wjnf7 cfvb fsfcb ljkfhb qbhlf8
exfv aekb fh ufvjfhsdf7 sdbsjy ufbcnevhf fhmbntmnjht,b8
mexbc ufcodhbd7 ,jhlbehpt xfvj]lf lf vtybeib sjhybrtc yjvthb vjb’bf8
2 ,jhjnvjmvtlt,bc hbc[dfc df[kfdfh= 2 vbtcfkvf gjkbwbbc dbwt-
gjkrjdybrc8
2 j/7 f,ecthb’tc ufevfh]jc8 2 uffujytc bmblfy8
2 hfdf [fh7 ]bufhj0
2 vnthc hjv ufe[fhlt,f7 bct8
2 hf mtyb7 vbfvsfdht ofdrbcekb fgfhnfvtynt,b0
2 sjhtv fh lfugfnb;t yfdfctkbfpt fv pfa[ekc0= fh vj,h’fylb7 ,fnjyj7
gjkbwbtksfy ’vfrfwj,fc sfrbkj,8 fhflf7 vstkb ’fkjdfyb sfbuekb bm b.j7 vbybcnhb
lf c[df odhbkat[j,fw8 2 f[dby[dbylf sjhybrt8 2 /j7 t[kf7 xfvj.fzt hfw ubylf7
vjcfrbs[fl hjv fh lfvbhtrt7 [vfpt ufn.j,8
2 fct vtn.j,f0
2 vblb7 vblb7 ye bghfyzt,b888 [jv bwb7 erfy fh lfdb[td8 dby fhbc
lfcf,htlb7 lfcfzthb7 lfcfaths[b888
2 thsb cf[kbc ofhvjvfkj,f vfbynthtct,c7 dth vbd[dlb7 rfpbyjf7 cfcnevhj
se cfw[jdht,tkb cf[kb8 vbcfvfhsc utn.db7 ity gfnhjybc dbyfj,f ufvbut8
2 lfdfb8
 lfvsfdht,ekb fh /mjylf vbcfvfhsbc rfhyf[b7 .ehvbkbc vtjht v[fhtc [fh[fhb
fn.lf8
2 hf ufwbyt,c7 it xtvf=
2 f,ecthb’t7 it ujbvj888 2 uflf,;bhlf sjhybrt8 2 ityw bn.db7 s,bkbctkb
rfwb dfhj8 ufabwt, ltlbc cekc7 dby lfurfhudbf vfu ,eyfuib0
2 vjhxb ity gjkbwbeh inert,c7 vfbyw dth ufvjvnt[fd8 2 itenbf exfv8
2 hf uzbhc7 ,bzj7 ufvjcfnt[b= vfuyfbhb tkbnfhekb cfhjcrbgj vstk
cfmfhsdtkjib fh vjbyf[t,f8 sfdvj.dfht rfwb ths[tk vfbyw .jabkf vfu lfotct,ekt,bc
cnevfhb8 vfhsfkbf7 afct,b br,byt,f7 vfuhfv otkboflib thsb-jh]th qbhc cfj[hbc
uf[fkbct,f8 vtht hjujhb rfyatnbdbs ujujt,b /.fds8 cegth-tmcrkepbd8 ba= hf b.j7 it
xtvbc n.ekfbkf7 tyf xfubdfhlf0 fh .jabk[fh lf ubn.lt,f0
2 vbn.lt,f rb fhf888 2 exfv cek c[df sdfkbs it[tlf cehjbfy cf[kc8 hf lblb
ndbyb eyljlf bvbc vb[dtlhfc7 hjv fm tktvtynfkehb ghbnjybf8 2 se tuhtf7 hfnjv
fh itvbidtc0 2 ewt, uf,hfplf8
2 f,ecthb’t7 it ’dtkj888 dthf7 dth ufvj[dtlb mhjybrehb ,fdidj,blfy8 hjujhb
ljqhbfkfw b.fdb7 tutsb lfhxb8 2 itvo.yfht,kehb bhjybbs ufyfuh’j sjhybrtv8 2
dby itufceybyt,lf mexblfy vjcek rfwc0 bm ,epb dth itahbylt,f htrjvtynfwbbc
ufhtit8 bwb7 hf [fk[bf vfu lfotct,ekt,bc rkbtynt,b0 t/t/ttt888 ,fyrbht,b7
vfqfkxbyjcyt,b7 ,bpytcvtyt,b7 aekbfyb ew[jtkt,b7 dbg gthcjyt,b888 sfyfw bct rb
fhf7 hjwf vjtghbfyt,fs7 cbfib totht,bfy7 ity [fh xtvb ,fnjyb7 obyfcofh
[dfyxfklt,bfy888 sevwf7 uf[dfyxfkt,bc cfiefkt,f bmfwff8 ]frepb ubylf7 fepb
ubylf7 cfeyf7 vfcf;b7 vfs ijhbc nfbkfylehb8 [f7 [f7 nfbkfylehb vfcf;b mfhsekb
cjecbs888 ba7 cfqthqtkb fvbifkt fv ufmfyt,ek cfveifj cffst,ib8 ity hf ubs[fhb=
2 sjhybrt7 hjujh itb’kt,f vfyl vj[dtlhf0
2 vjutodf0
2 c[df hfvtibf cfmvt888 lbhtmnjhsfy vbylf lfkfgfhfrt,f8 se vfvfif mdbf
vfufs itatcfc0
2 vfhnj lfkfgfhfrt,f ubylf7 it xtvf0 cfmvtib xflt tu ityb jhvtnhbfyb
rjyabuehfwbf7 fh byfyt,7 ,888idbkb db.j8
2 dyf[js7 itb’kt,f xfdlj rbltw8 uffxybf cbnefwbfc8 xfvbo.j,0
2 hjlbcsdbc ubylf0
2 f[kf7 fv oesib8
2 df7 gf;fhbf0
2 rb8
2 fs oesib uflvjvbhtrt8
exfv ,jhlbehblfy vfymfyfib uflfbyfwdlf8 tkbcj
vt’fdbf8 tc thsb8 cfdfhfeljl vfc itvjfrdlf fy ufyphf[ vjrkf rfhbc vtpj,tkb8 fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht7 vrdktkbwff8 tc jhb8 vtcfvt 2 ifynf;bcnb8 vfuhfv ifynf;b fh totht,f
cfthsj gfkbnhfib8 cfcehdtkb fldjrfnbc lfcfshtdfl ifynf;c fh vbvfhsfdty8 hfqfw
c[df cmtvf brdtst,f bv fdflcf[ctyt,tk ajnjt,ib7 hjvtksf ufvjvpteht,bsfw tkbcj
ubjhubc lftvemhf8 hf [tbhbf vbcsdbc ubjhubc j]f[bc lfyuhtdf0888 dsmdfs7
gbhflb iehbc’bt,f8 bmyt, ytkbrjv yfif lffothf7 bvfy rb uekib ,jqvf xfblj7
cfvfubthj uflfe[flf7 fct dsmdfs8
cnjg8 fh dfhuf8 vt’fdc fh fmdc ufydbsfht,ekb cfresht,bc uh’yj,f8 dbyw
aekc uflfe[lbc7 vbcbf8 iehbc’bt,bc dfhbfynb ufvjbhbw[f8
f[kf c[df v[hblfy vbdeluts8 dsmdfs rjnt888
c[df dfhbfynbc ufydbsfht,f sjhybrtc pfhvf uffo.dtnbyf8
2 utkjlt,bfy7 itub’kbf vb[dblt8 jqjyl ufahs[bkt,7 ptlvtnt,b fh b.jc7
ghjnjrjkbc itcfathbcfl bvjmvtlt8 vbojkf-vjojkf7 ghfdt,bc rfxfdb7 fvjbult
sfdblfy8 vfu lfotct,ekt,fc7 cthbjpekb vafhdtkt,b /.fdc8 vjndyt0
 2 vjdndbyt7 [j8 2 exfv wfkb sdfkbs lffabmcbhf fkf.fasfy ufxtht,ekb
vfymfyf lbgkjvfnbehb yjvht,bs8 2 thsb s[jdyfw vfmdc5 vfymfybc vfhrfc lf
yjvthc utn.db lf vakj,tkb lfvblubyt8
2 fepbc ghjtmnb ityptf8
2 hjvtkb fepbc0
2 hjvtkcfw ofdrbcib lfvbghjtmnt,8 fv lqtt,ib dfgbht,lb itysfy itvjh,tyfc7
hf xtvb ,hfkbf se lfvfcofhb8
fhfathcfw fh fgbht,lf7 e,hfkjl cfhut,tkbc ufhtit cfmvbc ufrtst,f fh
ite’kbf8 fctsbf sjhybrt8 w[jdht,blfy .dtkf cbrtsbc ufvjukt]f cehc7 tvfyl dbyvtv fh
lffcohjc8 itvs[dtdbs ufvlblht,ekb flfvbfybc acbmjkjubf fmdc8 crjkfibw fctsb
b.j7 cek c[dbc cbufhtnpt b]lf8
2 sfyf[vf dfh8 2 smdf [vfvfqkf8
2 hfqfw welfl lfvtsfy[vt7 hfvt [jv fh uto.byf7 f,ecthb’t0
2 ye otkfd lhjc7 lfvblubyt bv nbgbc dbyfj,f8
2 vfiby bctd fs oesib uflvjubhtrfd8
cehjbfyb cf[kbcrty vbvfdfkvf exfv erdt bwjlf7 dbc vfymfyfib xf]lf
stfnhfkehb bycnbnenbc cneltynb tkbcj vjcfidbkb8 tc uf[klfs cffgtkfwbj
ltgfhnfvtynbc eahjcb gtnht ujuhbzbfyb7 rfwb7 hjvkbc vjflubktj,fc ubjhub
f,ecthb’t fgbht,lf8 fb7 cfl fhbc ’fqkbc sfdb lfvfh[ekb7 fb7 cfl888
rfhb bctd bv ,kfy;bfyvf uffqj8
2 xtvc itcf[t, smdtyb eahjcj,f uffahs[bktc8
2 udfhb8
2 vfyexfh f,ecthb’t8
2 gbhflj,bc lfvflfcneht,tkb vjovj,f8
2 vfhsdbc vjovj,f fh ofdf0
2 ofdf8
,kfy;bfyvf vjovj,fc xf[tlf7 lf;byt,ekb vpthf lffhzj7 ervf.jabkj lfhxf7
vfuhfv ityj,fib iteidf8
vtnfkjltntmnjhpt itvjovt,bc itvltu exf [esdfhcrdkfdbfyb cfcnevhjc rdfpb
dfhbfynib fqvjxylf8 /jkbc wtynhib vhudfkb epehuj nf[nb bluf8 jmhjsb
vjdfhf.t,ekvf cfhrtt,vf exfc ofh,t,lfmfxekb abpbjyjvbf lffabmcbhf8
2 ufvjv.tdbs8 2 ,kfy;bfyvf lfh,fpb uflfrdtsf lf obstkb [bc rfhb itfqj8
rfhb e[vfehjl vbb[ehf7 exf ,fhjrjc cnbkib uflfo.dtnbk rf,bytnib fqvjxylf8
h’bcath vfublfcsfy kjnhtrbc mfkb b]lf8 bbcathb gfknj lbdfy-cfdfh’tkpt tulj7
vjmybkb sbst,b v[fhpt uflflt,ek ajhsj[kbcath ,jfc fsfvfit,lf8
2 rtsbkb b.jc smdtyb vj,h’fyt,f8 2 mfkvf ibyfehekfl ufeqbvf8 lf,fkb7
[hbyoyfhtdb [vf /mjylf7 ufwbkt,bs cfcbfvjdyj7 dblht ufhtuyj,f8
2 lbf[8 2 ertstcb dthfathb vjbabmhf8
gbhdtkfl b.j fcts blbjneh cbnefwbfib8 mfkb v.dbhfkf vfrbf;bs ’ytkfl
totht,jlf vlblhek bynthbthib8 tatmnc rtltkpt ufrhekb yf[fnt,b fv’faht,lf8
vfhvfhbkjc ,e[fhsfy ptsbc cfqt,fdbs itchekt,ekb ,jc[bc rjgbj trblf7 wyj,bkb
nhbgnbmb 2 nr,j,bc ,fqb7 vjudsf sf.dfybcwtvf7 cfvjs[t8 wleyt,bc stvf
cgtwbfkehfl se b.j itvjult,ekb8
2 gbhdtkfl [fhs xdtysfy0
2 lbf[8
2 lf,h’fylbs lf ye qtkfds7 fm bvbcsdbc dfhs7 ghj,ktvt,bc vjudfht,fib
vjut[vfhjs8 tc fhbc xdtyb cfveifj8 recf7 vbfojlt crfvb cnevfhc8
exfv afy]hbc hfafpt lfcregekb lblsfdf vfvfrfwb lfbyf[f8 rfwb vfhlfl
xfvj[nf8 fqvjxylf7 sfdb rb fh /mjylf lblb7 e,hfkjl ]e]f b.j8 hotdf-hotdbs
uflfflubklt,jlf7 vjrkt at[t,c ezbhlf uh’tkb otkbc pbldf8 exfv sdfkb uff.jkf8
sbsmjc sfdfl kjnhtrvf ufybwflf htbyrfhyfwbf lf ,tlbc bhjybbs dbqfw recfc
c[tekib fqvjxylf8 futh7 sfdbcb vepfw egjdbf 2 rkjeytcf if-be-rfj8 3vekty he;bc4
bvbnfwbfw vjbo.dtc8
2 ufvfh]j,f7 vt recf vmdbf7 ity0 2 rfwvf crfvb lfelj lf [tkb ufeojlf8
2 vt888 vt exfc vt’f[bfy8 2 exfv [tkb xfvjhsdf7 hbcsdbcfw otkib vj[hf
vjeobf8 actdlj kjnhtrb lfv]lfh ’fqkpt lf,fkb bmyt,jlf8
2 fcb uhfvb rjybfrb cbv[ytdbcsdbc0888 2 lftrbs[fcfdbs rkjeytcf8
2 fhf7 vflkj,s8 ]j,c cfmvtpt uflfdblts7 fh vfmdc ,tdhb lhj8
2 ghtbcrehfynb obyfcofh ufufwyjs se vjudbfyt,bs ofhvjublubyjs
fyufhbib0
2 vjudbfyt,bs8
2 yfqlb fyufhbibs8 2 itfgfhf mfkvf8
2 w[flbf8 2 exfv yf’fkfltdfl ufeqbvf8 mfkvfw qbvbkib ufzbvf fkbcathb
next,b8 hfqfwyfhb efcfrj b.j7 hjujhw .dtkf vtnbcvtnfl vjyljvt,ekb vfvfif8
2 hfbvt ufycfresht,ekb vjs[jdyf ufmds se xdtyc utvjdyt,fc lft.hlyj,bs0
2 gbhflfl vbylf fdbhxbj itcfathbcb rfylblfnehf8
2 hf smvf eylf7 vcufdcb cehdbkb xdtyb cthdbcbc vybidytkjdfyb
yfobkbf8 2 fv cbn.dt,bs rkjeytcfv vjphlbkb fk,jvb xfvjbqj lf jhfphjdfyb
ufvjvtn.dtkt,bs uflffojlf8
tkbcjc ajnjgjhnhtnc vfkt vbfuyj8 vjvfdfkb vcf[bj,b cfrvfjl uekf[lbk
gjpfib uflfojkbkb.j ajhw[dthbc ,todbc uflfcfafht,tkpt8
2 fb7 tc ujuj vbylf8
2 rfhub utvjdyt,f umjybfs8
2 vtw fct vujybf8 hf /mdbf fv ujujc0
2 tktjyjhf8 fk,fs [dlt,bs7 hjv gbhj,bsb cf[tkbf8 yfvldbkb dbyfj,bc7
vbcfvfhsbc7 j]f[ehb vlujvfht,bc ufvjhrdtdfc n.ebkfl ye twlt,bs8 recf7 vbfwbkt
,fnjyb f,ecthb’t tktjyjhfc fgfhnfvtynt,ib8
2 j rtb8 2 ]e]fv lbl,fksbfyb mfvfhb itbcojhf lf [tkbs vbcfgfnb;t,tkb ;tcnb
uffrtsf8
exf wjnf fh b.jc lfb,yf8 tktjyjhf-tkbcj yf[tdfhb cffsbc oby ufvjdblf welb
htgenfwbbc lfotct,ekt,blfy7 jhtekc [jv fh fntybfy tc vekty he;tkb ghjdjrfwbt,b0
vbc utuvfib vfvfif-rkjeytcfc vjc.bldf itlbjlf lf fhf yfieflqtdbc jhubt,b vbcbdt ’vbc
lfvqegdtksfy8
2 [jv fh uflfbabmhts0 2 rkjeytcf crfvblfy ofvjbvfhsf lf akfvbyujc
yf,b]t,bs exfc vbef[kjdlf8 vjnrtwbkb cnhtb]t,b dbohj xtmvfib xftnybf8 otkc
mdtdbs ufwbkt,bs f[fkufphlekfl ufvjb.eht,jlf 2 dbohj st’jt,b7 yfdfh]bitdb
at[t,b7 ,hn.tkb vewtkb8 ,j,jmfhb ofhcekbc gthbgtnbt,b cf[tpt lfktmbkb.j8
exfv sfdb uffmybf lf ecbn.djl uf/.df lfobyfeht,ek recfc8 dhwtkb /jkblfy
recfv rjhbljhib ite[dbf7 vzblhjl vj[ehekb rfht,t,bc hbub ufbfhtc lf vtnfkbc dbohj
rb,tc xfe.dyty8
2 vstkb vbobcmdtif bvgthbf umjybfs8 2 uferdbhlf exfc8
2 bvgthbf [vfvfqkb yfsmdfvbf7 e,hfkjl fh udbylf rkbtynt,b thsvfytsc
ittxt[jy7 fvbnjvfw udbotdc kfdbht,f8
2 .dtkfathpt ubabmhbfs8
2 gbhdtk hbuib rkbtynbc ecfahs[jt,fcf lf rjvajhnpt8 ye itufibyt,bs tc
rfnfrjv,t,b7 ibuybs cek c[df cehfsb lfu[dlt,fs8
lff[kjt,bs jhb cfhsekb xfbfhtc vbobc cbqhvtib8 upfl fhfdby it[dtlhbfs8
recfv hrbybc rfhc cfrtnb vjfhuj lf vfuhfl ufvjmfxf8 rfhb zhbfkbs ufbqj8 cehfsb
vfhskfw ewyfehb lf[dlfs 2 ]fhbcrfwbc dbohj yfhb7 wbwmyf vfublf lf fhw thsb
afy]fhf7 hjujhw cfrfyib8
 tc hf fhbc0 eyljlf trbs[f exfc7 vjnhbfkt,f lffgbhf7 vfuhfv dth vjfcohj7
hfqfw v’bvt lftidf vbc vbfvbn sfdpt lf bmdt ufsbif8

