· Present Tense Simple

Afirmativ: Sub+V1; Negativ: S+do+not+V1; Interogativ: Do/does+S+V1

Cazuri:
1. Actiune obisnuita repetata in prezent cu adverbele: always, usually, every
day/week/year, often, sometimes, never, rarely.
Ex: I go to the gym every day/ Jane works in a big factory. (permanent)

2. Adevar general valabil, legi ale naturii: Children love chocolate/ Ice melts in the
sun.

3. Actiune viitoare planificata dupa un orar oficial, de exemplu: orarul institutiilor;

The train to Botosani leaves at 5 o'clock/ The museum opens at 9am.

4.If Clause I (Conditionala de tip 1): Daca vei invata,1/ vei trece examenul.2/

Daca in limba romana, in cadrul unei fraze intalnim viitorul atat in propozitia
principala, cat si in propozitia subordonata, la traducerea in limba engleza se
pastreaza viitorul in PP, insa e interzis a se folosi viitorul si in PS, urmand a folosi,
ca atare, un timp de prezent.
Exemplu: If you learn,1/ you will pass the exam.2/
5. In cazul unui comentariu sportiv: Randall kicks the ball into the net and it is a
goal!

6. Pentru a-l face pe ascultator sa traiasca evenimentele, prezent istoric: Mihai

Viteazul succeds in defeating the turks at Calugareni.

7. Pentru a spune glume sau alte povesti: So, a man goes to see his psychiatrist...

8. Titlurile ziarelor: HAWKINS WINS NOBEL PRIZE

9. Instructiuni, directii: You turn left at the end of the road and the school is up
ahead.

10. Proverbe si zicale: Too many cooks spoil the broth.

11. Prezentul emfatic simplu: I do like playing football. (Se formeaza din verbul
"do" + verbul de conjugat , in acest caz verbul "like", prin folosirea verbului "do"
se da o nuanta si mai puternica de convingere, propozitia traducandu-se "Mie
chiar imi place sa joc fotbal)

12. In vorbire directa, pentru a introduce citate -----> Stephen King says: “Quiet
people have the loudest minds.”

13. In cazul rezumatelor legate de anumite subiecte: The film ends with us not
knowing whether they have been successful or not.
14. In cazul aranjamentelor de călătorie: On day three we visit Stratford-upon-
Avon.

15. In cazul oricaror declaratii de moment:

I hope you will come to my party.
I bet you do not know the answer!
I hereby declare this hospital open!

16. In cazul referintelor calendaristice: Christmas is on a Tuesday next year.

17. Pentru actiuni succesive, exclamatii: She takes a cold shower, brushes her
teeth and combs her hair. / Here they come! ( Iata-i ca vin!)

Ortografia pentru terminatiile la persoana a III-a singular:

La majoritatea verbelor, mai ales la cere care se termina in consoana si sunt
precedate de consoana adaugam "s":
find-finds
think-thinks
La verbele care se termina in consoana+y ---->consoana+i+es:
cry ----> cries ( "y-ul" se transforma in "i")
try ----> tries
La verbele care se termina in vocala+y ----> vocala+y+s:
play ----> plays
Verb+ss/sh/ch/x/z/zz/o ----> Verb+ss/sh/ch/x/z/zz/o+es:
kiss ----> kisses
watch ----> watches
do-does
go-goes
Exceptie: have-has

Adverbele pot fi asezate dupa schema:

a) Subiect+adverb+predicat: She often talks on the phone.
b) Subiect+predicat+adverb: We meet twice a week. / She visits us every week.

Exista cateva verbe care nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu: to accept,

recognize, to intend, to realize, to disagree, to forgive: I forgive you for what you
have said.

· Present Tense Continous

Afirmativ: S+ to be+ Vb ing; N: S+to be+not+Vb ing I: To be +S+V ing

1. Actiune care se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii (now): It is raining now.

2. Actiune care se intinde pe o perioada mai lunga de timp (cum ar fi un proiect): I

am working on a history project. (not now)

3. Actiune repetata care il irita pe vorbitor: My neighbours are always complaining

about my parties.

4. Plan personal pentru viitor apropiat!: I am going to the theatre tonight.

5. O actiune temporara, comportament temporar: I usually eat meat, but this

week I am eating only vegetables. / She is usually very polite, but today she is
being rude to everyone.

6. Situatii in curs de dezvoltare: Your english is getting better.

Ortografie!
a) Cand verbele se termina in y nu se produce nicio schimbare: play-playing
b)Cand verbele se termina in e, dispare e-ul: write-writing
c) Cand verbele se termina in ie vor primi y+ing: lie-lying, tie-tying
d) Cand verbele se termina in i vom adauga ing: ski-skiing
e) Cand verbele monosilabice se termina consoana si sunt precedate de vocala
vom dubla consoana si vom adauga ing: tap-tapping, stop-stopping, hit-hitting
f) Cand verbele bisilabice se termina in consoana si sunt precedate de vocala vom
dubla consoana din silaba a doua si vom adauga ing: admit-admitting, begin-
beginning
g) La majoritatea verbelor, mai ales la cele care se termina in consoana si sunt
precedate de consoana se adauga doar "ing": find-finding, think-thinking

· Present Perfect Simple

 Afirmativ: S+have/has+V3 N: S+have/has+not+V3 I:Have/has+S+V3

1. Actiune terminata, al carei moment nu e precizat: Mother has cooked.

2. Actiune terminata recent cu adverbele: yet, recently, just, lately, already,

exemplu: Father has just finished work/ I have not written my homework yet.
(Inca nu mi-am facut tema)

3. Actiune inceputa in trecut, care continua pana in prezent. (accentul se pune pe

rezultat, si trebuie folosite "for" si "since"). Exemplu: It has rained for two hours.

4. Actiune terminata intr-o perioada de timp neincheiata: I have read three good
books this year.

5. Efectuarea unui anumit numar de actiuni: I have drunk two cups of tea./ He has
done fifty push-ups.

6. Cu expresiile: it's the first/ second/ third time: It's the sixth time I have watched
"Titanic".

7. Se foloseste cu "How long" atunci când este vorba de o perioadă de timp care
se extinde pana în prezent: How long have you been ill? ( You are still ill)

8. Poate fi folosit cu "ever + the first time" pentru a exprima o actiune care e
facuta de o persoana pentru prima oara, "It is the first time I have ever played
biliards", iar daca vrem sa intrebam daca cineva a mai facut vreodata o actiune
propozitia va suna astfel: Have you ever played football? Present perfect simple
mai poate fi folosit cu "never" pentru a arata supriza unei persoane legata de ceva
ce o alta persoana nu a mai facut pana acum, "Have you never played soccer?"

· Present Perfect Continous

Afirmativ: S+have/has+been+Verb ing N: S+have/has+not+been+Verb ing

Interogativ: Have/has+S+been+Ving?

1.Actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pana in prezent si are posibilitatea sa

continue si in viitor( accentul se pune pe durata actiunii) + for, since.
It has been raining for two hours. ( and it's still raining.)
Ploua de doua ore ( si inca mai ploua.)
They have been playing tennis for half an hour. ( Ei joaca tenis de o jumatate de
ora.)

2.Actiune terminata in trecut ale carei consecinte se vad in prezent: I have been
driving all night that is why I am so tired.
 · Past Tense Simple

Afirmativ:S+V2/V +ed; N:S+didn't+V1; I:Did+S+V1

1. Actiune terminata al carei moment e precizat: We visited Spain last year.

2. Actiune obisnuita din trecut care nu se mai intampla in prezent (obicei din
trecut): When I was young, I smoked a lot, care se poate rescrie si astfel: When I
was young, I used to smoke a lot. / When I was young I would smoke a lot.

3. If Clause 2: Daca ai invata/ ai trece examenul./, tradus If you learned, you

would pass the exam./ ( conditionalul optativ se reda prin verb verb+ed, learned).

4. Una sau mai multe actiuni de scurta durata din trecut: Yesterday I cleaned my
room, I did my bed and washed the dishes by myself.

5. Actiuni care s-au intamplat la un moment nedefinit in trecut si sunt terminate,

aceste actiuni nu sunt conectate cu prezentul: Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays
sau Goya painted people of all social classes.

6. Diferenta importanta intre present perfect simple si past simple, a se compara

cele 2 cazuri: I have seen a good film this morning. (suntem inainte de ora 12
dupa-amiaza!) si I saw a good film this morning. (vorbim de momentul dupa-
amiezii sau al serii).
I have had breakfast this morning. (it is still morning) ( Am luat micul dejun in
aceasta dimineata si inca este dimineata)
I had breakfast this morning, but now it's 3 pm and I am hungry again. ( Am luat
micul dejun in aceasta dimineata, dar acum 3 dupa-amiaza si imi e foame din nou)

7. When I first came to this house it was a very quiet area.

8. I have been in love since I met you.

Ortografie!
a) La verbele regulate care se termina in consoana adaugam terminatia "ed":
work-worked, want-wanted.
b) La verbele care se termina in vocala adaugam "d" pentru a forma past tense
simple: love-loved, practise-practised.
c) Exista o serie de verbe neregulate care se pot termina fie in vocala, fie in
consoana si care nu primesc "ed": see-saw-seen.
d) La verbele care se termina in "y" si sunt precedate de vocala adaugam "ed":
stay-stayed, play-played.
e) La verbele care se termina in "y" si sunt precedate de consoana adaugam "i" in
loc de "y" si terminatia "ed": study-studied, try-tried.
f) La verbele monosilabice care se termina in consoana si sunt precedate de vocala
se dubleaza consoana si se adauga "ed": tap-tapped, stop-stopped.
g) La verbele care se termina in "ic" se adauga "k" si terminatia "ed": panic-
panicked.

· Past Tense Continous

Afirmativ:S+was/were+Ving N:S+was/were+not+Ving I:Was/were+S+Ving

1.Actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut: I was reading a book this time
yesterday.

