Chapter 1

Background of the study

Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and

deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors

in the world. Modern tourism is closely linked to development and encompasses

a growing number of new destinations. These dynamics have turned tourism into

a key driver for socio-economic progress. Today, the business volume of tourism

equals or even surpasses that of oil exports, food products or automobiles.

Tourism has become one of the major players in international commerce, and

represents at the same time one of the main income sources for many

developing countries. This growth goes hand in hand with an increasing

diversification and competition among destinations. This global spread of tourism

in industrialized and developed states has produced economic and employment

benefits in many related sectors - from construction to agriculture or

telecommunications. (UNWTO, 2017)

Effective training and development programs aimed at improving the

employees’ performance. Training refers to bridging the gap between the current

performance and the standard desired performance. Training could be given

through different methods such as on the coaching and mentoring, peer’s

cooperation and participation by the subordinates. This team work enables

 Background of the Study │ 2

employees to actively participate on the job and produces better

performance, hence improving organizational performance. (Elnaga & Imran,

2013)

Student evaluation and assessment has become an integral process of any

educational institution towards an improved and quality learning experience.

Student views about their experience at any educational system, its programs,

the component units of the program, and the entire learning environment are

essential aspects for quality enhancement. (Bay & Subido, 2017)

OJT Program in Land, Air and Sea based such as Airlines, Hotels, Travel

Agencies, & Cruise Ship helps the tourism students to be competitive by

providing them with their applied learning that aims to access the level of

trainings. The tourism students even tourism graduates in terms of knowledge,

skills, attitude, personality that will deal different situations.

NC II TESDA in Front Office Services, Food and Beverage Services, & Tour

Guiding Services the benefits and the skills that they can acquire through

undergoing this kind of training is by conducting on how to make a reservation,

the process & checking – in and out of the guest in commercial accommodation

establishments; a tourism student must also know how to provide food and

beverage service to guests in various food and beverage service facilities; lastly,

on how to coordinate tour program/itinerary, guiding accompanying tourists in

locality in accordance with industry standards.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 3

Bachelor of Science in Tourism in Urdaneta City University is a four-

year collegiate degree program offered to individuals who are interested in

making a career in the area of tourism industry. The course aims to develop

students who will become qualified personnel, entrepreneurs and administrators

in the Industry. In comparison to Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management,

which is focused on the corporate side, BS in Tourism concentrates more on

subjects such as history, travel, language and other cultural aspects of this field.

Global Literature

According to the study of (Russo & Osborne, n.d.) being a graduate of a

globally competent university, the student develops a conceptual framework that

informs the way he/she looks at the world. The student continually uses this

framework to analyze and compare political, cultural, economic, historical,

environmental, scientific and technological developments. The student no longer

views the world through a single cultural lens and is able to identify and

appreciate various viewpoints. While the globally competent student recognizes

and values cultural differences, the student is also aware of the growing

interconnectivity of the world and of the necessity of his/her ability to function

within it.

The (“Tourism, hospitality and events,” 2011) also discussed about the

quality of training and work readiness of graduates has been an issue for many

employers in tourism, hospitality and events. Employers have mixed experiences

with the content of training and assessment and of the capacities of some

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 4

trainers. SSA’s 2010 Environmental Scan reported industry concern that

institute or wholly classroom-based learning in training kitchens is seen as

inadequate, unable to produce work-ready employees. It is imperative for the

economic survival and competitiveness of the industry that trainees are able to

‘hit the ground running’. Having work experience is a key to success in these

industries rather than just having a piece of paper with a qualification. Feedback

to SSA also stated that the skill and knowledge level of qualified commercial

cooks is decreasing because they are often being supervised or trained in the

workplace by unqualified cooks. Hence, there is the need to better balance on-

the-job and off-the-job training, as well as to better connect workplaces,

enterprises and businesses in tourism, hospitality and events with the training.

These issues remain valid for industry in 2011.

