Evangelista, Jasper

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

Problem 1
Two channels are welded at the tip of the flanges to form a box column.

Properties of each channel:

A = 5350 mm2
d = 250 mm2
bf = 100 mm
tf = 15 mm
tw = 10 mm
Ix = 52 x 106 mm4
Iy = 5 x 106 mm4

Distance from centroidal y-axis of the channel to the outer face of the web, x = 29 mm.
Column height = 4 m. and effective length factor K = 1.0 both axes. The major x-axis of the
channel is the x-axis of the built up column.

a) Calculate the axial compressive stress in the column due to a concentric load of 900 KN.
b) Determine the maximum bending stress in the column due t o a moment of 270 KN.m about
the x-axis.
c) What is the critical slenderness ratio of the built up column.

Solution:
a) Axial compressive stress in the column due to a concentric load of 900 KN.

A = 2 (5350)
A = 10700 mm2
Evangelista, Jasper

P
fp =
A
900000
fp =
10700
fp = 84.1 MPa

b) Maximum bending stress in the column due to a moment of 270 KN.m about the x-axis.
Ix = 2(52 x 106)
Ix = 104 x 106 mm4

M𝑥 C
fx =
I𝑥
270 x 106 (125)
fx =
104 x 106
fx = 324.5 MPa

c) Critical slenderness ratio of the built up column:

Ix
rx =√
A
104 x 106
rx =√
10700
rx = 98.59

Iy
ry =√
A

Iy = [5 x 106 + 5350 (71)2](2)

Iy = 63.94 x 106 mm4

63.94 x 106
ry =√
10700
ry = 77.30 MPa

Critical slenderness ratio:

KL 1.0(4000)
=
r 77.30
𝐊𝐋
= 51.74
𝐫
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 2
Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted together with 6 – 22 mm ø forming
a lap connection. Bolt spacing are as follows S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm. Bolt hole
diameter = 25 mm.

Allowable stress:
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate = 0.60 Fy
Tensile stress on net area of the plate = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt: Fv = 120 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt: Fp = 1.2 Fu

Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the following conditions.

a) Based on shear capacity of bolts.

b) Based on bearing capacity of bolts.
c) Based on block shear strength.

Solution

a) Based shear capacity of bolts.

𝜋
P = (22)2 (6)(120)
4
P = 273696 N
P = 273.7 KN

b) Based bearing capacity of bolts.

P = AbSp
P = (16)(22)(6)(1.2)(400)
P = 1013760 N
P = 1013.76 KN

c) Based on block shear strength.

Evangelista, Jasper

Av = (200 – 25 – 25 – 12.5)(16)(2)
Av = 4400 mm2

At = (100 – 12.5 – 12.5)(16)

At = 1200 mm2

P = 0.30 Fv Av + 0.50 Fu At
P = 0.30 (400)(4400)+ 0.50 (400)(1200)
P = 768000 N
P = 768 KN

Second possible failure in block shear:

Av = (200 – 25 – 25 – 12.5)(16)
Av = 2200 mm2

At = (140 – 12.5 – 25)(16)

At = 1640 mm2

P = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fy At
P = 0.30 (400)(2200)+ 0.50 (400)(1.4)
P = 5920000 N
P = 592 KN

Use P = 592 KN
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 3
A steel plate is 360 mm wide and 20 mm thick with four bolt holes 25 mm ø cut into the
plate as shown in the figure 2.25. The general expression for the specification for computing the
net area is:

2
𝑆
An = T [B − ∑H + 4𝑔]
where:
T = thickness of plate
B = width of plates
H = diameter of holes
S = pitch of rivets
g = gage of rivets

Figure 2.25

Which of the following most nearly gives the critical net area An for observation.

Solution:

Route A-B-C-F-G:
2 2
(45) (45)
An = 20 [360 − 3(25) + 2(90) + 2(90)]
An = 5925 mm2

Route A-B-C-D-E:
2 2
(45) (60−45)
An = 20 [360 − 3(25) + 4(90) + ]
4(90)
An = 5818.75 mm2
Evangelista, Jasper

Route A-B-C-F-D-E:
2 2
(45) (60)
An = 20 [360 − 4(25) + 4(90) + 4(90)]
An = 5625 mm2

Use An = 5625 mm2

Problem 4
For the given riveted connection shown, having the allowable stresses:

Fy = 248 Mpa
Fv = 150 Mpa (shear stress)
Tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
Bearing stress = 1.35 Fy

Rivet hole has a diameter 2 mm greater than the rivet diameter. The main plate has a
width of 300 mm and a thickness of 20 mm.

a) Compute the diameter of rivets such the shear capacity of the rivets is equal to its bearing
capacity.
b) Compute the maximum value of P so as not to exceed the allowable shearing stress.
c) Compute the maximum value of P so as not to exceed the allowable tensile stress of plates.

Solution:

a) Diameter of rivets:
AbSb = AvSv

Double shear:
Evangelista, Jasper

𝜋
d(20)(1.35)Fy = (d)2(150)(2)
4
𝜋150𝑑
20(1.35)(248) = (2)
4
d = 28.42
Use d = 28 mm ø

b) Capacity P if shear governs:

P = AvFv
π
P = (28)2(4)(150)(2)
4
P = 738903 N
P = 739 KN

c) Capacity P if tensile stress governs:

Diameter of hole = 28 + 2
Diameter of hole = 30 mm

P = An 0.60 Fy
P = [300 – 2(30)] (20) (0.60) (248)
P = 714240 N
P = 714 KN

Problem 5
A steel beam has a span of 7.8 m. carries a uniform load of 52 KN/m. The steel section is
made up 21 x 62.

Properties if 21 x 62 section
Weight = 93 kg/m
d = 0.533 m.
tw =10 mm
I = 0.000554 m4
Fy = 248 MPa
E = 200 GPa

Allowable flexural stress = 0.66 Fy

Allowable shearing stress = 0.40 Fy
1
Allowable deflection = of span
360
Evangelista, Jasper

a) Which of the following gives the maximum flexural stress?

b) Which of the following gives the maximum deflection of the beam?
c) Which of the following statement is correct to describe the beam?
1. Inadequate for shear, bending and deflection.
2. Inadequate for bending and deflection.
3. The beam is adequate.
4. Inadequate for flexure only.

Solution
a) Maximum flexural stress:
93 (9.81)
W = 52 +
1000
W = 52.91 KN/m

WL2
M=
8
52.91 (7.8)2
M=
8
M = 402.38 KN.m

MC
fb =
I
402.38(0.533)
fb =
.000554(2)
fb = 193564 KPa
fb = 193.56 MPa > 0.66 Fy

fall = 0.66(248)
fall = 163.68 MPa (not safe)

b) Maximum deflection:
5WL3
𝛿=
384EI
5(52.91)(7.8)(7800)3 (1000)
𝛿=
384(200000)(0.000554)(1000)4
𝛿 = 23 mm > 21.7 (not safe)

7800
Allowable deflection =
360
Allowable deflection = 21.7 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

c) Description of the beam:

Check shear:
V
fv =
dtw

(52.91)(7.8)
V=
2
V = 206.35

206.35
fv =
(0.533)(0.010)
fv = 38715 KPa
fv = 38.72 MPa

fall = 0.40(248)
fall = 99.2 MPa (safe)

Therefore it is inadequate for bending and deflection.

Problem 6
W 350 X 90 kg/m girder 8 m. simple span carries equal concentration dead load, P at
every quarter points and uniform dead load, 5 KN/m and live load, 7.2 KN/m including dead
weight.