222

]th b.j chekb cb,ytkt8 cb,ytktc stshb rfynb ufvjt.j lf v’bvbcvfudfhb

vjyf[fpb uffrtsf8 vtht cb,ytkt itbrevif7 vjhtdbdbs lfnhbfklf lf xbyehb cbv,jkjc7
bybc lf bfybc ajhvf vbbqj8 3byb mfkehb cfo.bcbf7 buekbc[vt,f cb,ytkt7
cbwbdt7 cbcdtkt7 gfcbehj,f7 lfsvj,f884 vfijc [vbs qfqflt,lf cbwfhbtkt7 3bfyb 2
vfvfrfwbc cfo.bcbf7 buekbc[vt,f cbyfskt7 cbvihfkt7 cbvfuht7 fmnbehj,f888 vt
byb dfh7 ity 2 bfyb8 vt lf ity dthfathb lfudfijht,c888 exf7 fh vbcvty04 uf,hfplf
[vf8
lfvtyf[t7 eyljlf t.dbhf exfc7 vfuhfv cbn.dbc yfwdkfl hfqfw ,ke.eyf
,utht,b fqvj[lf8 ifd-stshvf cbv,jkjv vrfabj rjyneht,b vbbqj7 vfijc [vf rb
xfvemt,ekvf vjhtdvf isfysmf8 hjujhw bmyf ufa[hbof mesesjt,b8 gbhdtkfl
vjtxdtyf7 hjv crfvpt otqfy vjkfylt,ekb cbv,jkj b]lf8 hjwf v[tldtkj,f fqeluf7
vjbfphf7 tc b.j ifd gfknjib xfwvekb fcfrjdfyb rfwb rbcthib xfatybkb stshb
rfiytsb8
ofvj]ljvf lffgbhf7 vfuhfv rfwvf [tkbc vj’hfj,bs fybiyf7 botmbj8
ufvja[bpkt,fc sfdbc nrbdbkb vj/.df8 nrbdbkbw fh thmdf7 bctsb ituh’yt,f /mjylf7
sbsmjc rfyb itbrevif lf vstkb ’fkbs fodt,f crfkgc8 cek wjnfw lf ’dfkc uf[dhtnc7
ndbybc ibusfdcb cfcsevfkpt lfbqhdt,f fvfphpty vfcfl8
lfbrdytcf8
2 o.fkb [jv fh ubylf0 2 /rbs[f rfwvf8
exfv sfdb lfemybf8
2 recf7 o.fkb vjeh,tybyt fv df;,fnjyc8
recf8 exfv jsf[c vjfdkj sdfkb lf vjv[lfhbc fqlutyfc ittwflf8 .dtkfathb
uff[ctylf lfhn.vbc vjvtynbc ufhlf8
2 cfl dfh0
2 rfhwthib8 2 b.j gfce[b8
2 sbsmjc cfhjcrbgjib vbdlbjlb8
2 exf f,ecthb’t7 fh ubylf ,fdidehb nbkfj,f8 fh vjlbjlb ity mfkbc ufcf;bvfl7
fh [fh bc rfwb8
2 hf7 mfkbc uf;bvdf fh vt[th[t,f se hfibf cfmvt0
2 ityb vfvfrfwehb gjntywbf fhff xtvb bynthtcbc cfufyb8 vbgfce[t7 hf
mfhvf uflvjufulj fm0
2 tu bv kjnhtrbc rfhbrfnehfc lf vfubc vepfc /rbs[t8
2 s,bkf7 s,bkf888 2 rfwvf vtnfkfrthfvbrbc ghjstpb ufvjfxbyf8 bnfkbtk
vfabjpbc /ufdlf abkvblfy 3hdfat[f48 ,jkjc hjv rkfdty7 bvfc8
2 cfl s,bkf7 vfrfyrfkt,c8 2 exfv vrkfdt,pt xfvjbcdf ybxf,bdbs [tkt,b8
vfhskf cwbjlf7 o.fkc rb fhf7 w[tk xfbc lfktdlf rfwb8 rfhwthib dby hfc
vjufhsvtdc0
2 kjnhtrsfy lfrfdibht,bs s,bkf7 bvghtcbjybcnj= fv lfotct,ekt,bc
lbhtmnhbcf f[fkufphlj,fib wbhrib veifj,lf8 vjut[ctyt,f7 kjnhtrb vt’fdt,cf lf
;jyukbjht,c tsf.dfyt,jlf8
/v7 hfqfwfib vfbyw ufvjfluf .jabkb wjkbc v.bat byntktmnb8
bvghtcbjybcnt,bc fk,jvb ths[tk byufv vbfxtxf lfcfsdfkbtht,kfl7 hjvtkbqfw
tkbnfhek ufvjatyfpt mvfhc sfdb hjv fh itthw[dbyf8 exfc kjnhtrbc fabit,b
vjtojyf7 bvbnjvfw lffvf[cjdhlf8 kjnhtrb lf rbltd bc7 yfdt,c hjv [fnfdlf8 vfyt se
vjyt8
 2 f[kf eahj wbd stvfpt uflfdblts8 vbgfce[t7 dbc t’t,lb fm lf ,fpfhb fhff7
’vehfl lfdbikt,bs8 2 itvgfhfdfl ufyfuh’j rfwvf8
2 bc vfbyw dbwjlt7 dbc eylf gjntywbeh ’vfl xfothf8 rfwvf hjv smdfc7
vfvfl eahj vtresdyb8
2 vtht7 vfvbcnjkf rfwc ityj,bs tkfgfhfrt,b0 2 rfwvf rhbf[bs uflfblj at[b
at[pt7 3pfhfc4 at[cfwvkbc kfyxb lffyf[f8 2 yt,f itybf7 ufdbwyjs thsvfytsb8 vt ]
eyf n.fdf’t uf[kfdfh8
exf atsbfybdbs ofvj]lf8 rfwb7 hjvtkcfw idbkbc ufnfwt,fc~[jkj itvlujv
ufsfdbceakt,fc` eylf evflkjltc7 vbc oby pbc8 tc bc rfwbf7 hjvtkcfw rjnt
.fhfekfidbkbc xf’bhdfib vbe’qdbc ,hfkb7 hjvtkvfw cbrj vjbc.blf7 ubjhubc
ghjwtcb offut,byf888 dby bwbc7 cfresfhb idbkbidbkb offmtpf 2 cfcb.dfhekj
ehsbthsj,fib itcekb.j ytkbrjcsfy8 tc rfwb fhf vfhnj cfmjykbc [jhwbs7 flfvbfyt,bc
c[tekt,bs dfzhj,c7 ’t[db bnfkbblfy xfvjfmdc7 vt’fdt,c flubkj,hbd ,fpfhpt
gjekj,c888 hf [tkb fmdc fv r,bkt,bfy vtnfcnfpfc f,ecthb’tt,bc j]f[sfy0
recfv o.fkb itvjbnfyf lf ]fhbcrfwbc gjpfib ufb.byf itcfcdktk rfhsfy8 exfv
vstkb zbmf lfwfkf8
2 dfn.j,7 utwyj,f xtvb dbyfj,f8 2 ]eyfv sfdbcb wyj,bkb7 bhb,b qbvbkbs
lffcfxemhf ,hfpbs itg.hj,bkb v’tdfkb8
2 vtwyj,f hjvtkbf7 f,ecthb’tt,bc vafhdtkb fyutkjpb [fh8
2 eflubkjl vtxdtyt,f ityb cfhrfpvb8
2 vt rb xtvb fm .jayf vtxdtyt,f eflubkjl8 sjhybrtv xfvbidf0 2 ewt, hj[hj[f
gjkbwbtkb uff[ctylf8
2 fhf7 hfw fh .jabkf7 dth lfdf,hfkt,8 ityvf fmts-bmbs ojobfkvf bvsfdbsdt
ufvjbodbf tzdb8 vj[dtlb7 of[dtlb7 sjhybrt itfoe[t7 vtht bctd vj[dtlb8 jkbrjv
gbhflfl lfvbhtrf5 cfmvbc ufcfhrdtdfl8
2 jkbrj bc uflfqt,bkb rkejytcff0
2 recf7 utcvbc hf cbn.dt,bs fvrj,ty ityc cfsf.dfht,tk [fptbrfc0 2 fh
vbe[tlfdc7 bct /rbs[f8
2 dukb]j0 2 recfv vpfl.jaybs itfh[bf reflkbcvfudfhb [tkrtnb8
cfdfhfeljl tc bycnehvtnb ufvjb.tyf exfc ufcfsbifl8 yjhvfkehb vfvfrfwbc
[vf /mjylf7 cfrvfjl [fdthldfyb8 ntktajyib hjv vjutcvbyf7 babmht,lb uehfv
cfqfhf’t vtkfgfhfrt,fj8
2 fhf7 ]th fhf8 2 ]eyfc at[b uflfbyfwdkf lf ufyfuh’j8 2 /jlf lfvbhtrf
jkbrjv7 fvf lf fv udfhbc rfwb [jv fh utwyj,fj8 vtwyj,f hjvtkbf7 ityb fh b.jc7
ufdbabmht vt8 hjwf tkbcjsb lfbynthtct,bc fv,fdb itdbn.dt7 tzdb ufvbv’fahlf8
hjujhw [tlfd7 ityc obyfit dfh lf dtkb gfce[c rbs[dfpt5 hf utcfmvt,jlf xtv
ghjnt;tcsfy0
2 tkbcj xtv ’vfc fifynf;t,c8 f[kf d[dlt,b7 dbcb lfdfkt,bs8
2 ’vf ’vbcsdbcfj7 ifdb lqbcsdbcfj7 fhf0 ityw uflftidb ubjhubc
lfcf[vfht,kfl7 hjujhw fvfcobyfl bc8 itmt,fc bvcf[eht,s jhbdt7 vfuhfv j,jkvf
cneltynvf ujujv hf lffifdf7 vfcfw [jv eylf w[jdht,f0 ityb ’vbcidbkb se lfbghfyzt,f
f[fk-f[fk pvfyt,ib7 tkbcj yfrkt,bf0
2 pvfyt,bc ufvj dfzhj,c c[tekbs0
2 ye f.tyt, itehfw[.jafc e’dtktcb ghjatcbbc ofhvjvflutykt,c7 bcbyb xdtyb
w[jdht,bc ufye.jatkb yfobkbf8 hfw itt[t,f tkbcjc7 fm fhw bcts vfhnbd
itvs[dtdfcsfy udfmdc cfmvt8 2 ]eyfv .j.vfybs uflffnhbfkf sdfkt,b8 2 hjujh
ubs[hf7 tkbcjc thsflthsb rkbtynb /.fdc7 ahbfl fyufhbiufcfotdb7 vfuhfv thsj,
ewyfehb ctmcefkehb ofhvjcf[dt,bs8
gtnht ujuhbzbfyb7 vb[dlf exf7 vfuhfv lhjpt lffzbhf tyfc r,bkb8
2 hfvt uflf[ht,b fmdc0 2 hfw itb’kt,f fult,ekfl brbs[f8
 2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 cflj-vfpj[bcnehb uflf[ht,b fh fqtybiyt,f8 xdtekt,hbdb7
tythubekb /tnthjctmcefkbf vjzfh,t,ekb afynfpbt,bs8 xdtyb lfotct,ekt,f vfsb