2. Actiune in desfasurare din trecut simultana cu o alta actiune de scurta durata

din trecut: She was playing the piano when I visited her.

3. Doua actiuni in desfasurare simultane in trecut: She was playing the piano
while I was dancing.

4. Actiune iritanta din punctul de vedere al vorbitorului in trecut: They were

always fighting over money.

5. Se foloseste in cazul unei exprimari politicoase: I was wondering if you could

lend me your car. (Ma intrebam daca ai putea sa imi imprumuti masina ta)

6. Pentru a exprima un eveniment anticipat, plan personal al vorbitorului in trecut:

They were going on a trip the following week.

7. Pentru a se exprima o anume reticenta, o anumita retinere: We were thinking

of calling him "Brain". ( Ne gandeam sa-i spunem "Brain")

8. Actiune in curs de dezvoltare din trecut: He was making more and more
progress.
 · Past Perfect Simple

Afirmativ:S+had+V3 N:S+hadn't+V3 I: Had+S+V3

1. Actiune efectuata in trecut inaintea unui moment din trecut: I had written
homework by five o'clock yesterday.

2. Actiune efectuata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni din trecut + past tense simple: I
had already written my homework by the time you called me yesterday. ( inainte
am terminat tema, apoi m-ai sunat tu.)

3. If Clause 3: Daca ai fi invatat,/ ai fi trecut examenul./= If you had learned/ you

would have passed the exam./

4. Cu adverbele de negatie (hardly, barely, scarcely + when, iar adverbul no

sooner se foloseste cu than): Nici bine nu am intrat in camera,/ ca a si sunat
telefonul./ ----> I had hardly entered the room,/ when the phone rang. (Aceasta
propozitie se rescrie fiind vorba de o inversiune!: Hardly had I entered the room/
when the phone rang./

Propozitia "Nici bine nu a plecat politia/ ca vecinii au inceput a se certa din nou./"
se traduce: The police had no sooner left the place/ than the neighbours started
fighting again. ( iar prin inversiune, propozitia arata astfel: No sooner had the
Police left the place, than the neighbours started fighting again.
 · Past Perfect Continous

Afirmativ: S+had+been+Ving N:S+hadn't+been+Ving I:Had+S+been+Ving

1. Actiune care incepe in trecut si continua pana la un moment din trecut: I had
been walking in the park for two hours by five o'clock yesterday.

2. Actiune care incepe in trecut si continua pana la o alta actiune din trecut:
He had been running in the park for 20 minutes when/by the time the rain
started.

3. Actiune terminata in trecut ale carei consecinte se vad mai tarziu tot in trecut:
He had been driving all night that's why he was so tired.

4. Foarte rar, o actiune repetata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni din trecut si care
provoaca de obice suparare:
Everybody had been telling him time and again not to leave that job, but it was in
vain.

ATENTIE!: Matusa mea a intalnit-o pe Madonna---> My aunt has met Madonna.

( pentru ca inca traieste, dar nu se cunoaste momentul) in comparatie cu "Tata l-a
intalnit pe Ceausescu.---> My father met Ceausescu. ( se foloseste past simple
pentru ca aceasta s-a intamplat la un anumit moment si pentru ca Ceausescu nu
mai este in viata, actiune completa).
 · Future Tense Simple

Afirmativ:S+will+V1 N:S+will+not/won't+V1 Interogativ: Will+S+V1?

1. Actiune care are loc in viitor, iar momentul este precizat: I will visit Spain next
summer.

2.Actiune viitoare posterioara unei actiuni din viitor: I will call you after I have
finished work. (intai voi termina munca, apoi te voi suna, dupa after, when nu se
poate folosi viitor!).

3. Actiune viitoare simultana cu o alta actiune de scurta durata din viitor: I will
return you the book when/as soon as I have time.

4. O decizie imediata, spontana: Tom (to waiter, in a restaurant): I will have a

pizza.

5. If Clause 1: If you learn/ you will pass the exam.

6.Pentru a exprima viitorul previzibil, predictibil: The company will make a profit.
7. Banuieli, suspiciuni, estimarea capacitatii: The building will hold five rooms per
floor.

8. Actiune care este inevitabila: Boys will be boys. (Baietii vor fi baieti.)

9. Pentru a exprima vointa, intentia: I will marry that girl if she will accept.( in
acest caz se accepta folosirea viitorului in ambele propozitii)

10. Pentru a exprima insistenta/continuitatea: If you will eat fast food, you will
surely get sick!

11. Pentru a exprima refuzul in prezent sau in propozitii conditionale: If you won't
go there you will lose the prize (in acest caz se accepta folosirea viitorului in
ambele propozitii) sau I am trying to open the door but it won't open.

12. Pentru a exprima o promisiune: I won't make such a mistake again.

13. Dupa verbele think, expect, doubt, hope: I hope you will pass the exam.

14. Pentru a exprima intrebari politicoase: Will you help me with my homework?

15. In cazul invitatiilor: Will you come to my party?

ATENTIE!: Shall este inlocuitorul lui will in toate cele 12 cazuri de mai sus, acesta
folosindu-se doar cu formele pronumelui de persoana I singular si plural, in timp
ce will se foloseste atat cu pronumele de persoana I singular si plural, cat si cu
persoana a II-a si a III-a singular si plural.

SHALL se foloseste:

1. Pentru o sugestie: Shall we go in the park later?

2. Amenintare: You shall bring me the money in due time.

3. Promisiune: If you kill him, you shall get your share.

4. Cerinta oficiala: You shall return the book to the library in two weeks time.

5.Determinare, plan ambitios: The enemy shall not pass.

6. Se foloseste cand cineva se ofera sa faca ceva: Shall I make you a coffee?

7. Refuz: As you have not taken care of the book you borrowed two weeks ago,
you shall not have another one!

Putem folosi "shall" cu persoana a II-a si a III-a singular si plural in cazurile 2), 3),
4), 5), 7).
TO BE GOING TO + V1:

1. Se foloseste pt a exprima intentia vorbitorului, un plan deja stabilit la momentul

vorbirii (plan personal pt viitorul apropiat): I am going to play poker tonight.

2. Actiune a carei cauza este evidenta, prezenta: She is pregnant. She is going to
have a baby.

TO BE TO + V1:

1. Pentru a exprima chestiuni oficiale: You are to take these pills every six hours.
( relatia doctor-pacient)

2. Posibilitate: Prices are to be much higher soon. (urmeaza sa)

3. Obligatie din punctul de vedere al vorbitorului: You are to take out the trash.
( tu trebuie sa duci gunoiul)

4. O actiune ce urmeaza: Ei urmeaza sa mute mobila, tradus "They are to move

the furniture.

5. Foarte rar se foloseste in cazul a ceva ce va avea loc in mod inevitabil:

The time is to come when global oil resources will be exhausted.

TO BE ABOUT + V1= TO BE ON THE POINT OF + V ING= TO BE ON THE VERGE OF

+ V ING:

1. Aceste expresii se folosesc pt a exprima o actiune pe cale sa se intample: The

show is about to start sau Mary is on the point of resigning.

TO BE DUE TO + V1:

1. Pentru a exprima o actiune programata sa se intample: The flight is due to

arrive at 9 pm.
Putem folosi si exprimarea The train is due at 9 pm.

JUST + V ing/ JUST ABOUT TO + V1:

1.Pt a exprima ceva care tocmai se intampla: The train is just leaving sau The train
is just about to leave.

· Future Tense Continous

Afirmativ:S+will+be+Ving N: S+won't+be+Ving I: Will+S+be+Ving?

1. Actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment su perioada scurta din viitor: The

students will be having a test this time tomorrow.

2. Actiune viitoare in desfasurare simultana cu o alta actiune de scurta durata din

viitor+ present: I will be cooking when you call me.

3. Doua actiuni in desfasurare siumultane in viitor: I will be cooking dinner while

you are running.

4.Actiuni care se vor intampla oricum: Don't bother to visit me on Sunday, I will
be meeting you at church anyway.

5.Planuri prestabilite, aranjamente: Metalica will be performing live in Bucharest

this summer.

6.Actiuni care sunt rezultatul unei rutine: You will be meeting your supervisor
during the break. ( you and your supervisor work in the same place, va intalniti
pentru ca lucrati in acelasi loc).

7. Se foloseste foarte rar cand din motive de respect sau pentru ca se procedeaza
cu tact, lucrurile nu sunt exprimate clar: How long will your mother-in-law be
staying with you?

· Future Perfect Simple

Afirmativ:S+will+have+V3 N:S+will+not+V3 I:Will+S+have+V3?

1. Actiune viitoare anterioara unui moment din viitor: Father will have retired by
2020. ( se va fi pensionat).

2. Actiune viitoare anterioara unei alte actiuni din viitor: I will have finished my
homework until you call me.

3. Banuiala din partea vorbitorului: You won't have heard the news, I pressumed.
If Jake has taken a taxi he will have arrived at the station in time. (I assume)

· Future Perfect Continous

Afirmativ:S+will+have+been+Ving Negativ:S+will+not+have+Ving
I:Will+S+have+V3+Ving?

1. Actiune care incepe in viitor si continua pana la un moment sau o alta actiune
din viitor: By the time I reach the top of the mountain, I will have been climbing
for five hours. sau They will have been singing this song for 20 minutes by 8
o'clock tomorrow / At the end of this month she will have been working here for
25 years.

· Sequence of Tenses (concordanta timpurilor)

In main clause, prop principala, vom avea Present Tense, iar in Subordinate
Clause, prop subordonata, vom avea urmatoarele raporturi:

Main clause Subordinate clause

1. Present Tense -----> a) anterioritate: Present Perfect Simple, "He assures

me that he has read the book si anterioritate cu Past Simple, " He assures me that
he read the book yesterday."

b) simultaneitate: cu Present Tense Simple, " He

asks me what the time is si cu Present Tense Continous, "He asks me where I am
going."
c) posterioritate: cu Future Tense Simple, " He
promises he will study Law" si cu Future Tense Continous, "He tells me he is going
to visit Paris."

