English Reviewer

Valuing Others and their Circumstances

Adverbs
 adverb – a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group,
expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
Kinds of Adverbs
1) adverbs of time – provides information about when a verb takes place, signifies when
o after o later
o already o next
o during o recently
o finally o soon
o just o then
o last o yesterday
Later that year, Martin Luther King Jr. is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
We recently bought a new car.
2) adverbs of place – illustrate where the verb is happening, signifies where
o abroad o nowhere
o anywhere o out
o downstairs o outside
o here o somewhere
o home o there
o in o underground
But the life of Martin Luther King Jr. inspired unprecedented equality in education, the economy and in the
White House.
The cat is hiding underneath the couch.
3) adverbs of manner - describes how and in what way the action of a verb is carried out
o Most adverbs of manner are created by adding –ly to adjectives.
The worker walked carefully on the platform.
The man painted the room skilfully.
4) adverbs of frequency – tells us how often or how frequently something happens
o always o sometimes
o usually o occasionally
o normally o seldom
o generally o rarely
o often o never
o frequently
I seldom go to the library.
The teacher normally shouts at us when she is mad.
5) adverbs of degree - tells us about the intensity of something
o extremely o almost
o quite o very
o just o too enough
He was very noisy,
 6) adverbs of affirmation/negation - declares that something is true or some equivalent expression or negative
statement, judgment or a logical proposition
o absolutely o yes
o affirmatively o certainly
o avowedly o by all means
o clearly o verily
o truly o nothing
o definitely o nowhere
o doubtlessly o not at all
o exactly o contradictorily
o alright o almost
o obviously o invalidly
o positively o never
o really o no
o sure o not or words ending n’t such as
o surely haven't
o undoubtedly o rarely
o scarcely
I am definitely going to school today.
7) adverbs of reason - tell the reason behind the happening of a particular occurrence
o hence o since
o thus o accidentally
o therefore o purposely
o because o consequently
o so o in order to
o so that o lest
Radha heard a loud noise; therefore, she called the police.
Order of Adverbs
 In writing a sentence with different types of adverbs, it should be in this order: manner, place, frequency,
time, and reason.
She runs quickly outside every morning before school to lose weight.

Prose
 prose – spoken or written language without a metrical structure
Elements of Prose
1) Theme – lesson or message of the story, the story’s main concept
o To identify the theme of a story, the readers must look for clues in what the characters say and do,
what happens as the result of their actions and how the characters change.
2) Setting – where and when the story took place
a) setting of place – location of the story and its physical environment, climate and weather
b) setting of time – when the story took place, duration of the story and its time period
 c) social setting – culture, laws, social practices, societal taboos, societal expectations, politics and
government, entertainment/games, religious practices, education, war, mores, technology
3) Plot - what happens in the story, or the sequence of events, the structure of the story

a) Exposition – beginning of the story where characters and setting are introduced, major conflict is
revealed
b) Rising Action – when the main problem or conflict is addressed with a form of problem, the main
character encounters some sort of crisis that creates tension
c) Climax – pivotal point in the story when the main character deals with the culmination of events,
centers on the main character’s most difficult challenge
d) Falling Action – details the consequences that the characters must deal with after the turning point
of events
e) Denouement – tells us what happens to the characters after the conflict is resolved, leaves readers
with a sense of closure
4) Characters – people or animals in the story, often depicts different characters’ interactions with each other,
including their relationship and changes underwent
a) round/dynamic characters – plays a role that develops and changes during the events in the story,
may change positively or negatively depending on the need of the story
b) flat/static characters - not an eye-catching part of the story, but still play an important role in the
flow and help the main character in his or her intention, doesn’t have strong characteristics or
doesn’t reveal much about the self
5) Point of View – how a story is presented, who is telling or narrating the story
a) First Person POV - character is telling the story, will see the words "I," "me," or "we"
b) Second Person POV - narrator is speaking to the reader, will see the words “you,” or “your”
c) Third Person POV - external narrator is telling the story, will see the words “he” or “she”
i. Third Person Limited - the narrator describes the internal thoughts, feelings, and
motivations of one character, usually the main character
ii. Third Person Objective - the narrator knows or reveals nothing about the characters'
internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations but sticks to the external facts of the story
iii. Third Person Omniscient - the narrator knows and at least partially reveals the internal
thoughts, feelings, and motivations of all the characters

The Lottery
On a late summer morning, the villagers of a small town gather to conduct their annual lottery. There is
an air of festivity among them, especially the children. Only a few in the crowd reveal slight hints of tension or
unease.
The lottery has a long history in this and surrounding towns. The people who run it—in this town, Mr.
Summers and Mr. Graves—work hard to preserve the rituals that have been passed down from year to year.
Changes have crept in, and some old-timers such as Old Man Warner regret what they perceive as a loss of a
heritage that has preserved the happiness and prosperity of the town over time.
All the villagers finally arrive, Tessie Hutchinson being one of the last. Mr. Summers conducts the
Types of Prose
1) Narrative – most common type of prose found in novels and stories, relates to any writing that tells a story
 To give the reader all the necessary and relevant information so that characters and events in the
narrative are explained or make sense
 To promote and sustain the readers interest and curiosity, offering the interesting, the unusal or the
intriguing in character and situation
2) Descriptive – prose that describes, gives us accurate, intriguing, and powerful descriptions, also gives us a
deep impression of a character, place, or situation, makes the reader feel the scene
3) Discursive – offers the writer’s thoughts on a particular topic, general observations either unusual or
humorous
4) Didactive/Directive – attempts to influence the readers’ thinking or behavior in a specific manner, seeks to
persuade the readers’ thinking
a) Didactive – reserved for moral or political issues
b) Directive – directs the readers on what to do
5) Satiric – tends to exaggerate, disproportionate, ridicule, and has much sarcasm, reader must catch the right
tone to avoid a reading that is too literal and taken at face value