gftvfybc flubkbf7 tc fhbc tc8 ufhts hf cfmvbfyj,fc totdf xtvb ghjnt;t fh dbwb7
cbvfhskt ubs[hf7 fhw vfbynthtct,c7 vt bub oevgblfy fvjdb.dfyt7 yjhvfkehb
w[jdht,bc ifycb vbdtwb7 lfyfhxtyb vbcb cfmvtf888 extvjlfw ufvjexylf
vafhdtkb8
2 tzdb vtgfht,f bvfpt efhtc oevgtib .jabkb.j7 dblht f[kff8 cfdfhfeljl7
vtpj,tkb 3yjhvfkehb4 w[jdht,bc gthbjlib itvjfrdlf8
2 fff7 tc itvs[dtdf888 2 uff[ctylf ]eyfc8 2 hfc bpfv7 bcbw ifynf;bc
vc[dthgkb uf[lf8 bv rfwvf hfqfw upbs itbn.j tkbcjc vtjhflb ghjatcbbc itcf[t, lf
bynbvehb vjvcf[eht,f cs[jdf8 efhbc itvs[dtdfib htmnjhsfy lf,tpqt,bs lftvemhf8 tc
fh b.j ufyphf[ vrdktkj,f7 tc b.j vrdktkj,f fatmnbc vlujvfhtj,fib7 hjvkbc fqbfht,fc
tkbcj fh fgbht,c bv e,hfkj vbptpbs7 hjv cfwjlfdb xfmexbc ufhlf fh fhct,j,c
vnrbwt,ekt,f8 ubjhub se fb.dfyc lfwdbc mdti7 ghjwtcbc vjut,f ufhfynbht,ekb
tmyt,f8
2 fh fb.dfyc7 erdt itesdfkf efhb8
2 fct eahs[bklt,f gfnbjcfyb fldjrfnbc cf[tkc0 wjnf [fyib vbc
fqdbhf[cybkj,fpt vstkb cfmfhsdtkj bkfgfhfrt,c7 fqfhfathc dfv,j, j]f[pt8 wjkb
vjcfvfhskt7 cbvfvhb 2 lbgkjvfnb7 vfvfsmdtyptw v[jkjl rfhub vcvtybf888
2 lfdb]thj7 fv ,by’eh fdfynbehfpt thsb xfskf[b ujujc ufvj vblb[fhs0 sfdc
lfdlt,7 c[df vbptpbf8 2 exfc cfthsjl lffdbo.lf sfdbc nrbdbkb7 at[pt ofvj[nf lf
cfrfyib ufbfh-ufvjbfhf8 cfvb yf,b]b bmbs7 cfvb fmts8 ltdbdbs rfwbcsdbc
vtnbcvtnb cbdbohjdtf8
2 vjfhn.b= 2 ]eyfv nhb,eybdbs fcobf [tkb7 yfrdst,b lfeh,bklf7 qbvbkb
vjhbtkbc relbdbs ftghb[f8 2 vjfhn.b8 [esbfyb7 exf f,ecthb’t7 fqahsjdfyt,ekb dfh
ityb vb[dtlhbkj,bs8
exfv .ehb wmdbnf8 dthfahbs vb[dlf7 cfl7 hjvtk flubkib vjfhn.f8
2 tkbcj vidtybthb ujujyff7 vfuhfv vbc ufvj hjv fdnt[lb fvbcsfyf f;bjnf;c7
w[flpt w[flbf8 fm c[df vjvtynbf8 2 ]eyfv gfepf uffrtsf8 2 ubjhubc vjcfkjlytk
lfobyfeht,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs cfmvbc rehcib [fh0
2 rb7 cffgtkfwbj ltgfhnfvtynbc eahjcbc vjflubkbc gjcnc csfdfpj,ty8
2 efhb eylf smdfc8 2 vjzhf ]eyfv8
2 dbsjv hfnjv0
2 fh dfgbht, ufibahdfc8 efhb smdfc lf vjhxf8
gtnht ujuhbzbfybc rfwbf tc sf[cbhb7 vb[dlf exf8 .dtkfathb sfdbc flubkpt
lfluf8 fb7 sehvt dby rhbifdc .jdkbcitv’kt vfabjpbc8 gtnht ]eyfc rhbifdc7
cfvfubthjl vbcb aekt,bs brdt,t,f7 hjujhw pjkbfyb vblbf pdbutybc r,bkt,ib
ufx[thbkb cfrdt,bs8 lbl jrtfytib ufweht,ekb jhb cbc[kbcvojdtkb8 se ]eyfc ,bpytcb
xfedfhlf7 gtnht vihfkpt lfhxt,f8 cfyfv gtnhtcyfbht,b fhct,j,ty7 rjntcyfbht,bc
.jdtksdbc vjeo.j,ty gjvgtbc erfyfcfrytk lqtc8 ubjhubc gtnhtc vjflubktl lfybidyf
vbybcnhbc bybwbfnbdff7 bmyt, bm7 ptdbs7 gtnhtc vjwbkt,f eylf lf ubjhubc
fcgfhtppt ufvjcdkbs wlbkj,ty ghj,ktvbc uflfzhfc0 ubjhub fh lfeidt,fc erfyjyj,fc
eo.t,fib7 tc fk,fs vbybcnhcfw lf vbc vjflubktcfw vjt[ctyt,f888
vb[dtlhbkj,fib ]eyfv [esbfyb lfeothf7 vfuhfv pjuflfl gjkbnbrfib exf otkib
ufvfhsek jhbfyc bvcf[eht,lf8 ntktdbpjhc bidbfsfl e.eht,lf7 cfvcf[ehib se vj/rhfdlf
.ehc sfyfvlt,j,bc gbhsf gthvfytynek crfvsvjyfwdktj,fc8 erdbhlf7 hjwf rjktut,c
ueksfy f[kjc vb/mjylfs fvf se bv gthcjybc xfvjijht,f gjkbnbrehb jh,bnblfy8
sehvt7 sdbsjyfw eylf ufvjta[brf .eht,b7 vfhsfkc fv,j,c byuf5 vfhnj .dbhbkb lf
veifj,f ut[th[t,fj8
2 hfc abmhj,0 2 sfdb itf[ctyf ]eyfv8
 exfv svt,b lfbmybf8 lhjt,bs vb.ext,ekb sfdbc nrbdbkb pqfghekb
atybmcbdbs fqvjwtylf lf lfhn.vbc othnbkib lfabmcbhlf8 vfbyw7 hf clhepf
fvbcsfyf fv mjylhbcrfwvf0
2 itb’kt,f fvfc gfyxehb fvjdfhn.f0 2 recfpt vbesbsf8
2 fvjufhn.vtdbyt,c7 se ubjhubc lfbsfy[vt, sfyfvihjvkj,fpt8 2 cthbjpekfl
egfce[f ]eyfv8
recfv [tkrtnb vjbmybf7 vfuhfv flubkblfy fh lf’hekf8 vujyb fhw co.tybf8
qbvbkbcvfudfhvf rkfrybkvf uflfeh,byf lblie,kf cf[tpt8
2 hjv dth lfdbsfy[vj0
2 vfiby ajnjt,b ufvjmdt.ylt,f8 ]th ubjhubc j]f[c ufdf,tlybtht,s7 vtht
vtlbfc8 hfc uf[fkbclt,bfy ;ehyfkbcnt,b0 ufvjvwtvkj,f7 hjvtkbw tmcrkepbdc
lfbshtdc7 ths lqtib ufvlblhlt,f8 ntktdbpbfibw ufeidt,ty htrkfvfc7 hflbjibw7
itb’kt,f cgtw-ufvjidt,f uffifyifkjy8 [fk[c e.dfhc ctycfwbt,b7 cek fh fbynthtct,c
vn.efy-vfhsfkb7 jqjyl qkbwbybc cfiefkt,f vbtwb8 fhw ubjhubc rjktut,c to.byt,fs
tu fv,fdb7 fldjrfnt,b iehbfyb [fk[bf7 c[dbcb ofhvfnt,f fh f[fht,s8 dbyfblfy
ofhvfnt,ekb fldjrfnb7 vfc7 ofhevfnt,tkc7 rkbtync fhsvtdc8 ,bpytcibw fctf7
gjkbnbrfibw8 vtuj,hj,ty thsbc obyffqvltu8
2 rfhub8 2 ie,kb vjbchbcf exfv8
]eyfc ghjuyjpb shueyfdlf lf gtcbvbpvbc zfj,ib bshtdlf8 gbhdtk hbuib
sfdb eylf lffqobjc fmtlfy7 vtht hfvtc vjbabmht,ty8 ubjhub zrdbfybf7 bgjdbc
ufvjcfdfkc8 thsfl bgjdbfy7 rfhkjcfw lftrbs[t,bfy7 vfyfyfcfw888
2 hf rfhub0
2 dtwlt,b ubjhub lfdfhoveyj8
2 vj,bkehb ufmdc0
2 f[kf fh vbs[hfs7 vj,bkehpt eylf itdfsfy[vj cfvrdlhj-cfcbwjw[kjl
vybidytkjdfyb cfrbs[b= 2 fqiajslf exf8
]eyfv at[bc odthb uffmybf8 abmhj,lf8
2 fhw bvfc ufvjdhbw[fd7 ubjhubc ntktajyb bcvbyt,jltc8 xtvpt erts
bwbs7 sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,bc fy itcf’kj rfylblfnt,bc yjvht,b eibihjt,bc rjynhjkptf8
]eyfv at[b uffxthf8 tn.j,f zrefib xfe]lf exfc kjubrf8
2 rfhub7 ufubidt,8 ,jkj-,jkj7 gjntywbehb yfstcfdt,b dfhs7 eylf vbdtxdbjs
thsvfytsbc ylj,fc8
exfv vpthf ffhblf8 vjcfrkfdbf ytkbrj7 fyfstvfc uflfcwtvc j]f[b vfu
cfo.fkc8
2 recf7 uffwbkt8 2 vbe,eylf lfeqfkfd mjylhbcrfwc8
exf recfc oby fbcdtnf8 uekbdthb kbkbgenbc cfrfyib8
2 gfyqehpt hjujhf [fh7 recf0 2 ,jhjnfl xfb[bs[bsf ]eyfv8
2 uflfdbabmht8 2 sfdb vjf,heyf exfv8
2 thsb ufut,tlf8 2 recfv [tkrtnb itfsfvfif lf rfhb uffqj8 ]th exf uffnfhf8
]eyf vfhnj lfhxf vjqbfdt,ek rfhib8 tc fv,fdb hjv cfyhbrfc .eht,fvlt
vbdbltc7 cfvelfvjl lfrfhufdc idbkbidbkc8 f,ecthb’tt,bc rkfyb vfcib
ehsbthscfobyffqvltuj uh’yj,fc bodtdlf 2 ,hfpbc lf fqahsjdfyt,bc8 bc lf gtnht ths
yfgbhpt bluyty7 cfylhbrf lf tctyb 2 vtjhtpt8 ]eyfcfw cehlf bv yfgbhpt .jayf7
vfuhfv ofhcekb fh eidt,lf8 ofhcekb sfdpt tluf xhlbkbdbs lf sfvfibc vbctek otct,c
rfhyf[j,lf8

