15 ARC 5.

3 – BUILDING SERVICES – 2
( Electrical Services & Illumination )

SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION OF

ELECTRICITY TO BUILDINGS
DATE : 2/8/19
BGSSAP, VA

Presented By : Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof BGSSAP

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
GENERATION – It is very well known that electrical
energy is generated by a generator. The generator
gets its energy from various sources. The mechanical
equipment driving the generator is called prime
mover.

SOURCES OF ENERGY – Sources of energy may be

classified as :
a) Primary sources like sun, wind , bio mass,
geothermal & tide ( non-conventional sources)
b) Secondary sources like coal, oil, gas, nuclear (
conventional sources )

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

INTRODUCTION TO TYPES OF CURRENT – A.C & D.C
• ALTERNATING CURRENT - Alternating current describes the flow of charge that changes direction
periodically.
• As a result, the voltage level also reverses along with the current.
• AC is used to deliver power to houses, office buildings, etc.

• DIRECT CURRENT – Direct current describes the flow of charge in only one direction.
• This form of power is most commonly produced by sources such as solar cells, batteries, and
thermocouples.
• DC power is widely used in low voltage applications such as charging batteries, automotive
applications, Flat screen TV’s, Hybrid & electric vehicles, cell phones. All solar panels nowadays
produce DC power.

• COMPARISON OF AC V/S DC
Basis A.C D.C
Definition The direction of the current reverse periodically. The direction of the current remain same.
Frequency 50 or 60 Hertz Zero
Direction of flow of electrons Bidirectional Unidirectional
It can be transmitted over very long distance with
Can be transmitted over long distance with some
Transmission negligible losses with huge infrastructure
losses.
requirement
Few substation is required for generation and More substations are required for generation and
Substation
transmission transmission
Battery, Solar cells, automobile applications, Cell
Uses Homes, Office buildings etc
Phones
The source of availability is A.C Generator and
Obtained from The source of availability is either Cell or Battery.
mains.
Energy generation potential Upto 120 kV Upto 40 kV

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
GENERATION :
• Electricity is generated in power generating systems which are often situated far away from the
sources of electric power.
• Power generating stations should preferably be situated near the natural sources of energy.
• Large hydro power generators are installed where a large quantity of water at high head is available for
driving turbines which in turn drive generators.
• Coal stations where constant supply of coal can be maintained economically.

TRANSMISSION :
• Electricity generated at the power stations has to be supplied to various consumers at far off places.
• Transmission or transmission system can be defined as the system in which electricity is transmitted
from generating stations to large sub-stations through transmission lines.

DISTRIBUTION :
• The part of power system by which electric power is distributed among various consumers for their
local use is known as distribution system.
• Overhead lines from which number of consumers are fed by electrical energy at low voltage form a
part of distribution system.
• All the equipment in the distribution sub-station, over head lines UG cable radiating from the
distribution sub station combine together is known as distribution system.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
PROCESS OF ELECTRICITY
GENERATION USING WATER AS A
SOURCE :
• Generator coupled to the turbine
generators 11 kV A.C supply
which is stepped upto 220 kV at
the sending end & is transmitted
to the receiving station.
• At the receiving station the
voltage is reduced to 33 kV with
the help of step down
transformers.
• From these sub-stations again
will radiate out a number of
feeder to various distribution
stations where energy is further
stepped down to 11kV or 6.6kV.
Various distributers for feeding
the bulk consumer or
transforming stations will radiate
from these sub stations.
• The voltage at the transforming
station is further reduced to 400 Image : Production of electrical energy from water
volts. Source : Electrical wiring estimation & costing, Dr.S.L.uppal, G.C..Garg
, pg no 316

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

DEFINITIONS

1. Power Transmissions –
It includes all augmentation equipments viz. Step up transformers, switchgears etc, at the power house,
over head lines, underground cables and switchgears between power house and bulk consumers, a
distribution substation.

2. Transmission Lines –
These are the overhead lines which convey electrical energy from the generating station at high or extra
high voltage to the distribution substations. They are also known as feeders.

3. Distribution system –
All the components in the distribution substation, over head lines U/G cable radiating from the
distribution substation combine together is known as distribution system.