2. Past Tense ----> a) anterioritate: cu Past Perfect Simple, " He told

me he had visited the castle (intai a vizitat castelul, de aceea folosim past perfect,
apoi mi-a spus ca l-a vizitat, de aceea folosim past simple) si cu Past Perfect
Continous, "He told me had been listening to music for 20 minutes."
b) simultaneitate: cu Past Simple, "She told me
that she loved me (cand mi-a spus ca ma iubea, actiunea de a iubi se intampla in
acelasi moment, simultaneitate), si cu Past Tense Continous, "She asked me where
I was going."

c) posterioritate: cu Future in the Past, " He

promised he would pass the exam (intai a promis, apoi a fost actiunea de a trece
examenul) si cu "was going to" astfel: He told me that he was going to buy a new
car. (intai mi-a spus ca urma sa isi cumpere o masina noua)
Tot la PAST TENSE ---> dupa punctul c, posterioritate, mai apar alte 2 raporturi:
vom avea schema, Past Tense---> posterioritate ---> a) anterioritate: cu Past
Perfect Simple in exemplul " El mi-a promis/ ca ma va vizita/ dupa ce va termina
munca", care se traduce " He promised me that he would visit me after he had
finished work. (Pentru ca intai mi-a promis folosim past simple, pentru ca apoi va
termina munca folosim past perfect simple, iar pt ca apoi ma va vizita folosim
future in the past).

Avem acum schema urmatoare: Past Tense---> posterioritate---> b)

simultaneitate: cu Past Simple in exemplul "El mi-a promis/ ca imi va returna
cartea/ cand va avea timp", care se traduce "He promised me that he would
return me the book when he had time. ( folosim past simple in prima propozitie
pentru actiunea de a promite din trecut, apoi folosim future in the past, "would
return" pentru actiunea viitoare din trecut si in final vom folosi past simple, "had",
pentru ca cele 2 actiuni vor fi simultane, cand va avea timp, atunci imi va returna
si cartea, iar dupa when nu se poate pune din nou viitor, stim asta de la viitorul
simplu, cazul 2)

3. Future Tense ----> a) anterioritate: cu Present Perfect Simple in

exemplul " I will visit Spain after I have graduated. (intai voi fi absolvit, de aceea
folosim Present perfect simple si pentru ca avem after in prima propozitie folosim
future simple, 'will visit", pentru ca e o actiune viitoare)

b) simultaneitate: cu Present Tense Simple in

exemplul " I will call you when I have time" si cu Present Tense Continous in
exemplul " I will be cooking dinner while mother is playing the piano".

ATENTIE!

Comparatie intre: a) Eu voi citi in timp ce tu vei canta, tradus " I will be reading
while you are singing". ( raport de simultaneitate, in a 2-a propozitie fiindca avem
"when" folosim present tense continous, ceea ce stim de la Future Tense
Continous, cazul 3).

b) Eu voi citi si tu vei canta, tradus " I will be reading and you will be singing."
( conjunctia "si" atrage dupa sine o propozitie la fel si de aceea se foloseste future
tense continous si in a 2-a propozitie.)

Cand se exprima un adevar general valabil, chiar daca celalalte verbe sunt la
trecut, verbul care reda adevarul general valabil va fi la timpul present tense
simple -----> The pupil said that five and five is ten.

· Tag Questions

Question Tags sunt construcții interogative scurte adăugate la sfârșitul unei

propoziții pentru a accentua acțiunea verbului principal. Daca in main clause avem
verb pozitiv, in tag question avem verb negativ, iar daca in main clause avem verb
negativ, in tag question vom avea verb pozitiv.

1. I like chocolate, don't I? ( se pune intrebarea Do I like chocolate si se va folosi

varianta de negativ deci don't I, verbul "like" nemaiscriindu-se fiind subinteles).

2. He is writting his homework, isn't he? (Is he writting his homework?)

El isi scrie tema, nu-i asa ca el isi scrie tema? ( Dar in limba engleza nu vom mai
pune nimic dupa "nu-i asa?", restul subintelegandu-se)
3. They have eaten a pizza, haven't they? (Have they eaten a pizza?)

4. We haven't been listening to music for 20 minutes, have we? ( Have we been
listening...?)

5. We visited Spain last year, didn't we? ( Did we visit Spain last year, in propozitia
principala avem verb pozitiv, urmeaza ca in a 2-a sa avem verb negativ)

6. We weren't skiing this time last winter, were we?

7. They had finished the project by 8 o'clock yesterday, hadn't they?

8. She had been running in the park for two hours when I called her, hadn't
she...?

9. You will pass the exam, won't you? ( will you pass the exam?)

10. He has two dogs, doesn't he? ( mare atentie pentru ca se pune intrebarea
"does he have two dogs" si de aceea se foloseste forma de negativ "doesn't he')

11. This/ that is Paul's pen, isn't it?

12. Nothing is wrong, is it?

EXCEPTII:
1. I am student, aren't I? (intotdeauna se va folosi la persoana I in tag question
forma "aren't")
I am not a student, am I? sau I am reading a book, aren't I?

2. Let's (let us) dance, shall we? (intotdeauna in cazul unei sugestii se va folosi in
tag question "shall")
Let's not dance, shall we?
Let me fix this for you, shall I? ( "Lasa-ma sa repar asta, vrei?")

3. Clean your room, will you? ( in cazul unui porunci ce contine un verb la
imperativ, "curata-ti camera", in tag question se va folosi "will" cu sensul de "vrei")
Don't be rude, will you?
Atentie!
Let her go out, will you? (fiindca avem alt pronume decat pronumele de persoana
I singular sau plural dupa let atunci se considera ca e vorba de un ordin, un verb la
imperativ si vom folosi will in tag question)

4. I don't think she was happy, was she?

I think that she wasn't happy, was she?

5. Pronume nehotarate: nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody,

everybody. In cazul lor, desi in main clause (propozitie principala) le atribuim verb
de persoana a lll-a singular, in tag question ele se transforma in persoana a lll-a
plural (they). Anybody, anyone se pot folosi atat in propozitii interogative, cat si in
propozitii negative.

Everybody makes mistakes.

Somebody is watching me, aren't they?

Nobody has come to my party, have they? (se pune intrebarea "has anybody
come to my party", deci se respecta regula si "has" se transforma in "have")

Everybody is at the concert, aren't they?

No one had entered the house by 8 o'clock, had they? ( Fiindca avem "no one",
care indica negativul, in tag question se va folosi o forma pozitiva)

Someone will fall in love with you, won't they?

ATENTIE!!!

La orice alti termeni care pot imprima caracter negativ actiunii din main clause,
cum ar fi adverbul de negatie "hardly":
She had hardly entered the house, had she? ( fiindca in prima propozitie avem
adv de negatie hardly, in cea de-a doua vom folosi forma afirmativa a verbului)

· "Few" versus "a few"

"Few" are caracter negativ, iar "a few" are caracter pozitiv si ambele se folosesc cu
substantive numarabile.
 · "Little" versus "a little"

"Little" are caracter negativ, iar "a little" are caracter pozitiv si ambele se folosesc
cu substantive nenumarabile.
I have few ideas for this project, do I?
I have a few ideas, don't I?
There is little milk left, is there?
There is a little milk left, isn't there?
Putem sa inlocuim "little" si "few" astfel: We saw little -----> We saw hardly
anything / We didn't see much.

· If Clauses

Conditionala de tip 1 (pentru viitor): Daca vei invata/ vei trece examenul./ ----> se
traduce: If you learn,/ you will pass the exam/.

Conditionala de tip 2 (pentru prezent): Daca ai invata,/ ai trece examenul./ ----> If

you learned,/ you would pass the exam./

Conditionala de tip 3 ( pentru trecut): Daca ai fi invatat,/ ai fi trecut examenul./

----> If you had learned,/ you would have passed the exam./

La conditionala de tipul 1 avem present simple in propozitia conditionala si future

simple (will+Verb1) in propozitia principala.

If you pay him,1/ you he will do it. 2/ ( P1- propozitie conditionala, P2- propozitie
principala)
La conditionala de tipul 2 avem past simple in propozitia conditionala si future in
the past ( would+Verb1) in propozitia principala.

If you paid him,1/ he would do it.2/ ( P1- propozitie conditionala, P2- propozitie
principala)
La conditionala de tipul 3 avem past perfect simple in propozitia conditionala si
future perfect in the past ( would+have+Verb3) in propozitia principala.

If you had paid him,1/ he would have done it.2/ ( P1- propozitie conditionala, P2-
propozitie principala)

EXCEPTII!

a) La conditionala de tipul 1:

1. If+S+should+V1 / If+S+happen to+V1 ( pentru a exprima o actiune putin

probabila, sintagmele "se va intampla", respectiv "totusi" scot din sfera banalului
o actiune, facand-o una putin probabila):

Daca se va intampla sa o intalnesti pe Marry, ce vei face? se traduce: "If you

should meet Mary, what will you do?

Caz de omisiune "if" (reformularea frazei de mai sus): Should you meet Mary,
what will you do?

If you happen to see Mary, what will you do?

2. If+S+will+V1 (pt exprimare politicoasa, amabila): "Daca vei fi atat de amabil sa

ma ajuti, iti voi fi recunoscator" se traduce: "If you will be so kind to help me, I
will be grateful to you. (numai in acest caz se poate folosi viitor atat in propozitia
principala, cat si in cea subordonata!)

3. Un caz extrem de rar este acela cand folosim imperativul in locul lui "if": Get me
some cigarettes, and I will pay you later.

b) La conditionala de tipul 2: If+S+were to+V1 / If+S+should+V1 (pentru actiuni

putin probabile)

1.Daca ai vedea o fantoma, ce ai face? tradus: " If you were to see a ghost, what
would you do?