Properties:
A = 11,500 mm2
d = 350 mm
bf = 250 mm
tf = 16 mm
tw = 10 mm
Ix = 266 x 106
Iy = 45 x 106
Fy = 248 MPa
E = 200 GPa

a) Determine P base on flexure, Fb = 0.66Fy.

b) Determine P base on shear, Fv = 0.40Fy.
L
c) Determine the additional live load base on deflection, yallow = for the camber to offset for
360
the dead load.
Evangelista, Jasper

Solution:
a) Value of P based on flexure:

2R = 3P + 12.2(8)
R = 1.5P + 48.8

M = R(4) – P(2) – 12.2(4)(2)

` M = (1.5P + 48.8)(4) – 2P – 97.6
M = 4P + 97.6

MC
fb =
I
M(350)
0.66Fy =
2(266 x 106 )
0.66(248)(2)(266 x 106 )
M=
350

M = 248.79 x 106
M = 248.79 KN.m

4P + 97.6 = 248.79
P = 37.8 KN

b) Value of P based shear:

V
0.40Fy =
dtw

V = 1.5 P + 48.8
V
0.40(248) =
(350)(10)
V = 347200 N
V = 347.2 KN
Evangelista, Jasper

V = 1.5P + 48.8
347.2 = 1.5P + 48.8
P = 198.93 KN

L
c) Additional live load base on allowable deflection for the camber to offset for the dead
360
load.
8000
Allowable deflection =
360
Allowable deflection = 22.22

5WL4
𝛿=
384EI
5W(8000)4
22.2 =
384(200000)(266 x 106 )
W = 22.2 KN/m

Additional Live Load = 22.2 – 7.2

Additional Live Load = 15 KN/m

Problem 7

From the figure shown, P = 60 KN.

Allowable shearing stress = 82 MPa
Allowable bearing stress = 138 MPa
Thickness of the yoke = 12 mm

What is the minimum bolt diameter required in mm.

Evangelista, Jasper

Solution:
Bearing of bolts (double shear):
P = As Ss
πd2
60000 = (2)(82)
4
d = 12.18 mm.

Bearing bolts:
P = Ab Sb
60000 = (138)(12)( 2)(d)
d = 18.1 mm

Use d = 18 mm ø

Problem 8
A double-riveted lap joint forms the girth seam of a boiler 1.5 m in diameter. Pitch of rivets is 80
mm, diameter of the rivet holes is 17.5 mm. Thickness of the plate is 12 mm. The joint carries a
load of 350 KN per meter length. Assume diameter of rivet hole is the same as that of rivet
diameter.

a) Compute the maximum shearing stress of the rivets in the joint.

b) Compute the maximum bearing stress of the rivets in the joint.
c) Compute the maximum tensile stress of the joint.

Solution:
a) Maximum shearing stress:
350000
T = 1000
80
T = 28000

Total no. of shear area:

Row 1 = 1
1
Row 2 =
2

28000
Load per shear area =
2
Load per shear area = 14000
Evangelista, Jasper

14000
Ss = 𝜋
4
(17.5)2
Ss = 58.2 MPa

b) Maximum bearing stress

28000 = 17.5(12)(2) Sb
Sb = 66.67 MPa

c) Maximum tensile stress

28000 = (80 – 17.5)(12)St
St = 37.33 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 9
A square hollow steel strut with a wall thickness, t1 = 10 mm is pin connected to two
gusset plates, having a thickness t2 = 12 mm, which are welded to the base plate having a
thickness of 12 mm and fastened to a concrete base by 4-16 mm ø anchor bolts. Diameter of pin
in 16 mm. Compressive load P = 48 KN, θ = 30°.

a) Calculate the bearing stress between the strut and pin in MPa.
b) Calculate the shear stress in the pin in MPa.
c) Calculate the shear stress in the anchor bolt in MPa.

Solution:
a) Bearing stress between the strut and the pin MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

P = Sb Ab

Ab = (10)(16)(2)
Ab =320

18000 = Sb (320)
Sb = 150 MPa

b) Shear stress in the pin in MPa.

Double shear:
𝜋
As = (16)2 (2)
4
As = 402.12 mm2

P = As Ss
48000 = (402.12) Ss
Ss = 119.4 MPa

c) Shear stress in the anchor bolt in MPa.

F = As Ss
𝜋
48000 cos30° = (16)2 (4) Ss
4
Ss = 51.69 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 10
From the given welded connection shown in figure 21.20 and using A 36 steel with F y = 248 MPa
and E 60 electrodes with Fu = 415 MPa. Use SMAW process.

a) Determine the plate thickness.

b) Design the size of the fillet welds.
c) Determine the length of lap.

Solution
a) Plate thickness:
T =0.60 Fy Ag
290000 = 0.60(248)(225) W
W = 8.66 mm say 9 mm

b) Size of fillet weld:

Maximum size of weld = 9 – 1.6
Maximum size = 7.4 mm say 7 mm

c) Length of lap:
Shear capacity of fillet weld:
T = 0.707t (L + L + 225)(0.3)(415)
290000 = 0.707(7)(2L + 225)(0.3)(415)
L = 122.83 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Problem 1
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 437.50 mm. It is reinforced
with 4 – 28 mm Ø corrugated bars, f’c = 41.47 MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa.

a) Compute the balanced steel ratio.

b) Compute the tension reinforcement index.
c) Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam.

Solution
a) Balanced steel ratio

Beta Factor:
0.05 (𝑓′ 𝑐 −28)
𝛽 = 0.85 -
7
0.05 (41.47−28)
𝛽 = 0.85 -
7
𝛽 = 0.75

Balanced Steel Ratio:

0.05 f′ c β 600
ρb =
fy (600+ fy )
0.05 (41.47) (0.75)(600)
ρb =
414.7(600+ 414.7)
𝛒𝐛 = 0.0377

b) Tension reinforcement index:

𝜌 fy
𝜔=
fc

π
AS = (28)2 (4)
4
AS = 2463 mm2
Evangelista, Jasper

As
ρ=
bd
2463
ρ=
(300)(437.5)
ρ = 0.0188

ρmax = (0.75)(0.0377)
ρmax = 0.0283 > 0.0188

0.0188 (414.7)
𝜔=
41.47

𝝎 = 0.188

c)

C=T
0.85 f’c ab = As fy
0.85 (41.47)(a)(300) = 2463 (414.7)
a = 96.59

a=𝛽c
96.59 = 0.75 C
C = 128.79

εt 0.003
=
308.71 128.79
εt = 0.00719 > 0.005 (this is a tension-controlled section)
Use Ø = 0.90

a
Mu = Ø As fy (d − 2)
96.59
Mu = (0.90)(2463)(414.7)(437.5 − )
2
Evangelista, Jasper

Mu = 357.78 KN.m

Problem 2
The column shown is reinforced with ten 28-mm-diameter longitudinal bars (fy = 415
MPa) and 12-mm-diameter lateral ties (fyh = 275 MPa). Concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa, clear
cover is 40 mm. Allowable shear strength of concrete is 0.88 MPa.

a) Calculate the nominal axial strength of the column.

b) If the ties are spaced at 100 mm on centers, calculate the nominal shear strength Vnx of the
column.
c) If the ties are spaced at 100 mm on centers, calculate the nominal shear strength Vny of the
column.

Solution
Given:
Dimension, B x h = 400 mm x 600 mm
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
fyh = 275 MPa
Main bar = 10 – 28 mm Ø
Hoop diameter = 10 mm
Fvc = 0.88 MPa

a) Ag = 400 x 600 = 240000 mm2

π
Ast = 10 x (28)2 = 6157mm2
4

Pn = 0.8 [0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]

Pn = 0.8 [0.85 (28) (240000 - 6157) + 415 (6157)]
Pn = 6496.7 KN

b) d' = 40 + 12 + 14
d' = 66 mm

bw = 400 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

d = 600 – 66
d = 534 mm

π
Av = 3 x (12)2
4
Av = 339.3 mm2

Spacing hoops, s = 100 mm

Av fyh d
Vs =
s
(339.3)(275)(534)
Vs =
100
Vs = 498.25 KN.

Vc = Fvc bw d
Vc = (0.88)(400)(534)
Vc = 187.97 KN

Vn = 187.97 + 498.25
Vn = 686.22 KN

c) bw = 600 mm

d = 400 - d'
d = 334 mm

π
Av = 4 x (12)2
4
Av = 452.4 mm2

Spacing hoops, s = 100 mm

Av fyh d
Vs =
s
(452.4)(275)(334)
Vs =
100
Vs = 415.53 KN.