The study of (Shariff, Kayat, & Abidin, 2014). In order to operate

successfully, many educational, approximately 250 million people have been

employed thus representing the vital role of the industry to the world. In line

with this phenomenon, the tourism and hospitality employers anticipate the

graduates to possess transferable generic competencies particularly in the areas

of leadership, communication, strategic thinking and decision-making. In order to

operate successfully, many educational institutions currently attempt to prepare

by developing and enhancing management competencies. In line with the

expanding of the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia. The development

of tourism and hospitality education is growing quite tremendously.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 5

Tourism education will lead them to opportunities to meet people

from various cultures. This reason generates strong demand in having tourism

education. However, the competitors in the tourism education market also

increases. The growth of new universities that focus on providing tourism

education make tourism education providers in Thailand take more active roles in

putting their efforts to develop the curriculum to meet the students’ needs,

particularly through offering specialist options for students. Focusing on

curriculum, there are high quality lecturers with excellent academic backgrounds,

full of professionalisms qualifications and cultural research skills with positive

attitude. Some universities coordinate with universities overseas to motivate

student to join the program. (Walsh, 2011)

Training is essential to the growth and economic welfare of a nation. This

need for training encompasses all levels of industry, for a national level where

country’s wellbeing is improved by training and it can happen only when training

is implemented successfully. A training programme can be fruitful only when it is

effective. It is already discussed the factors which affects the training

effectiveness and the models of measuring training effectiveness and also the

methods how to implement successful training. But still some issues have been

left which needs more work like finding the new ways to remove the of

successful training and what could be the more effective manners

Factors implementation. (Punia, n.d.)

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 6

National Literature

Developing positive mental attitude of the students in the early years of

college would provide them greater opportunity as they step-up to higher year

level of studies to broaden the scope of their responsibility and maturity to be

more confident and independent. Work related values such as perseverance and

hard work have also greatly contributed to their job placement (Laguador &

Dotong, 2013).

Competencies are identified behaviours, knowledge, skills, and abilities

that directly and positively impact the success of employees and organizations.

Competencies can be objectively measured, enhanced, and improved through

coaching and learning opportunities. Through this, practicumers know that

competence indicates sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable someone to

act in a wide variety of situations (A. Ylagan, M. Tamayo, 2013).

According to (Ungui et al., 2014). A growing number of employees and

newly graduates must be fully equipped with knowledge and skills to be

competitive in their respective field. At this point the educational attainment of

the individual is given great emphasis. Investment on tertiary education serves

as the foundation that (Ungui et al., 2014)prepares the students for their future

careers. The success of the students depends on the capacity of the institutions

to provide quality education.

According to the study of (Dimalibot, Diokno, Icalla, Mangubat, &

Villapando, 2013) Majority of the graduates are presently employed, all the

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 7

identified work related values particularly professional integrity was

possessed by the respondents, school related factors is very essential for the

employability as it has a greatest influence on their employment, and proposed

curriculum enhancement and program maybe sustained for improvement to

produce greater employability rate of the graduates.

According to the experience of (Edward Danielle Cruz, student from

University of Baguio). Being exposed to a foreign environment is a challenging

task. Knowing and having the skills and abilities required of your chosen career

are not enough to be able to survive the journey. It takes real guts to cope up

with the lifestyle in the States. Practicality is what runs life there. Survival in the

training is dependent on your traits and abilities. Personally, being friendly is a

very helpful feature in having a better experience in America. I always made sure

that I knew the people around me especially my neighbors. Not all of the

occupants in our apartment were from the Philippines, which made it more

challenging for me.

Local Literature

On job the training is a further training for the individuals for the purpose

of developing skills and educating citizen to be equipped on facing competition in

the technological world. Thus, the country can hasten the attainment of the goal

of economic self-reliance and independence. (Ergino et al.,2013)

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 8

According to Mina (2010), learning is defined as a relative

permanent change in behavior. This is very important to one to keep abreast to

the changes in the environment. Learning can take place in any situation or

experience we have, and take place in different types as rational, motor

associated, appreciation, conventional learning, and cognitive learning.

Training discussed by Beltran (2013), is an ongoing activity that is

conducted by selected individuals with each department. It is generally required

of all new employees-even those who come to an organization with considerable

experience. Experience in the field is still an important consideration to many

employers, and a number of students have found that good work experience

gained while attending classes has been instrumental in their finding good jobs

after graduation. Potential employers are typically more inclined to offer good

and starting jobs to students with valid work experience behind them.

Though performance can be an elusive concept according to Corpus

(2011), the human performance improvement deals with the outcomes, result,

and accomplishments achieved by a person, group, or organization. He further

discussed that skills and knowledge are the factors that affect and influence

performance which are the items listed as the internal performance variables of

an individual performer. People obtain skills and knowledge through a variety of

sources, including formal education and training programs, on-the-job- training

various other formal and informal sources. When knowledge or skills are lacking,

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 9

the result can be poor performance due to quality problems, time needed

to perform, and inaccuracy (Corpus, 2011)

According to Reyes (2009) in the Philippines, one of the major concerns of

the government today is manpower educational skill training. This is evident in

the 1987 Constitution is mandated in Article XV, Section 2 which provided that:

The state shall encourage non-formal, informal and indigenous learning

system, independent and out- of school study programs particularly those that

respond to community needs and provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out- of

school youth with training in civic, vocational efficiency, and other skills.

