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2. How did a new reading public emerges with the printing revolution?
Ans. 1. Earlier reading was restricted to elites but now Access to books created a new culture of
reading.
2. Earlier books were very expensive and it was very difficult to reproduce the books in
sufficient numbers.
3. Due to printing revolution books could reach to the wider section of people.
4. Earlier there was a hearing public but now a reading public emerged.
3. What was the reaction of religious authorities and monarchs about printing?
Ans.
1. Not everyone welcomed the printed books and those who did also had fears about it.
2.It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then irreligious
thoughts might spread.
14. What strategies were adopted by printers and publishers to sell their products in
Europe?
Ans.
1. In nineteenth century periodical serialized important novels which gave birth to a particular
way of writing novels.
2. In the 1920s in England popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.
3. The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth century innovation.
18. How did the print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers?
Ans. 1. The writings of enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on traditions,
superstitions and despotism.
2. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be
judged through the application of reason and rationality.
3. They attacked the scared authority of the church and the despotic power of the state.
19. Describe the contribution of scientists and philosophers in the development of popular
literature.
Ans.
1. Historians have argued that writings of famous philosophers created the conditions
within which French Revolution occurred.
2. The Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could influence a
much wider circle of readers with the scientific bent of mind.
3. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were complied and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
4. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people.
20. Which factor led to reading mania in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe?
Ans.
1. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rate went up in most parts of Europe.
2. New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. Book sellers
employed peddlers who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale.
3. Cheap books were available in the market and the production of books was very high.
4. Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of
developments in other places.
21. Highlight the common conviction of people in the mid 18th century about the print
culture.
Ans.
1. Many people believed that books could change the world, liberate society from
despotism and tyranny and a herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.
2. Louise-Sebastien Mercier a novelist in France declared, “The printing press most powerful
engine of progresses and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”
3. By the mid 18th century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of
spreading progress and enlightenment.
23. Why did James Augustus Hickey claim that the “Bengal Gazette was a commercial
paper open to all but influence by none”? Explain
Ans.
1. From 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly
magazine that described itself as a commercial paper open to all but influence by none.
2. So it was private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial influence that
began English printing in India.
3. Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of
slaves.
4. But he also published a lot of gossips of company’s senior officials in India. Enraged by this
Hickey was persecuted by General Warren Hastings.
26. How did the religious communities in India make use of printing technology to
spread their ideas? Explain.
Ans.
1. Ulamas of Muslim community used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian
and Urdu translations of Holy Scripture and printed religious newspapers and tracts.
2. The Deoband Seminary published Fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves
in their everyday lives, and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrine
3. Hindu published religious texts like Ramcharitmanas in vernacular language from
Calcutta.
4. In Bengal ‘Samachar Chandrika’ was published by Hindu Orthodoxy.
27. Describe the issues related to caste as taken by the different reformers of India.
Ans.
1. Jyotiba Phule the Maratha pioneer of low caste protest movements wrote about the injustices
of the caste system in his Gulamgiri.
2. In the twentieth century B.R. Ambedkar, E.V. Ramaswamy and Mahatma Gandhi wrote on
caste discrimination and their writings were read by people of all over India.
3. Kashibaba a Kanpur mill worker wrote ‘Chhote or bade ka Sawal’ in 1938 to depict the
relation between caste and class exploitation.
28. How did the Vernacular Press Act affected the vernacular newspapers?
Ans. 1. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed which empowered the government to
censor reports and editorials.
2. Government kept a regular tract of vernacular newspapers. If a report was judged
seditious, the newspaper was warned and if warning was ignored, strict actions were taken by the
government.
3. In the case of violation of the act was repeated, the press was seized and the machines were
confiscated.
29. Give three examples of women of conservative families who began to reading,
writing in secrecy.
Ans.
1. Rashsundri Debi a young married girl of a very orthodox family learnt to read in
secrecy of her kitchen and wrote her autobiography- ‘Amar Jiban’ in 1876.
2. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote books and highlighted the
miserable lives of widow in upper caste Hindu families.
3. Kailaishbashini Debi wrote books about painful experiences how women had to go
through in their families and imprisoned at home.
30. Explain any three reasons due to which children become large readers in the 19 th
century Europe?
Ans.
1. In Europe primary educations became compulsory.
2. Children became an important category of readers.
3. Grimm Brothers of Germany compiled folk tales from peasants and published a collection in
1812.
4. Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.
5. A children press was set up in France.
31. Explain any three reasons due to which women become large readers in the 19 th century
Europe?
Ans.