Caz de omisiune if (reformulare a frazei de mai sus): Were you to see a ghost,
what would you do?

If you should see a ghost, what would you do?

Caz de omisiune if: Should you see a ghost, what would you do?

Este posibila si formularea: If you happened to see a ghost, what would you do?

2. If+S+would+V1 (exprimare politicoasa, numai aici se foloseste viitorul in trecut

in ambele propozitii ca in exemplul de la exceptiile Conditionalei de tip 1, punctul
2): Daca ai fi atat de amabil sa ma ajuti, ti-as fi recunoscator. se traduce: " If you
would be so kind to help me, I would be grateful to you.
Putem avea caz de omisiune if fara vreo conditie speciala: Were I you, I would do
that.

3. S+could+V1 (pentru a exprima capacitatea de a efectua o actiune):

Daca ai invata mai mult, ai putea trece examenul, tradus "If you learned more,
you could pass the exam.

4. S+might+V1 (pentru a exprima posibilitatea efectuarii unei actiuni):

"Daca ai iesi afara fara geaca, ai putea/ ar fi posibil sa racesti" tradusa "If you
went out without a coat,/ you might catch a cold.

Atentie!
"To be" devine "were" la toate persoanele!

c) La conditionala de tip 3 avem caz de omisiune "if" fara vreo conditie speciala:
Had you learned, you would have passed the exam.

2. S+could+have+V3 ( pt a exprima capacitatea efectuarii unei actiuni):

If you had learned more, you could have passed the exam.

3. S+might+have+V3 ( pt a exprima posibilitatea efectuarii unei actiuni):

If you had gone out without a coat, you might have caught a cold.

4. Putem folosi si participiul trecut: Woken up in time, she would have caught the
train.
5. Past Conditonal + Continous este folosit pentru a arata o actiune continua: Had
she left some food in the house, the cats wouldn't have been starving for a week.
(Daca ea ar fi lasat niste mancare in casa, pisicile nu ar fi murit de foame pentru o
saptamana.)

6. Foarte rar intalnim Were+Subiect+Perfect Infinitive (to have+V3):

If I were to have seen / Were I to have seen him, I would have invited him to my
party.

Conditionale cu expresia "but for" (daca nu ar fi) care este intotdeauna insotita de
substantiv, iar aceasta expresie se foloseste in cazul conditionalelor de tip 2 si 3:

1. Pentru conditionala de tip 2: Daca nu ar fi politistii, lumea ar fi un loc periculos

tradusa "If it weren't for the cops, the world would be a dangerous place. Aceasta
fraza se rescrie cu ajutorul lui "but for" astfel: " But for the cops, the world would
be a dangerous place." Aceste 2 fraze se mai pot rescrie in maniera urmatoare:
Were it not for the cops, the world would be a dangerous place.

2. Pentru conditionala de tip 3: Daca nu ar fi fost salvamarii, copilul s-ar fi innecat

tradusa "If it hadn't been for the life-guards, the child would have drowned.
Aceasta fraza se rescrie "But for the life-guards, the child would have drowned.
(but for= if it hadn't been for"). Aceste 2 fraze se mai pot rescrie si astfel: "Had it
not been for the life-guards, the child would have drowned".
"But for" poate fi inlocuit si cu "without+substantiv" : Without your father, we
couldn't have done that exercise.

Mixed types:

a) Conditionala de tip 2 + Condtionala de tip 3, in main clause avem "present

condtional" (would +V1), iar in If clause avem "past perfect".

Exemplu: Ea ar fi fericita acum/ daca ar fi castigat concursul saptamana trecuta,

tradus "She would be happy now, if she had won the contest last week.

Putem intalni in cazul combinatiei If Clause 3 + If Clause 2 "Were to" + perfect

infinitive: If she were to have been/ Were she to have been honest to him that
time, he would trust her with his money now.

b) Conditionala de tip 3 + Conditionala de tip 2, in main clause avem "past

conditional" (would+have+V3), iar in If Clause "past simple".

Exemplu: Eu m-as fi antrenat mai mult anul trecut, daca as avea mai mult timp in
general, tradus "I would have trained harder last year if I had more time in
general.

c) Conditionala de tip 2 + Conditionala de tipul 1 (acest caz e foarte rar intalnit), in

if clause avand "past simple", iar in main clause avand "future simple": If nobody
phoned him, he won't come to my party.

Alte conjunctii folosite pentru a introduce o conditionala: unless,

providing/provided, in case, on condition that, supposing/suppose (that), as/so
long as, otherwise, or else, even if, what if, imagine.

We will go up to the mountains this weekend as long as the weather is okay.

I won't take an umbrella unless it rains. ( Nu putem pune verb negativ pe langa
"unless")
In case I meet her, I will tell her the truth.

The librarian will lend you books providing that you return them in due time.
He will arrive in time for dinner on condition that the train isn't late.

Suppose she forgot the key! (Ne luam dupa timpul past simple si se subintelege
intrebarea "what would happen?")

Suppose it starts raining, what will we do?

Supposing they had missed the train! ( "what would have happened?")

Imagine we hadn't met all those years ago. (avem conditionala de tip 3)

You should have your air conditioning serviced, otherwise / or else you will waste
a lot of energy.

Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train.

What if you are not accepted to university? What will you do then?

Alte variante de timpuri folosite in propozitie conditionale:

1.If you boil water, it turns to vapour. (adevar general valabil, de aceea folosim
present simple)

2. If you greet him, he always smiles at you. (reactie obisnuita repetata, folosim
present simple)

3. If he said that, he was right. ( conditie reala in trecut!)

4. If you did the right thing last night, you will be happy in ten years time.

5. If you have finished your essay, read it to me.

6. If she passes the exam, she will have studied hard.

7. If Albert bought that car, I am happy.

8. If Jane didn't succeed then, she will try to do it again.

9. If you missed the TV programme last night, you can borrow my recording.

10. If you are making a cup of cofee, I will have one too.

11. If the rain stops, we can take out the big toy and play with it. (posibilitatea
efectuarii unei actiuni)

12. If you don't stop now, you will have used all before he arrives here.
13. Unless you tell her yourself, she need never discover what happened.

14. If only I had known the truth, I would have reacted differently. -----> If I had
known the truth, I would have reacted differently. ( Sa fi stiut, as fi reactionat
diferit.)

15. If only she hadn't lied to her friends, she wouldn't be so miserable now.

· Tenses after "it's time/ it's high time/ it's about time"

1. Folosim Past Tense dupa modelul: The exam is next week. It's high time/ it's
about time/ it's time you started learning. ( E cam timpul sa inveti, ideea de
urgentare)

2. Folosim "for+Subiect+infinitv lung (to): It's time for you to start learning.

· Tenses after "had better"

1. Pentru actiuni prezente ( folosim Verb 1): You'd better learn for the exam than
watch TV.

2. Pentru actiuni trecute ( folosim have+ V3): You had better have talked to him
yesterday. ( Ar fi fost mai bine sa fi vorbit cu el ieri)
 · Tenses after "would rather/would sooner"

1. Aceeasi persoana, actiuni prezente (folosim V1): I would rather watch TV

than play football.

2. Aceeasi persoana, actiuni trecute (folosim have+V3): I would rather have

watched TV than played football yesterday.

3. Persoane diferite, actiuni prezente (folosim past tense): I would rather they
were more attentive. (As prefera ca ei sa fie mai atenti)
I'd rather you invited your friends inside for a hot tea than froze here.

4. Persoane diferite, actiuni trecute (folosim past perfect simple): Eu as fi

preferat ca ei sa fi fost atenti saptamana trecuta ----> I would rather they had
been more attentive last week.

!!!! "to be" devine "were" la toate persoanele

· Tenses after "wish"

1. Actiuni dorite in prezent cu sanse mici de realizare (folosim Past Simple): I wish I
were a pilot. (mi-as dori sa...)
!!!! "to be" devine "were" la toate persoanele.

2. Actiuni dorite, dar neefectuate in trecut (folosim Past Perfect Simple): I wish I
had spent my weekend in Caraibe.

3. Actiune viitoare putin probabila (folosim future in the Past, adica would+V1): I
wish I would win the lottery next week.

4. Dorinta cu privire la abilitati viitoare (folosim could+V1)

I wish I could fly.

5. If only il inlocuieste pe "wish" doar ca are un efect mai dramatic:

If only I could fly.

· Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (vorbire directa & indirecta)

La trecerea din vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta nu opereaza nicio

schimbare cand verbul introductiv/declarativ din vorbirea directa este la prezent.
Insa, daca verbul declarativ/introductiv este la trecut, toate verbele din vorbirea
directa i se supun acestuia (verbului la trecut, mai precis, se dau cu un timp mai in
spate).

1. "I love ice-cream! mother says" se transforma in "Mother says that she loves
ice-cream.

2. "I like this cake, father said" se transforma in "Father said that he loved that
cake. (Pentru ca avem "past simple", respectiv "father said", verbul "like" va trece
la forma de trecut devenind "love", iar pronumele "this" va deveni "that").
Pronumele demonstrative de apropiere se transforma in pronume demonstrative
de departare.

3. I saw you yesterday, John said se transforma in John said that he had seen me
the day before/the previous day. (trebuie sa fim atenti la timpuri, se folosesc
aceleasi timpuri invatate la concordanta timpurilor!)

4.I will see you tomorrow, Jane said. se transforma in "Jane said that she would
see me the next day."

5. "I have eaten a pie in this park, John said." se transforma in "John said that he
had eaten a pie in that park"

6. "Please do not move my pictures, said Olga" se transforma in "Olga asked me

not to move her pictures.

7. "I don't like people telling me what to do in the kitchen" se transforma in "I
don't like being told what to do in the kitchen".