Hence, we are conducting this research study, we would contemplate to

dare the existing line-up of trainings and hospitality management activities, by

doing so, we could provide detailed analysis on its effectiveness to the tourism

students and tourism graduates of Urdaneta City University. By asserting the null

hypothesis and proving that there’s possible correlation of effectiveness in

trainings and hospitality management that acquired by the respondents in

boosting the tourism industry. We, the researchers will gain access to the

updated status of current flow of trainings and activities; thus, the researchers

can be able to propose and recommend new protocols to make tourism

professionals furnished by Urdaneta City University more superior to others.

Furthermore, the research study aims to know what are the different trainings

that could nurture opportunities and enrich the knowledge, skills, competencies

and tourism experiences of the 4 th year tourism students and tourism graduates

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 10

of Urdaneta City University that will serve as their basis for being future

tourism professional in the tourism industry.

Theoretical Framework

The present study is confined with the Training and Development for a

Successful Tourism Industry theory of Salas et al. (2012).

This theory states that the provided comprehensive practical review of the

science of training and development in organizations to show that training does

work to ensure a skilled workforce. Practical guidance is offered on the most

effective ways to design, deliver, and implement training programs. However,

training is just an event that occurs in classroom, “trainings now viewed as a

system that is essential to promote learning and enhance on-the-job

performance” (Salas et al., 2012, p. 95) viewing training as a system means that

organizations must take into account what happen before, during, and after

training to ensure results. By considering training needs analysis, the learning

climate, individual characteristics, instructional strategies and principles, transfer

of training, and training evaluation, business leaders and policy makers can

maximize employee learning and position their organizations to be competitive

and excel in their industry (Salas et al., 2012).

Tourism and hospitality industries create many employment opportunities

in different areas like accommodation, transportation, attractions sites.

Therefore, the availability of skilled and trained manpower is a cruel element in

the success of any tourism development plan or programmed, hence employees

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 11

is sine qua non of tourism industry. However, the constraints of

employment in tourism industry are unstable employment, low job status, long

antisocial working hours and low pay. The immediate and most of view

consequences of such a situation is the difficulty of recruiting suitable staff and

high staff turnover, these are costly to the success of the industry. (Aynalem, et

al., J Tourism Hospitality, 2016)

In relation to the present study, the theories have something to do with

the effectiveness of acquired trainings and hospitality management of tourism

students and tourism graduates as well in boosting our industry. Hence, the

students conform on how they take the trainings and activities by executing,

adapting, and innovating on on-the-job trainings that results to the possible

beneficial effect to them. Moreover, the most effective way to develop every

individual is to enable learning and personal development in our tourism

industry, most especially for the future tourism professionals.

Conceptual Framework

The paradigm shows the conceptual model of the study which was

depicted through the use of boxes.

The first box is inputs which consist of the description of the effectiveness of

trainings and hospitality management in boosting the tourism industry in terms

of age, sex, highest educational attainment, and profession; the list of trainings

and the possible beneficial effect of acquired trainings and hospitality

management.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 12

The second box is the process which is the analysis of the possible beneficial

effect if acquired trainings and hospitality management.

The last box is the output which is the proposal recommendation, possible

additional programs to enhance more the standard trainings and hospitality

management to be acquired by the 4th year students and graduate students of

Urdaneta City University.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 13

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Respondent’s Analysis of the: Proposed

demographic profile  Respondents
 Age recommendations,
INPUT demographic
 Sex possible additional
data
 Highest educational
attainment
 List of programs to
 Profession trainings and enhance more the
hospitality
List of trainings standard trainings
management
 OJT Program in
 Possible and hospitality
Land based, Sea
beneficial management to be
based and Air
based
effect if
acquired by the 4th
 NC II TESDA acquired
 Other acquired trainings and year students and
Trainings and hospitality graduate students
Seminars management
of UCU
Possible beneficial
effect of acquired
trainings and
hospitality
management in terms
of:
 Tourism students’
self-confidence
 Proper personnel
approach to the
tourists
 Overall standard
after training and
activities
 Uplifting the moral
of the tourism
students

