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Rizal was arrested in 1896 and charged with rebellion, sedition, and illegal association for his involvement with the Katipunan revolutionary group. He underwent a military trial that violated his basic rights as the accused. Despite Rizal's defenses proving his innocence, the military court found him guilty and sentenced him to death by firing squad. He was executed in Manila on December 30, 1896.
Rizal was arrested in 1896 and charged with rebellion, sedition, and illegal association for his involvement with the Katipunan revolutionary group. He underwent a military trial that violated his basic rights as the accused. Despite Rizal's defenses proving his innocence, the military court found him guilty and sentenced him to death by firing squad. He was executed in Manila on December 30, 1896.
Rizal was arrested in 1896 and charged with rebellion, sedition, and illegal association for his involvement with the Katipunan revolutionary group. He underwent a military trial that violated his basic rights as the accused. Despite Rizal's defenses proving his innocence, the military court found him guilty and sentenced him to death by firing squad. He was executed in Manila on December 30, 1896.
Katipunan - a secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio
Dr. Pio Valenzuela -
secret emissary of Katipunan to Dapitan Katipuneros led by Emilio Jacinto August 29 - tried to rescue Katipunan plot to Rizal however he rise in arms refused their against Spain rescue offer For 26 days was discovered (August 6- by Father September, Mariano Gil 1896) Rizal (Augustinian stayed on parish priest of board the Tondo) Castilla Last trip to Spain August 30 - he received a letter from Governor Blanco wishing him “happiness” and two additional letter of recommendation for the Ministry of War (General Marcelo de Azcarraga, Philippine born Spaniard) and the Ministry of Colonies September 3, 1896 - left Spain on board the steamer Isla de Panay September 7 - streamer reached Singapore, a British colony Don Pedro Roxas and other Filipino friends in Singapore tried to persuade him to escape from the clutches of Spain however he refused again
Mr. Fort- English lawyer
The crux of Mr. Font’s legal contention was Rizal was “illegally detained” on the Spanish steamer In Barcelona When the steamer arrived in Barcelona on October 3, 1896, Rizal remained there for three days and was transferred to Montjuich Castle on October 6, 1896 November 3 - the steamer Colon arrived in Manila and was immediately transferred to Fort Santiago Tortured: *Deodato Arellano *Domingo Franco *Dr. Pio Valenzuela *Timoteo Paez *Moises Salvador *Paciano(cruelly tortured) *Jose Dizon Headed by Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive 2 kinds of evidence * 15 documentary * 15 testimonial Documentary Evidences 1. A letter from Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce dated Oct. 16, 1888, Madrid. 2. A letter of Rizal to his family dated Aug. 20, 1890, Madrid. 3. A letter from M.H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano dated Jan 7, 1889, Madrid 4. A poem entitled “Kundiman” allegedly written by Rizal. Documentary Evidences 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, Sept. 18, 1891. 6. A Masonic document dated Feb. 9, 1892. 7. A letter signed “Dimasalang” to Ten Luz (Juan Zulueta) dated May 24, 1892, H.K. 8. A letter signed Dimasalang to unidentified committee dated June 1, 1892, Hong Kong. Documentary Evidence 9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph. 10.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Sept. 3, 1892. 11.A letter of Rizal Segundo, dated Sept. 17, 1893. 12.A letter to M.H. Del Pilar to Juan A. Tenluz Documentary Evidence 13.A transcript of the speech of Pinkian (Emilio Jacinto) in a meeting of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893. 14.Transcript of a speech Tik-Tol (Jose Turiano Santiago) during the same Katipunan meeting. 15.A poem by Laon Laan (Rizal) entitled A Talisay. Testimonial evidence *Martin Constantino *Domingo Franco *Aguedo del Rosario *Jose Dizon *Ambrosio Salvador *Jose Reyes *Moises Salvador *Timoteo Paez *Pedro Serrano Laktaw *Deodato Arellano *Dr. Pio Valenzuela *Antonio Salazar *Francisco Quison Recommendations
the accused be brought to trial
he should be kept in prison
an order of attachment be issued against his properties to
the amount of 1 M pesos as indemnity
he should be defended in court by an army officer, not by
civilian lawyer Rizal chooses his defender Don Luis Taviel de Andrade- 1st lieutenant of the artillery served as his defender in court -brother of Jose(Rizal “bodyguard” in Calamba 1887) December 11 - to the question asked, Rizal replied: 1. He did not question the jurisdiction of the court 2. He had nothing to amend, except that since his deportation to Dapitan in 1892 he had not engaged in politics 3. He did not admit the charges preferred against him 4. He did not admit the declaration of the witnesses against him December 13 - the case against Rizal was referred to Governor Camilo C. de Polavieja, who had just replaced Governor Blanco December 15 - he wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop the unnecessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and industry.
It was written in his prison cell at Fort
Santiago
Judge Advocate Nicolas de la Peña
recommended to Governor Polavieja that the manifesto be surpressed. Accordingly its publication was prohibited. December 26, 1896- he who was accustomed to spend this merry season in the company of his beloved family of dear friends, found himself alone and depressed in a dreary cell. Rizal was accused of 3 crimes: 1. rebellion 2. sedition 3. illegal association In his preliminary defense, he further proved his innocence by twelve points December 26, 1896(8:00 am) - the court martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de España The military court, in spite of Rizal’s additional defenses, remained indifferent. Lt. Co. Arjona closed the trial and ordered the clearing of the court hall After a short deliberation, the seven members of the military court voted unanimously for the death of Rizal on the same day. 7 members of military court:
• Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (pres)
• Capt. Ricardo Muños Arias • Capt. Manuel Reguera • Capt. Santiago Izquierdo • Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nuñez • Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano • Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez December 28 - Gov. Polavieja approved the decision of the court martial and ordered the execution of Rizal on December 30th at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) Rights of the accused 1. The right to free access to the courts and adequate legal assistance. 2. The right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have counsel when under investigation for the commission of an offense. 3. The right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the free will. 4. The right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention; 5. The right to bail and against excessive bail. 6. The right to due process of law. 7. The right to presumption of innocence. 8. The right to be heard by himself and counsel. 9. The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Rights of the accused 10. The right to have speedy, impartial, and public trial. 11. The right to meet the witnesses face to face. 12. The right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. 13. The right against self-incrimination. 14. The right against detention by reason of political beliefs and aspirations. 15. The right against excessive fines. 16. The right against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. 17. The right against infliction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes. 18. The right against double jeopardy. 19. The right against ex post facto law and bill of attainder.