4. Distributors –
These are the over head lines from which number of consumers are fed by electrical energy at low
voltage.

5. Service connections –
The aluminium conductors or the weather proof connecting the distributors with the consumers mains
is known as service connections.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Electric power in India is supplied to the consumers by the State Electricity Boards. The following are the
different systems by which power is distributed to the consumers:
1. Single phase A.C supply using a 2-wire system
2. Three phase A.C supply using a 3-wire system
The standard voltages at which the supply authorities deliver power to the consumers are generally as
follows :
• Single Phase : 240 V, 50 Hz 2 wire
• Three phase : 415 V, 50 Hz 4 wire

Source : https://www.bijlibachao.com/electricity-bill/what-are-single-phase-and-three-phase-connections-and-how-to-choose-between-the-two.html

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Electric power in India is supplied to the consumers by the State Electricity Boards. The following are the
different systems by which power is distributed to the consumers:
1. Single phase A.C supply using a 2-wire system
2. Three phase A.C supply using a 4-wire system

The standard voltages at which the supply authorities deliver power to the consumers are generally as
follows :
• Single Phase : 240 V, 50 Hz 2 wire
• Three phase : 415 V, 50 Hz 4 wire

• In the 3 –Phase , 4 wire power distribution system, power is supplied from the sub-station through
4-wires. Three of these wires are called live or phase or line wires. The fourth wire is usually at zero
voltage and is called neutral wire. The neutral wire is earthed at sub-station.
• Electric loads of the consumers connected in such a way that all the three phases are equally loaded.
• Under Indian Electricity rules, the voltage fluctuation may not vary by more than 5% above or below
the declared nominal voltage and the frequency within +/- 1% of the declared frequency.
Source
:https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=529&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=0
YsoXcHDKsT2vgSyj7qgAg&q=colour+coding+of+cable+india&oq=colour+codin
g+of+cable+india&gs_l=img.3...7749.12193..12452...3.0..0.103.781.8j1......0...
.1..gws-wiz-img.......0i8i30.CF_eR5gOL4U#imgrc=cTbumjvYmaw82M:

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

1. Solar Energy :
• A power generation method that converts energy from the sun into electricity. It uses solar panels
that are often arranged on a building or concentrated in solar farms to facilitate a reaction that
converts sun’s light radiation into electricity.
• Photovoltaic cells in a solar panel turn sunlight into direct current electricity (DC). Then, an inverter
converts the DC electricity into alternating current electricity (AC), and once this process has taken
place, the electricity is used, fed into the grid or stored in a battery.
• Used on an industrial scale as well as household.

Source : https://www.fortum.com/about-us/our-company/our-energy-production/solar-power-unlimited-source-energy

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

2. Wind Energy :
• Wind power is generated by using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of wind. Wind blowing
across the rotors of a wind turbine causes them to spin. The spinning of rotors converts a portion of
the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy. A generator further converts this mechanical
energy into electricity.

Source : http://www.nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/renewable-energy/wind/

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

3. Biomass Energy :
• Biomass energy is the energy obtained from plants or plant-derived materials. Wood is the most
widely used source of biomass energy. Other sources of biomass include: terrestrial and aquatic
plants, agricultural wastes, industrial residues, sewage sludge, animal and municipal wastes.
• There are three major technologies used for conversion of biomass into useful energy:
1. Bio-mass gasification
2. Bio gas
3. Bio fuel

Source : http://www.nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/renewable-energy/biomass/