Vc = Fvc bw d
Vc = (0.88)(600)(334)
Vc = 176.35 KN
Evangelista, Jasper

Vn = 176.35 + 415.53
Vn = 591.88 KN

Problem 3
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 437.50 mm. It is reinforced
with 4 – 28 mm Ø corrugated bars, f’c = 41.47 MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa.

a) Compute the balanced steel ratio.

b) Compute the tension reinforcement index.
c) Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam.

Solution
a) Balanced steel ratio

Beta Factor:
0.05 (𝑓′ 𝑐 −28)
𝛽 = 0.85 -
7
0.05 (41.47−28)
𝛽 = 0.85 -
7
𝛽 = 0.75

Balanced Steel Ratio:

0.05 f′ c β 600
ρb =
fy (600+ fy )
0.05 (41.47) (0.75)(600)
ρb =
414.7(600+ 414.7)
𝛒𝐛 = 0.0377

b) Tension reinforcement index:

𝜌 fy
𝜔=
fc

π
AS = (28)2 (4)
4
AS = 2463 mm2
Evangelista, Jasper

As
ρ=
bd
2463
ρ=
(300)(437.5)
ρ = 0.0188

ρmax = (0.75)(0.0377)
ρmax = 0.0283 > 0.0188

0.0188 (414.7)
𝜔=
41.47

𝝎 = 0.188

c)

C=T
0.85 f’c ab = As fy
0.85 (41.47)(a)(300) = 2463 (414.7)
a = 96.59

a=𝛽c
96.59 = 0.75 C
C = 128.79

εt 0.003
=
308.71 128.79
εt = 0.00719 > 0.005 (this is a tension-controlled section)
Use Ø = 0.90

a
Mu = Ø As fy (d − 2)
Evangelista, Jasper

96.59
Mu = (0.90)(2463)(414.7)(437.5 − )
2
Mu = 357.78 KN.m

Problem 4
The section of a concrete beam is shown in the figure. The beam is shown in the figure. The
beam is simply supported over a span of 6m. Unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Concrete
compressive strength f’c = 28 MPa and concrete tensile strength fct = 2.8 MPa. In this problem, b1
= 250 mm, b2 = 350 mm, h = 600 mm, and D = 150 mm.

a) Calculate the car cracking moment of the beam.

b) Calculate the compressive stress in the beam due to this cracking moment.
c) What additional weight can the beam support without cracking?
Evangelista, Jasper

Solution

Solve for ȳ and INA using MODE-3-2:

Area x y Freq
1 6002/18 400 (½)(350)(600)
2 6002/18 200 (½)(250)(600)
3 1502/16 300 -π (350)2/4

A = n = 162328.54 mm4

ȳ = 318.48 mm = yt

INA = ∑x + n y σn2 = 5319.17 x 106 mm4

Modulus of rapture:
fr = smaller of (0.7 √f′c ) and (0.7 x 1.8 fct)
0.7 √f′c = 3.704 MPa , 0.7 x 1.8 fct = 3.528 MPa
fr = 3.528 MPa

a) Cracking moment:
fr Ina
Mcr =
yt
(3.828)(5319 x 106 )
Mcr =
318.48
Mcr = 58.93 KN-m
Evangelista, Jasper

b) Compressive stress due to this cracking moment:

Mcr yc
fc =
Ina
(58.929 x 106 )(600−318.48)
fc =
5319.71 x 106
fc = 3.119 MPa

c) Positive moment due to weight of beam:

wb = γc Area
wb = (24)(162328.54 ÷ 10002)
wb = 3.896 KN/m

wb L2
Mb =
8
3.896 (6)2
Mb =
8
Mb = 17.531 KN-m

Additional moment the beam can support:

Madd = Mcr – Mb
Madd = 58.93 – 17.531
Madd = 41.339 KN-m

Additional weight:
wadd L2
Madd =
8
wadd (6)2
41.399 =
8
wadd = 9.2 KN/m
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 5
A reinforced concrete girder is subjected to torsional moment from the loads on the
cantilever frame. The following factored forces are computed from this beam:

Factored moment, Mu = 440 KN-m

Factored shear, Vu = 280 KN
Factored torque, Tu = 180 KN-m

Girder dimensions, b x h = 400 mm x 500 mm

Concrete cover to centroid of tension steel = 95 mm
Concrete cover to centroid of compression steel = 65 mm
Balanced steel ratio, ρb = 0.021
Concrete strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Steel strength:
Lateral ties, fyh = 275 MPa
Longitudinal ties, fy = 415 MPa

a) Determine the required area in (mm2) of tensile reinforcement for the factored moment Mu?
b) Determine the spacing (mm) of 12 mm diameter transverse reinforcement due to factored
sear Vu.
c) Determine the additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist the required torsion Tu
in mm2. Assume clear concrete cover of 40 mm to lateral reinforcement.

Solution
Given:
b = bw = 400 mm
h = 500 mm
f’c = 20.7 MPa
fyh = 275 MPa
fy = 415 MPa

a) Mu = 440 KN-m
d = 500 – 95 = 405 mm
ρb = 0.021
ɸ = 0.90
ρmax = 0.0158

Assuming the beam to singly-reinforced:

Mu = ɸ Rn b d2
440 x 106 = 0.90 Rn (400)(405)2
Rn = 7.451 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

0.85f′c 2 Rn
ρ= (1 − √1 −
0.85 f′c
)
fy
0.85(20.7) 2 (7.451)
ρ= (1 − √1 − 0.85(20.7) )
415
ρ = 0.0258 > 0.75ρb

Thus, the beam shall be doubly-reinforced.

Mu
Mn =
ɸ
440
Mn =
0.90
Mn = 488.89 KN-m
As1 = Amax = 0.0158(400)(405) = 2552 mm2

Cc = T1
0.85 f’c a b = As1 fy
a = 150.5 mm

a
Mn1 = T1 (d - )
2
a
Mn1 = As1 fy (d - )
2
105.5
Mn1 = 2552 (415) (405 - )
2
Mn1 = 349.23 KN-m

Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
488.89 = 349.23 + Mn2
` Mn2 = 139.66 KN-m

Mn2 = As2 fy (d – d’)

139.66 = As2 (415)(405 – 65)
As2 = 990 mm2

As = As1 + As2
As = 2552 + 990
As = 3542 mm2

b) Vu = 280 KN
Fvc = 0.76 MPa
ɸ = 0.85
bw = 400 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

π
Av = 2 x (12)2 = 226.2 mm2
4

Vu
Vn =
ɸ
280
Vn =
0.85
Vn = 329.412 KN

Vc = Fvc bw d
Vn = (0.76)(400)(405)
Vc = 123.12 KN

Vs = Vn - Vc
Vn = 329.412 – 123.12
Vs = 206.292 KN

Av fyh d
s=
Vs
226.2(275)(405)
s=
206.292
s = 122 mm

c) Tu = 180 KN-m

At fyt
Al = ρh ( ) cot2θ
s fy
θ = 45°

Aoh = x y
Aoh = (308) (408)
Aoh = 125664

ρh = 2(x + y) =1432 mm

Tu
Tn =
ɸ
180
Tn =
0.85
Tn = 211.77 KN-m

2Ao At fyt
Tn = cot θ
s
Evangelista, Jasper

2(106814)At (275)
211.77 x 106 = cot45°
s
At
= 3.605 mm
s

At fyt
Al = ρh ( f ) cot2θ
s y
275
Al = 3.605(1432) (415) cot245°
Al = 3420 mm2

Problem 6
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. It is
reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm2 placed at an effective depth of 375 mm. f’c = 27.6
MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa.

a) Determine the depth of compression block.

b) Determine the moment capacity reduction factor.
c) Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam.