222
 lqbc ,jkj b.j8 cfqfvjc tmdcb cffsb8 lqtcfw hjv dth vjf[th[jc byufc yf[df7
cfresfh /fkcne[pt xfvjb[hxj,c sfdc8 fm7 fv rf,bytnib8 rj,f /fkcne[c lft]f]uehf8
gthfyuc qbkb vjo.lf lf vjhblt,ekb orfgeybs ufujhlf bfnfrpt8
rj,fv [vflf,kf itbrehs[f7 vfuhfv qbkbc fqt,f fhw ewlbf8 hf fhbc thsb
e,hfkj qbkb vbc lfhlsfy itlfht,bs8 byuf it[dtlhfc ufeh,bc8 tc afmnbf8 rj,f7
ghfuvfnekb [fcbfsbc vbe[tlfdfl7 dthfahbs tuet,jlf fv afmnc8 .jdtksdbc .dtkfathc
tuet,jlf 2 thsathjdfy w[jdht,fc7 vjzhbk [tkafcc7 lblb ,tkflbc gfnbdcfwtvfl
ithmvtek cf[tkc7 eqbvqfvj ctmcc 2 cf[kib se ufhts7 byufc lfrfhudfc dth ittuef8
lqtc bub cek c[df rfwbf8 fv rfwvf bwbc kfvfpb mfkbcf lf lblb ctmcbc
utvj8 byufcyfbhb mfkbc lfg.hj,f fhw bct hsekb fqvjxylf7 ityfhxeyt,f rb ’ytkb8
kfvfpb mfkb mdbifcfdbsff7 vezib vjbvo.dltd7 sbst,blfy ufubwehlt,f8 sevwf vbc
ufhitvj b.dyty vfvfrfwt,b dbcfw fmts tvcf[eht,jlf kfvfpb wjkt,b8 rj,fc fh
ufevfhskf8 hfib czbhlt,f wjkbc thsuekt,f7 hjwf byufc vtht phlbkj,bc ufvjw dth
fchekt,c vteqkbc vjdfkt,fc8
rfhpt ahs[bkb rfreyb ufbcvf8 oheoeyff7 ufbabmhf eflubkjl
ufqbpbfyt,ekvf8
2 itvjlb8 2 iteqhbyf rfhc8
rfhib vlbdfyb mfkbc cbahbafyf cbketnb lfbkfylf8
2 hf ubylf0
2 lfvsfdhlf cfveifj lqt7 fh ofdblts0 2 /rbs[f oheoeyfv8
2 oflb8
2 vt dbabmht888
2 fh vfbynthtct,c hf babmht888 ytvcb lf ’fab ufmdc0
2 hfl ubylfs0
2 vbylf7 hflufy utrbs[t,b8
2 vfmdc8 2 lfohbgbyf bvfy8
2 vfbnf8 2 rj,f uh’yj,lf7 ptlvtnb vjclbc8 hf iefibf cfo.fkb vlbdfyb vbc
ghj,ktvt,sfy7 vfuhfv dbyvtpt [jv eylf t.fhf evotj ,hfpb8
oheoeyf vbcfqt,ib ufexbyfhlf lf ytvcsfy thsfl vj,heylf8 cf[tpt elbltc
vjobot,fcsfy thsfl lf,ytekj,f tothf8
2 qbkb fvo.lf7 cflqfw fm ufujhlt,jlf7 vjyf[t ityc ufphlfc8 2 njyb itfh,bkf
rj,fv8
cf,hfkj oheoeyf8 vjyljvt,bs ufwjwlf qbkbc vjcf’t,yfl7 ubyl fctsb
cf.dfhtkb u.jkbf7 ubylf abybf8 abybf oheoeyfc sdfkt,bs8 cbhw[dbkb lf sfdbc
vjzhf888 byufc vtht hf eylf ufezbhltc7 tc ecf]ljvj mfkb rf,bytnib vbbvo.dlbjc8
2 fb= 2 oheoeyfv qbkc cekb ite,thf lf thsuekfl vbfxthlf8 2 ufb[flt8
2 hf ufdb[flj0
2 cfhjxrf8 qbkb fh lfubrthjs0
2 fhf7 gbhlfgbh lfvbrtht7 fh vfmdc uf[lbc ythdb8 2 rj,fv ybrfgb uf,pbrf
lf gthfyubc cf.tkj vjbqtqf8
2 fv,j,ty7 ptptekfl lfrtht,f welb ybifybfj8
2 smdfy7 at[t,pt vrblbf8
2 wel [fcbspt [fhs0 2 oheoeyfv ytvcb gthfyuib ufe.fhf lf qbkc xfvjfwdf8
bfaafcbfyvf ceyfvjv rj,fc ceysmdf iterhf8 ervf.jabkjl ufcobf w[dbhb8
cek c[df utvj fmdc byufc7 ceyfvjw hjv fh ofbcdfc7 vfbyw fahmdtdc vltlhbc
vf[fcbfst,tk7 vfwleh akeblt,c8 rj,fc vjcojylf vbcb vj’hfj,f7 vbcb vj,bkehpt
kfgfhfrbc vfythf7 zfvf7 ufpvjht,f7 lfvsmyfht,fw rb888 sfdc fh bwjw[kt,c fv
mfkbc ufhtit8 lqtcdt bgjdbc lf [tkc cs[jdc8 lbf[fw7 [tkcfw cs[jdc lf uekcfw7
.dtkf tsbrtnbc lfwdbs bvjmvtlt,c8 ]fylf,fvlbc upf /mjybf wjkc 2 sfdbc ,bybfy-
fufhfrbfyf7 idbkt,c7 evfleh cfvcf[ehc7 ufx[byrek oheoeyfc7 cjatkib lfhxtybk
vij,kt,c888 .dtkfathc=
cfl ofb.dfyc0 cflfw cf.dfhtkb vbesbst,c 2 hectsib7 fvthbrfib7
idtbwfhbfib888 aekb0 aekc bijdbc8 ,fyrc uf’fhwfdc7 cfrjvbcbjc lff.fxfqt,c7
vlblfhc itf.tyt,c888 bc fhw gbhdtkb bmyt,f7 fhw erfyfcrytkb7 dbyw cb.dfhekbc
ufvj cbub;tc xfbltyc8 byuf lffafct,c vbc sfdufyobhdfc888
oheoeyfv sfdbct,ehfl f[cyf itabc fqvfahtyf8 r,bkbs ufrdybnf ’fab lf
itvrhsfkb [tkb gthfyubc cbqhvtib xfewehf8 rj,f udtkyfr,tybdbs ofvj[nf8
2 ufxthlb= vtjhtl fh lfdbyf[j ityb bybwbfnbdf= 2 fqiajst,bcufy ljh,kbw rb
ufvje[nf gbhblfy8
oheoeyf erfyf cdkbs ofdblf ufcfcdktkbcrty8 sbst,ib ytvcb ewf[wf[t,lf7
ibibcufy lftkvt,ek sdfkt,ib 2 whtvkb8 dthfahbs vb[dlf7 hfv ufvjwdfkf velfv
ltkbrfnehb eaHjcb8
hjujhw vlbdfyb ufexbyfhlf7 rj,fv byufc ntktajyb frhbaf8 fbqt .ehvbkb8
fbqt888 utvelfht,b7 fbqjc7 itcs[jdf e[bkfd ’fkfc8
2 hjujhw bmyf= 2 fqvj[lf cfyfnhtkb [vbc ufujyt,bcfc8
2 vbhtrfdlb0
2 sjhtv fh bwb7 fdfleqt ntktajyt,b itysfy htrdbs8 vj,bkehbsfw ubhtrfdlb7
bctw888 hfnjv fh bqt,lb0
2 fh dbwb7 xtvj rfhuj7 fh ufvbubf8 fv lqtt,ib efvhfdb cfmvt vmjylf7
ntktajybc cf.fhfekjl rb fhf7 svbc lfcfdfhw[yfl dth vjdbwfkt8
2 itv[dlb lf vt lfudfhw[yb8 [jv bwb7 hjujh vb.dfhc ityb svt,b8
2 rj,f7 fh vwfkbf8
2 fh v]thf8
2 ye7 tu ityb cfmvtf8
2 byuf7 hfnjv ufvbh,b[fh7 vj[lf hfvt0
2 hf eylf vjv[lfhb.j7 .dtkfathb otchbuibf8
2 flht .jdtklqt bwkblb7 f[kf vf[dtobyt, gfnfhf ,bzbdbs8 e[th[ek
vlujvfhtj,fib vfult,7 sbsmjc dbqfw dbubylfhf vfs[jdfhb db.j8 2 rj,f crfvpt dth
ufxthlf lf .ehvbkbfyf afy]fhfcsfy uflfbyfwdkf8 ieifv vbcb stsh[fkfsbfyb cbketnb
fbhtrkf8
tpjib xfysfuflfrblt,ekb oheoeyf ufrhsf8 foehekb v[ht,bs vblbjlf7 fcafknc
vbabxbyt,ekb sdfkt,bs8 itb’kt,f nbhjlf rbltw7 vfuhfv rj,fc cfmvt fh /mjylf vbc
whtvkt,sfy7 oheoeyfcsfyf tgbpjlb fqfh ufyvtjhlt,f vbc w[jdht,fib8
2 hfnjv fh vgfce[j,0
2 rj,f7 fh vju,tphlf fvltyb oeoeyb0 2 itfodtnbyf byufv8
2 fh doeoeyt,7 bvfc dbs[jd7 hfw vtresdybc8
2 bvbc smvf ubylf7 hjv vt ity utresdyb8 ,fhtv bcbw vbs[fhb7 hbs
lfbvcf[eht tcjlty lblb gfnbdb0
2 vb.dfh[fh8
2 rfb7 rfwj=
2 fh u]thf0
2 hf fhbc lfe]tht,tkb7 vt ,tdhc de.dfhdfh8
2 vt 3,tdhb4 fh dfh7 vt ityb rfwb dfh8
2 fh ubylf voe[fht cf[bc hfbylbc sfvfib7 fhw ity ljy rb[jnb7 fhw vt 2
lekcbytf8
2 ity lekcbytfpt vtnb [fh888 hjlbc uyf[j0
2 fv lqtt,ib fh vwfkbf8 rj,f7 vjlb fct itdsfy[vlts7 vt sdbsjy lfubhtrfd8
2 fh vfo.j,c8
2 gfrf-gfrf8
 2 byuf= 2 rj,fv fvfjl xfc’f[f .ehvbkc8 uf,vekb pevthb uftgfce[f8
vfi fct8 byufc ehsbthsj,bc ufo.dtnf cehc8 vfc fh c]thf rj,fc cb.dfhekbc8
hfc frtst,c sfdfl rj,f fv cb.dfhekbc lfcfvnrbwt,kfl0 fhfathc8 vfs[jdhbc gjpfib lufc
lf it[dtlhbc ufvjn.et,fc wlbkj,c8 yfvldbkb vfvfrfwt,b fct fh bmwtdbfy8
rj,fv /fkcne[b itbcojhf7 its[tkt,ek mjxjhpt cdtkb cfdfhw[tkb uflfbcdf lf
vnrbwt uflfo.dtnbkt,bs lfnjdf rf,bytnb8
,jhlbehsfy f.elt,ekb vfymfybc lfyf[dfpt uekb vjerdlf8 fv xfvjcfothb ]
fhsbs gfnbdvj.dfht rfwb mfkbc lfcfybiyfl fh eylf vblbjltc8 sfyfw hf mfkbc0=
ecbfvjdyj abmhc femibf8 lblb fv,fdb= dthfathb fsmvtdbyt,c efhc lfcf[ek
vbpfypt8
yf[tdfh cffsib jmhjc ,bh;fpt b.j8 uflfo.lf8 ,hbkbfynbc ,tztlb lf [tkbc
s[jdyf8 ufymjhobyt,fc7 fkbvtynt,c lf c[df odhbkvfyt,c vjudbfyt,bs vjfudfht,c8
vsfdfhbf7 byuf xffuljc ijrib8 bc7 w[flbf fh tkjlt,f vcufdc obyflflt,fc7 gbhdtkfl
itb’kt,f ’fkbfyfw lfb,ytc7 vfuhfv rj,f lfevnrbwt,c7 hjv cbn.dt,c /fthib fh bcdhbc8
vbcb cb.dfhekb bvltyfl .jdkbcvjvwdtkbf7 blbjnb eylf b.j7 fh lffafcj8
itcfathbcb ,tzlbc ’t,yfib hfvltybvt oht lffhn.f ,bh;fc8 hjujhw bmyf bgjdf8
jhkjdbc ,hbkbfynb fh b.j7 vfuhfv cfrvfjl tktufyneh trptvgkfhpt itxthlf8 jmhjc
hujkpt lfcvekb gtgtkf ahst,pt vbvj,ytekb odhbk-odhbkb ,hbkbfynt,bs8 afcbw fh
br,byt,jlf 2 hdffc cfvjwlffsb kfhb8 kf,jhfnjhbbc ufvubc jhb sdbc [tkafcb8 bmdt
itfhxbyf afhxbc ,elt7 cflfw lffcdtyf rbltw vjojyt,ekb ,tztlb lf ahsfitc[vekb
uftvfhsf lfybiyekt,bc flubkpt8
rfhb byufv uffqj8 ufrdbhdt,f lf ervf.jabkt,f thslhjekfl lft[fnf kfvfp cf[tpt7
vfuhfv rj,fc fh itevxytdbf7 bvltyfl fvf.b b.j fdfynbehbcnekb uflfo.dtnbkt,bs7
vfhnj byufc vjcfkjlytk htfmwbfpt abmhj,lf8
2 [jv fh vb,hfplt,b0 2 jsf[ib itckbcsfyfdt lftrbs[f8
2 ub,hfplt,b8 fh vb.dfhc7 hjwf xtvc s[jdyfc buyjhbht,fc ertst,ty8 vujyb
itdsfy[vlbs5 vt eylf lfvthtrf itysfy8
2 dth vjdbsvtyt7 bct vjvtyfnht7 hjv fh vtyf[t7 ufcrlt,jlf uekb8
2 tc ahfpf cflqfw vcvtybf8 2 byuf lfdbohjdt,ekb sdfkt,bs vbfxthlf8
2 cfcb.dfhekj ahfptjkjubf thsvfytsc xfvj/udc7 ,hfkc ye lfvlt,
gkfubfnj,fib7 ityb ufwyj,bc itvltu cfresfh sfdc fh dtresdyb8 2 sfdb bvfhskf
rj,fv8 2 gjtvbc lfothf hjv itvt’kjc7 lfubothlb lf vjub’qdyblb7 vfuhfv qvthsvf fh
vjvwf gjtnj,bc ybzb8
2 bmyt, bcbw vbs[hf7 hbcb ybzb ufmdc0
2 cb.dfhekbc8
2 fee7 tc erdt vtnbcvtnbf8 s[esvtnb okbc ,bzbdbs bmwtdb8 2 byufv
cbufhtnb vjbvfh]df lf cfdfh’tkib xftcdtyf8 lf,fkotkbfyb ifhdfkb twdf7
vjkbcathb ,kepf ,bec/fknthbc ufhtit8 ibuybs sfdbceakfl kf.kf.t,lf rj,fcsdbc rfhufl
yfwyj,b vrthlb8
2 tc v[jkjl ufhtlfy xfyc7 ye vbfmwtd .ehflqt,fc xtvc dbpefkeh v[fhtc8
vt888 vt chekbfl cthbjpekb obyflflt,bs vjdtlb8
2 ubcvty8
2 lfcfktdb ufmdc0
2 o.fkb ubylf0
2 fhf7 hfvt eahj vfufhb8 fhf.b vfufkbsfl8
byufc sdfkt,ib wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,bc yfgthorfkb ufrhsf8 uhfwbjpekfl
ofvjbvfhsf7 ,fhblfy dbcrbc cfyf[tdhjl lfwkbkb ,jskb ufvjbqj lf st’jt,bc h[tdbs
ofvjdblf erfy 2 wfk [tkib ,jskbs7 vtjhtib 2 cbufhtnbs8 mfkb rb fhf7 atbthdthrbf7
upyt,bs ufbabmhf rj,fv8 tc dekufhekb7 vjesdybtht,tkb ybvaf vfkt vbcb wjkb
bmyt,f8 hjwf eylf vfiby ofvjfujht,c h,bk kjubypt7 cekfw bfnfrpt7
vfibyltkbdbs888
rj,fv jhb .kegb vjcdf7 cfmvbfyfl xff[dtkf lf gb]frbc ]b,blfy cfxemfhb
fvjbqj8
2 tc ity8 2 ltvjycnhfwbekfl uflfcwf8
2 vfhskf0 2 hjujhw bmyf7 byufv ufbqbvf8 afhxbc ,elt f[flf7 ,tztlb jhb
sbsbs lfbshbf7 .dtkf vbvfhsekt,bs itfsdfkbthf8 2 hf cf.dfhtkbf0 2 fhfsbspt
xfvjbwdf lf f[kf iempt uf[tlf8
2 vjuojyc0
2 kfvfpbf8
2 tc fh fhbc .dtkfathb8 rbltd thsb cbehghbpb vfmdc8
2 dub;lt,b cbehghbpt,pt=
2 uf[lb xtvb wjkb7 vtjht yf[tdfhb fct dsmdfs8
byufv [tkb lfeidf lf ufvjvwltkfl it[tlf8
2 fh vjutcvf7 xtvj ’dbhafcj lekcbytf8 vt vbdbqt uflfo.dtnbkt,f8 j]f[c
dnjdt,7 itypt dmjhobylt,b8 tc fv,fdb uflfo.dtnbkbf8
2 [tkb vjbcdb8 2 b.j gfce[b7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 smvekb chekbfl cthbjpekb
cf[bs8
2 ,fnjyj0
2 [tkb vjbcdb-smj8
2 byuf7 ity fk,fs dth uffsdbwyj,btht8 vt vpfl dfh ityb uekbcsdbc
.dtkfathb lfdsvj8 j]f[b7 rfhbthf888
2 cek wfk at[pt vrblbf ityb odhbk-idbkb= 2 byufc ,hfpbs vjtqhbwf cf[t8
2 e.eht fvfc7 rfhbthfj888 hjvtk rfhbthfpt vtkfgfht,b7 ity7 kf,jhfnjhbbc dbhs[f=
hf uf,flbf mdt.fyfpt fv ityb .,flfqt,ekb cb.dfhekbc ufhlf0
rj,fc sdfks lfe,ytklf7 .ehs lft[ij7 ,fut ufeihf8 byufc fh e.dfhc8 bynbvb
v[jkjl lf v[jkjl bv lfo.tdkbkb lfcrdybc cfafcehb b.j8 vfy rb7 cektkvf7 jmhjcfdbs
wjk-idbkb lfsvj7 /bgjrhfntc abwb lffhqdbf7 [tkbc cfs[jdytkfl vjxthxtnlf888
2 f[kfdt fbqt ityb ifehbfyb ,tztlb lf fxe fmtlfy7 ufvjvbdblf lblb
mdtkvjmvtlb= wjkfl ufvjv.tdbj7 gfnbdb lfvlj ,bzvf888 se abmhj, thsb fhfcojhtl
lfothbkb lfcrdybcsdbc vstkb w[jdht,f ity fmjst,ek utybnfkbt,c dkjrfd0 2 byufv
pbpqbs vjb’hj ,tztlb lf [tkb vjbmybf8
,tztlb rj,fc ie,kib vj[dlf8 vtht hfqfw vj[lf8 fy ie,kib fqvjxylf bc othnbkb7
hjvtkvfw rj,f v[twfl fmwbf7 fy rj,fib bvsfdbsdt w[jdhj,lf v[twb7 hjvtkvfw bv
oesib ufvjbqdb’f8 fct b.j se bct7 vtjht oesib rj,fc byuf .tkbs /.fdlf lfshtekb lf
rtltkpt sfdc fhn.vtdbyt,lf8 byuf ba[jzyt,jlf7 rbleht,c bmytdlf7 sdfkt,c fnhbfkt,lf7
vfuhfv rj,f zrefpt fh b.j8 [tkb fhw vfiby ufeidbf7 hjwf byuf xf.exlf lf lfv’bvlf8
bythwbbs uflfuh’j,lf ,fuf,euc 2 r,bkt,lfrhtzbkb7 sdfkt,lfcbc[kbfyt,ekb7
rheyx[dbcufy ufstsht,ekb sbst,bs8
v[twb bctdt vjekjlytkfl fqvjwtylf7 hjujhe ufmhf8 rj,fv sbst,b vjfleyf8
byufc ecekj c[tekb rtltkpt ufwehlf lf bfnfrpt ufbifkf8 vjkbcathb ,kepjyblfy
vrthlvf ufvjfz.bnf8 vrthlb vbcb b.j7 byufcb7 fb7 mdtlf nexpt vjkf.kf.t7
kbkbcathb tyf dbqfw c[dfc tresdyjlf7 mfkc fhf,eyt,hbdfl uflvjrfhrkekb sdfkt,bs8
bv sdfkt,ib ve[kt,pt lfxjmbkb vrdktkb fbhtrkf8
3vrdlfhb [jv vfbyw xtvb [fh47 ufbtkdf ujyt,bc hjvtkbqfw gthbfathbfpt8
3tc ahfpf cflqfw vcvtybf4 bn.jlf byuf7 wjw[fkb hjv .jabkb.j8 rj,f udthlekfl
vbeodf7 [tkb vj[dbf ]th rbltd s,bk c[tekc lf sdfkt,b lf[ezf8