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 14

Statement of the Problem

This study analyzed the Effectiveness of Trainings and Hospitality

Management of 4th year Tourism Students & Tourism Graduates of Urdaneta

City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry. Specifically, this study sought to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following

attributes:

a. Age;

b. Sex;

c. Highest educational attainment; and

d. Profession;

2. What are the descriptive trainings and hospitality management activities that

possibly helps in boosting the tourism industry in terms, but not limited to, the

following:

a. Land Based (Travel Agencies, Tourism Offices, Hotel and Restaurant,

Resort)

b. Air Based (Airlines)

c. Sea Based (Cruise Ships)

3. How will affect the acquired trainings of tourism students and tourism

graduates of Urdaneta City University in terms of

a. Personnel Performance

b. Tourism Approach

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 15

c. Basic Protocols

4. What will be the impact of the acquired Trainings and Hospitality Management

on new tourism opportunities in terms of:

a. Social;

b. Economical;

c. Environmental; and

d. Political

5. What is the proposed program for Trainings & Hospitality Management in

Boosting the Tourism Industry?

Null Hypothesis

Based on the abovementioned statement of the problem, the researchers try to

nullify the following hypothesis;

1. There is no significant relationship between the boosting of tourism industry

and the demographic data of the respondents

2. There is no significant relationship between trainings and hospitality

management activities of the 4 th year tourism students (SY 2017-2018) &

graduate tourism students of Urdaneta City University and the boosting of

tourism industry.

3. There is no significant attachment between the acquired trainings and

hospitality management activities and the performance, tourist approach, basic

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 16

protocols of the 4th year tourism students and graduate tourism of

Urdaneta City University.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus only on the effectiveness of training and hospitality

management activities provided by the college of tourism in Urdaneta City

University to their 4th year tourism students and graduate students. The said

trainings and hospitality management activities will provide statistical data

analysis on its effect. The respondents were the 4 th year students (S.Y. 2017-

2018) and Tourism graduates of Urdaneta City University. The demographic data

of the respondents were categorized in terms of age, sex, numbers of achieve

training programs, hospitality management activities, employability, effects of

training and activities, and profession.

The description of this study focused on the development of the

personality learning skills and their capability to broaden knowledge on

hospitality management. By shaping the target respondents. On how they will

acquire properly the application of trainings and activities. The study will

correlate the effectiveness and the outcome of tourism industry.

The boundaries of the study limits to the 4 th year tourism students (S.Y.

2017-2018) and the previous tourism graduates of Urdaneta City University.

Furthermore, it only attempted to identify the effectiveness of all the training and

activities listed in the study.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 17

Definition of Terms

In order to have a full understanding of the study, the following is a list of

terms that were defined operationally for the purpose of the study.

National Foreign Exchange – reserve assets held by a central bank in foreign

currencies used to back liabilities on their own issued currency as well as to

influence monetary policy.

GDP/Gross Domestic Products – the total value of goods produced and

services provided in a country during one year & it is the best way to measure a

country’s economy.

Employment Rate – measure of the extent to which available labour resources

(people available to work) are being used. They are calculated as the ratio of the

employed to the working age population.

Emergence – the process coming into view or becoming important or

prominent exposed after being concealed.

Sustainable Tourism – concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to

make only a positive impact on the environment, society, and economy.

Acquire – achieve a particular reputation as a result of one’s behaviour or

activities & learn on develop a skill, habit or quality.

Hospitality Management – study of the hospitality industry. A degree in the

subject may be awarded either by a university college dedicated to the studies of

hospitality management or a business school with relevant department.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 18

Hospitality Industry – broad category of fields within service industry

that includes lodging, event planning, theme parks transformation, cruise line,

and additional field within the tourism industry.

Natural Resources – materials or substance such as minerals, forests, water,

and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Academic Field – discipline or field or study is a branch of knowledge that is

taught and researched as a part of higher education. There is no consensus on

how some academic discipline should classified.

Significance of the Study

Pursuing this study involving Effectiveness of Trainings and Hospitality

Management of 4th year Tourism Students & Tourism Graduates of Urdaneta City

University in Boosting the Tourism Industry is deemed significant, as it will serve

a number of purposes of the following:

Tourism Industry. This research will have a great impact in producing high

level of tourism professionals regarding in the effectiveness of training program

and activities that they’ve conduct. Giving good quality services to the customers

and meeting their satisfaction is the main factor. It will also help to increase the

rate of tourism economy here in the Philippines that can lead to open new

opportunities that will be beneficiary to the local community.