Solution:
a) Depth of compression block:

Assuming the steel yields:

T=C
As fy = 0.85 f’c ab
1875 (414.7) = 0.85 (27.6)(a)(250)
a = 132.58 mm

b) Moment capacity reduction factor:

a=𝛽C
132.58 = 0.85 C
C = 155.98
Evangelista, Jasper

εt 0.003
=
219.02 155.95
εt = 0.0042125 > 0.002 but < 0.005

fs
εy =
Es
414.7
εy =
200000
εy = 0.0020735 < 0.0042125

Therefore steel yields.

Evangelista, Jasper

Since εt is between 0.002 and 0.005, this value is within the transition range between
compression controlled section and tension.

250
Use Ø = 0.65 + ( εt – 0.002)
3
250
Ø = 0.65 + (0.0042125 – 0.002)
3
Ø = 0.834

c) Factored moment capacity of the beam:

a
Mu = Ø As fy (d − 2)
132.58
Mu = (0.834)(1875)(414.7)(375 − )
2
Mu = 200.2 x 106 N.m
Mu = 200.2 KN.m
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 7

The floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete structure is shown in the figure. The columns are
400 mm x 400 mm and the beams are 320 mm wide with h = 350 mm. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and
fy = 415 MPa. The NSCP coefficients for continuous beams and slabs are given in Figure Code-
523.

a) Calculate the nominal moment strength of the beam.

b) Calculate the maximum factored uniform load wu that can be supported by beam EFGH.
C) If h = 500 mm, calculate the nominal moment strength of the beam.

FIGURE CODE-523
NSCP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS
Section 408.4 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moment
and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to
resists flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
(a) There are two or more spans,
(b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not greater than
the shorter by more than 20 percent,
(c) Loads are uniformly distributed,
(d) Unit live does not exceed three times unit dead load, and
(e) Members are prismatic.
Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained …………….……………..wuLn2 / 11
Discontinuous end integral with support …………….……..wuLn2 / 14
Interior spans…………………………………….. …………….……..wuLn2 / 16

.Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

Two spans……………………………………………….……………..wuLn2 / 9
More than two spans……………………………………...….……….wuLn2 / 10

Negative moment at other faces of interior supports ………………...…...wuLn2 / 11

Negative moment at face of all supports for:

Slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m; and beams
where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam
stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span………………… wuLn2 / 12

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

support for members built integrally with supports
Evangelista, Jasper

Where support is a spandrel beam …………………...…………….wuLn2 / 24

Where support is a column ………………….………...…………….wuLn2 / 16

Shear in end members at face of

first interior support………………….………...…………..…………...….1.15wuLn / 2

Shear at face of all other supports ………………….………...…………….wuLn / 2

Where Ln = clear span for positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans for
negative moment.
Solution
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
Column dimension = 400 mm x 400 mm
h = 350 mm

At support, the top is in the tension and the bottom is in compression.

π
Tension As = 8 x (20)2
4
Tension As = 2513 mm2

π
Compression A’s = 4 x (28)2
4
Compression A’s = 2463 mm2

d = h – 65
d = 350 - 65
d = 285 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

Assuming tension steel yields and compression steel will not:

i.e. fs = fy and f’s < fy
c− d′
f’s = (600)
c
f’s = 415 MPa

β1 = 0.5

d' = 60 mm
T = As fy

Cc = 0.85 f’c a b
Cc = 0.85 f’c (β1 c) b

C’s = As f’s
C’s = A’s f’s
c− d′
C’s = A’s x (600) c

[∑FH = 0]
T = Cc + C’s
c− d′
As fy = 0.85 f’c (β1 c) b + A’s x (600)
c
c− 60
(2513)(415) = 0.85(28)(0.85c)(320) + 2463 x (600)
c
c = 88.17 mm

Check if the assumptions are correct:

c− d′
f's = (600)
c
88.17 − 60
f's = (600)
88.17
f's = 191.72 MPa < fy (OK)

d− c
fs = (600)
c
285 − 88.17
f's = (600)
88.17
fs = 1339 MPa > fy (OK)

a = β1 c
Evangelista, Jasper

a = 0.85 (88.17)
a = 74.95 mm

a) Nominal moment strength:

Mn = Cc x (d – a/2) + C’s (d – d’)
Mn = 0.85(28)(0.85 x 88.17)(320)(285 – 74.95/2) + 2463 (191.72)(285-60)
Mn = 247.535 KN-m

b) Design strength:
ᶲMn = 0.90 (247.535)
ᶲMn = 222.781 KN-m

The maximum factored negative moment in beam EFGH is at exterior face of first interior
support, and is equal to wuLn2 / 10.
Ln = L – column width
Ln = 6 – 0.4
Ln = 5.6 m

wu Ln 2
Mu =
10
wu (5.6)2
222.781 =
10
wu = 71.04 KN/m

c) h = 500 mm

d = 500- 65
d = 435 mm

c− d′
Assuming f’s = (600) and fs = 415 MPa
c

[∑FH = 0]
T = Cc + C’s
c− d′
As fy = 0.85 f’c (β1 c) b + A’s x (600)
c
c− 60
(2513)(415) = 0.85(28)(0.85c)(320) + 2463 x (600)
c
c = 88.17 mm

Check if the assumptions are correct:

Evangelista, Jasper

c− d′
f's = (600)
c
88.17 − 60
f's = (600)
88.17
f's = 191.72 MPa < fy (OK)

d− c
fs = (600)
c
435 − 88.17
f's = (600)
88.17
fs = 2360 MPa > fy (OK)

a = β1 c
a = 0.85 (88.17)
a = 74.95 mm

Mn = Cc x (d – a/2) + C’s (d – d’)

Mn = 0.85(28)(0.85 x 88.17)(320)(435 – 74.95/2) + 2463 (191.72)(435-60)
Mn = 403.99 KN-m

Problem 8
The section of a T-beam is shown in Figure C096-4502. The beam is reinforced with six 28-mm-
diameter tension bars and four 28-mm-diameter compression bars with fy = 415 MPa. The
stirrups provided are 10 mm in nominal shear stress of concrete section is 0.88 MPa.

a) What is the minimum value of “a” according to NSCP?

b) Calculate the nominal shear strength (MPa) provided by concrete if the effective depth d =
520 mm.
c) If the stirrups are spaced at 100 mm on centers, calculate the design shear strength of the
beam.

Solution
Evangelista, Jasper

a) Section 407.7.7 – Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between
layers not less than 25 mm.

a = 25 + 2 (28/2) = 53 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

b) Fvc = 0.88 MPa

s = 100 mm
d = 520 mm

Vc = Fvc bw d
Vc = (0.88)(350)(520)
Vc = 160.16 KN

c) Av = 2 x A10
π
Av = 2 x (10)2
4
Av = 157 mm2

Av fyh d
Vs =
s
(157)(275)(520)
Vs =
100
Vs = 224.51 KN

Vn = Vc + Vs
Vn = 160.16 + 224.51
Vn = 384.67 KN

Design shear strength:

ᶲMn = 0.85(384.67)
ᶲMn = 327 KN

Problem 9
A rectangular concrete beam has a simple span of 7.2 m which carries a dead load of 23.5 KN/m
and a live load of 16 KN/m. It has a width of 400 mm and a clear cover of 50 mm. f’ c = 30 MPa, fy
= 400 MPa, ρ = 0.008. Use capacity reduction factor, Ø = 0.90

a) Compute the effective depth of beam.

b) Compute the number of 25 mm Ø bars needed for tension reinforcement.

