Chemistry Journal

7.1 Endothermic and Exothermic

Driving Question: How are energy transfers

during chemical reactions explained and
represented by potential diagrams?
Key Ideas and Terms
FQ: What is the relationship between heat, temperature, and thermal energy within a
What is thermochemistry?
What is a system?
What are some examples of
systems?
The energy of a system is
described in terms of
temperature, thermal energy,
and heat. Describe each of
these factors.
 Temperature
 Thermal energy
 Heat
How does heat flow?
What controls energy flow?
Notes
system?
A branch of chemistry concerned with the quantities of heat
released or absorbed during chemical reactions.
The chemical reaction or physical change examined.
The systems they research can be macroscopic, like the
chemical energy in a food chain, or microscopic, such as
energy transfers between reactants and products.
Temperature: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particle in a sample of matter. The greater the
average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter,
the higher the temperature of that matter.
Thermal Energy: Thermal energy is the measure of the total
kinetic energy in a sample. For example, particles of boiling
water have a higher average kinetic energy and temperature
than the particles of warm water in a bathtub. But the total
thermal energy in the bathtub is higher because there are more
particles of warm water in a bathtub.
Heat: Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one substance
to another due to the temperature difference between the two
substances. A sample of matter can have a certain amount of
thermal energy, but the matter does not have heat.
Heat flows spontaneously from matter at a _higher_
temperature to matter at a _lower_ temperature.
Energy flow depends on the _temperature_ difference between
substances, not on the difference in total thermal energy of the
two substances.

What are the heat and thermal
energy units of measurement?
FQ: How does enthalpy change in endothermic and exothermic reactions?
What symbol is used to denote
heat?
What is enthalpy?
Video: Enthalpy
 Chemists use enthalpy
instead of heat to describe
the energy transfer. Why?
 What equation is used to
represent enthalpy?
When heat flows into matter,
what happens?
When heat flows out of matter,
what happens?
Explain the difference between
reactions that increase in
energy and those that decrease
in energy.
The amount of energy
absorbed by an endothermic
reaction depends on what
factors?
List examples of endothermic
reactions.
The amount of energy released
by an exothermic reaction
depends on what factors?
This flow of thermal energy will continue until both substances
are at the same _temperature_.
Heat and thermal energy are both measured in units of energy.
The SI unit for energy that is most often used is the joule (J).
In chemical reactions, energy is gained or lost in the form of
heat, denoted by the symbol q.
Total heat content of a system equal to the internal energy of
the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
Chemists are not just interested in the energy being released,
but also the affect that energy has on the pressure and the
volume of the system they’re studying.
H= U+PV
Enthalpy and temperature increase.
Enthalpy and temperature decrease.
Reactions that absorb energy from their surroundings, resulting
in a net increase in energy and +q, are called endothermic.
Reactions in which there is a release of energy to the
surroundings, resulting in a net decrease and −q, are called
exothermic.
It depends on the amount of reactants and the difference in the
potential of the reactants and products. In an endothermic
reaction, the products have a higher total potential energy than
the reactants.
Sweating, baking a cake, photosynthesis
It depends on the amount of reactants as well as the difference
in the potential energy of the reactants and products. In an
exothermic reaction, the products have a lower total potential
energy than the reactants.
List examples of exothermic
reactions.
What controls changes in
enthalpy?
FQ: How do potential energy diagrams represent energy transfers in chemical reactions?
Video: Enthalpy and Reactions
 What causes a negative
change in enthalpy?
 Describe the exothermic
reaction demonstration in
the video.
 What causes a positive
change in enthalpy?
 Describe the endothermic
reaction demonstration in
the video.
What is a potential energy
diagram?
How do potential energy
diagrams differ between
endothermic and exothermic
reactions?
Compare the slope of the line
on a potential energy diagram
for an endothermic reaction
and an exothermic reaction.
FQ: How does activation energy affect the outcome of chemical reactions?
What is activation energy and
Coffee cooling, exploding rocket, chemical heat packets
The change of enthalpy (△H) in a system is equal to the heat
gained or lost between the system and its surroundings under
constant pressure.
When heat is gained in a system, q is positive. When heat is
lost from a system, q is negative.
In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the reactants, what
you begin with, is greater than the enthalpy of the products,
what you end up with.
Flame tornado
In an endothermic reaction, the reactants have less enthalpy
than the products. In this case, it takes enthalpy to break
chemical bonds.
Heat absorber
A potential energy diagram tracks the potential energy of a
system over the course of a reaction or process.
The potential energy diagram for an exothermic reaction starts
at a higher energy value and ends at a lower energy value. In
an endothermic reaction, the products end up with more stored
potential energy than the reactants.
Due to the decrease in enthalpy between reactants and
products, potential energy diagrams for endothermic reactions
have a positive, or upward, slope that represents a +q or +H.
Conversely, in exothermic reactions, there is a decrease in
enthalpy between reactants and products, which creates a
negative, or downward, slope on a potential energy diagram
and a -q or -H.
The minimum amount of energy colliding particles must have
why is it needed?
Video: Activation Energy
 What do colliding particles
need for a successful
chemical reaction to occur?
 What unit of measurement
is used for activation
energy?
 How can the kinetic energy
of particles be increased?
 When is the maximum
potential energy is reached
in particles?
How is activation energy
represented on a potential
energy diagram?
What is required for a reaction
to occur?
Be sure to record any extra helpful notes, vocabulary terms, and practice sample problems.
for a chemical reaction to occur.
They need to possess sufficient kinetic energy for a successful
chemical reaction to occur.
Joules (J)
It can be increased by increasing temperature, increasing
concentration, stirring or mixing liquids, and by increasing
pressure of gases.
When the particles collide in the transition state.
On a potential energy diagram, the activation energy is
represented by the positive slope, or hill, that follows the
reactants.
For a reaction to occur, enough energy must be provided to the
system to meet the activation energy requirement.