Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MATERIALS &
SECTION
PROPERTIES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at Timber
School of Bioprocess Engineering Concrete
Steel
UniMAP
Others
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1. Type and function of the building or structure and the 5. Quality and durability of different types of material.
specific characteristics required of the materials used, i.e.
great strength, water resistance, wear resistance, attractive
appearance, etc. 6. Transportation costs.
2. Economic aspects of the building/structure in terms of 7. Selection of materials with compatible properties, dimensions and
original investment and annual cost of maintenance. means of installation.
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Strain
Hooke’s Law- for relatively small deformations of an object,
T the displacement or size of the deformation is directly
T proportional to the deforming force or load
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Stress-Strain Curves
Stress Stress
St r e s s, Ultimate
Elastic tension
limit strength Fracture E
point
Linear
limit
C
B D Strain Strain
A (a) Linear Elastic (b) Non-linear Elastic
Stress Stress
St r a in ,
Plastic strain Strain Plastic strain Strain
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ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Wood/Timber
Steel
Concrete
Others
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Timber Classification
Moisture content
■ Based on densities, Malaysian timbers are generally classified into four
categories, namely,
– Heavy hardwoods (800–1120 kg/m3),
– Medium hardwoods (720-880 kg/m3), – m1=mass before drying
– Light hardwoods (400–720 kg/m3) and – m2=mass after drying
– Softwoods – Unit in %
■ The strength of timber is based on its moisture
■ About 100 timber species with densities ranging from 350 kg/m3 to content.
1100 kg/m3 (measured at 19% moisture content) have been included in
the new MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Timber. ■ In MS 544, the moisture content – 19%
– >19% - moisture
■ Elastic Modulus, E = 4600 – 18000 N/mm2
– <19% - dry
■ Poisson’s Ratio v = 0.3
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■ For design purposes the species are divided into seven strength
groups, SG 1 to SG 7, in the order of decreasing strength.
■ SG 7 is considered weak and is generally unsuitable for many
structural applications.
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Steel Properties
■ Strength is the ability of a material to resist stress. It is measured in
terms of the material’s yield strength fy and ultimate or tensile strength
fu.
■ Stiffness is the ability of a material to resist deformation. It is measured
in term of modulus of elasticity, E and Shear Modulus,G.
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235
𝜀=
𝑓
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Concrete
■ Concrete is a building material made by mixing cement paste (portland
Poisson ratio, vc
cement and water) with aggregate (sand and stone).
■ Concrete is normally mixed at the building site and poured into
formwork of the desired shape, in the position that the unit will occupy ■ The value = 0.2
in the finished structure.
■ Units can also be precast, either at the building site or at a factory.
■ Concrete is associated with high strength, hardness, durability,
imperviousness and mouldability.
■ Concrete is a relatively expensive building material for farm structures.
Its only used as slab/foundation materials.
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Nominal mix =
Ratio of cement: sand: gravel
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Towards
Green
Building
To ensure sustainability
BAMBOO
MASONRY
ALUMINIUM
PLASTIC
STRAW
EARTH
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CENTRE OF GRAVITY/CENTROID
■ A point which the resultant attraction of the earth
eg. the weight of the object.
■ Centre of gravity of an area also called as
SECTION PROPERTIES centroid.
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Example:
Determine the cross-sectional area and the values of and to
Second Moment of Area/
locate the position of the centroid for the sections. Assume Moment of inertia, I
the origin of the coordinate system to be at the bottom left-
hand corner for each section. ■ Measures the efficiency of that shape its
resistance to bending
■ Moment of inertia about the x-x axis and y-y axis.
bd 3
d I xx Unit :
x x 12
mm4 or cm4
db3
I yy
b y 12
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■ b=150mm;d=100mm; H=50mm
■ Ixx= (150 x 1003)/12
= 12.5 x 106 mm4
x x
■ Izz = Ixx + AH2
H
z z = 12.5 x 106 + 15000(502)
= 50 x 106 mm4
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Solution
Example 1:
■ Ixx of web = (12 x4003)/12= 64 x 106 mm4
■ Calculate the moment of inertia of the following structural
section ■ Ixx of flange = (200x243)/12= 0.23 x 106 mm4
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Ans:
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Plastic Section
where:
Zxx = elastic section modulus
Sxx = plastic section modulus
σ = elastic stress
fy = design strength
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Shape Factors
Example
■ Determine the position of the plastic neutral axis plastic, the plastic
section modulus and the shape factor for the welded section
indicated in Figure
Mp = fy x Sxx
Sxx = plastic section modulus
= 1st moment of area about the plastic neutral axis.
Example:
Mp = fy x Sxx
Mp = Fc x lever arm
Mp = stress x area x lever arm = fy x B x D/2 x D/2
= fyBD2/4
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Solution
Example: Elastic and plastic moments of
resistance of a beam section
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