Solution:
a) Effective depth of beam

Factored uniform load:

Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Wu = 1.2(23.5) + 1.6(16)
Wu = 53.8 KN/m
Evangelista, Jasper

Factored moment:
Wu L2
Mu =
8
53.8(7.2)2
Mu =
8
Mu = 348.62 KN.m

Tension reinforcement index:

ρfy
ω=
f′c
(0.008)(400)
ω=
30
ω = 0.1067

Coefficient of resistance:
RR = f’c ω (1 – 0.59 ω)
RR = 30 (0.1067) [1 – 0.59(0.1067)]
RR = 3.0

Mu = Ø bd2 f’c ω (1 – 0.59 ω)

Mu = Ø bd2 RR

Mu
bd2 =
∅RR
348.62(10)6
400 d2 =
(0.90)(3)
d = 568 mm
Try d = 580 mm
25
Total depth = 580 + 50 +
2
Total depth = 642.5 say 650 mm

25
Revised d = 650 – 50 –
2
Revised d = 587.6 mm

Effective depth = 587.5 mm

b) Number of 25 mm Ø bars needed for tension reinforcement

As = ρ b d
As = 0.008 (400)(587.5)
As = 1880 mm2

Number of 25 mm Ø bars:
Evangelista, Jasper

π
(25)2 N = 1880
4
N = 3.83

Use 4 – 25 mm Ø bars in one row

Problem 10
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 460 mm. The beam
is reinforced with 2 – 28 mm Ø at the top.
f’c = 35 MPa, fy = 350 MPa

a) Compute the ratio of the depth of compression block to the distance of the top fiber to the
neutral axis.
b) Compute the balanced steel ratio of the reinforcement.
c) Compute the maximum area of steel permitted.

Solution
a) Ratio of the depth of compression block to the distance block to the distance of the top fiber
to the neutral axis.

a = depth of compression block

c = distance of top fiber to neutral axis
a = βC
Evangelista, Jasper

a
β=
c
0.05 (𝑓′ 𝑐 − 28)
β = 0.85 −
7
0.05 (35− 28)
β = 0.85 −
7
𝛃 = 0.80

b) Balanced steel ratio of the reinforcement.

0.85 f′ c β 600
ρb =
fy (600+ fy )
0.85 (35) (0.80)(600)
ρb =
350(600 + 350)
𝛒𝐛 = 0.0429

c) Maximum area of steel permitted.

As = ρ b d
As = 0.75 ρb b d
As = 0.75 (0.0429) (300) (460)
As = 4440.15 mm2

Problem 10
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has the ff. properties:
Beam with= 320 mm
Effective depth= 640 mm
Concrete strength= 25 Mpa
Reinforcing steel= 400 Mpa
Reinforcing steel modulus= 200,000 Mpa

Solution:
0.85 f′c β1 600
ρb =
fy (600+ fy )

β1 = 0.85 since f’c <30 MPa

0.85 (25)(0.85)(600)
ρb =
400(600+ 400)
𝛒𝐛 = 0.0271
Evangelista, Jasper

SEISMIC ENGINEERING
Problem 1

The lateral reinforcement of the column shown in the figure is to be based on the special
provision for seismic design. The column dimension is b = 450mm and h = 600mm. Concrete
strength f’c = 27.5 MPa, longitudinal steel strength fy = 415 MPa, and lateral reinforcement steel
strength fyh = 275 MPa.

b = 450 mm
h = 600mm
f’c = 27.5 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
fyh = 275 MPa
db = 28mm
dt = 12mm
d’ = 40 + dt + db/2
d’ = 66mm
Ag = bh = 450 (600)
Ag = 270,000 mm2
π
Ast = 4 (12)2 = 113 mm2
b1 = b – 2 x 40 = 370 mm hcx = h1 – 12 = 508 mm
h1 = h – 2 x 40 = 520 mm hcy = b1 – 12 = 358 mm
Ach = b1 x h1 = 192,400 mm2
hx1 = (b – 2d’)/2 + db + dt = 199mm ; hx2 = (b – 2d’)/2 + db + dt = 196mm

Which of the following gives the required spacing of lateral reinforcement for shear parallel to
the short side of the column?
Shear parallel to short direction:
hc = hcx = 507mm
Ash = 4 x Ast = 452.4 mm2
shc f′ c Ag s1 (508)(27.5) 270000
Ash = 0.3 ( − 1) 452.4 = 0.3 ( − 1)
fyh Ach 275 192400
s1 = 73.6mm

shc f′ c s2 (508)(27.5)
Ash = 0.09 452.4 = 0.09
fyh 275
s2 = 98.9 mm
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 3
Refer to the figure shown.
Given:
S=2m
L = 10 m
Superimposed dead load = 5 KPa
Live load = 3.6 KPa

Properties of W460 x 97 kg/m

(Beam BF):
A = 12320 mm2
d = 465 mm
bf = 193 mm
tf = 19 mm
tw = 11 mm
rt = 50 mm
Ix = 445 x 106 mm4
Iy = 23 x 106 mm4

Fy = 248 MPa

A.
Compute the maximum bending stress in beam BF in MPa.

Solution
bf = 193 mm
tf = 19 mm
d = 465 mm
Ix = 445 x 106 mm4
Fy = 248 MPa
rt = 50 mm

mb = 97 kg/m
pl = 97 kg/m
pds = 97 kg/m

a) Maximum bending stress in beam BF:

Dead Load:
wD = superimposed dead load + weight of beam
Evangelista, Jasper

97(9.81)
wc = 5(2) +
1000
wD = 10.951 KN/m

Live Load:
wL = 3.6(2)
wL = 7.2 KN/m

Total Uniform load:

w = 10.591 + 7.2
w = 18.151 KN/m

Maximum bending moment (assuming simply supported)

wL2
Mmax =
8
18.151(10)2
Mmax =
8
Mmax = 226.89 KN-m

Mc
fb =
Ix
226.89 x 106 (465/2)
fb =
445 x 106

fb = 118.54 MPa

A.
If lateral supports are to be provided, find the biggest distance (meters) between lateral
supports such that the maximum allowable flexural stress can be utilized.

Solution
b) The maximum allowable bending stress is 0.66Fy. This can be utilized if the braced length Lb ≤
Lc, where Lc is the smaller value of:

200bf 200(193)
1. = = 2451 mm ✔
√Fy √248
137900 137900
2. = 465 = 4385 mm
(d/Af )Fy [ ](248)
193(19)

Thus, Lc = 2451 mm = 2.45 m (choose 2 m)

Evangelista, Jasper

B.
If the compression flange is laterally supported at midspan, what is the permissible
flexural stress in MPa? Use Cb = 1.0

Solution:
1
c) Lb = L = 5 m > Lc ; Cb = 1, rt = 50
2

Lb
LRT =
rt
5000
LRT =
50
LRT = 100

703270Cb
LRT1 =√
Fy

703270(1)
LRT = √
248
LRT1 = 53.25

3516330 Cb
LRT2 =√
Fy

3516330 (1)
LRT = √
248
LRT2 = 119.075

LRT2 > LRT > LRT1

2 Fy (LRT)2
Fb1 = [ − ]
3 10.55 x 106 Cb
Fb1 = 107.04 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

82740 Cb
Fb3 = [ Lb d ]
bf tf

82740 (1)
Fb3 = [ 5000 (465) ]
193(19)
Fb3 = 130.5 Mpa ✔

Fb = larger value of Fb1 and Fb3 = 130.5 MPa

Problem 2

A.
Refer to the figure shown.
Given:
Dimensions:
h1 = 4m
h2 = 3.5 m
h3 = 3.5 m
Floor weights:
W1 = 1000 KN
W2 = 1160 KN
WR = 890 KN

Design base shear = 450 KN

A.
Compute the lateral shear force (KN) at the roof when TT = 0.6s, where T is the natural
period of vibration.

Solution:
According to Section 208.5.5 of NSCP, in the
absence of a more rigorous procedure, the
total force shall be distributed over the height
of the structure in accordance with the
following equations:

V = Ft +

In addition to Fn (design seismic force at the

uppermost level), the concentrated force Ft at
the top shall e determined from:

Ft = 0.07 TV
Evangelista, Jasper

The value of T used for the purpose of calculating Ft shall be the period that corresponds with
the design base shear. Ft, need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7
second or less.

The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure,
including Level n, according to the equation:

𝑊𝑥 ℎ𝑥
Fx = (V – Ft) 𝑛 Note: h1 & hx = height above the base
∑𝑖= 1 𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖

At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in
accordance with the mass distribution at the level. Structural displacements and design seismic
forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate levels above
the base.