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

4. Hydro Energy :
• Hydro energy is power derived from the energy of running or falling water on an energy conversion
equipment (turbine or wheel). These energy conversion equipment converts the kinetic energy into
mechanical energy, which is further converted to electrical energy by means of a generator. The scale
of a hydro-power project ranges from 10 W to more than 100 MW. There are no international
classification on hydro-power projects but theoretically, hydro-power projects can be classified under
6 broad categories namely:
1. Large-hydro – Projects around 100 MW more power generation capacity fall under this category.
Such projects are used for large scale electricity generation for large electricity grid.
2. Medium-hydro – Projects around 10 MW to 100 MW power generation capacity fall under this
category. Such projects are used for mid-scale electricity generation for mid-scale electricity grid.
3. Small-hydro – Projects around 1 MW to 10 MW power generation capacity fall under this category.
Such projects are used for small-scale electricity generation for small electricity grid.
4. Mini-hydro – Projects around 100 kW to 1 MW power generation capacity fall under this category.
Such projects are used as a stand-alone project. However, based on requirement, the same could
also be used to feed in grid.
5. Micro-hydro – Projects around 5 kW to 100 kW power generation capacity fall under this category.
Such stand-alone projects are applicable to small scale requirement of a community or rural
industries in remote areas.
6. Pico-hydro— Projects around 5 W to 5 kW power generation capacity fall under this category. Such
stand-alone projects are applicable localized requirement of battery charging or food processing.

Source : https://www.fortum.com/about-us/our-company/our-energy-production/solar-power-unlimited-source-energy

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

VARIOUS SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8HmRLCgDAI

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
TRANSMISSION :
• Electricity generated at the power stations has to be supplied to various consumers at far off places.
• Transmission or transmission system can be defined as the system in which electricity is transmitted
from generating stations to large sub-stations through transmission lines.
• Transmission is usually done with A.C supply, the A.C energy is distributed after stepping down then
voltage due to following reasons :
a) Cost of conversion plant is high in comparison to step down transformer.
b) By running three phase four wire distributor it is possible to obtain 400V for motors & other industrial
machine & 230V for residential lighting & domestic appliances.
c) Maintenance of A.C distributor is low.

Source : dailytimes.com.pk

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
OVER HEAD LINES
Definition – An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly
multiples of three) suspended by towers or poles.

Source : ww7.tepco.co.jp

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
OVER HEAD LINES
Over head lines mainly consists of the following –
1.Conductor
2.Supports or poles and cross-arm brackets
3.Insulators
4.Pole fittings
5.Stays or guy wire
6.Others like lightning arrestors, guard wire, danger
plate, anticlimbing devices, jumpers, earthing etc.

Source : www.quora.com
CONDUCTORS : Conductors are those substances which offer small resistance to the electricity flowing
through them. Such as Copper, Aluminium, Steel, Aluminium conductor steel reinforced ( A.C.S.R)

COPPER :
• The most common conductor used for transmission and distribution is hard drawn copper, as it is twice
as strong a soft.
• It has best conductivity as compared to other metals.
• It has larger current density.
• Copper is quite homogenous
• It has a low specific resistance.
• It is durable and has a high scrap value. Source : learn-new-way.ml

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
ALUMINIUM :
• Next to copper aluminium is best conductor used in order of preference for conducting the electrical
energy.
• It is cheaper than Copper.
• It is lighter in weight.
• It is second in conductivity. Commonly hard drawn aluminium wire at standard temperature has
approximately 60.6 % conductivity in comparison to standard annealed copper conductor.
• For same ohmic resistance, its diameter is about 1.27times that of copper conductor.
• At higher voltages, there is less corona joss in aluminium conductor.
• Since the diameter of the conductor is more, it is liable to be subjected to more wind pressure and ice
load due to which the greater is the sag
• As the melting point of aluminium is low, there is more damage to the aluminium conductor when
short circuited.
• Jointing of aluminium is much more difficult than copper.

Source : helukabel.de

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
ALUMINIUM VS COPPER
PROPERTY COPPER ALUMINIUM

Electrical Conductivity High Less compared to copper

Ductile Highly ductile Less ductile

Easily expands when gets warm & contracts when

Stability Highly stable and doesn’t expand or contract easily
cooled.

Tensile strength High, hence doesn’t easily undergo wear and tear It undergoes wear & tear, high risk of fire

Durability More durability than Aluminium Less

Weight Heavy Light

Supports More required Less required

Manitainence Less maintainence High Maintainence

Cost More costly for installation Less of cost, almost half of copper

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
STEEL :
• It is least used for transmission of electrical energy as it has
got high resistance
• It is lowest in conductivity
• It has high internal reactance
• In the damp atmosphere it is rusted, hence its use is limited.