222
 ytkbrjv .dfdbkt,b sfvhjc uflffojlf lf lbdfy-cfdfh’tkib bcregf8
2 cfylhbrfv ufxemf0 2 /rbs[f sfvhjv8
2 /j8 lqtc rbltd thzj bycnbnensfy8
2 sjhtv fh ucbfvjdyt,c0 2 sfvhjv .dfdbkt,b kfhyfrib xffo.j lf cfvpfhtekjib
ufdblf o.kbc vjcfnfyfl8
2 vcbfvjdyt,c fhf7 bcf888 2 ytkbrjv xtmvt,b vjbchjkf7 at[t,b rb
cfdfh’tkbc cf[tkehpt uflffo.j8
cbyfvldbktib cbfvjdyt,lf8 cfylhbrf ufyfskt,ekb b.j7 sfdvlf,fkb lf hfqfwbs
vfhskf /ufdlf ,bk utbnc8 fb7 aekb rb fh /mjylf8 cfvfhihenj nfmcbs lflbjlf lf vfhnj
.fdfpt gfnb;t,lf8 ytkbrjc fhfcjltc /.jkbf fctsb ufqktnbkb sf.dfybcvwtvtkb7
cfbynthtcjf7 hjujh vjf[th[f ,frehbfybc .dtkfpt ghtcnb;ek cfcnevhjib lfcdtyt,f7
’vfrfwvf se lfgfnb;f888 sevwf7 fhw ’vfrfwt,bs xfylf ufyt,bdht,ekb8
2 vjvb.tdb8 2 sfvhj eahjcb lbc oby7 gbhlfgbh yj[pt vjbrtwf lf vjcfcvtyfl
ufvjvpflf8
2 hf ufbynthtct,c0
2 hjujhbf0
2 .jdtklqt thsb lf bubdtc vtrbs[t,b7 fh lfbqfkt0
2 ye vf[dtobyt,7 .dtkfathb vjvb.tdb7 hjujh vjdblf7 hf twdf7 hfpt
bkfgfhfrts888
2 hjltvlt eylf ufuh’tkltc tc vfpj[bpvb0 fb7 [dfkdt fdlut,b lf dtn.db7 hjv
vt7 ity dfh8 ityw odfkj,7 vtw e[th[ek vlujvfhtj,fib vfult,8 2 at[t,b fbmybf
ytkbrjv8
2 cfblfy vjbnfyt7 hjv dodfkj,7 hf cbcektktf0
2 fhf0
2 cekfw fhf8 fh itb’kt,f xtvb lbc sf.dfybcvwtvkbs lfdbynthtclt0
2 c[df lhjc fh ufvjubxtybf lblb bynthtcb8
2 rfylblfneht,b fh b.j itcfathbcb8 stfnhfkehb bycnbnenbc hjvfynbekb
,bzt,b vfqbpbfyt,ty8 lf cfthsjl7 fh vb.dfhc stfnhb8
2 c[dfsf ijhbc7 fhw cfylhbrfc e.dfhc8
2 dbwb8
2 [jv [tlfd7 smdty vtnb ufmds cfthsj8
2 ye uflfu.fdc kfgfhfrb c[df rfkfgjnib8 vjvb.tdb8 2 sfvhjc s[jdyf
,h’fyt,fcfdbs ;qthlf8
2 ewyfehb ,bzbf tc ityb cfylhbrf8 w[jdht,fib fh itd[dtlhbdfh vcufdc
trptvgkfhc8 wjnfc kfgfhfrj,c7 vfuhfv lhjufvjidt,bs bcts sfvfv htgkbrt,c
bcdhbc7 .eht,b lfub[ezezlt,f8 rbltd hf0888 fcfrbc vbe[tlfdfl7 sfdlf]tht,ekb
flfvbfybc isf,tzlbkt,fc njdt,c8 erjvgktmcjf7 vidblb8 hfcfw abmhj,c7 bvfc fv,j,c8
vbylf ubs[hf7 bidbfsb sdbct,ff7 xdtekt,hbd7 flfvbfyt,b thsvfytsc sdfkib yfwfhc
f.hbfy5 3hf rfhufl ufvjb.eht,b0=47 3ueiby ityvf cgtmnfrkvf lf[ehf4888
cbyfvldbktib fhw bwbfy hf ufwdbf7 cgtmnfrkpt rb vsmyfht,fc ’kbdc brfdt,ty8
/j7 rbltd hf888 vjupfehj,f e.dfhc7 vstkb cfmfhsdtkj at[bs fmdc vjdkbkb8
ufpfa[ekpt kfimhj,fib lfvgfnb;f8
2 kfimhj,fib0 2 sfvhjc sdfkt,b xfevemlf8 tvjwbbc lfcfvfkfl yj[bc ajxc
oftgjnbyf8
2 ofhvjblubyt7 vt lf cf’bkt njvfhf=
sfvhjv ofhvjblubyf lf rbltd eahj uf,hfplf8 kfimhj,f7 pehuxfysf7
cfbynthtcj cfe,fhb rjwjybc gbhfc7 n.bc sfdpt lfrblekb vsdfht7 vpbc fvjcdkf888
tc .dtkfathb vbcbf7 vbcb8 cfylhrfw vbcb fqvjxtybkbf7 vfy rb ytkbrjc uflfekjwf8
2 fgbht, ofcdkfc0
2 ufub;lb7 hf lfvhxtybf kfimhj,fib cfylhbrfcsfy thsfl0
 2 utibybf0
2 hbcb eylf vtibyjltc7 cektkj0
2 hjv itub.dfhltc0
2 yoe8 ufvjhbw[ekbf8 2 sfdb uffmybf ytkbrjv7 bct tythubekfl uffmybf7
sfvhjc tzdb ittgfhf8
2 hfnjv0 2 /rbs[f uf,pfhekb [vbs8
2 fh ]lt,f xtvc cnbkib8
2 vfiby hfnjv [dlt,b0
2 bycnbnenib vfrbs[fdc lf [jv fh ufdfult,0
2 ucbfvjdyt,c vbcb lfyf[df0
2 fh vo.byc8
2 t8b8 itub.dfhlt,f8
2 dsmdfs itvb.dfhlf8 2 ytkbrj vstkb nfybs vj,heylf7 ufvjvwltkfl vbfxthlf
sdfkt,ib8 2 uto.byt,f se ufub[fhlt,f0
sfvhjv bfnfrpt lfult,ekb xtmvf vjemybf7 ytkbrjv [vfvfqkf uflfbrbcrbcf8
fv lhjc jsf[ib ubjhub itvjdblf8 vjehblt,kfl itvjdblf7 .jdtkudfhb rfreybc
ufhtit8 cfresfh sfdc fh /ufdlf 2 .fk.pt itvlufhb svbs7 itreviekb yfrdst,bs7
cfekdfitpt vjlt,ekb ]fufhbs7 .eht,bw fdbcvjvfcofdt,kfl ufidthjlf8
sfvhj ufrdbhdt,ekb vbfxthlf mfh,jh,fkfcfdbs itvjzhbk vij,tkc7 ytkbrjv
cbwbkb ito.dbnf lf w[dbhb fb,pef8
2 fmts vjb[tlt7 mfk,fnjyj= 2 eahjc mfkbidbkc vbvfhsf ubjhubv8
2 hf ubylf0
2 vbylf rb fhf7 vjb[tlt hjwf vfvf utkfgfhfrt,f=
ytkbrjv e[fkbcjl vjf,heyf sfdb8 lfdbohjt,ek sdfkt,ib lfvwbyfdb
yfgthorkt,b wbvwbvt,lyty7 cf[bafsjl lfve[nekb yfgthorkt,b8 sfvhjv vfvfpt
uflfbnfyf vpthf8 bub veint,vjrevekb bluf iefuek jsf[ib7 cek fh e[lt,jlf rjhblfpt
ufvjcekb [fhbc gjpf8
2 dbcsfy uff,b hjvfyb0 2 r,bkt,ib ufvjwhf ubjhubv8 ytkbrjc vbvfhsfdlf8
2 ity dby ufbynthtct,c0
2 fye hfvltybvt rfylblfnbf=
2 ity dby ufbnthtct,c0 2 rbs[df ufevtjhf ytkbrjv8
2 cfylhj n.fdf’t8
2 cfylbrf0 2 ytkbrjv sfvhjc uf[tlf7 bvfc sbsmjc vleqfht uflffc[tc8 2 fhw
dbwjlb7 n.fdf’t se b.j udfhfl8
2 fhw bc itwjlbyt,f7 dbcb idbkbidkbf8
2 ofhvjlutyf fh vfmdc8 2 firfhfl lfbynhbut,ekvf ytkbrjv at[t,bw xfvjbqj
cfdfh’kbc cf[tkehblfy8 [vfw lfeh,bklf8
2 ]eyf n.fdf’bc8 fv rfwc ityb ,b’fidbkb /.fdlf v’tdkfl f.dfybkb7 rjnt
.fhfekfidbkbc ghjwtcbc ofut,bc afcfl lfvb]lf ybrfc ufysfdbceakt,f888 jltcvt
lfabht,ek[fh7 hfc ybiyfdc vfvfitybcsdbc gbhdtkb ofut,ekb ghjwtcb0 fh
lfabmht,ek[fh7 uujybf wblfy wdbdf zbyzt,ib lfcf[fh]b aekt,b888 aekibw fh
fhbc cfmvt7 ofdfut-ofdfut7 dbc fh vjcdkbf7 vfuhfv wtw[kpt yfdsc hfnjv
vbc[fd0 hjujh ufdbuj ityb ehsbthsj,f rhbvbyfkbc idbkbidbksfy0
2 cfylhbrf fh /ufdc rhbvbyfkbc idbkbidbkc7 tutsb phlbkj,bfyb ,bzb
w[jdht,fib fh itv[dtlhbf8
2 hbs vju[b,kf 3phlbkj,bfyvf ,bzvf04 cfxemht,bs7 vfymfyt,bs7
htcnjhyt,bs888
2 hf htcnjhyt,bs7 vfvf0888 2 uekohatkfl uferdbhlf ytkbrjc7 2
vfhihenrt,bs vj’hfj,c7 thsb mtwbfyb sfbuekbc vtnb fhfathb vjehsvtdbf8
 2 hjujh fhf7 lfub]tht= vbkbjythb ,f,ebc thsflthsb idbkbidbkb vfhihenrt,bs
vj’hfj,c= wjnf vbcfqt,b n.ebkb vfbyw vjbujyt8
ytkbrjv [tkvtjhtl it[tlf sfvhjc8 fzfh[kt,ekb lfbrj sdfkcf lf [tkc ief
vbnrkbcathb [lt,jlf8 vbcb acbmbrf f,cjkenehfl vjevpflt,tkb b.j j]f[ehb
gthbgtnbt,bc uflfcf[fhifl7 ufyhbc[te,kb vfvbc .eht,fc rb cbrdlbkb thxbf8
2 itrhekt,b [jv fh [fhs7 hfnjv uflf[tlts thsvfytsc0 2 itybiyf ubjhubv8
2 ity tn.j,f hfqfw utikt,f7 ufvjhbw[ekbf cfylhbrf it’kt,ekb j]f[blfy b.jc8 2
rbs[df fbhblf ytkbrjv7 2 vbs eahj7 rhbvbyfkb ,f,ef /.fdltc8 fctsb ufyfskt,ekb7
fctsb yfrbs[b flfvbfyb xtvsdbc yfvldbkb fqvjxtyf b.j8 vtht7 hjujh vtn.dtkt,c888
fhfdbsfhb cktyub7 eovfoehb ufvjsmvf fy cbe[tit888
2 ufyfskt,f gfyfwtf fh fhbc8 tzdb fh itutgfhjc rhbvbyfkb ]eyf
idbkbidbkbc ufyfskt,fib aekc fh lfbieht,lf8 lfyfhxtyb cbcektktf8 tu ,bzb xdtyb
j]f[bc fcfhtdflff vjupfdybkbf7 gbhflfl xtvc lfcfifynf;t,kfl8
2 cfblfy vjbnfyt0
2 gbhflfl vjvf[ctyf ,f,efvbcvf8 2 ubjhub eqjyjl lfidf rjvgbenthbc
ujhujkfzt,bfy crfvpt8
2 ,f,efvbcbw cfmvbc rehcibf0 2 ytkbrjc uekib gfnbdvj.dfhtj,bc zbf
faesaeslf8 tctw ityb ,bk utbncb7 /v7 hjujh vjfhn.f0 fv uflfcf[tlblfy cek c[df
res[bs fqbmdf cfylhbrf7 itb’kt,f bsmdfc uffsvfut,ekb bynthtcbs8
2 cfblfy ufvjx[brt tu udtkbc obobkf7 hjujh vjf[th[f itysfy rfdibhpt
ufcdkf0
2 bynthytnbc cfiefkt,bs8
bynthytnb lf ytkbrj ehsbthsufvjvhbw[fdb vwyt,t,bf8 SFVHJ= w[flbf7
sfvhjc ufvjx[htrbkbf8
evwhjcb mfkbidbkb ufitit,ekb b]lf yj[pt7 sdfkt,bs rb ufstsht,jlf7 hjujhw
fynbrdfhek crekgnehfc8
2 sfvhj vjb[tlt8 sfvhj= 2 lfcztmf vb[dtlhbs sfdpfhlfwtvekvf vfvfv8
crekgnehf itby’hf7 .eht,pt [tkb fbafhf lf n.dbcfdbs ufdfhlf jsf[blfy8
2 sfvhjc sfdb lffyt,t= 2 vemfhfyfhtdb bynjyfwbbs ofhvjsmdf ytkbrjv8
2 hfc vbmdbf sfdb lfdfyt,j7 xtvb cfyfmt,j mfkbidbkt,b xtvc erfy
bynhbut,c [kfhsfdty7 sfdpt kfac vfc[fvty7 cftzdj nbgt,c trdht,bfy888 vt rb sfdb
lfdfyt,j0 [dfkblfy at[c fh uffrfht,s cf[kblfy8 fhw thsb= bynthytnc lf vj,bkeht,c
kbrdblfwbfc ufdertst,8 yt,bcvbthb pfhb xtvsfy bmyt,f itsfy[vt,ekb8 ufcfut,bf0
2 fhf=
2 hjujh ,tlfd0
2 tc rbltd ;ehyfkbf7 bctst,c ufdfrtst,7 vfnf [fhb uf[eyltc= 2 wbybrehfl
itcwbyf ytkbrjv8
fm ubjhubc ythdt,vf evn.eyf8 vjmytekb [tkb nrfwfybs lftidf ytkbrjc
kj.fpt8
2 fctf7 fhf0 rfhub7 vtw vfmdc itysdbc gfnfhf888 fhf7 lblb cbehghbpb8
2 ytkbrj yj[pt lfult,ek xfysfc oftgjnbyf8 fwf[wf[t,ekb [tkbs fvjbqj stshb rjydthnb
lf vfvfvbcc tchjkf8
rjydthnblfy fvj.hbkb ajnjcehfst,b gjhyjuhfabek rfhnt,fl ufbifkf bfnfrpt8
ltlbij,bkf vfvfrfwib ubjhubv cfresfhb sfdb bwyj7 ifdsvbfyb mfkbidbkb7 w[flbf
tkbcj b.j8 uekbcfvhtdb ctmcefkehb /b,hblb7 rtynfdhbc ghjdjrfwbf8
2 tyf xfubdfhlf8 2 cfhrfcnekfl xfbwbyf ytkbrjv8 2 f[kf xtvb htfmwbf
ofhvjblubyt7 hjwf fv rjydthnbc ibusfdcc utdtwfyb8 tkbcj .jdkfl ufsf[cbht,ekb
ujuj fqvjxylf7 fvfpt ye dbrfvfst,s7 vfuhfv ity hf uffrtst7 ity hf uffrtst vfvfxtvj=
lfwdbc mdti v.jasfy ufvfhst jhubt,b8 tc ctmcbw fh fhbc7 tc epytj,bc fgjstjpbf8 lf
fvbc vtht ,tlfd lf yjnfwbt,c vbrbs[fd0= vflkj,f vbs[fhb7 hjv ltlfxtvc fh
dfxdtyt888 hjv fh ufvjutodbt7 fhw ityc 3itoe[t,fc4 dfgbht,lb888
2 hfpt e[lb vflkj,fc vfvfityc0 2 jsf[ib vfyfyf itvjdblf8 cfufhtj nfycfwvkb
twdf7 tn.j,f fv oesbc vjcekb b.j cfvcf[ehblfy8
ytkbrj yj[pt xfbwewmf lf bcnthbekfl lfbo.j cehfst,bc f[brdf8 dth
vjfcohj7 vfyfyf ufyfgbhf ajnjc lfodlf7 f[kjv[tldtk sdfkt,sfy vbbnfyf8
2 vfyfyf7 tc ufeut,hj,ff7 t[kfdt fub[cyb .dtkfathc8 2 xf[ktxbkb [vbs lfbo.j
ubjhubv8
2 vujyb .dtkfathb ufcfut,bf8 2 vfyfyfv cehfst,bc yfobkb ytkbrjc
ufvjukb]f7 sdfkb uflffdkj lf erfy lfe,heyf8 2 fh dtkjlb888
2 vfyfyf7 [esb oesb vjvbcvbyt7 vtnc fh us[jd8
2 fh dtkjlb fvbcsfyf bvghjdbpfwbbc eyfhb se ufufxylf8 2 vidblfl
ufyfuh’j8 2 ityc flubkpt gjhyjbylecnhbfib uwlblb ,tlc7 otcbs eylf ufubvfhskjc8
2 tc .dtkfathb cbcektktf7 tc ujuj ghjatcbjyfkb vt’fdbf888
2 ofhvfnt,fc ubcehdt, f[fk fvgkefib8 2 tchjkf sfdbc ufcfcfvfhskt,kfl
vjvfhsek mvfhc8 2 ytkbrj7 sfvhjc es[fhb ,fhub xffkfujc8 mdtdbs utkjlt,bs
jhbdtc8
2 vfyfyf=
vfyfyfc fh vje[tlfdc8

