FOREST ENGINEERING

Paper - 2 | Section - A

EDITION : 2019
TELEGRAM : https://t.me/forestryopt

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 SYLLABUS

 SURVEYING AND FOREST ENGINEERING : (1) Forest surveying - different methods of surveying,
maps and map reading. (2) Basic principles of forest engineering - Building materials and
construction. (3) Roads and Bridges - General principles, objects, types, simple design and
construction of timber bridges.

QUESTIONS & MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Subjects 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012

Forest surveying (Q) 1 - 1 4 1 1 3

Forest Engineering (Q) - 1 - - - 2 -

Roads & bridges (Q) 1 - 1 - - - -

Marks 16 10 25 41 15 25 30

CONTENTS

SN Topic Page No

1. Forest roads & Bridges 5 - 11

2. Surveying : introduction 13 - 14

3. Linear measurement 15 - 16

4. Chain survey 17 – 20

5. Compass survey 21 - 24

6. Plane table survey 25 – 32

7. Laveling 33 - 38

8. Forest engineering 39

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 FOREST ENGINEERING
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

 What is the importance of surveying in forestry ? Discuss different methods of

surveying to solve the forestry field problems (8m).
2018
 Give the classification of forest roads. What features are required for a
reconnaissance for forest roads? (8m).

 Describe the dead and live loads and how they are calculated on the roof trusses over
2017
buildings? (10 m).

 Enumerate the methods of direct linear measurements. Discuss in brief the

application of prismatic compass in forest survey (10 m).
2016
 Distinguish the irish bridge, Simple wooden bridge and suspension bridge with
details and neat sketches (15 m).

 Topographic surveys are found useful in forest management. Discuss (8 m).

 Which are the basic factors you have to look for before running out a survey lines in
chain survey ? (8 m).
2015  How will you fined the reduced levels of the given points by height of collimation
methods and rise and fall method and then check arithmetically ? (15 m).
 In a forest survey, you are provided a prismatic compass. How will you accomplish
the bearings of line AB ? (10 m).

 How is Compass survey done ? what are the advantages of compass surveying ? (15
2014 m).

 Define the arches used in construction. What are the different characteristics
required in an arch ? (10 m).
 Describe all the 5 kinds of chains used in survey and advantages and disadvantages
of chain surveys (8 m).
 Write down the chemical constituents of earth (chemical formula and percentage
2013 range of contents) for manufecture of good quality of bricks (7 m).
 Find out the maximum and minimum pressures of a wall which is 60 ft long and 4.5 ft
wide at the base of its footing, carrying loads at the following distances from the left
hand side : 20 tons at 10 ft, 30 tons at 25 ft, 40 tons at 28 ft, 48 tons at 50 ft and 12
tons at 55 ft (15 m). { NOTE – Many times you get these kind of questions in exam
paper, these are not questions but jokes that are made to annoy you, i think so }

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  Describe the structure of Dumpy level through a well labelled diagram (10 m).
 Discuss the ''Two-Point Problem" - the special case of resection in Plain Table Survey
2012
(12 m).
 Describe the limitations and advantages of Plane Table Survey (8 m).

2011  How is remote sensing advantageous as compare to ground survey ?

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 Topic 1 FOREST ROADS & BRIDGES

IMPORTANCE : Yes, because easy to learn in 1 reading (excellent cost-benefit if it comes in the
exam). Usually they asked (i) Definition, (ii) Types, (iii) structure with drawings, (iv) its construction
and (v) advantages/disadvantages of both forest roads and bridges.

1.1 | FOREST ROADS

 DIFINATION : Road is an open and wide way connecting one place to another and makes easy to
move for vehicles and people. It there road constructed in or around the forest areas are called
Forest road.

 TYPES :-

(a) On the BASIS OF TIME PERIOD they will used

TEMPORARY PERMANENT

Usable only for few seasons All weathered and motorable road

(b) On the BASIS OF LOCATION : (i) in side of forest and (ii) peripheral road
(c) On the BASIS OF USE :-
(i) Main motorable road : main road connected HQ to the forest block, important rest
houses and forest depots.
(ii) Branch Jeepable road : these are the feeder road connecting interior forest areas with
the main road.

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 (iii) Bridle paths
(iv) Inspection paths :narrow path of ≈ 1 to 2 meter width, usually construct in and around
each sub-compartment make assessable them.

 ROAD DESIGN or often used term ‘road prism’ for this :

Forest roads should be designed to meet management objectives and optimise harvest
system and transportation efficiency while minimising environmental impacts. The forest road
engineer can use specific design techniques to achieve all these goals by horizontal and vertical
alignments of a road to provide the appropriate geometry for the vehicle sizes and traffic as well
as timber transportation.

PART OF ROADS :-
1) Road crown or Running surface or carriageway
2) Shoulders
3) Draingge ditch
4) Gradient
5) Chamber

 ROAD CONSTRUCTION : before construction of a forest road we have to take a roconnaisance

survey -
₋ To draw a rough map of an area in which all reasonable points through which the road must
pass are highlighted.