T = 0.6s

𝑊𝑥 ℎ𝑥
Fx = (V – Ft) 𝑛 V = 450KN (design base shear)
∑𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖

∑ni=1 wi hi = w1h1 + w2 (h1 + h2) + w3 (h1 + h2 + h3)

∑ni=1 wi hi = 1000(4) + 1160 (4 + 3.5) + 890 (4 + 3.5 + 3.5)

∑ni=1 wi hi = 22490 KN – m

Since T < 0.7s, Ft = 0

890 (4+3.5+3.5)
F3 = (450 – 0) = 195.887 KN
22490
FR = F3 + Ft = 195.887 KN

B.
Compute the lateral force (KN) at the roof when T = 0.98s

Solution
Evangelista, Jasper

T = 0.9s

𝑊𝑥 ℎ𝑥
Fx = (V – Ft) 𝑛
∑𝑖−1 𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖
Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25V
Ft = 0.07(0.9)(450) = 28.35 KN 0.25V = 112.5 KN

890 (4+3.5+3.5)
F3 = (450 – 28.35) = 183.546 KN
22490
FR = F3 + Ft = 211.896 KN

C.
Determine the overturning moment (KN-m) at the base given the following total lateral
forces per floor: F1 = 180 KN, F2 = 165 KN, FR = 130 KN.

Solution:
wu = 1.2 wd + 1.6 wl = 1.2(15) + 1.6(20) = 50 KN/m

wu L2
Mu =
8
50(12)2
Mu =
8
Mu = 900 KN-m

Mu = ɸ Mn
Mu = ɸ Fy Zx
900 x 106 = 0.90 (248) Zx
Zx = 4.03 x 10-3 m3

The lateral reinforcement of the column shown in the figure is to be based on the special
provision for seismic design. The column dimension is b = 450mm and h = 600mm. Concrete
strength f’c = 27.5 MPa, longitudinal steel strength fy = 415 MPa, and lateral reinforcement steel
strength fyh = 275 MPa.

b = 450 mm
h = 600mm
f’c = 27.5 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
fyh = 275 MPa
db = 28mm
dt = 12mm
d’ = 40 + dt + db/2
d’ = 66mm
Evangelista, Jasper

Ag = bh = 450 (600)
Ag = 270,000 mm2
π
Ast = 4 (12)2 = 113 mm2
b1 = b – 2 x 40 = 370 mm hcx = h1 – 12 = 508 mm
h1 = h – 2 x 40 = 520 mm hcy = b1 – 12 = 358 mm
Ach = b1 x h1 = 192,400 mm2
hx1 = (b – 2d’)/2 + db + dt = 199mm ; hx2 = (b – 2d’)/2 + db + dt = 196mm

Which of the following gives the required spacing of lateral reinforcement for shear parallel to
the short side of the column?
Shear parallel to short direction:
hc = hcx = 507mm
Ash = 4 x Ast = 452.4 mm2
shc f′ c Ag s1 (508)(27.5) 270000
Ash = 0.3 (A − 1) 452.4 = 0.3 ( − 1)
fyh ch 275 192400
s1 = 73.6mm

shc f′ c s2 (508)(27.5)
Ash = 0.09 452.4 = 0.09
fyh 275
s2 = 98.9 mm

Problem 3
Refer to the figure shown.
Given:
S=2m
L = 10 m
Superimposed dead load = 5 KPa
Live load = 3.6 KPa

Properties of W460 x 97 kg/m

(Beam BF):
A = 12320 mm2
d = 465 mm
bf = 193 mm
tf = 19 mm
tw = 11 mm
rt = 50 mm
Ix = 445 x 106 mm4
Iy = 23 x 106 mm4
Evangelista, Jasper

Fy = 248 MPa

A.
Compute the maximum bending stress in beam BF in MPa.

Solution
bf = 193 mm
tf = 19 mm
d = 465 mm
Ix = 445 x 106 mm4
Fy = 248 MPa
rt = 50 mm

mb = 97 kg/m
pl = 97 kg/m
pds = 97 kg/m

a) Maximum bending stress in beam BF:

Dead Load:
wD = superimposed dead load + weight of beam
97(9.81)
wc = 5(2) +
1000
wD = 10.951 KN/m

Live Load:
wL = 3.6(2)
wL = 7.2 KN/m

Total Uniform load:

w = 10.591 + 7.2
w = 18.151 KN/m

Maximum bending moment (assuming simply supported)

wL2
Mmax =
8
18.151(10)2
Mmax =
8
Mmax = 226.89 KN-m
Evangelista, Jasper

Mc
fb =
Ix
226.89 x 106 (465/2)
fb =
445 x 106

fb = 118.54 MPa

A.
If lateral supports are to be provided, find the biggest distance (meters) between lateral
supports such that the maximum allowable flexural stress can be utilized.

Solution
b) The maximum allowable bending stress is 0.66Fy. This can be utilized if the braced length Lb ≤
Lc, where Lc is the smaller value of:

200bf 200(193)
1. = = 2451 mm ✔
√Fy √248
137900 137900
2. = 465 = 4385 mm
(d/Af )Fy [ ](248)
193(19)

Thus, Lc = 2451 mm = 2.45 m (choose 2 m)

B.
If the compression flange is laterally supported at midspan, what is the permissible
flexural stress in MPa? Use Cb = 1.0

Solution:
1
c) Lb = L = 5 m > Lc ; Cb = 1, rt = 50
2

Lb
LRT =
rt
5000
LRT =
50
LRT = 100
Evangelista, Jasper

703270Cb
LRT1 =√
Fy

703270(1)
LRT = √
248
LRT1 = 53.25

3516330 Cb
LRT2 =√
Fy

3516330 (1)
LRT = √
248
LRT2 = 119.075

LRT2 > LRT > LRT1

2 Fy (LRT)2
Fb1 = [ − ]
3 10.55 x 106 Cb
Fb1 = 107.04 MPa

82740 Cb
Fb3 = [ Lb d ]
bf tf

82740 (1)
Fb3 = [ 5000 (465) ]
193(19)
Fb3 = 130.5 Mpa ✔

Fb = larger value of Fb1 and Fb3 = 130.5 MPa

Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 4
A reinforced concrete beam with width of 300 mm and overall depth of 420 mm are spaced at s
= 3 m as shown. The slab is 100 mm thick. The superimposed dead load (including floor finish,
fixtures, ceiling, etc.) is 2.6 KPa and the live load is 4 KPa. Columns E and H are omitted such that
girder BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/m 3. L1
= L2 = 6m.

A.
Calculate the uniform service dead load on beam DEF in KN/m?

Solution

L1 = L2 = 6m
s=3m
b = 0.3 m
h = 0.42 m
t = 0.1 m
Superimposed dead load, pds = 2.6 KPa
Live Load, pl = 4 KPa
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 23.5 KN/m3
Evangelista, Jasper

Weight of concrete:
wc = γc Vc
wc = γc [s t + b (h - t)]
wc = 23.5 [3(0.1)+ 0.3(0.42 – 0.1)]
wc = 9.306 KN/m

Uniform dead load:

wd = wc + pds x s
wc = 9.306 + 2.6 x 3
wd = 17.106 KN/m

B.
Calculate the uniform service live load on beam DEF in KN/m.

Solution

b) Uniform live load:

wl = pl x s
wc = 4 x 3
wl = 12 KN/m

C.
Calculate the factored (ultimate) load (KN) at E induced by beam DEF using t he tributary
area method.

Solution:
c) Factored uniform load:
wu = 1.4 wd + 1.7 wl
wc = 1.4 (17.103) + 1.7 (12)
wu = 44.348 KN/m

Concentrated load at E:
RE = wu X L
RE = 44.348 x 6
RE = 266.09 KN
Evangelista, Jasper

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Problem 1

A prestressed concrete beam is 250 mm wide by 450 mm deep. The initial prestressing force is
600 KN. Assume that there is a loss of prestressing force is 600 KN. Assume that there is a loss
of prestress of 15% at service loads.

a) What is the final compressive stress in the beam if the prestressing force is applied at the
centroid of the beam?
b) What is the final compressive stress in the beam if the prestressing force is applied at 100 mm
below the centroid of the beam?
c) What is the maximum eccentricity at which the prestressing force can be applied without
producing tensile stress in the beam?