8. "What a sunny day! she said." se transforma in "She said it was a sunny day"

9. "Will you make me one? I asked Terry." se transforma in "I asked Terry to make
me one.
10. "Go home and rest, the doctor said" se transforma in "The doctor said that I
was to go home and rest."

11. Question tags sunt omise in vorbirea indirecta:

"He is not lying, is he? she said" se transforma in "She wondered if he was lying."

12. "How tired I am!" se transforma in "The woman complained of how tired she
was." sau "The woman complained that she was tired."

13. Daca propozitiile interogative sunt introduse prin pronume relativ-interogative,

in momentul trecerii la vorbirea indirecta ordinea cuvintelor ramane la fel ca in
cazul propozitiilor afirmative:
"Where have you been all night?" her father asked. se transforma in "Her father
asked hed where she had been all night.

14. "I will have finished the work by 10 o'clock", he said. se transforma in "He
said that he would have finished the work by 10 o'clock.

NOTA BENE!

La trecerea din vorbirea directa in vorbire indirecta, dupa un verb

declarativ/introductiv la trecut nu opereaza nicio schimbare in cazul expresiilor de
genul: would rather/ sooner, wish, had better, it's time, would like.
"I would rather play on the computer, Tom" said se transforma in Tom said that
he would rather play on the computer.
"You had better learn for the exam, mother exclaimed" se transforma in "Mother
exclaimed that I had better learn for the exam."
"I wish I were a pilot, Dan said se transforma in Dan said he wished he were a
pilot." ( "wish" trece la past simple, iar cum am spus anterior, timpul de dupa
"wish", "were" ramane neschimbat)

ALTE EXCEPTII!

1."Every person is capable of making mistakes, said my teacher." (adevar general

vallabil) se va transforma in " My teacher said that every person is capable of
making mistakes." In acest caz timpul de dupa "is" va ramane neschimbat datorita
cazului "adevar general valabil".

2. "If you learn, you will pass the exam, Silviu said." se transforma in "Silviu said
that if I learned, I would pass the exam." ( Conditionala de tip 1 la trecerea din
vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta se transforma in conditionala de tipul 2)

3."If you ate more, you would get fat, said my trainer." se transforma in " My
trainer said if i had eaten more, I would have got fat. ( Contidionala de tip 2 la
trecerea din vorbea directa in vorbirea indirecta se transforma conditionala de
tipul 3)

4. "If you had worked, you would have received your salary, said the boss." se
transforma in "The boss said if I had worked, I would have received my salary.

5. Putem folosi in cazul intrebarilor obisnuite, al celor care incep cu un verb

auxiliar sau modal, la trecerea din vorbirea directa in cea indirecta atat if, cat si
whether:
"Do you want to play Monopoly?" asked Jane. se transforma in "Jane asked if/
whether we want to play Monopoly."
Whether exprima de obicei o indoiala si este folosit ca o posibila alegere intre 2
alternative:
"Will you go to the mountains or will you spend this weekend in town?" my friend
asked me. se transforma in "My friend asked me whether I would go to the
mountains or would spend that weekend in town."

ATENTIE!

Cand in vorbirea directa intalnim if clause de tipul 2, in vorbirea indirecta dupa un

verb declarativ la trecut if clause 2 se transforma in if clause 3 sau poate sa
ramana if clause 2 in functie de distanta dintre vorbirea directa si vorbirea
indirecta, cazul reproducerii imediate.
Mary said he is too busy to come. (Mary doar ce mi-a spus ca este prea ocupata
ca sa vina)

Când schimbați vorbirea directă în vorbire indirectă, au loc unele modificări. În

general, cuvintele care exprimă „apropierea” în vorbirea directă devin cuvinte care
exprimă „îndepărtarea” în vorbirea indirectă:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I he/she
we they
my his/her
our their
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
ago before
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow in two days' time

Cand vrem sa facem referire la cuvintele vorbitorului, noi nu doar aplicăm reguli
mecanic, interpretăm ceea ce auzim sau citim si folosim verbele introductive
(agree, demand, promise, refuse, forbid, complain, explain etc):
Yes, I will do it again. -----> He agreed to do it again.
Yes, she is very kind. -----> He agreed that she was very kind.
Tell me the truth. -----> He demanded to be told the truth.
Would you like me to drive you home? -----> He offered to drive me home.
I will pay you on Friday. -----> He promised to pay me on friday. / He promised
that he would pay me on Friday.
No, I won't tell you her secret. -----> He refused to tell me her secret.
Keep quiet or I will punish you. -----> He threatened to punish me if I did not keep
quiet.
I witnessed the crime. -----> He claimed to have witnessed the crime.
I saw the accident. -----> He claimed that he had seen the accident.
You should talk about your problems. -----> He advised me to talk about my
problems.
Please, please do not hit the dog. -----> He begged me not to hit the dog.
Please, close the door. -----> He asked me to close the door.
Move to your right. -----> He commanded me to move to my right.
Go ahead, say what you think. -----> He encouraged me to say what I thought.
You must not come home after eleven. -----> He forbade us to come home after
eleven.
Mix the eggs with the flour. -----> He instructed me to mix the eggs with the flour.
I would like you to come to my party -----> He invited me (to go) to his party.
Do not leave your room again. -----> He ordered me not to leave my room again.
You may speak to the judge. -----> He permitted / allowed me to speak to the
judge.
Do not forget to turn the lights off. -----> He reminded me to turn the lights off.
Try to have sympathy for the family. -----> He urged me to try to have sympathy
for the family.
Do not touch the wire with wet hands. -----> He warned me not to touch the wire
with wet hands.
You act as if you were guilty. -----> He accused me of acting as if I had been guilty.
Yes, I am wrong. -----> He admitted to being wrong.
No, I did not eat your cake. -----> He denied having eaten my cake.
You must wear that blouse. -----> He insisted on me/ my wearing that blouse.
It is a tragedy! -----> He exclaimed that it was a tragedy.
Your request is being reviewed. -----> He informed me that my request was being
reviewed.
It is a complicated problem. -----> He explained / remarked that it was a
complicated problem.
I am the fastest runner of all. -----> He boasted of / about being the fastest runner
of all.
I'd rather do it myself. -----> He said he preferred doing it himself.

· The Passive Voice

Vom avea schema care cuprinde verb principal la "x" timp la diateaza activa
insotita de verbul auxiliar "to be", la diateza pasiva verbul auxiliar se va duce la
timpul "x" si va fi insotit de verbul principal la forma a 3-a.

1. I eat apples every day. -----> Apples are eaten by me every day. (verbul "eat"
este la present simple, deci vom folosi verbul auxiliar "to be" la acelasi timp +
participiul verbului de conjugat si rezulta forma a 3-a a verbului "eat", adica
"eaten")

2. I am writing my homework now. -----> My homework is being written by me

now.

3. Father has painted the fence. -----> The fence has been painted by father.

4. I have been listening to music for 20 minutes. -----> Music has been beeing
listened by me for 20 minutes. (chiar daca present perfect continous are o
forma mai lunga se va trece la pasiv verbul "to be" la aceasta forma in locul
verbului "listening" plus participiul verbului de conjugat, "listened")

5. I visited Spain last summer. -----> Spain was visited by me last summer.
6. I was watching a movie yesterday morning. -----> The movie was being
watched by me yesterday morning.

7. I had visited the castle by yesterday. -----> The castle had been visited by me
by yesterday.

8. I had been climbing the hill for ten minutes when the rain started. -----> The
hill had been beeing climbed by me for ten minutes when the rain started.

9. I will visit you tomorrow. -----> You will be visited by me tomorrow.

10. My parents will be cooking dinner tomorrow evening. -----> Dinner will be
being cooked by my parents.

11. Father will have finished the project by 2020. The project will have been
finished by father by 2020.

12. They will have been singing this song for 20 minutes by 8'o clock
tomorrow. -----> This song will have been being sung by them for 20 minutes
by 8 o'clock tomorrow.

13. I love eating cereals. -----> Cereals love being eaten by me.

14. a) The mechanic will repair my car tomorrow -----> I will have my car
repaired by the mechanic tomorrow.
 b) Bob arranged for his car to be repaired -----> Bob had his car repaired. (
he didn't repair his car himself, he asked the mechanic to do it)
c) In locul verbului "to have" putem folosi si verbul "to get" avand acelasi
sens:
I am having my hair cut this afternoon -----> I am getting my hair cut this
afternoon.

15. Some red flowers were offered to the girl by the boy. -----> The girl was
offered some flowers by the boy.

16.To my surprise, in the shop, there was nothing to be had for love or money.
(nu era chiar bun de avut)

17. We must tell Dominic about the concert. -----> Dominic must be told the
truth.

18. We should tell Jenny about the party. -----> Jenny should be told about the
party.

19. Vom reda un verb cu prepozitie de la diateza activa la cea pasiva astfel:
People shouted at the prime minister during his speech. -----> The prime
minister was shouted at during his speech.

20. Putem folosi si get+complement+infinitiv pentru a arăta că cineva convinge

pe altcineva să facă ceva -----> He got his mum to bake him a cake. ( He
persuaded his mom to bake him a cake.)
21. Folosim verbul "to get" pentru a exprima un ordin sau sfat insistent ----->
Get your shoes cleaned first! (Curata-ti pantofii intai!)

22. Putem folosi schema Have/get+complement+participiu pentru a inlocui

verbul la diateza pasiva sensul ramanand acelasi:
His car was stolen.
He got his car stolen.
He had his car stolen.

