City Ranking- Alpha ++ city more integrated than all other cities and constitute their own level

the biggest factor affecting land use in HIC's is land value. its of integration- eg london and new york
traditionally higher in the city, the PLVI is the point at which
Peak land value intersect and distance decay theory land value is the highest in a city, usually in the centre. land Other highly integrated cities that complement London and new
world city- major global influence prices decline away from this point in the line with the theory York, filling in advanced service needs for pacific Asia- Tokyo,
of distance decay, only very profitable businesses can Alpha + city Hong Kong, Dubai.
occupy the PLVI, others occupy the CBD but smaller and
world cities that link major economic regions and stats into the
less profitable business located towards the edge of the world. Chicago, Milan, LA
CBD. Alpha and alpha cities,

important cities that are instrumental in linking their region or

land value falls as it moves away from the CBD, industry state into the world economy. Rome
and commercial in inner city and residential spreading out, Beta Levels
Lady wood to Quinton- people move from ladywood, its safer Bid Rent Theory from the 1980's there have been secondary peaks of land
impacts on lady wood- brain drain all the intelligent people are
and increased quality of life, less crime, less pollution values as big as shopping centres and business parks have
moving,
impact on Quinton- population increases, more strain on schools been built on edges of urban areas. outer edges become these can be world cities linking smaller regions or states into the
and other developments required, Quinton is full of schools and more attractive to investors raising land prices. world economy or important world cities whose major global
detached houses Suburbanisation- movement of people from the inner Gamma level capacity is not advanced producer services. Bristol
city to the edge of the city.

wars and strife CBD- bullring, library, Victoria square, inner city-
high crime rate, lady wood, Aston, high gate, green
push factors
population growth space is limited. The Suburbs- new affordable
early urban areas located near rivers for water transport, flat housing, Harbourne , Quinton, bartley green
agricultural problems
land vital for building and transporting goods
better healthcare CBD- major shops, offices and entertainment