1. Especially penny magazines were published to attract the women readers.
2. Penny magazines were manuals teaching proper behaviors and housekeeping.
3. Literacy rate was increased among the women.
4. Some of the best known novelists were women.
32. How print revolution led to the development of reading mania in Europe.
Ans.
As literacy and schools spread in European countries there was a virtual reading
mania.
1. A new forms of popular literature appeared to target new readers
2. There were ritual calendars along with ballads and folk tales.
3. In England penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as chap men and sold fora
penny, So that even poor could buy them.
4. In France these law priced books were called Bibliotheque Bleue as they were bound in cheap
blue covers.
5. There were romances, histories, books of various sixes, serving developed to combine
information on current affairs with entertainment.
6. Periodical pressed developed to combine information on current affairs with
entertainment.
7. The idea of scientists and scholars had now become more accessible to the common
people.
33. How did oral culture enter print and how was the printed material transmitted
orally? Explain?
Ans. Oral culture entered print into the following ways –
1. Printers published popular ballads and folktales.
2. Books were profusely illustrated with pictures. Printed material was transmitted orally in the
following ways:-
I.These were sung at gathering in villages, taverns and in towns.
II. They were recited in public gathering.
34. Explain the impact of print on Indian women.
Ans.
1. Writers started writing about the lives and features of women and this increased the
number of women readers.
2. Women writers write their own autobiography. They highlighted the condition of
women, their ignorance and how they forced to do hard domestic labour.
3. A large section of Hindu writing was devoted to the education of women.
4. In the early 20th century the journals written by women become very popular in which
women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage were discussed.
5. Many writers published how to teach women to be obedient wives.
35. By the end of the 19th century a new visual cultural was taking shapes. Write any three
features of this new visual cultural.
Ans.
1. Visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
2. Printers produced images for mass circulation cheap prints and calendars could be
brought even by the poor.
3. By the 1870’s caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and news papers.
4. Mass production of cost and visual images reduced the cost of production. So cheap prints and
calendars were available in the market even for the poor to decorate the walls of their homes.
36. ‘Many Histories have argued that print culture created the conditions within which the
French Revolution occurred.’ Explain.
Ans.
1. The print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers who attacked the
authority of the church and the despotic power of the state.
2. The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public become aware of
reasoning. They recognized the need to question the existing ideas and beliefs.
3. The literature of 1780’s mocked the royalty and criticized their morality and the existing social
order. This literature led to the growth of hostile sentiments against.
37. How did china remains a major producer of printed material for a long time?
Ans. 1. Merchants used print in their everyday life as they collected trade information.
2. Text books for the civil services examination were printed in vast numbers under the
sponsorship of the imperial state.
3. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, romantic plays.
4. Rich women began to read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
5. Wives of scholar and officials published their work and courtesans wrote about their lives.
38. What were the chief characteristics of the earliest print culture in Japan? Explain.
Ans. 1. Buddhist monasteries from china introduced hand printing technology into Japan.
2. The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 in Diamond Sutra.
3. In Medieval Japan poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were
cheap and abundant.
4. Printing of visual materials led to increasing publishing practices.
5. In the late 18th century in the flourishing urban circles city at Edo, illustrated collections of
paintings depicted urban culture involving artisans, courtesans and tea house gathering.
6.Books for women, musical instruments, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper
etiquettes were published.
43. How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become more accessible to common
people after the beginning of print revolution in Europe?
Ans.
1. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
2. When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a
much wider circle of scientific minded readers by his scientific logic.
3. The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also
widely printed and read.
4. Those who read these books saw the world through new eyes.
5. There was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticized their
morality.
44. How did the printing technology give women a chance to share their feeling with the
world outside?
Ans.
1. Due to print revolution women became an important as reader as well as writers.
2. Penny magazine and manuals were especially meant for women were published, which
included teaching proper behavior and housekeeping.
3. When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century women were seen as
important readers.
4. Getting influenced they start writing novels. Some of the best-known novelists were: Jane
Austin, The Bronte Sisters and George Eliot.
5. Their writing became important in defining a new type of women- a person with will,
strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
46. “Print led to intense controversies between social and religious reformers and
Hindu orthodoxy.” Support the statement with example.
Ans. 1. Print led to intense controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu
orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, brahmanical priesthood and
idolatry.
2. In Bengal as the debate developed tracts and newspapers proliferated circulating a variety of
arguments.
3. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday spoken language of local
people.
4. Raja Rammohan Roy published the ‘Sambad kaumudi’ from 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy
commissioned the ‘Samachar Chandrik’a to oppose the opinions of Ram mohan Roy.
5. From 1822 two Persian newspapers were published, ‘Jam-i-Jahan Nama ’ and ‘Shamsul
Akbar’.