Source : boatliftdistribuers.com

ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED (A.C.S.R ) :

• Aluminium conductor having a central core of galvanized steel
wire is used for high voltage transmission purposes. This is
done to increase the tensile strength of aluminium conductor.
• Galvanized steel core is covered by one or more strands of
aluminium wires.
• The steel conductors used are galvanized in order to prevent
rusting & electro chemical corrosion.
• Steel reinforced aluminium conductor has less sag & longer
span than copper conductor line since it has high tensile
strength.
• ACSR has a larger diameter than any other type of conductor
of same resistance.
Source : peakdemand.com

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
LINE SUPPORTS :
• The Line supports are poles. The Chief Requirements for these supports are :
• They must be mechanically Strong with the factor of safety of 2.5 to 3.
• They must be light weight without loss of Strength.
• They must have least number of Parts.
• They must be cheap.
• Their maintenance cost must be minimum.
• They must be easily accessible for paint and erection of line conductors.
• They must have longer life.
• They must be of pleasing shape.
• The poles are grouted in the earth with cement concrete in the ratio of 1:2:4 and one sixth of the
poles embedded in the earth.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
LINE SUPPORTS :
The Line supports are poles. The different types of poles are -
• Wooden Poles
• Steel Tubular Poles
• Reinforced Concrete Poles
• Steel Towers.

Source :
Source : https://m.indiamart.com/pro
https://www.electrical4u.com/electric ddetail/tubular-electric-
-poles/ poles-20501081948.html
Source : Source :
https://www.indiamart.com/ https://www.indiamart.com/
proddetail/ht-rcc-pole- proddetail/transmission-
7058878291.html towers-12686642533.html

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
WOODEN POLES :
• The use of such poles as line supports is limited to low voltages and are generally used for
distribution purposes.
• Initially these poles are cheap and provide an insulating property.
• The poles preferably must be straight, strong with gradual taper and free form knots.
• The main disadvantage of such poles are that they are elastic and tend to rot, hence their life is
short.
• The portion of the pole buried in the ground must be treated with a creosote oil or with any other
representative.

Source : https://www.huetbois.be/en/utility-poles-electric- Source : https://www.nouvellemesure-

power-phone-poles-and-edf-nfc-67100-poles lab.com/products/wooden-electric-poles-
set?variant=27918501511251

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
STEEL TUBULAR POLES :
• The wooden poles may be substituted by steel tubular poles. Since these poles are stronger than
wood, so with the help of these poles longer spans are possible.
• To increase the life of poles, they must be galvanised or painted regularly.
• For safety purposes, they must be earthed to increase the longitudinal strength of the pole by steel
ropes.

Source : Source : https://www.alibaba.com/product-

https://www.electrical4u.com/electric-poles/ detail/132kv-SPA-SPD-SPG-Transmission-
Line_60763866828.html

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE POLES :
• In the modern days, the reinforced concrete poles have almost replaced the wooden and steel
tubular poles, since they are attractive to look at.
• Such Poles are Quite heavy, so transportation cost increases, but their maintenance cost is quite low
are mechanically very strong and hence have longer life.
• These poles having sectional bottom varying from 23cm x 23 cm to 30 cm to 30cm are usually used.

Source :
Source :
https://www.exportersindia.com/pc
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Reside
m-group-of-industries/cement-
nts-wary-of-rickety-electric-poles/article12063570.ece
electric-pole-3561715.htm

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
STEEL TOWERS:
• The poles are used for distribution purposes, but the towers are useful or long transmission lines.
• Broad base lattice steel towers are used, which are mechanically very strong and have longer life. It is
said that if its design is given a proper care, the steel tower is good indefinitely.
• Due to robust construction, long spans can be used and much useful for crossing fields, valleys,
railway lines, river etc.

Source : https://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/steel-transmission-tower-designer-and- Source : https://in.all.biz/electrical-
manufacuter_1705979595.html tower-g417055

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
INSULATORS : Insulators are used to prevent the
flow of current to the earth from supports, the
transmission lines or distribution lines secured
to the towers or poles.
Chief requirements of insulators are :
• They must be mechanically very strong.
• Their dielectric strength must be very high.
• They must provide high insulation resistance
to the leakage of currents.
• They must be free from internal impurities or
flaws.
• They should not be porous.
• They must be impervious to the entrance of
gases or liquids into the materials.
• They must have high ratio of puncture
strength to flash over voltage.