222

ceasf /fthbc xfcf.kfgfl ufvjcekb rfhkj ufywdbaht,ekb fltdyt,lf sdfkc

vjdktyt,bc ufydbsfht,fc8 cf[kblfy ]th gbhufvt[t,ekb vfyfyf ufvjdfhlf cfvupfdhj
xtvjlybs [tkib7 vtht pehuxfysbfyb idbkbidbkt,b8 cf[tklf[tkjl itmexekb ,fhub
vfymfybc cf,fhuekib xf.fhtc lf cfyfv rfhkj fphpt vjdbljlf7 tpjlfy ufenbtc8
cfcofekb gbhlfgbh7 ufbabmhf vj[ewvf8 tn.j,f ubjhubc sfdcff hfqfw
e,tleht,f8 tc otkb welfl lfbo.j f,ecthb’tt,bc j]f[ib7 hjujhw xfyc7 ecbfvjdyt,fsf ]
fzdb fhfse brkt,c7 utjvtnhbekb ghjuhtcbbs bphlt,f8 rfhkjv gbhc vjvlufhb
ytho.db sesbc ’bhib uflffaehs[f8 hf rfdibhibf vjzfh,t,ekb ytho.dltyf
ythdbekj,fcsfy7 vfy fh bwjlf7 vfuhfv afmnbf 2 lfbo.t,lf se fhf ythdbekj,fc7 gbhb
ytho.dbs tdct,jlf7 [esb sdbc ,fqkbdbs8 fv cfrbs[pt tmbvsfyfw b.j rjyceknfwbfpt8
3cbvidblt lf ceasf /fthb4 2 fctsb htwtgnb ufvjeothtc8 ceasf /fthb hfvltybw ubylf
bvltybf7 idbkt,bc gfnhjyc rb hf ufvjektdc cfythdbekjc8 ghfmnbrekb [fk[bf
ew[jtkt,b8 hf eylf fcfrjdfy vij,tkc cf[kib7 f[fkufphlt,bc udthlbs0 ubylf-fh ubylf7
[lt,b bvfsb w[jdht,bc sfyfvjyfobkt8 vb,h’fylb ,fnjyj cfyfnjhbevib lf itycfdbs
ufvjgheneyt,ekt,sfy ufkbt erfyfcrytkb lqtt,b8 fhw gbhbc cbcdtkt itufoe[t,c7 fhw
idbkt,sfy cflbkb utmyt,f cfjwyt,j8
bc b.j cf[kib itcfcdktkfl vjtvpflf7 fkf.fasfy exfc 3]bgb4 ufxthlf8 itesfyf
df;bc lfyf[dfpt rfhkjc bctd uftdcj gbhb ytho.dbs8 thsb sdtf idbkb fh eyf[fdc7
sehvt vjyfnht,bf888 hfc bpfvc7 vjdf vfvfcsfy7 vbtcfkvt,f se sfdc lfbafct,c0
vjlbc8 vj,f],f]t,c lfsdbdbs8 itaths[bkb xfyc7 qbgb cfthsjl fh tn.j,f7
kj.t,bw xfwdtybf8
2 hjujh [fh7 vfvf0= 2 exfv [tkb xfvjfhsdf7 uflfrjwyf8
rfhkjv fo.kbfyt,ekb sdfkt,b vjbovbylf8 f[kf hjv [vf fvjbqjc7 sfdblfy
,jkjvlt ufb.blt,f8 idbkvf fh eylf yf[jc fnbht,ekb vfvf7 seylfw cb,thtib8
2 dfbvt= 2 exfc lfyf[dfpt wbwjv kj.fpt itvjblj [tkt,b8 2 hjujhf [fh7
utyfwdfkt7 hjujh vjudfyfnht sfdb888
exfv wbwjw uflfrjwyf lf ubjhub vjbrbs[f8
wbwjv jhfphjdyfl ufbidbhf sbsb vtjht cfhsekbc vbvfhsekt,bs8
 ubjhubc ujujt,bc cf’byt,tkib vbfuytc7 e’hfdfl v]lfhc bfnfrpt ufqfdt,ekb
ajnjcehfst,bc ufhtvjwdfib8
2 lfudfcohj vfu ’eryfv0 2 exfv ajnjt,b f[brf lf ubjhubc v[fhpt [tkb lfflj8
2 fh vtn.dbs7 hf fhbc xdtyb j]f[bc sfdc0 2 rfhkjv ufafwbwt,ekb vpthf
thsb idbkblfy vtjhtpt uflfbnfyf8
2 rfhub fhfathb8 2 egfce[f exfv8 2 fh vtrbs[t,b cfblfy vjdlbdfh0 2
itfy]qhbf ubjhub8
bvfy sfdb uffmybf efh.jabc ybiyfl8 vfyfyfv vbfnjdf7 idbkt,c lfvyfifdt
/ujybfs7 sfdbc vfhskt,bc cfiefkt,fw fh vbcwtc8 hf fphb fmdc w[jdht,fc0 otct,bc
lfvwdtkb fldjrfnb gbhdtkfl fqvjxylf eotcj w[jdht,bc tgbwtynhib8 cfibytkt,ff8
bctsb uh’yj,f /mjylf7 sbsmjc cf[fk[jl fb’ektc cnhbgnbpbc wtrdf8
2 hf dmyfs7 sfdpt yfwfhb ofdb.fhjs lf dtkjljs7 tc itsbs[ybkb rjvghf
ghtcfib hjlbc ufvjmdt.ylt,f0
2 xtv ith.tek htgenfwbfc fob fqfhfathb ufvjfojht,c8 2 fvjbj[hf ubjhubv8
2 ufvjfcojht,c rb fhf7 ityb rfhbthekb fqvfcdkf f[kf bo.t,f8 tc crfylfkbw
ityc obcmdbkpt lffc[fvc o.fkc8 vstkb upf ufvjcfdkbc ’t,yfib dbz.ktnlb ndbyc7
vujyb dbgjdt rbltw8 se ufbpbfht,7 rfhubf7 se fhf smdtyb ltlfw dfnbht .dtkfcb8
[dfkdt ufdtvupfdht,b fo.ehib lf rfhufl vt.jkts8
2 fo.ehib hf lfuhxtybf0
2 vfijc lfehtrfdc ybrfcsdbc8
2 [jv ubs[fhb7 ufvjxylt,f8 2 cecnfl ufbqbvf ubjhubv8
2 fhw tuhtf cfmvt7 lfhtrf7 sevwf rjjhlbyfnt,b fh lfenjdt,bf8 fdltmb lf
[tkvtjhtl vbdfltmb ,t,bfvbcc8 bvfc ufvjdn.et vbcfvfhsb8 /v7 gbhdtkfl sfdb
bafcf888 vfuhfv tc fh fhbc vsfdfhb7 fv vjvtynib fh fhbc7 sjhtv888 vjrktl7
vsfdfhbf ity dbc uflfeh,byt upfpt8
2 dbc uflfeh,byf0 2 mesesjt,b ite[nf rfhkjc8
2 fh vrbs[fd7 flfvbfyj7 cfblfy vjdlbdfh0= se vfbylfvfbyw lf,t;bkj,f
ufxdtyj7 ityc ufvjbcj,bs hjv lfdbvcf[eht0 2 ’vfc lfcz.bdkf exfv8
2 /j7 cfblfy vjlb[fh0 2 gfnbdb lfclj bvfy8
2 fv oesib fuytcfcufy vjdlbdfh7 jhb oesbs itddfhlb cf[kib7 nfycfwvkbc
ufvjcfwdktkfl lf ybrfv tc fv,fdb lfvf[dtlhf8 yf[tdfhb cffsb bv veylinerbfyb
xbgjkbyjc it,vfc vjdfyljvt7 vtht fm ufvjdbmtwb888 bmfvlt rb ghbnjyib uf[klbs7
cflfw itd[dlb rbltw itysdbc rfhufl yfwyj, ]eyf n.fdf’tc7 hjvtkvfw itysfy vjrbs[dbc
ufhlf7 vemfhf lfvf,fhf8
2 ]eyf n.fdf’t0 ghbnjyib0 2 ubjhubv mdtdblfy it[tlf epfhvfpfh vjyevtynfl
fcdtnbk ’vfc8
2 f[kf rfhufl vbcvbyt lf lfcrdyt,b thsfl ufvjdbnfyjs8
exfv .dtkfathb lfodhbkt,bs efv,j7 tkbcj vjcfidbkbc sdfksdfkbs lfo.t,ekb7
rfhwthib lfvo.dltdbs lfvsfdht,ekb8
2 gtnht ujuhbzbfyb0 2 ufvjwjw[klf ubjhub8 2 f[kf ufcfut,bf7 dby
rhbifdc ]eyfc cf’vjc888
2 xtvb utuvf fctsbf5 cbc[kb cbc[kbc obk8 rjvghf rjvghfc obyffqvltu8
vfu gtnhtc ctmcefkehb uflf[ht,b fmdc7 hf ibyffhcbc7 fh dbwb888 tu fv,fdb eylf
ufvjdb.tyjs xfcf’bhfl8 rfhjxt7 dbltjvfcfkf fy ajnjt,b se lfdbshbts7 xfsdfkt bvfsb
sfdt,b ubkbjnbyfpt udbltdc8 vtht dyf[js7 dbcb f]j,t,c8
2 fct fldbkbf lfshtdf0 ,jhltkib dby lfvf.tyt,byt,c dbltjrfvthfc888 hjvw
vbyljltc7 ]eyf fh ufvbidt,c8
2 ,fbsb eylf lfdivjyjs7 rjvgbenthbc ,fpf ufdnt[js888 fh dbwb7 .eht,pt eylf
lfdluts lf [tkvjcfrblb ufvjdxtrjs8 f,f7 xvjhbrt,bdbs lfdyt,lts7 nj0 2 exfv
epfhvfpfhb njhbs /fthb itvj[fpf7 sbsmjc dbhnefkehb [tkvjcfrblb vjcby]f8 2 jh
lqtib se fh vfdf.jvfhts tu fv,fdb7 efhbc smvf vjubotdc sfyfvlt,j,fpt8
2 dbqfw vfybfrt,bc uekbcsdbc rfhbthf eylf ufbaezjc ,bzvf0 2 uffghjntcnf
rfhkjv8
2 sfyfvlt,j,fpt bctlfw dbn.db efhc7 lfvqfkf fv gjkbnbrehvf rjhblfv7
vfuhfv bct ufdfrtst,7 tutybw sfy ufdb.jkj8 2 ubjhub at[pt ofvj[nf lf vj,bkehbc
’t,yfib sdfkt,b uffwtwf8 2 dby itvjvsfdfpf gtnhtc lfmdtvlt,fht,fib veifj,f0
fhvfpvf7 vbybcnhbc vjflubktv8 /jlf7 vfufcsfy lfdbzth cfmvtc8 hjvtkb cffsbf0
idblbc yf[tdfhb8 ’fkbfy rfhub8 cfl fhbc xtvb vj,bkehb0
2 ufub;lb flfvbfyj7 bmyt, itrhekt,b fhbfy tu ltlffatsmt,ekt,b0= 2
ufvfahs[bkt,kfl b.dbhf exfv8
2 df ,fyrib vbdlbdfh8 fy ufdbvfh]dt,7 fy uflfdbxt[t,b888 qdbybfcfdbs8 2
ubjhub vj,bkehbfyfl afy]fhfcsfy uflfbyfwdkf8
exf lf rfhkj cekufyf,ekt,b ecvtylyty8 ubjhubv vjflubktc felbtywbf s[jdf7
lflt,bsb gfce[b vbbqj lf fqtkdt,ekb xfvj]lf crfvpt8
2 xtvb vfymfybs vbub.dfy8 2 itcsfdfpf exfv8
2 rfhuc bpfv7 fh vfmdc cfztcsfy ]ljvbc sfdb8
2 fhcfl ufe[dbjs7 bwjlts8 cfyfv it[dtlhbc itltuc fh ufdbut,7 hf lfvf’byt,c0
2 rfhkj ufzbhdt,bs ofvjbvfhsf lf,fkb lbdfy-cfdfh’tkblfy7 cflfw fvfcobyfs ytkbrj
fgfhn.eyt,lf at[t,c8
2 vt dth lfugbhlt,b vjcdkfc7 ybrf vfhnj v.fdc cf[kib lfnjdt,ekb8 xtvc
vbcdkfvlt fhw bc lfb’byt,c8 ubjhubc nfmcbs ufvjdeidt, cjatkib8 2 smdf exfv8
2 hf e,fyib vblb[fhs0
2 hecsfdtkpt8 2 ubjhubv cekb vjbsmdf lf mfkbidbkt,bc cf’byt,kblfy
sfdbc rf,bytnib uflfbyfwdkf8 vfublblfy rtbcb fbqj7 cehfst,bfyb rjydthnb ibu
xffulj lf gbkjnrbc fcfqt,fl lfb[fhf8
vfyfyf wjw[fkb sfdbs fh ufeidt,lf vybidytkjdfy it[dtlhfpt ]bycbs lf
gbkjnrbs8 fhf eifdc7 f[kf fh fhbc tsbrtnbc lfwdbc lhj8
2 vt ybrfcsfy lfvnjdts7 smdty smdty upfpt oflbs8 2 vjekjlytkb
uflfo.dtnbkt,f vbbqj rfhkjv8
’vt,vf itsmvekt,bdbs uflf[tltc thsvfytsc8
2 /j7 hfc vjvxtht,b[fhs0 vjvtyfnhf idbkbidbkb7 f[fkb okt,bc vtht fh
vbyf[fdc8 smdtyc vjcdkfvlt uekc vfbyw uflfdf.jkt,8 vjrktl7 gbhlfgbh exfcsfy
ufvjlbs7 bm vjvf[ctyts hf lf hjujh8 2 rfhkj resdbs ufe.df gbhdtk cfhsekpt
xfvfdfk rb,tt,c8
2 cbrjcb fhfathb bcvbc0 2 ’vfc uflfexehxekf exfv8
ubjhubv sfdb uffmybf8 vjhxt,f fv lfdblfhf,fc lf cbrjc vjcf’t,yfl uflftidt,f8
cbc[kbs yfstcfdt,c lfeothtkb rfyjyb vfhsfdc7 cfyfv vfvf wjw[fkbf7 eylf vjfcohjc
’vt,bc ithbut,f8 c[df itvs[dtdfib hf fphb fmdc cbwjw[ktc888 tythubbc itvjntdf
buh’yj7 hjujhw cgjhncvtyvf cnfhnbc lfo.t,bc oby8