23. Folosim make/have+complement+infinitiv scurt pentru a pune pe cineva sa

faca un anumit lucru -----> He had him sew the button onto her blouse. ( L-a
pus sa ii coasa nasturele de la bluza) / He makes him do everything for her. ( Il
pune sa faca totul pentru el)

24. I don't like people telling me what to do in the kitchen. -----> I don't like
being told what to do in the kitchen.

· Modal Verbs

- nu au infinitiv lung ( se va scrie "can", "must", nu "to can" sau "to must")

-nu sunt urmate de infinitv lung, e interzis a se folosi infinitivul lung dupa
verbul modal
- nu primesc "s" la persoana a 3-a singular

-formeaza interogativul prin inversiune fara auxiliarele (do, did, does)

-formeaza negativul prin adaugarea particulei "not"

-de obicei se folosesc la prezent pentru ca la alte timpuri au inlocuitori

modali

CAN ("TO BE ABLE TO")

I can swim. I will be able to swim. ( pentru viitor vom folosi in locul lui "can",
"to be able to"). "Can" se foloseste:

1.Pentru a arata aspectul continuu al verbelor de perceptie (to

see/hear/smell/touch/feel) care in mod normal nu sunt folosite la aspectul
continuu: I can see you now. (actiune in desfasurare, aptitudine in prezent)

2. Pentru a cere permisiunea in limbajul familiar, informal: Can I go to the

disco? ( a cere voie parintilor)

3. Pentru a exprima o posibilitate data de imprejurari: If the snow is good,

we can go skiing.

4. Folosit la negativ, "can't", arata imposibilitatea unei actiuni prezente: I

don't see any light in the window. They can't be at home.

5. Can't+have+Verb3 arata imposibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut: I saw him

yesterday. You can't have seen him yesterday. He was out of town. (nu ai
cum sa il fi vazut, este plecat din oras)

6. Pentru a exprima critici: You can be really annoying, you know!

7. Pentru a exprima o posibilitate ocazionala si anume: Mumps can be a

dangerous disease. ( nu este de obicei așa, dar ocazional oreionul poate
pune viața oamenilor în pericol)

Can versus To be able to:

Can se foloseste pentru a exprima capacitatea efectuarii uneti actiuni in

prezent la modul general: I can swim.

To be able to se foloseste pentru a exprima capacitatea de a efectua o

actiune in prezent, in anumite imprejurari, de obicei nefavorabile: I am able
to swim altough the sea is rough. (chiar daca marea e agitata)

COULD (was/were able to)

1. E forma de trecut a lui "can" pt trecerea din vorbire directa in vorbire

indirecta, dupa un vb declarativ la trecut: I can swim, he said ----> He said
that he could swim.
2. Se foloseste pt a exprima capacitatea de a efectua o actiune in trecut la
modul general: He could swim last year.

3. Spre deosebire de "could", "was/were able to" se foloseste pentru a

exprima capacitatea de a efectua o actiune in trecut in anumite imprejurari,
de obicei nefavorabile: He was able to swim last year although the sea was
rough.

4. Se foloseste pentru a cere permisiunea in limbaj familiar, e mai politicos

decat "can": Could I go to the disco?

5. Imposibilitatea unui eveniment in trecut ( "couldn't+have+V3" e acelasi

lucru cu "can't+have+V3"): I saw him yesterday. You couldn't have seen him
yesterday. He was out of town.

6. Se foloseste pentru a reda aspectul continuu al verbelor de perceptie in

trecut: She could hear me although she was talking on the phone.

7. Pentru a exprima întâmplări din trecut care nu mai sunt posibile astăzi:
Before World War ll such cars could often be seen in the streets.

8. Pentru a exprima un repros: You could at least help me.

NEED
a) Ca verb normal, are urmatoarele intelesuri: a presupune, a avea nevoie
de si poate fi urmat de catre un complement direct exprimat prin
substantiv, pronume, gerunziu sau infinitiv lung.
Exemple: I need a car to get home.
My girfriend needs me.
His car needs washing. (verb la gerunziu, are nevoie de spalare)
I need to make a call. (infinitiv)
Pentru a forma interogativul si negativul folosim auxiliare: do, does, did.-----
> Do you need her to solve your problems?

b) Ca verb modal are intelesurile: a fi nevoie, a fi necesar.

Negativul si interogativul au aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele,

exemplu: Your baby is ok. You needn't worry sau "Need we wake up so
early during this weeknd?

In propozitii afirmative "need" poate fi insotit de adverbe precum: hardly,

scarcely, never. ----> You hardly need repeat the lesson. (abia daca mai e
necesar/ nu prea e necesar.)

Folosirea lui "need" la inceputul unei propozitii interogative arata speranta

vorbitorului intr-un raspuns negativ. ( "Need I write my homework again?",
se subintelege raspunsul "I hope not")

Reluam punctul a) de mai sus, ca verb normal exprimand o actiune

obisnuita: Do I need to take these pills every day?, iar ca verb modal
exprima o actiune specifica: Need I take this pill now?
Ca verb normal, "didn't need to+V1" exprima o actiune care nu trebuia
efectuata si nici nu a fost efectuata: I didn't need to do my project again
because it was good. Ca verb modal, "needn't have+V3" exprima o actiune
care nu ar fi trebuit efectuata, dar a fost efectuata: I needn't have taken my
umbrella because it didn't rain at all.

Must needs subliniaza ideea unei obligatii sau necesitati externe:

You must needs see that man today.
Needs must are un puternic sens sarcastic:
She needs must ring me now when I have so much work to do. (S-a gasit sa
ma sune fix acum cand am atata treaba)
Need se mai foloseste foarte rar in propozitii interogative pentru a exprima
iritarea: Need I tell how dissapointed I am?

SHOULD

Should este forma de trecut a lui "shall" pentru trecerea din vorbire directa
in vorbire indirecta dupa un vb declarativ la trecut: Shall we eat something?
suggested Tom -----> Tom suggested that we should eat something.

"Should+have+V3" care e egal cu "ought to+have+V3" se foloseste pentru

a exprima o actiune care ar fi trebuit efectuata in trecut: You should have
told me the truth.

"Should +V1" se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune care ar trebui

efectuata in prezent, un sfat, o sugestie, o critica: You should spend more
time with your parents.
Should se foloseste in If clause 1 si 2 pentru a exprima actiuni putin
probabile si se mai foloseste dupa verbele: to advise, propose, insist, urge,
demand, require, recommand, order -----> The doctor advised that you
should take the pills every six hours. Se mai foloseste si dupa substantivele:
proposal, advice, recommendation, demand, requirement, requestment,
order etc. -----> His father's advice that he should become a lawyer was
accepted.

Should se foloseste si in cazurile: a) In purpose clause (propozitia

circumstantiala de scop), introdus prin "so that", "lest" ( ca nu cumva sa):
She put the key on the doormat (covor de usa) so that the children should
find it.
She was wearing a wig (peruca) lest people should recognize her. Dupa
"lest" urmeaza mereu un verb la forma afirmativa.

b) Pentru a exprima probabilitatea (90%): If she is two-years-old, she should

know how to say "mom" and "dad".

c) Pentru a exprima obligatia: Students should pay more attention while

learning.

d) Pentru a exprima surpriza in intrebari retorice: Whom should he meet

there but his former classmate? (cu cine mai putea sa se intalneasca daca
nu chiar cu fostul coleg)

e) Asteptari: The film should be really good.

f) Pentru a exprima un repros: You shouldn't have spoken to Mrs Todd like
that. (poate fi folosita si forma "ought to" in locul lui "should")

OUGHT TO il inlocuieste pe should in cazurile de mai sus si se mai foloseste

pentru a arata necesitatea efectuarii unei actiuni: I ought to dye my hair.

Ought to se foloseste si pentru a exprima datoria morala: Chidren ought to

listen to their parents.

WILL

Se foloseste:

1. Obicei al unei persoane la 3-a singular, dar merge si persoana I -----> He

will ride his bycicle near my house everyday.

2. Pentru a arata probabilitatea ( e mai precis decat "would"):

That boy with that red hat will be Edy, I'm almost sure.

3. Pentru a critica un comportament uzual al unei persoane: He will slam

the door every time he goes out. ("El va tranti usa de fiecare data cand va
iesi", acesta este obiceiul lui care il deranjeaza pe vorbitor)

4. In cazul cererilor politicoase impreuna cu "won't": Will you shut the door
please?
Won't you come in and take a seat? ("Won't" suna mai convingator)
5. E folosit foarte rar pentru a denota o atitudine hotarata:
We will win the match by all means! We can't be defeated.

6. Foarte rar este folosit si pentru a exprima o actiune inevitabila, care are
loc destul de des:
In spring, thick dark clouds will bring a thunder storm. (Primavara, norii
grosi si negri vor aduce furtuna)

WOULD

Este forma de trecut a lui "will" la trecerea din vorbirea directa in vorbirea
indirecta dupa un verb declarativ la trecut: Will you do me a favour? he
asked -----> He asked if I would do him a favour.

Would se foloseste:
a) Pentru o actiune obisnuita a unei persoane in trecut ----> During his
holiday, he would wake up late.

b) In cazul rugamintilor politicoase: (e mai politicos decat "will"):

Would you please lend me some money?

c) Pentru a exprima probabilitatea: That boy with that red hat would be Edy,
but I'm not that sure.
d) Pentru a exprima refuzul in trecut: I asked my father to give me some
money but he wouldn't.

e) Criticând un exemplu specific de comportament general al cuiva: You

would take the car just when I wanted to go out.

f) In cazul invitatiilor: Would you like to come to my party?

USED TO

Atat "used to", cat si "would" pot fi folosite pentru a reda obiceiuri din
trecut.

Grandpa used to smoke a lot during the army.

Diferenta dintre "used to" si "would" este ca "used to" poate fi folosit cu
verbele de stare (see, seem, smell, hear, love addore, be), pe cand "would"
nu poate fi folosit: Grandpa used to see better when he was young.

MUST ( "HAVE TO")

Must ----> pentru a exprima o obligatie urgenta: I must go to the hospital

now. I'm sick!

Have to ----> pentru a exprima o obligatie obisnuita repetata: I have to go to

the hospital because I work there.

Must ----> pentru a exprima o obligatie interna din punctul de vedere al

vorbitorului: The train leaves at 6.30. It is 6 now. I must leave now. (se
subintelege ca e decizia mea)

Have to ----> pentru a exprima o obligatie externa: I have to go or I'll miss

the bus.