Insulators are made of glazed china clay or glass

and are of various sizes, shapes rating ( voltage ).
Various types of Insulators are :
1. Pin insulators
2. Shackle insulators
3. Suspension insulators
4. Egg or stay insulators Source : Basic Electrical Engineering , M.L Anwani, Pg
no 608

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
1. Pin insulators: These are meant for supporting conductors in intermediate poles but do not take any
tension.

2. Shackle insulators : These are also known as “tension insulators. These are used at starting and last
end poles or turning end poles.

3. Suspension insulators : These are fitted on towers to support the conductors for extra high voltage.
Separate disc can be added for increasing voltage. Usually one disc can withstand 11,000 volts.

4. Egg or stay insulators : These are used in stay wire to avoid flow of any leakage of current to earth.
These are provided at height of 3 metre from the level of ground.

Shackle type Suspension type Egg type

Pin Type
Source : oeipower .com Source : electrical easy .com Source : tcipower .com
Source : electrical easy .com

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBUTION :
• The distribution system in general is the electric system between the step-down substation fed by
the transmission system and the consumer meters.
• Overhead lines from which number of consumers are fed by electrical energy at low voltage form a
part of distribution system.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :

a) Primary distribution system
b) Secondary distribution system

a) Primary distribution system : Electric power to large consumers is often supplied at 11kV, 6.6kV or
3.3kV. Such consumers install their own sub-station to step down voltage to 415/240 volts.
Distribution of power at such high voltages is called Primary or high voltage distribution system.
b) Secondary distribution system : Distribution of power to small domestic consumers at 415/240V is
called Secondary or low voltage distribution system.

The connecting link between primary and secondary distribution systems is Distribution Transformer.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS:
• According to the Type of Current :
1. A.C Distribution System
2. D.C Distribution System

• According to the Type of

Construction :
1. Over Head Distribution System
2. Under Ground Distribution System
Due to low cost over head distribution
system is used in India. Under ground
distribution is used where over head
distribution system becomes
impracticable.

• According to the Number of Source : http://www.thebluebook.com/iProView/9345/ornelas-

Wires: electric/subcontractors/gallery/608233_underground/861897_unde
rground-electrical-for-new-school-in-long-beach-ca.html
1. Single Phase two wire A.C system
2. Three Phase Four Wire A.C system

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

COMPARISON OF OVERHEAD SYSTEM & UNDERGROUND SYSTEM:

PARTICULARS OVERHEAD SYSTEM UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Public safety Less safe More safe
Lightning thunder More chances of being subjected Very little chance
Erection along zig zag routes Difficult Easy
Appearance Shabby look Good look as wires are not visible
Maintenance High maintenance cost Low maintenance cost
Interference with communication
Present Absent
system
Frequency of faults Occur frequently Very little chance
Frequency of accidents More chances of accidents Very little chance
Initial cost Low High
Location of faults Easily located Cannot be easily located
Supply interruptions More chances of supply interruptions very less chance sof supply interruptions
Repair Easily repaired Cannot be easily repaired

More flexible as new conductors can be laid along It is not flexible as new conductors are to be laid in
Flexibility
the existing ones for load expansion channels

Working voltage 400kV & above Cannot work over 66kV due to insulation difficulties.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBUTION LINES :
The methods of arrangement of
Conductors over line supports are –
1.Vertical Formation
2.Horizontal Formation

Vertical Formation :
In this formation the conductors are
placed over the poles one below the
other.
Natural conductors is kept at the bottom.
Shackle type insulators are used for this
purpose.

Horizontal Formation :
In this formation the conductors are
placed over the poles.

Horizontal or Vertical formation of

conductors are made depending upon
the requirement, necessary support to
projected bracket is provided with
braces.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

REFERENCES

• National Building code 2016, Volume 1& 2

• Basic Electrical Engineering , M.L. Anwani

• Electrical wiring, Estimating & costing , Dr.S.L.Uppal, G.C.Garg

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP