Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
11540
OFFICER CADET
ABEYRATHNE MMLD
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 03
2. Network Organization 03
3. Routers 05
4. Centralized switching 07
5. Switching Systems 08
6. Switches 09
7. Network Protocols 11
8. Conclusion 14
INTRODUCTION
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1. Networks may be categorized according to networks emerged because of computer
and communication technologies. The networks based on geographical area characterized by
the area.
2. Routers distribute digital information that is contained within a data packet. Each data
packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and
destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one
network type to another.
3. A centralized switching system defined simply as a switch network design that
requires all calls, regardless of the origination and destination endpoints.
4. The purpose of a telecommunication switching system is to provide the means to pass
information from any terminal device to any other terminal device selected by the originator.
5. In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
6. A protocol is a standard by which communication takes place between network
devices.
NETWORK ORGANIZATION
7. The different types of network are Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area
Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Global Area Network (GAN).
10. Personal area networks generally cover a range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet).
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Local Area Network
11. LAN supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to
each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing
resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to
other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.
12. Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such
as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN
hardware options also exist.
13. Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network.
For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet
Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.
16. Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the
metropolitan areas of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large
universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the
installation of wireless MANs.
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Wide Area Network
17. WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs
often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area
networks (MANs).
18. The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet,
like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate
or research networks that utilize leased lines.
19. WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment
than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay,
and ATM.
ROUTERS
21. In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some
cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which
a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two
networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current
understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at
any gateway (where one network meets another), including each point-of-presence on the
Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch.
22. A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions
and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route
for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with
routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network
layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch is a switch that can perform routing functions.
An edge router is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
network. A brouter is a network bridge combined with a router.
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23. For home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections
such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true even if the
home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router
provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer
Internet Protocol address are directly exposed to the Internet. This makes port scans (a
technique for exploring weaknesses) essentially impossible. In addition, a router does not
consume computer resources as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers
are easy to install, reasonably priced, and available for hard-wired or wireless networks.
Internal routers
24. A router with all directly connected networks belonging to the same area. Routers
with only backbone interfaces also belong to this category. These routers run a single copy of
the basic routing algorithm.
Backbone routers
26. A router that has an interface to the backbone. This includes all routers that interface
to more than one area. However, backbone routers do not have to be area border routers.
Routers with all interfaces connected to the backbone are considered to be internal routers.
AS boundary routers
27. A router that exchanges routing information with routers belonging to other
Autonomous Systems. Such a router has AS external routes that are advertised throughout the
Autonomous System. The path to each AS boundary router is known by every router in the
AS. This classification is completely independent of the previous classifications: AS
boundary routers may be internal or area border routers, and may or may not participate in
the backbone.
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CENTRALIZED SWITCHING
Distributed Method
28. A simplest way of structuring the telecommunication switching is the terminal-to
terminal connection. This kind of switching is called distributed switching and applied only
to small telephone system. Each terminal has two kinds of switches, one to make required
link and other to connect a link to receive a call.
Centralized Model
29. The distributed system cannot be extending to large terminal cases and the increased
geographical separation of terminals. A simple centralized system, which reduces the average
length of transmission link.
30. Introducing more local centers instead of one national center switching machine can
further reduce the transmission cost. Two local centers are connecting by links called trunk.
A trunk in telephone system is a communication path that contains shared circuits that are
using to interconnect central offices.
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31. The increase in the number of switching centers lower the total transmission costs, the
total switching cost tend to increase for two reasons.
1. The local centers become more complex because they must be able to decide
on a suitable routing to another center.
2. Economy of scale is lost with an increased number of local centers because of
additional numbers.
Hierarchical system
32. Central offices may be interconnecting by direct trunk groups or by intermediate
office known as a tandem, toll or gateway office. The process of centralizing switching
centers can occur at several levels leading to the hierarchical network. Mesh connection are
using when there are relatively high traffic levels between offices such as in metropolitan
network.
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
33. The switching centers receives the control signals, messages or conversations and
forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification (link amplifications) if
necessary. A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled
in such a way as to setup a communication path between any two distant points. A switching
center of a telephone network comprising a switching network and its control and support
equipment is calling a central office. In computer communication, the switching technique
used knows as packet switching or message switch (store and forward switching). In
telephone network, the switching method is calling circuit switching. Some practical
switching system is systematic, cross-barred relay system, digital switching systems, and
electronic switching system.
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SWITCHES
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Switches may be classified in several different ways:
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6. According to method of operation: Operating Force (Manual, Magnetic, and
Motor), Mechanism (Lever, dial, drum,
snap).
7. According to speed of operation (slow-break, slow-make, quick-break, quick-
make).
The two most basic switch devices, of which other mechanisms are simply
variations, are the slow-make, slow-break (AC base) and the quick-make, quick-break
(AC/DC base) mechanisms. The first device is a teeter-totter or see saw design. It is
spring-loaded, requiring a very positive force to close the contacts. The slowness of a
slow-make, slow-break device provides a slight time delay. This delay allows the AC
current wave to nearly instantaneously cycle to zero before the spark is
extinguished. Toggle switches, slide buttons, rocker switches or pushbutton switches
can operate the mechanism.
10. Type of service: power switches, wiring switches, control switches, instrumental
switches
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
36. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and any other network
communication model, provides only a conceptual framework for communication between
computers, but the model itself does not provide specific methods of communication. Actual
communication defined by various communication protocols. In the context of data
communication, a protocol is a formal set of rules, conventions and data structure that
governs how computers and other network devices exchange information over a network. In
other words, a protocol is a standard procedure and format that two data communication
devices must understand, accept and use to be able to talk to each other.
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37. Protocol - A Definition: A "protocol" defines a language of rules and conventions for
communication between network devices.
Type of protocol
IP - Internet Protocol
38. The Internet Protocol under lie s most communication on the World Wide Web. IP
supports a variety of higher- level application protocols.
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HTTP Protocol
42. Web browsers and serves us e the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol to
communicate.
SOAP
44. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) defines a standard way to encode objects
within network packets using XML.
DHCP
45. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) supports automatic address
assignment and improved configuration management of IP networks.
IPv6
46. Internet Protocol version 6IPv6 promise s to relieve the current IP address shortage
and this new version of the protocol may also increase performance and improve
administration capabilities.
PPPoE
47. The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) standard helps access providers
manage their broadband service delivery and it can improve the ease of use for DSL and
cable modem customers.
VoIP
48. VoIP is the ability to make telephone calls and send faxes over IP-based data
networks with a suitable quality of service (QoS) and superior cost/benefit.
Ethernet
49. The Ethernet protocol allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies. Data can be
transmit over wireless access points, twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable at a speed of 10
Mbps up to 1000 Mbps.
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CONCLUSION
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