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 ₋ To bring out number of trails alignments on the basis of which a more detailed preliminary
survey is done.
₋ Produce contour map
₋ To astimate its alignment, suitable design, construction cost, importance and its effect on
forest.
Main features (Points) that sould be consider during reconnaissance survey of an forest area for
planning to construct a forest road :- mean - factors that required to be considered and solved
before designing and construction of a forest road.
RELATED TO THE AREA :
1) Obstacles from which road will pass away i.e. ridge, steep, river valley etc.
2) Rough elevation of the hills, saddles, passes, valleys and the other important geographical
positions and locations like water holes, well and river.
3) Among the number of routes that have been selected
4) Climate and precipitation regime
5) Environment & Social impact on proposed location
RELATED TO THE ROAD :
6) Gradients of the road.
7) Horizontal and vertical alignment of road, drainage system and supporting walls
8) Road widths
9) Cut and fill slope angles
10) Soil types
11) Availability of materials for constructions and labour cost
RELATED TO ITS USES :
12) Intended use of the road, requirements of local traffics & market places.
13) Intended season of use
14) Permanent or temporary use
15) How can it helps in controlling Soil erosion & forest fire.

 IMPORTANCE :

1) Makes accessible to remote deep forest localtion – support effectiveness of forest

management, policies & Programmes, forest monitoring and forest exploitation.
2) Medium of connectivity to tribal society – empower them in education, economic
development, health, cultural linkage and local governance.
3) Foundation of new economic activities based on ecotourism.

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 4) Forest fire and Erosion Control : work as a blockade to cross forest fire (Surface) from one
block to anather as well as stop and tream runoff to minimize soil erosion.
5) Other use : Military, agriculture, trade or even as wildlife corridor

 CHALLANGES :

1) It also makes ways to transport illegal tree felling, over exploitation of forest resources,
death of wild life through accidents, Noice pollution in silent zone area and most important
it become the main source of spreading pollution like polythin, glass, lastic bottle, Noise
and thermal (engine heat) in these area.
2) Medium of connectivity + new information + mobile / internet = migration = breaking of
tribal society, culture and traditional knowledge.
3) Erosion, heavy felling and damages during its construction.

2018 : Give the classification of forest roads. What features are required for a reconnaissance for
forest roads? (8m).

1.2 | BRIDGES

 DIFINATION : A bridge is a structure built to cross a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body
of water, or any other physical obstacle for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle.
Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the
terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.

 TYPES :

1. Ford 5. Simple wooden bridge

2. Road dam 6. Trussed bridge
3. Irish bridge 7. Suspension bridge
4. Cause way 8. Cantilever bridge

1. FORD : Ford is used for taking the road across a dry river
which has very little water or no water during most of
the year. Here riverbed is used as carriageway, all
potholes on the bed are filled up and bank of the strem
cut down to provide gentle slop to the vehicles. FORD

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 2. ROAD DAMS : Small dam that is constructed for crossing small shallow streams.
3. IRISH BRIDGE : The Irish bridge is a paved dip
surface of the road having a span of more than 7
m. They are preferred to culverts where there are
chances of debris blocking the roads (usually hilly
areas). IRISH BRIDGE
Materials used : Dry stones or stone in lime or
cement mortar lime or cement concrete.
Advantages : Cheap as it used locally available materials, Don't require high level of
technical knowledge.
4. CAUSE WAYS : These are structures providing dips
in the road surface as it passes over river or
stream bed. It is the most commonly constructed
from of cross-drainage for roads, particularly in
the interior areas.
NOTE : Difference with Ford is that here road base
goes some down.
5. SIMPLE WOODEN BRIDGE : madeup of wood + iron cables. Important – simple to construct,
used locally available material
6. SUSPENSION BRIDGE : bridge of this types constructed over large openings which do not
permit to erect intermediate piers due to swift water or any other reasons and the main
footing of bridge suspended in air by iron cables.
Structure : draw this picture
Parts of brigde :
₋ Cables : usually made up of iron
₋ Piers or tower
₋ Anchors : solid concrete
structures
₋ Transem : horizontal beams
₋ Suspenders : wire ropes

2018 : Describe, with sketches a suspension bridge (10 m).

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 7. CANTILEVER BRIDGE : bridge is made up of two system of counterpoised beams buit out
from the abundents supporting the road bearers in the middle. here the span gap should be
shorter when both part connected.
Stability of bridge depends upon : length of beams, counter weight, centre of gravity, size of
beam etc.

Issues with this types of Bridges : Difficult and very heavy construction structure, wastage
of material and require very heigh level of technical knowledge.

LIVING ROOT BRIDGE : in Meghalaya, People of

khasi and jaintia tribe have tradition to connect
aerial roots of fig tree that growing on the both
edges of river or small gully/george to form a
suspension bridges like structure called root
bridge.

8. CULVERTS : culverts are the small bridge with a span of less

than 4 meter, construct ot carry road over small cross
streams or channels. Remaining all principles are similar to
bridges.
DESIGN :
₋ They are of a single span expecting when pipes
are used.
₋ The gradient underneath a culvert is kept as high
as possible.
₋ In hilly areas, walls at inlets and outlets are
provided for as they act as cushions and prevent Figure : Pipe culvert
scour.
₋ For culverts having a span of up to 2 m, pipe or slab culverts are the most economical.

TYPES :

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 (a) Pipe Culverts : This type of culvert is constructed where the span gap is 0.6 to 1.2 mts
and water drain out from one side of the road to the other. For construction we used
stone, cement and iron. (Picture given above)
(b) Box Culvert : culvert having 3 to 4 m of waterway, may be built of square stones set
dry in mortar and spanned by stone slabs.
(c) Arched Culvert : Arched culverts are constructed as cross-drainage when the span is
more the 1.6mts but less than 6.5 m. This type of culverts can be made of stones,
bricks in cement or lime mortar or cement concrete The arch may be semi-circular or
segmental

BOX CULVERT ARCHED CULVERT

2016 : Distinguish the irish bridge, Simple wooden bridge and suspension bridge with details and
neat sketches (15 m).

2010 : Distinguish b/w Irish bridge, Suspension bridge and cantilever bridge (8m).

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