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SHIVAM TUTORIAL

CBSE CLASS-X Social Science


Print Culture and Modern World

1. “Print popularized the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers.” Explain.


Ans. 1. Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition,
Superstition and despotism.
2. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that
everything to be judged through the application of reason and rationality.
3. They attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
4. The writing of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and those who read these books saw
the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning critical and rational.

2. How did a new reading public emerges with the printing revolution?
Ans. 1. Earlier reading was restricted to elites but now Access to books created a new culture of
reading.
2. Earlier books were very expensive and it was very difficult to reproduce the books in
sufficient numbers.
3. Due to printing revolution books could reach to the wider section of people.
4. Earlier there was a hearing public but now a reading public emerged.

3. What was the reaction of religious authorities and monarchs about printing?
Ans.

1. Not everyone welcomed the printed books and those who did also had fears about it.

2.It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then irreligious
thoughts might spread.

3. The authority and value of the valuable literature would be destroyed.

4. What were the views of Mercier?


Ans. 1. According to Mercier, ‘the printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and
public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”
2. In many of Mercier‘s novels, the heroes are transformed by the acts of reading.
3. Mercier believed that power of print will bring down despotism.

5. Explain the role of visual art and images in printing in India.


Ans. 1. With the increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily
reproduced in multiple copies.
2. Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.
3. Cheap prints and calendars were bought even by poor to decorate the walls of their
houses.
6. Why was Menocchio hauled and executed?
Ans.
1. Menocchio a miller in Italy began to read books that were available in his locality.
2. He reinterpreted the message of bible and formulated a view of god and creation that
enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
3. When the Roman Church began its inquisition and repress heretical ideas, Manocchio was
hauled up twice and ultimately executed.

7. How print was used by the Imperial court of China?


Ans.
1. The imperial state in china was, for a very long time the major producer of printing material.
2. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil
services examinations.
3. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the
imperial state.

8. How print was diversified by the seventeenth century in China?


Ans.
1. By the seventeenth century as urban culture bloomed in China, the use of print
diversified. Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
2. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
3. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
4. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of
literary masterpieces and romantic plays.

9. Explain the contribution of Kitagawa Utamaroto to art?


Ans.
1. Kitagawa Utamaro born in Edo in 1753 was widely known for his contributions to an art form
called Ukiyo or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones.
2. These prints travelled to contemporary US and Europe and influenced artists like Manet,
Monet and van Gogh.
3. Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists who drew the
theme n outline.

10. How was print come to Europe?


Ans.
1. In the eleventh century Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route.
2. Paper made possible the production of manuscripts carefully written by scribes.
3. Then in 1295 Marco Polo a great explorer returned to Italy after many years of exploration in
China.
4. China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this
knowledge back with him.
11. Explain the features of Indian Manuscripts before the age of age of print.
Ans.
1. India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts in Sanskrit,
Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
2. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on hand made paper.
3. Pages were some time beautifully illustrated.
4. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.

12. Explain the drawbacks of Indian manuscripts?


Ans.
1. Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
2. They had to be handled carefully.
3. They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.
4. So manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.

13. Write any three innovations related to printing press?


Ans.
1. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M Hoe of New York had perfected the power driven
cylindrical press.This was capable of printing 8000 sheets per hour.
2. In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six
colours at a time.
3. From the turn of twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing
Operations

14. What strategies were adopted by printers and publishers to sell their products in
Europe?
Ans.
1. In nineteenth century periodical serialized important novels which gave birth to a particular
way of writing novels.
2. In the 1920s in England popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.
3. The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth century innovation.