Solution

P = 600 KN ; Loss = 15%

Peff = 600 –15 %( 600)

Peff = 510 KN

Peff
a) fc = –
A
510000
fc = –
250(450)
fc = - 4.533 MPa

Peff 6Peff e
b) fc = – –
A bh2
510000 6(510000)(100)
fc = – –
250(450) (250)(450)2
fc = - 10.578 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

c) To produce zero stress at the bottom,

e = h/ 6
e = 450 / 6
e = 75 mm

Problem 2
A rectangular section 300mm x 600mm deep is prestressed with 937.5 mm2 of steel wires for an
initial stress of 1040 MPa. The c.g.s. of the wires is 100 mm above the bottom fiber. For the
tendons, fs’ = 1650 MPa, fc’ = 34.4 MPa. Determine the ultimate resisting moment.

Solution:
Total tension of steel at rupture:
T = 937.5 (1650 x 10-3) = 1546.875 KN

C=T
0.85 fc’ b a = T
T 1546.875 x 103
a= = = 176.34 mm
0.85 fc ′ b 0.85 (34.4)(300)

Ultimate moment:
Mu = As fsu (d – a/2)
Mu = 1546.875 (500 – 176.34/2) x 10-3
Mu = 637.05 KN - m

Problem 3
A 6-m long cantilever beam 250 mm x 600 mm carries a uniformly distributed dead load
of 5 KN/m (including beam weight) and a concentrated live load of 18 KN at the free end. To
prevent excessive deflection of the beam it is prestressed with 12 mm-diameter strands causing
a final prestress of 640 KN.

a) Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at the bottom fiber at the free end if the center of
gravity of the strands coincides with the centroid of the section.
b) Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at the top fiber at the fixed end if the center of gravity
of the strands is 100 mm above the neutral axis of the beam.
c) Determine the eccentricity (mm) of the prestressing force at the fixed end such that the
resulting stress at the top of the fiber of the beam at the fixed end is zero.
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Solution
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a)

wL2
b) Mmax = PL +
2
5(6)2
Mmax = (18)(6) +
2
Mmax = 198 KN-m

c)

Stress at top:
-4.267 – 0.0427e + 13.2 = 0
e = 209.2 mm
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Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 4

Design, for service load condition, a post-tensioned T-section to carry a total service load
of 15 kN/m (not including self-weight) on a 12m simply supported span. Design the section for
zero tension, for fci = 12.5MPa and fc = 11.0MPa at transfer and service conditions, respectively.
Assume that the sectional properties are bf = 0.5h, hf = 0.2h, and bw = 0.25h and use multiples of
50mm for h. Assume the self-weight of the beam is 6.0 kN/m and the following prestressing
data:

f’c = 35 MPa
fpu = 1860 MPa
△fpT = 250 MPa
f’ci = 30 MPa
fpi = 1300 MPa
Aps = 1ɸs13 = 99 mm2/ strand

Solution
(1-y) = 250/1300 = 0.192
MD = 6 x 122/8 = 108 KN.m
MSD + ML = 15 X 122/8 = 270 KN.m

(1− γ)MD + MSD + ML

St =
γfti − fc
(0.192)(108) + (270)
St = x 106 = 26.431 x 106 mm3
0 − (−11)

(1− γ)MD + MSD+ ML

Sb = ft − γfci

(0.192)(108) + (270)
Sb = x 106 = 28.786 x 106 mm3
0 − (0.808)(−12.5)

(0.5h)(0.2h)3 (0.25h)(0.8h)3
I= + (0.5h)(0.2h)(0.33h)2 + + (0.25h)(0.8h)(0.17h)2
12 12
I = 0.02767h4

0.02767ℎ4
St = = 26.431 x 106 h = 743.33 mm ;
0.43h
0.02767ℎ4
Sb = = 28.786 x 106 h = 840 mm ;
0.57h
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Use h = 850 mm; A = 216750 mm2; I = 1.44 x 1010 mm4; st = 39.20 x 106 mm3; sb =
30.00 x 106 mm3; r2 = 66621 mm2; MD = 97.54 KN.m

Analysis at Initial Stage:

−12.5
fcgc = (0.43 x 850) = -5.375 MPa
850
Pt = 5.375 x 216750/1000 = 1165 KN
Aps = 1165 x 103 /1300 = 896.2 mm2 USE 9ɸS13 = 891mm2
Pt = 891 x 1300/1000 = 1158.3 KN
6 6
39.20 x 10 97.54 x 10
ec = (0 + 5.375) 1158300 + 1158300 = 266 mm

Use 9ɸS13 = 891mm2; Pt = 1158.3 KN; ec = 265 mm; Pe = 935.91 KN

Check Stresses:
At initial stage:
−Pt ect MD
ft = (1 − 2 ) – t
Ac r S
−1158300 (265)(365.5) 97.54 x 106
ft = (1 − ) –
216750 66621 39.2 x 106
t
f = +2.425 – 2.488 = –0.063 MPa ≈ 0.0 OKAY!

−Pt ecb MD
fb = (1 + ) +
Ac r2 St
b
−1158300 (265)(484.5) 97.54 x 106
f = (1 + )+
216750 66621 30 x 106
b
f = –15.643 + 3.251= –12.392 MPa < 12.5 MPa OKAY!

At final stage:
−Pe ect MT
ft = (1 − 2 ) – t
Ac r S
−935910 6
t (265)(365.5) 367.54 x 10
f = (1 − )–
216750 66621 39.2 x 106
t
f = +1.960 – 9.376 = –7.416 MPa < 11 MPa OKAY!

−Pe ecb MT
fb = (1 + 2 )+ t
Ac r S
−935910 (265)(484.5) 367.54 x 106
fb = (1 + ) +
216750 66621 30 x 106
b
f = –12.639 + 12.251 = –0.388 MPa ≈ 0.0 OKAY!
Evangelista, Jasper

Problem 5
A post-tensioned bonded concrete beam has a prestress of 1560 kN in the
steel immediately after prestressing which eventually reduces to 1330 kN. The beam carries two
live loads of 45 kN each in addition to its own weight of 4.40 kN/m. Compute the extreme fiber
stresses at mid-span:

a) Under the initial condition with full prestress and no live load.
b) Under final condition after all the losses have taken place and with full live load.
Solution
Section Properties:
Ag = bh = 300 x 600 = 180000 mm2

1 1
Ig = bh3 = (300) (600)3 = 5.4 x 109 mm4
12 12

Initial condition

wL2 4.4 x 122

M= = = 79.2 KN – m
8 8

Qo Qo ey My
f= ± ±
Ag Ig Ig
1560 x 103 1560 x 103 (125)(300) 79.2 x 106 (300)
f= ± ±
180000 5.4 x 109 5.4 x 109
f = 8.667 ± 10.833 ± 4.4

Top fiber stress:

fT = 8.667 – 10.833 + 4.4 = 2.234 MPa

Bottom fiber stresss:

fB = 8.667 + 10.833 – 4.4 = 15.10 MPa

Final condition
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Live load moment at mid-span:

ML = Pa = 45 (4.5) = 202.5 KN – m

Dead load moment at mid-span:

wL2 4.4(12)2
MD = = = 79.2 KN – m
8 8

Total moment:
MT = 79.20 + 202.5 = 281.7 KN – m

Stresses:
Q Qey 𝑀𝑇 y
f= ± ±
Ag Ig Ig
1330 x 103 1330 x 103 (125)(300) 281.7 x 106 (300)
f= ± ±
180000 5.4 x 109 5.4 x 109
f = 7.389 ± 9.236 ± 15.65

Top fiber stress:

fT = 7.389 – 9.236 + 15.65 = 13.803 MPa

Bottom fiber stresss:

fB = 7.389 + 9.236 – 15.65 = 0.975 MPa

Problem 6
A Prescon cable, 18.00 m long is to be tensioned from one end to an initial prestressed of
1040 MPa immediately after transfer. Assume that there is no slack in the cable, that t h e
shrinkage of concrete is 0.0002 at the time of transfer, and that the
a v e r a g e compression in concrete is 5.50 MPa along the length of tendon. Ec= 26.2 GPa; Es=
Evangelista, Jasper

200GPa. Compute the length of shims required, neglecting any elastic shortening of
the shims and any friction along the tendon.

