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Engineering Drawings
Objectives
Introduction
Fig-3
Section views are used to shows complicated interior forms
Table 1 Common lines used on shop drawings
Example Name Description Use
Thick black lines approximately 0.30 Indicate the visible
Object lines in. wide (the width may vary to suit form or edge of an
a drawing size) object.
Medium-weight black lines of .125 in. Indicate the hidden
Hidden lines
b long dashes and .060 in. spaces. contours of an object.
Thin lines with alternating long lines
Indicate the centers of
and short dashes.
holes, cylindrical
Center lines --long lines from .500 to 3 in. long
c objects, and other
--short dashes from .060 to .125 in.
sections
long, spaces .060 in. long.
Thin black lines with an arrowhead at Indicate the
Dimension lines each end and a space in the center for dimensions of an
d a dimension. object.
Thick black lines make up a series of
Cutting-plane one long line and two short dashes. Show the imagined
e lines Arrowheads show the line of sight section cut.
from where the section is taken.
Fine, evenly spaced parallel lines at Show the surfaces
Cross section
45O. Line spacing is in proportion to exposed when a
lines the part size. section is cut.
f
Common drafting terms and symbols are used on shop and engineering drawings for
the designer to describe each part accurately. If it were not for the universal use of terms,
symbols, and abbreviations, the designer would have to make extensive notes to describe
exactly what is required. Some of the common drafting terms and symbols are explained in
the following paragraphs and examples.
Limits (Fig-4) are the largest and the smallest permissible dimensions of a part (the
maximum and minimum dimensions).
Example: .751 largest dimension
.749 smallest dimension
Allowance (Fig-6) is the intentional difference in the sizes of mating parts, such as the
diameter of a shaft and the size of the hole.
Fit is the range of tightness between two mating parts. There are two general classes of
fits:
1. Clearance fits, whereby a part may revolve or move in relation to a mating part
2. Interference fits, whereby two parts are forced together to act as a single piece.
Scale size is used on most shop or engineering drawing because it would be impossible
to draw parts to exact size; some drawings would be too large, and others would be too
small.
Scale Definition
Drawing is made to the actual size of the part, or full
1:1
scale.
Drawing is made to one-half the actual size of the
1:2
part
2:1 Drawing is made to twice the actual size of the part
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
MANUFACTURING METHODS
The drawing should only define a part and not specify how the part is to be made or
the operations to produce the part. Generally only the hole diameter is shown without
indicating whether it should be drilled, reamed, bored, or produced by any other method.
BASIC DIMENSIONING
Dimensioning is used on working drawings to explain to the machinist the shapes and
sizes required to manufacture a part. The type of material for the part, the number of parts
required, and special notes are generally found in the title block of the drawing.
DIMENSIONING TOLERANCES
INCH DIMENSIONS
Fractional sizes—for example, ½ in.—are stated to two decimal places (such as .50
in.), indicates it is not a critical size.
Whole dimensions are shown with a minimum of two zeros to the right of the decimal
point—e.g., 5.00 in., not 5 in.
No zero is used to the left of the decimal for any value of less than 1 in—for example, .
36 in., not 0.36 in., and .625 in., not 0.625 in.
Sizes that are critical dimensions are shown in three or four decimal places and,
where necessary, the tolerance or limit dimensions are included.
METRIC DIMENSIONS
A zero must be used to the left of the decimal for all sizes less than 1 millimeter—for
example, 0.35 mm, not .35 mm.
Where the dimension is a whole number, no decimal point or zero follows the number
—for example, 4mm, not 4.0 mm.
Where the dimension is larger than the whole number by a decimal fraction, the last
digit to the right of the decimal point is not followed by a zero—for example, 6.5 mm,
not 6.50 mm.
Symbols
Some of the symbols and abbreviations used on shop drawings indicate the surface finish,
type of material, roughness symbols, and common machine shop terms and operations.
Dimensions are used on prints to give the distance between two points, lines, planes,
or some combination of points, lines, and planes.
> The numerical value gives the actual measurement (distance).
> The dimension line indicates the direction in which the value applies.
> The arrow heads indicate the points between which the value applies.
The decimal system, used for machine shop and computer numerical control work,
uses only decimal fractions for all dimensional values. In computer numerical control work,
two types of dimensioning are used:
1. Incremental system where all dimensions are given from a previously known point.
2. Absolute system where all dimensions or positions are given from a fixed zero or
origin point.
SURFACE SYMBOLS
Surface finish is the deviation from the nominal surface caused by the machining
operation. Surface finish includes roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws and is measured by a
surface finish indicator in microinches (µin.).
The surface finish mark, used in many cases, indicates which surface of the part must
be finished. The number in the √¯¯¯ indicates the quality of finish required on the surface
(Fig-8). In the example shown in Fig-7, √¯¯¯ the roughness height or the measurement of the
finely spaced irregularities caused by the cutting tool can not exceed 40 µin.
If the surface of a part must be finished to exact specifications, each part of the
specification is indicated on the symbol (Fig-8) as follows:
40 Surface finish in microinches
.002 Waviness height in thousandths of an inch
.001 Roughness width in thousandths of an inch
Machining marks run perpendicular to the boundary of the
surface indicated
The following symbols indicate the direction of the lay (marks produced by machining
operations on work surfaces).
= Parallel to the boundary line of the surface indicated by the
symbol
X Angular in both directions on the surface indicated by the symbol
M Multidirectional
C Approximately circular to the center of the surface indicated by
the symbol
R Approximately radial to the center of the surface indicated by the
symbol
Fig-9 shows the drafting symbols used to indicate some of the most common materials
used in a machine shop.
Material Symbols
I. REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How can a drafter indicate the exact specifications required for a part?
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2. What is the purpose of:
a.) An assembly?
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b.) A detailed drawing?
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3. What is the purpose of an orthographic view?
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4. Why are section views shown?
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5. What lines are used to show:
a.) The form of a part?
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b.) The center of holes, objects, or sections?
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c.) The exposed surfaces of where a section is cut?
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6. Define:
a.) Limits __________________________________________________________________________
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b.) Tolerance _______________________________________________________________________
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c.) Allowance _______________________________________________________________________
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7. What is half-scale indicated on an engineering drawing?
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8. Define each part of the surface-finish symbol