15. Why was Hickey persecuted by General Warren Hastings?


Ans.
1. From 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly
magazine that described itself as a commercial paper open to all but influence by none.
2. So it was private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial influence that
began English printing in India.
3. Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of
slaves.
4. But he also published a lot of gossips of company’s senior officials in India. Enraged by this
Hickey persecuted by General Warren Hastings.
16. How were lives and feelings of women written and printed in various books?
Ans.
1. Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly vivid and intense
way.
2. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women at home and sent them to schools
when women’s schools were setup in the cities and towns after the mid 19th century.
3. Many journals began carrying writing by women and explained why women should be
Educated

17. How were workers influenced by the print revolution?


Ans.
1. Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth century onwards. In the
nineteenth century lending libraries in England began instruments for educating whitecollar
workers, artisans and lower middle class people.
2. Some time self educating working class people wrote for themselves.
3. After the working day was gradually shortened from the mid nineteenth century, workers had
some time for self-improvement and self expression. They wrote political tracts and
autobiographies in large numbers.

18. How did the print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers?
Ans. 1. The writings of enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on traditions,
superstitions and despotism.
2. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be
judged through the application of reason and rationality.
3. They attacked the scared authority of the church and the despotic power of the state.

19. Describe the contribution of scientists and philosophers in the development of popular
literature.
Ans.
1. Historians have argued that writings of famous philosophers created the conditions
within which French Revolution occurred.
2. The Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could influence a
much wider circle of readers with the scientific bent of mind.
3. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were complied and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
4. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people.

20. Which factor led to reading mania in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe?
Ans.
1. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rate went up in most parts of Europe.
2. New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. Book sellers
employed peddlers who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale.
3. Cheap books were available in the market and the production of books was very high.
4. Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of
developments in other places.

21. Highlight the common conviction of people in the mid 18th century about the print
culture.
Ans.
1. Many people believed that books could change the world, liberate society from
despotism and tyranny and a herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.
2. Louise-Sebastien Mercier a novelist in France declared, “The printing press most powerful
engine of progresses and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”
3. By the mid 18th century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of
spreading progress and enlightenment.

22. Write about the uses of manuscripts in India?


Ans.
1. These written manuscripts provide information on the existence of different
civilizations.
2. Manuscripts emphasizes on the importance of the survival of different civilizations.
3. The manuscripts are considered precocious as a source of history in the recent tomes.

23. Why did James Augustus Hickey claim that the “Bengal Gazette was a commercial
paper open to all but influence by none”? Explain
Ans.
1. From 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly
magazine that described itself as a commercial paper open to all but influence by none.
2. So it was private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial influence that
began English printing in India.
3. Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of
slaves.
4. But he also published a lot of gossips of company’s senior officials in India. Enraged by this
Hickey was persecuted by General Warren Hastings.

24. Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of press in India.


Ans.
1. The printing press first came to Goa with the Portuguese missionaries in the mid-16th century.
2. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil Book on Indian religion in 1579 at Cochin.
3. By 1710, Dutch protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil Texts many of them were
translations of older works.
25. Explain any two steps taken by ‘Ulamas’ to defend their religion.
Ans.
1. Ulamas feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion of religion to
Christianity.
2. To counter this they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu
translations of Holy Scripture and printed religious newspapers and tracts.
3. The Deoband Seminary published Fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct
themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrine.

26. How did the religious communities in India make use of printing technology to
spread their ideas? Explain.
Ans.
1. Ulamas of Muslim community used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian
and Urdu translations of Holy Scripture and printed religious newspapers and tracts.
2. The Deoband Seminary published Fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves
in their everyday lives, and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrine
3. Hindu published religious texts like Ramcharitmanas in vernacular language from
Calcutta.
4. In Bengal ‘Samachar Chandrika’ was published by Hindu Orthodoxy.

27. Describe the issues related to caste as taken by the different reformers of India.
Ans.
1. Jyotiba Phule the Maratha pioneer of low caste protest movements wrote about the injustices
of the caste system in his Gulamgiri.
2. In the twentieth century B.R. Ambedkar, E.V. Ramaswamy and Mahatma Gandhi wrote on
caste discrimination and their writings were read by people of all over India.
3. Kashibaba a Kanpur mill worker wrote ‘Chhote or bade ka Sawal’ in 1938 to depict the
relation between caste and class exploitation.

28. How did the Vernacular Press Act affected the vernacular newspapers?
Ans. 1. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed which empowered the government to
censor reports and editorials.
2. Government kept a regular tract of vernacular newspapers. If a report was judged
seditious, the newspaper was warned and if warning was ignored, strict actions were taken by the
government.
3. In the case of violation of the act was repeated, the press was seized and the machines were
confiscated.

29. Give three examples of women of conservative families who began to reading,
writing in secrecy.
Ans.
1. Rashsundri Debi a young married girl of a very orthodox family learnt to read in
secrecy of her kitchen and wrote her autobiography- ‘Amar Jiban’ in 1876.
2. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote books and highlighted the
miserable lives of widow in upper caste Hindu families.
3. Kailaishbashini Debi wrote books about painful experiences how women had to go
through in their families and imprisoned at home.

30. Explain any three reasons due to which children become large readers in the 19 th
century Europe?
Ans.
1. In Europe primary educations became compulsory.
2. Children became an important category of readers.
3. Grimm Brothers of Germany compiled folk tales from peasants and published a collection in
1812.
4. Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.
5. A children press was set up in France.

31. Explain any three reasons due to which women become large readers in the 19 th century
Europe?
Ans.
1. Especially penny magazines were published to attract the women readers.
2. Penny magazines were manuals teaching proper behaviors and housekeeping.
3. Literacy rate was increased among the women.
4. Some of the best known novelists were women.

32. How print revolution led to the development of reading mania in Europe.
Ans.
As literacy and schools spread in European countries there was a virtual reading
mania.
1. A new forms of popular literature appeared to target new readers
2. There were ritual calendars along with ballads and folk tales.
3. In England penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as chap men and sold fora
penny, So that even poor could buy them.
4. In France these law priced books were called Bibliotheque Bleue as they were bound in cheap
blue covers.
5. There were romances, histories, books of various sixes, serving developed to combine
information on current affairs with entertainment.
6. Periodical pressed developed to combine information on current affairs with
entertainment.
7. The idea of scientists and scholars had now become more accessible to the common
people.

33. How did oral culture enter print and how was the printed material transmitted
orally? Explain?
Ans. Oral culture entered print into the following ways –
1. Printers published popular ballads and folktales.
2. Books were profusely illustrated with pictures. Printed material was transmitted orally in the
following ways:-
I.These were sung at gathering in villages, taverns and in towns.
II. They were recited in public gathering.
34. Explain the impact of print on Indian women.
Ans.
1. Writers started writing about the lives and features of women and this increased the
number of women readers.
2. Women writers write their own autobiography. They highlighted the condition of
women, their ignorance and how they forced to do hard domestic labour.
3. A large section of Hindu writing was devoted to the education of women.
4. In the early 20th century the journals written by women become very popular in which
women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage were discussed.
5. Many writers published how to teach women to be obedient wives.

35. By the end of the 19th century a new visual cultural was taking shapes. Write any three
features of this new visual cultural.
Ans.
1. Visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
2. Printers produced images for mass circulation cheap prints and calendars could be
brought even by the poor.
3. By the 1870’s caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and news papers.
4. Mass production of cost and visual images reduced the cost of production. So cheap prints and
calendars were available in the market even for the poor to decorate the walls of their homes.

36. ‘Many Histories have argued that print culture created the conditions within which the
French Revolution occurred.’ Explain.
Ans.
1. The print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers who attacked the
authority of the church and the despotic power of the state.
2. The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public become aware of
reasoning. They recognized the need to question the existing ideas and beliefs.
3. The literature of 1780’s mocked the royalty and criticized their morality and the existing social
order. This literature led to the growth of hostile sentiments against.

37. How did china remains a major producer of printed material for a long time?
Ans. 1. Merchants used print in their everyday life as they collected trade information.
2. Text books for the civil services examination were printed in vast numbers under the
sponsorship of the imperial state.
3. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, romantic plays.
4. Rich women began to read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
5. Wives of scholar and officials published their work and courtesans wrote about their lives.

38. What were the chief characteristics of the earliest print culture in Japan? Explain.
Ans. 1. Buddhist monasteries from china introduced hand printing technology into Japan.
2. The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 in Diamond Sutra.
3. In Medieval Japan poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were
cheap and abundant.
4. Printing of visual materials led to increasing publishing practices.
5. In the late 18th century in the flourishing urban circles city at Edo, illustrated collections of
paintings depicted urban culture involving artisans, courtesans and tea house gathering.
6.Books for women, musical instruments, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper
etiquettes were published.

39. Explain the main features of the first printed Bible?


Ans.
1. The first book printed by John Guttenberg was the holy book Bible.
2. It closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
3. The types of metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten style.
4. Boarders of the Bible were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
5. Printing of books for the commons and for elites was different.
6.About 180 copies were printed and it takes three years to print.

40. Explain the different stages of development of printing technology in China.


Ans.
1. From 594 A.D. the books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of
woodblocks in china.
2. The imperial court also got many textbooks printed for the civil services examination.
3. By the 17th century urban culture developed in China. Merchants used print in their
everyday life as they collected trade information.
4. Wives of rich men, scholars and officials also began to write their autobiographies.
5. In the late 19th century, the mechanical printing press was established.
6.Shanghai became a hub of the new print culture.

41. Describe the development of Guttenberg’s printing press.


Ans.
1. Drawing the knowledge from wine and olive presses Guttenberg developed the
model of printing press and moulds were used for casting metal types for the letter of the
alphabet.
2. By 1448, Guttenberg perfected the system of printing press. The first book he printed was the
Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to print.
3. In the hundred years between 1450 and 1559, printing presses were set up in most of the
countries of Europe.
4. Printers from Germany travelled to other countries seeking work and helping to start new
printing presses.
5. This shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.

42. Explain the different effects of Print revolution.


Ans.
1. Printing reduced the cost of books.
2. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies could be
produced with greater ease.
3. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of
debate and discussion.
4. Print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped in spreading the new ideas that
led to the reformation.
5. Due to print people become aware and they start asking questions to the authorities.
6. Print culture was responsible for French revolution.
7. The writings of the enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition,
superstition and despotism.

43. How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become more accessible to common
people after the beginning of print revolution in Europe?
Ans.
1. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
2. When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a
much wider circle of scientific minded readers by his scientific logic.
3. The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also
widely printed and read.
4. Those who read these books saw the world through new eyes.
5. There was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticized their
morality.

44. How did the printing technology give women a chance to share their feeling with the
world outside?
Ans.
1. Due to print revolution women became an important as reader as well as writers.
2. Penny magazine and manuals were especially meant for women were published, which
included teaching proper behavior and housekeeping.
3. When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century women were seen as
important readers.
4. Getting influenced they start writing novels. Some of the best-known novelists were: Jane
Austin, The Bronte Sisters and George Eliot.
5. Their writing became important in defining a new type of women- a person with will,
strength of personality, determination and the power to think.

45. Highlight the development of print culture in India.


Ans.
1. The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid
sixteenth century.
2. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the local languages- Konkani and kannada.
3. By 1710, Dutch Protestants missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts and many of them were
translated of older works.
4. From 170, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal gazette- a weekly magazine.
5. By the close of the 18th century a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print. There
were Indian too who began to publish Indian newspapers.

46. “Print led to intense controversies between social and religious reformers and
Hindu orthodoxy.” Support the statement with example.
Ans. 1. Print led to intense controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu
orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, brahmanical priesthood and
idolatry.
2. In Bengal as the debate developed tracts and newspapers proliferated circulating a variety of
arguments.
3. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday spoken language of local
people.
4. Raja Rammohan Roy published the ‘Sambad kaumudi’ from 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy
commissioned the ‘Samachar Chandrik’a to oppose the opinions of Ram mohan Roy.
5. From 1822 two Persian newspapers were published, ‘Jam-i-Jahan Nama ’ and ‘Shamsul
Akbar’.

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