Solution
Elastic elongation of steel:
fs L 1040(18 x 103 )
△s = = = 93.6 mm
Es 200 x 103

Shortening of concrete due to shrinkage:

△c shrinkage = 0.0002(18 x 103) = 3.6 mm

Elastic shortening of concrete:

M𝐿2 (18.093)(102 )(1012 )
𝛿𝐷 = = = 3.61 mm
8EI 8(27.5 x 103 )(2.278 x 1093 )

Length of shims required:

△T = △s elastic + △c shrinkage + △c elastic = 93.6 + 3.6 + 3.78 = 100.98 mm Problem 7
A pretensioned member has a section shown 200 mm x 300 mm. It is
concentrically prestressed with 516 mm2 of high tensile steel wire which is anchored to the
bulkheads of a unit stress of 1040 MPa. Assuming n = 6, compute the stresses in the concrete
and steel immediately after transfer.

Solution
Exact Method

Qo 516 x 1040
fc = = = 8.575 MPa
Ac +(n−1)As (200 x 300)+(6−1)516

nfc = 6(8.575) = 51.45 MPa

Stress in steel after transfer:

fs = fso – nfc = 1040 – 51.454 = 988.55 MPa
Evangelista, Jasper

Approximate Method

The loss of prestress in steel due to elastic shortening of concrete is approximated by:
Qo 516 x 1040
fs = n = (6) = 53.664 MPa
Ag 200 x 300

Stress in steel after loss:

fs = fso – nfc = 1040 – 53.664 = 986.335 MPa

Stress in concrete is:

net stress of steel x As Qnet 986.335 x 516
fs = = = = 8.482 MPa
Ag Ag (200 x 300)

Approximations introduced:
1. Using gross area instead of net area
2. Using initial stress in steel instead of the reduced stress
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Problem 8

Consider the prestressed concrete beam shown below, which is to be used in an industrial
building construction. The beam is only reinforced with prestressing steel and no mild
reinforcement is used. What is the maximum live load that this beam can carry (in addition to
the self weight) considering only the allowable section stresses at midspan?

Solution
At service limit state
WD = (0.3 X 0.6)(25) = 4.5 KN/m
Pe = (8 x 99)(1120 – 140)/1000 = 776.16 KN
e = 300 – 70 = 230 mm
A = 300 x 600 = 180000 mm2
I = (300)(600)3/12 = 5.4 X 109 mm4
r4 = 5.4 X 109 / 180000 = 30000 mm2
St =Sb = 5.4 X 109 / 300 = 18 X 106 mm3

−Pe 𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑀𝑇
ft = (1 − 𝑟2 ) – 𝑡
Ac 𝑆
−776160 (230)(300) 𝑀𝑇
-0.45 x 40 = (1 − ) –
180000 30000 18 𝑥 106

MT = 424.9 KN.m = (WLL + 4.5)(15)2/8

WLL = 6.631 KN/m
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Problem 9
The section of a double tee (DT) prestress concrete joist is shown in Figure C065-4526. The joists
are simply supported on a span of 7.5 m and are pre-tensioned with total initial force of 1100 KN
from low-relaxation strands. The joist supports a total dead load of 2.3 KPa (including beam
weight) and live load of 6.2 KPa. There is a loss of prestress of 20% at service loads. Unit weight
of concrete is 24 KN/m3.

Properties of the sections:

A = 200000 mm2
INA = 1880 X 109 mm4

a) Calculate the stress at the top fibers of the DT at end span due to initial prestressing force
only.
b) Calculate the compressive stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due to initial
prestressing force only.
c) Calculate the additional load in KPa such that the stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at
midspan (due to service loads and pressure force) will be zero.

Solution
GIiven:
A = 200000 mm2
I = 1.88 x 109 mm4
ct = 88 mm
cb = 267 mm

e = 367 – 75 = 192 mm
P = 1100 KN
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loss = 20%
L = 7.5 mm

Dead load, DL = 2.3 KPa

Live load, LL = 6.2 KPa

a) Stresses due to initial prestress

Top fiber:
P P e ct
Ftop = - +
A I
1100000 1100000 (192) (88)
Ftop = - +
200000 1.88 x 109
Ftop = +4.386 MPa

b) Bottom fiber:
P P e cb
Ftop = - −
A I
1100000 1100000 (192) (267)
Ftop = - −
200000 1.88 x 109
Ftop = -35.495 MPa

c) Additional load to “zero” the stress at the bottom:

Net fiber stress due to prestress at service loads (loss = 20%):
Top fiber = +4.386 x (1 - 20%)
Top fiber = +3.509 MPa

Bottom fiber = -35.4965 x (1 - 20%)

Bottom fiber = -28.396 MPa

To “zero” the stress at the bottom, the load must cause a tensile stress of 28.396 MPa at the
bottom.
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Mw cb
Fb =
I
Mw (267)
28.396 =
1.88 x 109
Mw = 199.942 KN-m

w L2
Mw =
8
w (7.5)2
199.942 =
8
w = 28.436 KN/m

Total floor load (pressure), pt:

w = pt x 2.4
28.436 = pt x 2.4
pt = 11.848 KPa

Additional load = pt – (DL + LL)

Additional load = 11.848 – (2.3 + 6.2)
Additional load = 3.348 KPa

Problem 10

A pretensioned member has a section 200 mm x 300 mm. It is eccentrically prestressed with 516
mm2 of high tensile steel wire which is anchored to the bulkheads at a unit stress of 1040 MPa.
The c.g.s. is 100mm above the bottom fiber. Assuming n = 6, compute the stresses in the
concrete immediately after transfer.

Solution
Exact Method
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(n – 1) As = (6 – 1)(516) = 2580 mm2

Ag = 200 x 300 = 60000 mm2
e = (300/2) – 100 = 50 mm

Summing up moment at initial cgc:

ATyo = A1y1 + A2y2
A1 y1 + A2 y2 (200 𝑥 300)(0) + 2580 (50)
yo = = = 2.06 mm
AT 60000 + 2580

cB = (300/2 – yo) = 147.94 mm

cT = (300/2 + yo) = 152.06 mm
e = cB – 100= 47.94 mm

Compute transformed section moment of inertia:

1
IT = bh3 + Ag (yo)2 + (n – 1) Asys
12
200 x 3003
IT = + 60000 (2.06)2 + 2580(47.94)2 = 4.562 x 108 mm4
12

Fiber stresses:
Qi Qi ey 516 x 1040 (516 x 1040)(47.94)y
f= ± = ±
AT IT 60000 +2580 4.562 x 108
f = 8.575 ± 0.056393 y

Top fiber stress:

fT = 8.575 – 0.056393 (152.06) = 0.00 MPa

Bottom fiber stress:

fB = 8.575 + 0.056393 (147.94) = 16.918 MPa

Approximate Method
Loss of prestress:
nQi 6 (516 x 1040)
fsL = = = 53.664 MPa
Ag 60000

Net prestress:
fsn = fsi – fsL = 1040 – 53.664 = 986.336 MPa

Qnet = fsn As = 986.336 (516 x 10-3) = 508.949 KN

Fiber stresses:
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Qnet Qnet ey
f= ±
Ag Ic
508.949 x 103 508.949 x 103 (50)y
f= ± 200(300)3
60000
12
f = 8.48248 ± 0.0565498 y

Top fiber stress:

fT = 8.48248 – 0.0565498(150) = 0.00 MPa

Bottom fiber stress:

fB = 8.48248 + 0.0565498(150) = 16.964 MPa

Approximation introduce:
1. Using approximate values of reduced prestressed
2. Using the gross area of concrete
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