Must ----> probabilitate in prezent (must+V1, 99%): He isn't at school. He

must be ill.

Must ----> probabilitate in trecut (must+have+V3): He took a good mark at

the exam. He must have learned a lot.

Must e folosit foarte rar in cazul unei invitatii politicoase ----> You must
come and see us.

"To be supposed to" presupune o obligatie. Este ceva ce o altă persoană se

așteaptă să faci. -----> All of the employees are supposed to attend today's
meeting.

Must poate fi inlocuit de "I'm certain/ I'm sure", "It's compulsory to/that",
"To be obliged to", "To be forced to":
I am sure you are tired. -----> You must be tired.
The train leaves at 6:30. It is 6 now. I am obliged to leave now. ----->The
train leaves at 6:30. It is 6 now. I must leave now. (Se subintelege ca este
decizia mea)
MUST NOT / MUSTN'T

Reprezinta interdictia de a efectua ceva si mai poate fi inlocuit de "It is

forbidden" sau "You are forbidden from + verb ing": You mustn't cross the
street when the light is red. / You are forbidden from crossing the street
when the light is red.

DON'T / DOESN'T HAVE TO

Reprezinta ceva ce nu e necesar: You don't have to wake up early on

weekends.

NOTA BENE!
1) Verbul modal "must" e cel mai apropiat ca nuanta de certitudine.

2) Absența obligației nu este niciodată redată de "must not", ci de "don't

have to", "haven't got to" sau "needn't":
Pupil: "Must we do exercise 5, too?"
Teacher: a) "Yes, you must" -----> Dar absenta obligatiei:
b) No, you don't have to/ haven't got to/ needn't.

DARE

Ca verb normal, "dare" are intelesul de "to challenge": He dared me to fight

with him. Ca verb modal, I dare say/ daresay = I suppose: Tom hasn't
arrived yet, but I dare say he will arrive soon, iar "I dare say" poate avea si
sensul de "I accept what you say":
-I'm a member of this club!
- I dare say you are, but please show me your ID.

"Dare" se mai foloseste si pentru a exprima un repros/ iritarea:

How dare you talk to me like that?

MAY ( "TO BE PERMITTED TO" / TO BE ALLOWED TO")

Se foloseste:
a) In cazul in care ne este permis sa facem ceva si pentru a cere
permisiunea in limbaj oficial: May I go to the bathroom? In case I am at
school. / You may leave the table when you finish your dinner.

b) Pentru a exprima posibiltatea prezenta sau trecuta (50%, arata un grad

de indoiala mai mic decat "might): He may come at dinner tonight.

c) Posibilitate in trecut (may+have+V3):

I may have caught a cold yesterday.

d) Nepermisiune in limbaj oficial: You may not go to the bathroom during

the exam.
Posibilitatea poate fi redata si cu expresia "It is likely that he will arrive
tonight."

MIGHT

Este forma de trecut a lui "may" la trecerea din vorbirea directa in vorbirea
indirecta dupa un verb declarativ la trecut: May I have a glass of water?
----> He asked if he might have a glass of water.

Se foloseste:
a) Folosit la inceputul unei propozitii interogative arata teama vorbitorului
de un raspuns negativ ( "Might I use your phone?"= "As putea folosi
telefonul..."cu teama subinteleasa de refuz)

b) Pentru a arata posibilitatea prezenta ( grad de indoiala mai mare decat la

"may"): He might come, but I'm not that sure.

c) Posibilitate in trecut: I might have caught a cold yesterday.

d) Repros: You might have told me that you came in town.

e) Foarte rar e folosit pentru a arata o cerere insistenta: You might make me
a cup of tea. ( denota o cerere intre prieteni)
f) Pentru a exprima permisiunea in trecut: We might use the dictionary
during the exam.

ATENTIE!

Expresiile "It's possible", "maybe", "perhaps", "as well as" cer "may"/
"might".
Verbul "try" este insotit de "may" / "might" in propozitii de genul: Try as I
might, I could not win the contest.
Expresia "as well" poate fi insotita de "may" / "might" in propozitiile de
genul: This film is boring, we might as well go home!
"Certainly" si "I'm sure" il pot inlocui pe "must": I'm sure she is at school
now. = She must be at school now.

"To be bound to" / "To be certain" / "To be sure" sunt folosite pentru a
spune că ceva este sigur că se va întâmpla în viitor: It is sure / It is bound to
rain tomorrow. (I am sure)
His holiday is over, he has no other choice so he is bound to come back this
evening. ( "To be bound to" are sensul de a fi fortat de imprejurari)

· The Subjunctive Mood

A. The synthetical subjunctive:

a) forma veche: e folosit pentru a exprima o dorinta, urare sau blestem
----> Long live the king! ("Sa traiasca regele!"), "Be happy!", "God bless
you!", "Let ABC be a triangle."
Cele de mai sus pot fi exprimate si prin subjonctivul analitic cu ajutorul
lui "may" ----> May you be happy!

Forma veche a subjonctivului se foloseste dupa constructii impersonale

de tipul: It is + adverb (necessary, advisable, recomendable, impossible)
+ that clause ( prop. subiectiva) ----->
It's necessary that they be present at the meeting.

Totodata forma veche se mai foloseste dupa verbe precum: advise,

recommand, demand, suggest, urge, order si dupa substantivele advice,
suggestion, order, necessity ----->
"He demanded that we start learning" si "His suggestion that we start
learning made us angry.

Atentie!
La persoana a 3-a singular nu se mai adauga terminatiile stiute de la
present simple: It is essential that he arrive before noon.

b) Forma moderna se foloseste dupa: wish, as if/as though, if only, it's

high time/ about time, would rather, had better.

Dupa "wish", could+V1 pentru a exprima o dorinta cu privire la abilitati

vitoare: I wish I could fly.

As if / As though (de parca):

+ Past Tense pentru moment de referinta in prezent: You are looking at
her as if you didn't know her.

+Past Perfect pentru moment de referinta in trecut: They were sleeping

as if they hadn't slept before.

+Present Tense pentru o situatie adevara in prezent: He looks as if he

knows the answer. ( He really knows the answer)

If only il inlocuieste pe "wish" doar ca are un efect mai dramatic. ----> If

only I could fly.

B. The analythical subjunctive

Se formeaza dintr-un verb modal (shall, should, can, could, may, might,
will, would) si un verb la forma de infinitiv prezent (V1) sau infinitiv
perfect (+have+V3)

Shall
Se foloseste dupa verbe precum: decide, insist, order ----> They have
decided that we shall be there at ten o'clock.

Should

Se foloseste dupa:
 1) constructii impersonale de tipul: It is absurd/ odd/ important/
advisable/ recommendable/ essential/ important/ necessary/ vital/ fair
-----> It is necessary that they should meet in the afternoon.

2) dupa verbe precum: suggest, insist, demand, recommand, decide,

order, urge -----> He suggested that we should do our job properly.

3) dupa substantivele recommendation, order, advice, proposal, request,

suggestion, demand: Her advice that we should mind our business
schocked us.

Should se foloseste in cadrul subjonctivului in purpose clause cu "lest",

"for fear", "in case": He learned better lest he should get a low score.
( "lest" se traduce "ca nu cumva sa"). Dupa "for fear", "lest" vom folosi
intotdeauna verb la forma afirmativa.

Folosim should si in concessive clause introdusa prin: whatever, though,

although: Whatever they should say I am going to Paris tonight.

Folosim should si dupa expresii care exprima sentimente (it's a pity, it's a
shame, it's a wonder, it's a surprise, to be anxious, to be pleased, to be
glad, to be disappointed: It's a pity we should stay indoors in such fine
weather. / He is disappointed that you should have said that.

May / Might

Le folosim:
a) Pentru dorinte, urari -----> May all your dreams come true!
b) In propozitii subordonate, dupa constructii impersonale de tipul: It
is/was + possible/ likely/ unlikely -----> It's possible that they may
recognize you.

c) In concessive clause introduse prin: however, no matter, though,

although, whoever, whatever -----> However tall you might be, you can't
reach the top drawer. ( nu poti atinge...)

d) In purpose clause introdusa prin: so that, in order that, in order

+to+V1 ----> I want to but a new car so that I may/might go to the
seaside this summer.

e) Might se foloseste in cadrul subjonctivului in purpose clause cu "lest",

"for fear" si verbe sau expresii care exprima sentimentul de teama: He
learned better lest / for fear he might get a low score. / She fears that
the bad news might reach her mother's ears.

Could
E folosit numai in purpose clause ca o alternativa pentru may/might
( exprima un grad mai mare de certitudine): I took a guide so that I could
get on the top of the mountain sooner.

Will / Would
E folosit in purpose clause: He is climbing higher so that he will have a
better view./ They worked harder so that they would get more money.

Alte constructii impersonale si alte forme de utilizare a subjonctivului:

Far be it from me... (departe fie de mine), It's only fair (mi se pare
corect) It's only proper ( e normal, e firesc), Suffice it ( e de ajuns), It's
imperative, So be it (asa sa fie), If need be (Daca este nevoie), Be that as
it may ( Fie ce-o fi), Come what may ( Fie ce-o fi).

· The Infinitive

A. Infinitivul lung (to read) se foloseste:

1. Dupa numerale ordinale: They were the first to see that movie.

2. Dupa superlative: The best thing to do is to learn.

3. Cu adjectivele: amazed, angry, sorry, able, unable, glad, happy,

easy ----> I was glad to hear your voice.

4. Cu "only" pentru rezultate nesatisfacatoare: He phoned only to say

that he would't come to my party.

5. Dupa substantive: It was a pleasure to meet you.

6. Dupa question words: what, when, who, where. (I don't know

where to go/ what to do.)
7. Dupa so+adjectiv+as: Would you be so kind as to help me?