222

cfvbybcnhjib rfynb reynfl vj’hfj,lyty udbfyj,fvlt ithxtybkb

sfyfvihjvkt,b8 lfwdfv fldjrfn ubjhub f,ecthb’tc cfidb ufvjeothf lf sdfkt,bs
uffwbkf8
2 cekvjesmvtkfl dtkb cfmvtc7 hjvkbc uflflt,f [dfkbcsdbc fh itb’kt,jlf8 2
ittut,f fhvfpb8
tc b.j cfiefkjpt lf,fkb7 ath-[jhwbfyb vfvfrfwb cfjwhfl wjw[fkb sdfkt,bsf
lf v’ktjcfybc vb[dhf-vj[dhbs8
 2 xtvpt hjv b.jc lfvjrblt,ekb7 fh itufoe[t,lbs7 vfuhfv smdtyc vbth
itsfdfpt,ek gjcnpt efhbc smvbc dflf jh lqtib boeht,f8
2 hfc /mdbf boeht,f0 vt smdtysdbc dflt,b fh lfvbsmdfvc8
2 vfifynf;t,ty7 ,fnjyj fhvfp8
2 tc erdt cfbynthtcjf8 2 fhvfpvf vjvhudfkt,ekb blf.dt,b vfublfc lff.hlyj lf
cmtkb rbcthb oby ofvjobf8 2 dby ufifynf;t,c lf hfnjv0
2 gtnht ujuhbzbfyb7 hjvtkcfw xtvb vjcfkjlytkb vjflubktj,f lbcrjvajhnc
emvybc8
2 lbcrjvajhnc0888 lbcrjvajhnc vtw ,tdhb hfvt vbmvybc7 vfuhfv ifynf;c
fh vbdvfhsfd8 ltnfkehfl vjvb.tdb .dtkfathb8
ubjhubv lfbo.j8 ]th vihfkfl7 sbsmjc ghjnjrjkc rbs[ekj,lf7 vtht eahj
tvjwbehfl8 hjwf tkbcjc tgbpjlpt uflfdblf7 ybdsvnrbwt,bc cf[bs ajnjcehfst,b
fvjbqj8
2 vfgfnbts7 fv cb,by’ehbc lfsdfkbtht,fc hjv ufrflht,s7 vfuhfv
vnrbwt,ekt,t,bc ufhtit [jv fh vjdbljlb0 lffrdbhlbs xtvc cf[tc7 itebfhfqt,tkb
sdfkbsfw xfyc7 hjv ufsbiekb dfh8 hfqfw i[fvb xfvb.fhf ,jh]jvib8 ujyt,f fh
lfvbrfhufdc7 vfuhfv c[tekc dth dbvjhxbkt,lb7 sbsbc ufy’htdbc sfdbw fh vmjylf7
fhfse bynbvehb rfdibhbc lfv.fht,bc888 2 ubjhubc .eht,b fe,b,bylf8
2 v]thf8 2 lftsfy[vf fhvfpb8 hjujhw ubjhubc vjtxdtyf7 uekohatkfl8
2 sfdbc lfcfpqdfdtl ,jskb7 cfblfyfw ,jh]jvb lfdkbt7 tmcgthnbpfpt ofdbqt8
vtnbw7 cbc[kbc fyfkbpb ufdbrtst8 hjujhw ,jh]jvib7 bct cbc[kib fqvjxtybkbf
acbmjnhjgekb ybdsbtht,bc vstkb sfbuekb8 futh7 itcf,fvbcb lfcrdyfw8
2 rfhufl vjmwtek[fh8 2 fhvfpvf lfcrdyfc uflffdkj sdfkb8 2 dth ufsdfktc
bv dbhtivfrt,vf7 cfmvt hjv ghjatcbjyfk fldjrfnsfy fmds8
2 ufvjubn.lt,bs7 ghjatcbjyfkb fldjrfnb bv vjvtynbcsdbc ltlbc cfcfakfjpt
fqvjfxbyf cfresfhvf ’vfv8 bvbc bltf b.j tmcgthnbpbc lfxmfht,ekb otcbs ufrtst,f8
2 behbcnbf smdtyb ’vf0
2 vityt,tkb8
2 fv ajnjt,bc itcf[t, bwbc dbyvtv0
2 cfvoe[fhjl7 wjk-idbkvf ufbuj8
2 cf[tpt ufn.j,s7 lfb]thtc8
2 cf[kblfy ufmwtdbs eidtktc sfdc8 2 vpthf ffhblf ubjhubv8
2 vlff7 fh fhbc rfhub fv,fdb8 cfhjcrjgjc itcf[t, vtw vcvtybf7 vfuhfv ]eyf
n.fdf’t se vafhdtkj,lf7 fh dbwjlb8 hfw itt[t,f gtnhtc7 vbc itcf[t, xdtyw vjudtgjdt,f
bynbvehb [fcbfsbc rjvghf8 2 fhvfpvf rjvgbenthb xfhsj lf ubjhubc [tkbs fybiyf7
vjf[kjt,jlf8 2 stfnhfkbpbht,ekb ofhvjlutyt,bc vj.dfhekbf smdtyb vtnjmt8
trhfypt ifd-stshb rflhb fwbvwbvlf8 afhekvf dbltjsdfkvf frhj,fnbc ajhvfib
ufvjo.j,bkb mfkb lffabmcbhf8 ie,kpt uflfotekb svf rtafpt rbrbyfl ittrhf7 [tkib
ortgkfc fsfvfit,lf lf cfwbhrj bktst,c frtst,lf8 firfhfl dbqfwbcsdbc gjpbht,lf7 hflufy
[ibh-[ibhfl bwmbht,jlf mdtdbs lf vfh]dybd7 sbsmjc htfmwbfc fvjovt,lf8 f/f7
bcbw ufvjxylf7 otkc ptdbs ibidtkb gtnht ujuhbzbfyb8 rfdrfcbtkb rfwt,bcufy
,fkybc cbvwbht ufyfc[dfdt,lf7 se fh xfdsdkbs ’e’ec sfdt,sfy fvjphlbk
cgbhfkbct,ek rkfrybkt,c7 e[tbhj fyntyt,bdbs ufidthbkc c[dflfc[df vbvfhsekt,bs8
vewtkpt7 vpbc oyekbc vblfvjt,ib7 jhb w[bvjdfyb yfrtwb fqtybiyt,jlf7 iefib
er,bkjl brhbzt,jlf ofuh’tkt,ekb ajhvbc zbgb8 ifhdkbc cfkntpt lfatybkb [jhwbfyb
st’jt,b mjsybcvfudfh cbketnc mvyblf lf ;tktcfdbs mfymfht,lf8
ewt, frhj,fnvf ijknb vjbmybf lf ,tzt,pt lfw[j8 vce,emfl lfw[j7 itb’kt,f
bsmdfc rtrkewfl8 3vtnb cbcfcnbrt7 jkbrj7 vtnb=4 2 ofvjb’f[f gtnhtv lf gbhfqvf
lftv[j bfnfrpt lfult,ek vfnhfcpt8 mfkvf s[jdyf itechekf8 zhtkb ortgkf n.fgeybs
[njlf vfpj[bcnbc ufybth ,tzt,pt8 3cbfvjdyt,f4 fsbjlt oesc ufuh’tklf7 hbc vthtw
jkbrjl ojlt,ekvf ltlfrfwvf vbyb mdtlfrf,f itvjbhn.f7 rbyrhb[jpt fkbcathb ,fasf
lfbrjacf lf ,trtrfcfdbs lfbo.j [neydf vfnhfcbc ufhitvj8 3vt dffh thsb wblff7 vt
cbwbkb vbbylff8884 rbrbyt,lf upflfupf8 gtnht vbc lfzthfc cwlbkj,lf7 vfuhfv
hfvltycfw oftgjnbyt,jlf7 wtkmb ,trtrf rjgt,c brhfdlf lf ijknbc vjhbu ekeafc
csfdfpj,lf8
2 xfyfothb eibihjt,fpt ufdkbs xfudbdfhlf [tkib7 tc mfkb7 jkbrj7
cfhjcrbgjc vfvfif lf eibihjt,bc yfctlrff8 2 fhvfpvf cfmvbc rehcib xff.tyf fldjrfnb8
2 tu lf gtnht ,fdidj,blfy bwyj,lyty thsvfytsc7 vujyb ths e,fyib bphlt,jlyty8 hdf
rkfcbc lfvsfdht,bc itvltu ujujyfv cfwbhrj cfcofdkt,tkib uffuh’tkf cofdkf7
frhj,fnbc ghjatcbfc lfteakf7 gtnht 2 cfybveij vjofatl bsdkt,jlf8 hjlbc ufxfqlf fv
jhc ijhbc hjvfyb lfpecnt,bs fh dbwb7 bcbw fh dbwb7 wfkv[hbdb b.j se
jhv[hbdb7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 gtnhtc ghtntypbekb j]f[b frhj,fn h’fkc hjv fh
buet,lf7 o.fkb fh ufedf8 fct b.j se bct7 fhfhtfkbpt,ekb cb.dfhekb gtnhtc
acbmbrfpt efh.jabsfl fbcf[f7 tn.j,f dth vjf[th[f ,fdidj,fib xfhxtybkb frhj,fnb
ujujyfc vt[cbtht,blfy fvjikf8 fv cfrbs[pt ctmcjgfsjkjusfyfw vmjylf rjyceknfwbf7
ufycfresht,ekb fhfathb esmdfvc7 e,hfkjl cbn.dbthfl uffajhvf bc7 hbc itcf[t,fw
.ehvjrdhbs vfbyw udcvtybf8 dbqfw gfhnybjhbc lfvwbht,bs bqt,c ctmcefkeh
cbfvjdyt,fc7 dbqfw gbhbmbs 2 hjwf fmts fvwbht,ty7 vfiby ufybwlbc jhufpvc8
se fvfc sfvfibc cf[t fmdc lf gfhnybjht,b sfdc rjvajhnekfl uh’yj,ty7 itb’kt,f
bsmdfc7 cthbjpek uflf[hfcsfy fh udfmdc cfmvt8 cek c[dff ytrhjabkbf7
gtljabkbf7 pjjabkbf7 ufegfnbeht,f888 vsfdfhbf7 ’fkflj,fib fh uflfbpfhljc8
fvfcj,fib7 gfnfhf ujujyf jkbrj ufbphlf lf vfvfifl vjudtdkbyf7 hbc vthtw
vbcb lf ghjatcbfib htfkbpt,ekb gtnhtc upt,b [tkvtjhtl uflfbrdtsf8 hfvltybw fh eylf
brbryj lf breynheij7 fcfrb sfdbcfc idt,f7 jkbrjvfw itvwdtkb vjeyf[f sfdbc rkbtync
tkbcjc cf[bs8 hfw ,bpytcb uffafhsjdf7 rkbtynt,bc vjvcf[eht,fpt efhb smdf7
vskbfyfl uflftidf flvbybcnhfwbek cfmvbfyj,fpt8 hjujhw xfyc cfrvfjl
ofhvfnt,ekfl7 lf[t7 hf ,j,jkf vafhdtkt,b /.jkbf8 2 fhvfpvf rehcjhbs ufsbif rflhb7
cflfw ltgfhnfvtynbc ufijknbkb eahjcb lf zryj,fitgfhekb frhj,fnb bynbveh itntdfpt
uflfdblyty8 2 hf ubs[hfs7 ubjhub7 2 vbe,heylf peucerfy fcdtnbk fldjrfnc7 2
vcufdcb ctmcefkehb sfvfit,bc ufvj cfmvtc dth fdq’hfds7 vfuhfv se smdtyb
lfifynf;t,f lfevnrbwlf7 tc erdt rhbvbyfkbf8
2 vfhnj xtvb lfifynf;t,f0 2 yfyf[bs lfv’bvt,ekb ubjhub sfdbc crfvc
lfe,heylf7 2 rjnt .fhfekfidkbc wtvf0 xtvb 'vbcidbkbc ufnfwt,f0 ,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 fhw
sfyfvlt,j,bc gbhbc cfhjcrbgjib ofyofkbf ufvfhskt,ekb8
2 cfmvt eylf fqb’hfc7 fvfc o.fkb fh ufedf8 tc ,fylf wb[tib eylf
fvjdfkgjs8 ghjwtcb lf[ehekb bmyt,f7 fh fhbc vbpfyitojybkb e[th[ekb ltnfkt,bc
vtlbbc cfiefkt,bs ufgbfht,f8 cfmvt [dfkdt fqb’dht,f ghjrehfnehfib7 fvbc ufhfynb
vt dfh888 cfv’t,hjc ,bzt,b vstk ,hfirfc relpt lff]lt,bfy888 vnrbwt,ekt,t,b
cfrvfhbcpt vtnbf7 bvtlbf rbltd lftvfnt,f7 duekbc[vj, cfntktajyj vjcvtyt,c lf
x[htrbc itltufl fvjqt,ek vfcfkt,c8 fct hjv7 itub’kbf vidblfl lfb’byjs8 se ubylfs
smdty cbvfvfhc lfdehtrfd7 xfdf.tyt, cfmvbc rehcib8 sjhtv hf ufvjlbc7 elfyfifekj
rfwb .jdtkv[hbd lfpfhfkt,ekb [fhs8
2 ye itoe[lt,bs7 j]f[c vt sdbsjy vbd[tlfd8
2 yt,f smdtybf8 ufvjubn.lt,bs7 smdtyb htgenfwbbc rfwbc fv gjcnpt
lfybidyf gtnhtc xfcf’bhfl b.j ufvbpyekb8 e,hfkjl7 [tkvjcfzbl vfcfkfc dt’t,lbs8 fv
bywbltynvf vjdktyt,b lffxmfhf8 uvflkj,s7 cfmvbc rehcib xf.tyt,bcsdbc8 bvtlbf
dbsfyfvihjvkt,s8
ubjhubv itlfht,bs lfvidblt,ekvf lfnjdf vbybcnhbc vjflubkbc rf,bytnb8
vfymfyfib exf tkjlf8
2 vjvbcvbyf7 lfvb]thf7 lf[vfht,fc lfvgbhlf8 2 smdf xf]ljvbcsfyfdt8
 exfv cfrvfjl etysepbfpvjl lferhf sfdb8
2 ltnfkt,pt vfvfc sfylfcoht,bs dbkfgfhfrjs7 w[hf]th [jv fh vjd.dt,b thscf lf
bvfdtc8 2 ubjhubv cfmfqfklt erfyf cfkjyib vjcbhjfl lf xf.ext,ek ’vfc it[tlf8 2
e[fcbfsjl [fh se hf uzbhc0
2 hfvltybvt oesbc oby kf,jhfnjhbbc ufvutv lfvbhtrf7 utytnbrehb
tmcgthnbpf dbcsfyfw xfdbnfhts vt lf ybrfv8 rj,f mdbf7 udfhb fhw vf[cjdc8 /jlf7
fv rj,fv7 cfyfv gjkbwbfc xfd,fhlt,b7 fqbfht,bs xdtyt,f eylf vjuwtsj5 smdty fh
[fhs ybrfc ,bjkjubehb vfvf7 fyfkbpbc gfce[b byufc ptojkbs uflfdfcojhtj8 gfnbt,f
vs[jdf lf vj,bkb ufsbif8
ubjhubv babmhf lf smdf5
2 fh [fh7 ye [fh8 hfvt bwdkt,f fv afmnbs0
2 cfmvt xtvc vfvj,fib fhff8 cfyfv gjkbwbfc xfd,fhlt,bj8 hfnjv eylf
xf,fhltc gjkbwbfc0 lyr-c gfce[b hjv uff.fk,f7 bvbnjv0 c[df hfvtibf cfmvt7 [vfw
bctsb /mjylf7 cfcjofhrdtsbkb8
2 [jv fh fzfh,t,0
2 ity ’vj,fc dabwfdfh7 fhf8
2 byufc vbcfvfhsb bwb0 2 welvf ituh’yt,fv ubjhubc ndbyb uferfohf8
2 rb7 ths[tk ybrfc vbdfrbs[t8
2 ofdtlbs8
exfv e[vjl lf’hf vfymfyf8