Pull factors natural disasters Inner cities- old houses, industry, dates back to the industrial
employment
today relief is still important, flat land easy to build on, and spatial structure and organisations of an urban area, can be revolution, and contains terraced houses
can therefore increase the price. flat land next to rivers affected by physical factors- mountains, river and soil. Residential- range of housing, increase in price and size as
better education you move further out,new urban regeneration schemes and
increases flood risk.
Urban morphology- changing land use in the cities gentrification.
Rural to urban migration
fortress landscapes- designed around security, green areas- parks had to be put throughout an urban area,
range
edge city- city which develops on the edge of gated community in LA
out of town developments- expanded areas that include
another city mega city- over 10 million people supermarkets
slightly aged once people ave moved they become slightly
conurbation- urban area that contains the merging of business or science parks- edge of urban areas, good
consequences of urban growth older and more comfortable
urban sprawl unplanned, expensive, habitat loss, different cities Key causes of urban growth access to major roads
congestion, loss of farmland and local food resources. natural population growth
industry- large areas of land located towards the edge of the
housing shortage more slums, high population density, young adults migrate higher paid jobs and more education
social decline- skill drain, crime rate is high, high city where land is cheaper, deindustrialisation meant
high pollution, lack of schools electricity and sewage. opportunities.
unemployment, isolation, benefit culture, poor education, factories close.
lack of services water, electric, more congestion, waste gang culture, bad reputation, poverty trap.
disposal problem, more pollution , eg Ethiopia is only able to urban Geography young couples dont move young people become reliant informal settlements- slums or shanty towns, low income
deal with 2 thirds of their rubbish produced. Economic decline- factories close and move abroad, workers Pre- resurgence urban decay and decline on the urban area countries, edge of the city or places unpopular to normal
are cheaper, no laws, space isn't limited, no unions, benefit residents like rubbish tips, steep slopes, unstable land and
culture, low car ownership, lack of private investment, high areas prone to natural hazards
unemployment - more pressure to create jobs, informal crime, air and water pollution, low skill level, negative
sector, more crime reputation push from the city Congestion, pollution high population density, education is poor,
changing patterns of culture challenging behavior, poor quality of living
Factors of suburbanisation
transport issues- more traffic, more pollution, shopping and physical decline- houses are high rise, terraced, high density,
other services adds to problems. concrete jungle, air and water pollution, industries closed or ghettos Space, green, clean air, cheaper land, safety, transport
moved away. pull from edge improvement, technology overall measure of multiple deprivation experienced by
existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic group within an
area people living in an area
cultural diversity
immigration is key is a key factor more due to the ease of European and american cities, ethnic communities are
access, leads to multicultural city which changes over time. isolated from other communities through language religion or index of multiple deprivation- uk government qualitative study
measuring deprivation in small areas in the uk
cultural beliefs, when one area becomes dominate by one measuring poverty and inequality
globalisation makes it easier to travel and more cheap flights culture others are reluctant to interact with them. can based on 37 indicators, across 7 areas of deprivation with
more info greater links develop when a population is made up of almost the same appropriate weighting
minority.
living wage, improved education,support law skilled workers,
issues affordable housing, better public transport. calculated for every lower layer super output area or
pressure on resources, language barriers, variations on rising tension between ethnic groups since the financial tackling poverty and inequality
education, segregation, gate communities neighbourhood
immigrants move because- cities have more jobs, cities are crisis, summer riots of 2001, governments develop policies
the first point of entry, pre established migration routes, to reduce segregation intercultralism, sports clubs and cool surfaces
cultural diversity of food and shops, urban populations tend schools, legislation on anti racism, employment rights and the movement out of an urban area into a rural one dimensions of deprivaion every neighbourhood is ranked
to be more tolerant. anti discrimination
trees used for shade
Counterurbanisation
Those who leave are better off than those who left behind income, employment, health deprivation and disability,
strategies for managing urban heat island ethnicity- originally arrive as immigrants, discrimination, little
liverpools population declined by 13.5 education, skills and training, crime
Urban climate money, poor areas, multicultural with other immigrants.
Urban areas have their own climate dome or micro climate, urban greening- plants remove heat when they absorb it Reasons for counterurban
the weather can be different to other rural areas nearby Cambridge increased by 10.1% housing- developers, builders and planners build with a
buildings are made with lighter colours, higher albedo the commuting, more transport, retirement, people are living
Albedo- reflectivity of a surface, light surfaces reflect more target in mind, they may have to include affordable houses,
more reflection. longer, employment, more jobs
than dark ones do those with more money have more choice. NIMBY'S not in
micro climate- small scale variations in temp, humidity, social segregation my backyard, people dont want a certain type of people
precipitation, wind speeds and evaporation sky view- more space between the buildings allows the heat lighter cars reflect more Examples- Quinton to hagley, artery road into birms, no real living with them.
particulate air pollution- air pollution caused by the release of to escape economic center, 7 properties empty. changing environments- converting houses into gentrified
particles and noxious gas into the atmosphere residencies, reducing size of houses, right to buy.
urban heat island- the zone around and above an urban changing layouts, farms are converted, tension between old
area, which has a higher temperature than the surrounding and new residents, out migration of young village born, in urban social exclusions- economic and social problems force
rural area. warmer than rural, temperature change is greatest at night- issues migration of young married with children, in migration of by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
high heat storage capacity of buildings compared to people with money, increased housing prices, decline in
urban canopy layer- where processes act in the space between vegetation,little variation in water: high specific heat urban heat island elderly. Diaspora- people with a similar heritage or homeland who
buildings capacity. improving commuter railway, car parks, increased value of have settled somewhere
urban climate dome houses, conversions of farm houses, building more executive
urban boundary layer- above the roof tops
what affects it- size of area, time of the year, sun intensity, evidence style housing. economic inequality- increasing gap between rich and poor
ground cover, weather conditions
The Wealth Gap
cultural diversity- variety of cultures
reduced demand for traditional products, factories close
down, urban areas had the most job losses that only social segregation- groups live away from the larger
problems- extreme temp can be uncomfortable, high De-industrialisation specialized in one type of industry. inner cities suffered more population due to factors like wealth, ethnicity, religion or
pollution levels, strain on energy more air conditions, as a result of more localized industrialization age.
increased water consumption, evaortranspiration rates will Mass Migration from rural areas, search for employment,
be higher plants extract water at a faster rate, prolonged high population density, LIC leads to shanty towns economic impact- loss of jobs and disposable income,
growing season in plants causes more discomfort with megacities unplanned constructions. closure of other businesses, loss of tax income, de multiplier
allergy sufferers, climate change increase, melting buildings effect, benefit culture.
and cars, chemical weathering on buildings, bacteria growth opportunities to expand access to services
benefits Social impact- increase in unemployment, higher levels of
increases- diseases spread more easily. less environmentally damaging to provide services for a dense
urban population than a dispersed rural population. poverty, out migration of skilled, high crime, loss of
confidence, emasculation.
urban form better education and health care improve peoples lives rise of the service industry- population increases, financial
economic and structure regeneration of an urban areas services needed to support factories, needed more
which was previously declined, seen in London and specialized services, as wealth increases we demand more
Birmingham Urban resurgence
leisure time and retail services as a result of more disposable
income, factories closed down s people need to find other
evidence jobs.
Jewellery quarter , used to be used in the war
historical industrial architecture still present-factories and
gas street basin birms, hub of the canal network, stock transfer warehouses. converted into housing flats or commercial use,
place for coal glass and guns. now full of bars and restaurants the uk has 64 primary areas, 1 mega city, 6 metropolitan
modern infrastructure added. areas and 56 towns and cities.
drivers of resurgence

Involves different scales- regional to urban, street to

neighbourhood,social economic political and technological The physical characteristics of a built up area includes
government, private companies and increased appeal of the city developments make urban forms change. shape, size, density and organisation of settlements.