Fourth year Tourism Students. The essence of this research study to the 4 th

year tourism students aims to provide development of new ideas, protocols,

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 19

trainings and activities that will surely help the skills to be acquire by the

4th year students of Urdaneta City University. It will also be a useful tool for

improving their hospitality management skill and capability to surpass the

challenges in the on the job field that they have to undergo. To have a deeper

understanding about the effectiveness of the trainings and activities that can

served as stepping stones towards success in their respective chosen career in

the tourism industry. Tourism Graduates. This study aims to examine the most

effective training and programs to mold the applicant’s in committing to an

organizational environment that allows them to function at their best to increase

effectiveness, competitiveness, implementation of techniques, communication

skills and improve operational efficiency on how to identify problem areas and

give possible solutions to produce successful outcome.

Future researchers. This research study will lend them concrete bases to

continue identifying and resolving the possible problems by establishing a new

and updated program, trainings and activities that will aid the academe. It raise

the awareness of future researchers in the effectiveness of existing trainings and

activities and how it affects the tourism students and tourism graduates’ in

furnishing their prime professionalism. Moreover, it will improve the quality of

tourism education, resulting in the enhancements of organizational effectiveness

transformation.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the Research Design, Respondents of the Study and

Sampling Scheme, Data Gathering Instrument, Procedure, Validation, Ethical

Considerations, and lastly Tools for Data Analysis.

Research Design

The descriptive survey method was used in this research study since it has

the capacity to gather information about the study’s subject. According to Best &

Kahn (2007), descriptive survey has often used to describe investigation. It

employs the process of disciplined inquiry through the gathering and analysis of

empirical data, and attempts to develop knowledge. It describes systematically a

situation or area of interest factually and accurately. The researcher also

conducted interview with the respondents to prove those gathered bits of

information.

This design refers to the method that collects detailed and factual information to

describe systematically a situation or area of interest and accurately.

Respondents of the Study and Sampling Scheme

Subject of the study and sampling scheme. The main subject of the study

is the 4th year tourism students (SY 2017 – 2018) and the graduate tourism

students of Urdaneta City University. Convenience sampling was used in this

study where in the researchers conduct survey questionnaire to 100 respondents

composed of 50 male & female 4th year tourism students (SY 2017 – 2018) and
 Background of the Study │ 22

50 male and female graduate tourism students of Urdaneta City

University. This convenience sampling method was used because this type of

sampling has the least bias, and every unit of the target population has an equal

chance of being selected.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers used the survey questionnaire checklist as a main

instrument in gathering the needed data. The survey questionnaire consists of

two parts. The first part, is the demographic profile of the respondent, which

include the respondents; age, sex, civil status, position, and profession. The

second part, is the factors including, the following aspect: what are the

descriptive trainings and activities in hospitality management that possibly helps

in boosting the tourism industry and how will affect the acquired trainings of

tourism students and graduates of Urdaneta City University in terms of: personal

performance, tourism approach and basic protocols.

Procedure

The researchers sought the approval from the research adviser before the

actual gathering of data. Upon the approval of the research adviser distribution

of questionnaire or collection of data takes place. Base from the records of the

college of tourism, the researchers were randomly selects 50 target respondents

from the 4th year tourism students in Urdaneta City University and 50 target

respondents from the graduate tourism students of Urdaneta City University

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 23

which serves as the respondents of this study. This floating of

questionnaire takes place from school year 2017-2018, the researchers assisted

the respondents while they are answering the questionnaire. Fortunately, all the

floated questionnaire was retrieve, compiled and analyzed.

Validation

Appropriate statistical tools were utilized to analyze the data gathered in

this study. This provide a more valid and reliable result of the study. The

percentage formula was used to determine the status of the respondent’s profile

as:

Where:

P= ƒ x 100

n
P= Percentage equivalent of each bracket

F= number of respondents

N= total number of respondents

Ethical considerations

The researchers give full responsibility to all its respondents personal

information. Please be assured that all data gathered and information generated

shall be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry
 Background of the Study │ 24

Tools for data analysis

A histogram analysis is an accurate graphical representation of the

distribution of numerical data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a

continuous variable (quantitative variable) and was first introduced by Karl

Pearson. It is a kind of bar graph. To construct a histogram, the first step is to

"bin" the range of values—that is, divide the entire range of values into a series

of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins

are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The

bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and are often (but are not required to be) of

equal size.

Effectiveness of Trainings in Hospitality Management of Fourth Year Tourism Students

and Graduates of Urdaneta City University in Boosting the Tourism Industry