222

bv cf,tlbcothj obyflflt,bc itvltu vfij fqfh ufvjxtybkf8 fhw wb[bc

vblfvjt,ib7 fhw vfvf ,fcbksfy8 cfthsjl vjbrdtsf at[b7 vfdhfc cf[kib ufvfuhlf7
.jxfqb vtwb[jdytcfdbs8 cbrj ltghtcbfib xfdfhlf8 hfqfw vjvtynib uflfo.dbnf
sdbsjy vjbyf[ekjc lf vtuj,hj,f itcsfdfpjc8 hfvltyb lqt f[fkb bltbs itg.hj,bkvf
uffnfhf8 dth ufhbcrf8 mfkcf lf vfvfrfwc ijhbc vtuj,hj,f ,fqbc fcfribf itcf’kt,tkb7
cb.fk,bs thsbthsj,bc fqlutyf rb fh fo.j,lf8 vfij jcwbkjuhfabdbs vuhyj,bfhtf7 dth
ufvjfgfht, hf [lt,f cbrjc uekib8 cbrjc uekib rb lblb fv,t,b [lt,jlf8 fk,fs fct uh’yj,c
sfdc rfhub fvbylt,bs ufsfvfvt,ekb rdbhnb7 lhjpt flht hjv uflfo.dbnf itut,t,jlf
ufpfa[ekc8
vjudbfyt,bs s,bkbcib lf,heyt,fptw lfbo.j abmhb7 vfuhfv ghtcfib
ufvjmdt.yt,ekvf ge,kbrfwbfv uflffabmht,byf8 ufptsc chekbfl itvs[dtdbs
uflffo.lf7 hjwf rbjcrib cbufhtnc .blekj,lf8 gbhdtkcfdt udthlpt eahjcb ’vbc7
ubjhubc ajnjcehfsb itvjtatsf7 fhfyfrkt, isfv,tzlfdb b.j cfsfehb5 IFYNF;BC
VC[DTHGKB CFFGTKFWBJ LTGFHNFVTYNBC EAHJCFL LFBYBIYF8
cnfnbfib dhwkfl b.j vjs[hj,bkb vfvfwb fldjrfnbc ,h’jkf rjheawbekb rkfybc
obyffqvltu7 hjvkbc cfsfdtib ltgfhnfvtynbc .jabkb eahjcb gtnht ujuhbzbfyb lf
,bpytcvtyb ]eyf n.fdf’t vjbfpht,jlf8 fv jhbc lfgfnbvht,bc ghjwtcb ajnjt,bc cthbfpt
b.j fq,tzlbkb8
cbrjv lf’f,ekb sdfkt,b uflffdkj cnfnbfc7 bvbc ibibs cflvt xtvb cf[tkbw fh
fvjnbdnbdltcj8 fh fvjnbdnbdt,ekf7 vsfdhj,fib ofhvjlutybkvf ’vfv se bpheyf
j]f[bc [tkite[t,kj,fpt8 cfvfubhjl fvjnbdnbdlf .jabkb h’kbc7 byufc cf[tkb8 byuf
vjrkekbf= fhfvjnbdbht,ek vrdktkj,fc dbyvt rj,f [flehb b,hfkt,lf7 ghjatcbbs
tmbvb8 hf nhfubrekb fv,t,b lfnhbfkt,ekf s,bkbcib cfyfv cbrj fo.ehib
ufyltubkj,lf0
cbrjv gbh]dfhb uflfbothf lf bmdt7 rbjcrbc oby kjwdf ofhvjsmdf8
hjwf gbhdtkvf ijrvf ufefhf ufptsb fvjbqkbfdf lf vfijc cfyf[fdfl ufcobf8
hbs fh fhbc vbptpb ehsbthsj,bc fqcflutyfl8
 vfdhfc zbirfhsfy f[fkb cbehghbpb tkjlf 2 exfc ibylbcathb ]bgb8 cbrjv
vtpj,kbc qj,tc itfafhf sfdb8 exf vfymfyblfy uflvjdblf lf vfdhfc zbirfhsfy itxthlf8
v[bfhekb ’fqkb vjhf relbc mbwbybs ufvjtut,f7 hjv cwjlyjlf7 cbfvjdyt,bs ufcotdlf
ehlekcfw8 jhbjlt oesib sfdfl vfcgby’tkbw ufvjxylf7 obycfahbsf lf amdbkbfyb
[tkt,bs8 lbfkjub vjrkt b.j lf fhfahbcvsmvtkb8
2 vfij ifhfityb’t smdtysfy ufxthlf0 2 /rbs[f exfv8
2 fctsc fh dbwyj,8 2 b.j gfce[b8
2 cjatkib vbs[htc7 sbsmjc smdtysfy itfafhf sfdb s,bkbctkvf ujujyfv8
2 s,bkbctk ujujyfc /mdbf tdf7 bc xtvb yfstcfdbf lf fo.ehib cfvij,bfhjl
xfvjdblf8
2 vfgfnbts8 2 exf ufyflueht,ekb uftvfhsf vfymfybcrty8 sfdbcb ufye.htkb
akfytkbc gthfyub twdf7 vjvodfyj-vjobsfkj re,brt,bs8
cf,ehfdt,bc zhbfkvf ufa[hbof itue,t,ekb /fthb8 ]bgvf lblb cbcohfabs
xfemhjkf qj,tc vbkehcvek cbrjc7 vndthbsf lf ,eqbs ufvjentyf ytcnjt,b8 tdf7 tdf7
tdf888 kjwdfcfdbs xfb,en,enf8 ofdblf ityb flfvb7 bvtlbf cfvelfvjl8 vtw fh
itubikb [tkc7 xtvc mdf,ekc lfde,heylt,b wjldt,bc vjcfyfybt,kfl8 cbrjv lfuhfuybkb
ufptsb qj,tc ufe.fhf lf vjyfcnhbc vbvfhsekt,bs ufcobf8

GHJKJUB

IDBLB SDBC ITVLTU888

Ctmntv,hbc s,bkb lbkf bluf8 exfv sdfkb uff[bkf lf afy]fhfib stshb vnhtlb
lfbyf[f8 hfnjvqfw ufe[fhlf8 ybrfc ufqdb’t,f vjeylf7 vfuhfv ittwjlf7 crjkbc
lfo.t,fvlt thsb cffsb b.j lfhxytkb7 [esb oesbw b’byjc8 vnhtlb vtlblehfl vbvjlbjlf
seyembc gfhfgtnpt7 lhjufvjidt,bs rb afy]hbc vbyfc t[t,jlf vjdfhlbcahj ybcrfhnbs7
sbsmjc hfqfwbc smvfc fgbht,lf8 cfl b.j flht vj,bkeht,b7 vtcb]bc aeymwbfc tc
obyfbcnjhbekb xbnt,b fchekt,yty8 exf qbvbkbs ofvj]lf kjubyib8 hfc eylf
vjfcofdt,ltc vidblj,bc cbv,jkjc lbkfestybf cnevhj,f0
exfv fh bwjlf7 hjv cek hfqfw yf[tdfh cffsib kfvbc ufvjnbht,ekb evwhjcb
’vf lfehtrfdlf lf mfkbidbkbc lf,flt,fc vbekjwfdlf8 fh bwjlf7 hjv reyby’fcfdbs
uflftdkt,jlf rb,tt,c7 ybrfcsfy thsfl xf]lt,jlf vfymfyfib lf fo.ehib uftvupfdht,jlf
vjvfdfkb wjk-idbkbc xfvjcf.dfyfl8 fh bwjlf7 hjv ,tlybtht,f7 fhfghjuyjpbht,fl
itvs[dtdbsj,fsf uh’tkb ]fzdbf7 sdbsjy 2 fv ]fzdbc ths-thsb7 vfuhfv fewbkt,tkb
hujkb8
]th]thj,bs bc vnhtlbc .eht,bs nr,t,jlf8

LFCFCHEKB