8. In expresiile de tipul for+substantiv/pronume+to: It is unforgivable

for him to be so rude.

9. Pentru a exprima scopul: He went to university to become a

lawyer. (in order to become, so as to become)

10. Cu it+be+adjectiv+of+pronume/substantv: It is generous of him

to offer 1000$.

11. Dupa verbul "to seem", "to appear", "to pretend", "to happen", to
assume": She seems to know the answer / The survey appears to
contradict the former medical research. / They are assumed to be fair
players.

12. Dupa wonder si know insotit de whether: Alex wondered whether

to knock or wait outside.

B. Infinitivul scurt se foloseste:

1. Dupa verbe modale: He must go to the hospital.

2. Cu "had better", "would rather", "I would rather play on the
computer than watch TV.

3. Dupa verbele make, let, see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, la
diateza activa pentru ca la diateza pasiva cer infinitiv lung:

He let me work on my project.

I was let by him to work on my project.

4. Dupa "why not": Why not meet again some day?

5. In constructiile: to let drop, to let slip, to make do, to make believe,

to hear say.
Before starting the debates, the manager let drop an interesting
remark.
His advice is that I should not let slip such an opportunity.
You heard say that she bought a very expensive car.
We shall have to make do with less money.
He makes believe he knows the secret.

6. Dupa cuvinte ca: and, as, but, except, like, or, than ----->

I want to talk to her and explain what happened there.

Alice had to learn the new words as well as translate the new text.

My sister had nothing to do except water the flowers.

Paul is ready to do anything but tidy his room.

Why doesn't she do something to improve her English like listen to

native speakers?

Does Mark want to take a taxi or walk to the station?

It is more expensive to eat at the restaurant than cook your own

meals.

7. Vom folosi infinitivul scurt in cazul in care punem pe cineva sa faca

ceva ( to have somebody do something):
Why didn't you have Tim help you when you moved the house? ( De
ce nu l-ai pus pe Tim sa te ajute cand te-ai mutat?)
I have the gardener take care of everything.

8. Dupa expresii ca "to do nothing but / except" sau "to do anything

but / except":
This girl does nothing but lie on the sofa all day long.
He will do nothing except cooking.

Anumite constructii urmate de infinitiv lung:

1. too+adjectiv/adverb+infinitiv lung: He is too tired to go to work.

2. adjectiv/adverb+enough+infinitiv lung: You are smart enough to

solve this problem.

3. enough+substantiv+infinitiv lung: There are enough men to build

that house.

4. so+adjectiv+as: He was so stupid as to believe that story.

5. In cazul verbelor de perceptie (see, hear, listen, watch) daca se

exprima o actiune completa, terminata, folosim infinitiv scurt: I saw
her lock the car and put the key on the bag. Daca se exprima o
actiune incompleta, in desfasurare, folosim gerunziu (ing): I saw her
walking down the street.

6. Dupa constructii impersonale de tipul: It is difficult for him to take

a decision.

7. In cazul zicalelor cunoscute: To err is human, to forgive is divine.

8. După substantive și pronume pentru a arăta cum pot fi folosite:

Here is a pen to write with.

9. Dupa locutiuni verbale ( to be likely , to be certain, to be sure, to be

lucky): The train is likely to arrive. / He is sure to come.
10. Dupa verbe care exprima ca nu ne place ceva referindu-ne la ceva
specific si nu la modul general: I dislike her to take my clothes for this
party. (referire in particular, "Imi displace ca ea sa imi ia hainele
pentru petrecerea aceasta.")

Infinitivul lung are urmatoarele timpuri:

a) present infinitive: to learn
b) present continous infinitive: to be repeating
c) present perfect infinitive: to have repeated
d) present perfect continous infinitive: to have been repeating

Atentie!
Putem folosi prezentul perfect infinitiv in combinatie cu "were to" in
cazul in care un eveniment ar fi trebuit sa aiba loc, dar nu s-a
materializat:
Urma sa plecam astazi, dar vremea a fost asa de rea in ultimele
cateva zile incat am hotarat sa amanam plecarea pana saptamana
viitoare.
We were to have left today, but the weather has been so bad for the
last few days that we'we decided to postpone the start till next week.

· The Gerund
Gerunziul se foloseste:

1. Dupa prepozitii: I am an expert in writing poems.

2. Dupa verbe care exprima ca ne place sau nu ne place ceva la modul

general ( detest, dislike, hate, resent, loathe, love, enjoy, prefer, like):
I love swimming. Cand sunt folosite la present conditional aceste verbe
sunt urmate de infinitv lung ----> I would love to swim.

3. Dupa verbe care exprima un inceput sau un sfarsit (to begin, start,
continue, stop, finish, cease. Verbele de mai sus pot fi urmate de catre
un infinitiv lung fara a se produce vreo schimbare de sens cu exceptia
verbului "stop" unde se produce schimbarea de sens.

4. Dupa anumite expresii care cer gerunziu: it's no use, I'm busy, it's no
good, it isn't worth, there is no point in, to feel like, have difficulty in, I
can't stand, I can't help, to get used to, to be/get accustomed to, what's
the use of, to be in favour of, in addition to, to have a hard/difficult time,
as well as, to look forward to, spend/ waste time/money -----> You need
to get used to driving.

5. Dupa anumite verbe: admit, avoid, appreciate, fancy, deny, detest,

forgive, imagine, keep, to mind, to miss, to recall, to suggest, to
understand, to anticipate, begin, consider, delay, save, recollect,
mention, tolerate, anticipate, dread, escape, excuse, forget, intend,
imagine, involve, practise, postpone, risk, resist, try, omit. -----> We
didn't want to risk missing the train./ I don't understand her saying this.
Jack addmited having stolen the money. ( Este corecta si varianta "Jack
addmited that he had stolen the money.")
6. Dupa verbe cu prepozitie: to accuse of, to aim at, to agree with, to
approve of, to consist in, to count on, to dissuade from, believe in,
dream of, specialize in, blame someone for, to object to, to excuse from,
to insist on, to prevent from, to rely on, concentrate on, to succeed in, to
think of, to suspect of, to complain of, to be wrong in, to take to doing
sth -----> We tried to prevent her from seeing the corpse.

7. Dupa be/get+adjective/Past participle+preposition si dupa adjective

cu prepozitie: to be afraid of, to be agreeable to, to be annoyed at, to be
averse to, to be capable of, to be intent on, to be interested in, to be
responsable for, to be suitable for, to be surprised at, to be tired of, fond
of, famous for, upset about, concerned about, prone to, astonished at,
guilty of, indignant at, long in, late in,conscious of, angry with, wrong in.
----->
Our friend is interested in collecting stamps./ They were long in deciding
whether they should move to the country or stay in town. (Le-a luat mult
timp sa se hotarasca daca sa se mute la tara sau sa ramana in oras)

8.Dupa substantive cu prepozitie: apology for, dissapointment at, change

of, opportunity of, difficulty in, risk of, pleasure of, possibility of, process
of, right of, skill in, way of, objection to, necessity of, habit of, for fear,
the hope, danger of, honour of, air of, way of, purpose of, method of,
means of, contribution to, prospect of, sense of ----->
She didn't want to miss the opportunity of taking some pictures.

9. Cu conjunctiile in spite of, despite, on, after, before, by, besides,

instead of, without, upon: In spite of revising for hours, I didn't do well
in the test. / On seeing that, he laughed. / He told the joke without
laughing. / Despite her being highly qualified, she hasn't yet got a
suitable job.

10. Acesta poate fi precedat de un genitiv sau de un adjectiv posesiv:

The boy's arriving so late was a surprise./ We could not count his
comings and goings.

11. Poate avea timp si diateza:

a) Present: Mary's coming here is unexpected.
b)Perfect: Your having said that pleased your parents.
c) Diateza activa: He likes sending letters.
d) Diateza pasiva: She insisted on being sent at once.

12. Poate fi substantiv cu functia sintactica de subiect: Smoking is

dangerous.

13. Cand e precedat de prepozitia "before" se refera la o actiune care se

desfasoara dupa actiunea exprimata de un verb la prezent, trecut sau
viitor: Close the windows before lighting the fire in the fireplace.

14. Poate fi folosit pentru a exprima o interdictie: No smoking!

15. Folosim gerunziul si dupa verbele frazale: to go on, to give up, to put
off: Father gave up smoking long time ago.

16. Dupa as, like, than, as well as: Emma works hard as well as studying
for her master's degree; she's remarkable.

-Verbul "allow" + gerunziu -----> They allowed smoking.

-Verbul "allow" + infinitiv lung -----> They allowed us to smoke.
-Verbe urmate de infinitiv sau gerunziu fara schimbare de sens: begin,
start, continue, cease, omit, commence. ----->
He continued listening/ to listen to music.

-Verbele allow, advise, permit, recommand, encourage, intend accepta

gerunziu daca intre ele si verbul ce urmeaza nu exista complement
indirect: They recommended reading more books. Aceste verbe cer
infinitiv lung daca intre ele si verbul ce urmeaza exista complement:
They recommended us to read more books. Verbul "intend" accepta
gerunziu sau infinitiv indiferent de prezenta complementului.

-It (subiect) +need/wants/requires accepta gerunziu la diateza activa si

infinitiv lung la diateza pasiva:
My car needs servicing.
My car needs to be serviced.

-Can't/ couldn't bear accepta gerunziul atunci cand actiunea este una
generala si accepta infinitiv lung cand actiunea e una specifica. -----> I
can't bear washing the dishes. ( nu suport in general) si Today I can't
bear to wash the dishes.

-To be afraid se foloseste cu infinitivul lung pentru ocazii speciale: When

I saw that huge animal, I was afraid to move.
To be afraid cu gerunziu se foloseste pentru a exprima activitati
generale: The little child was afraid of sleeping alone.
-Folosim to waste time cu infinitivul lung pentru a ne referi la o actiune
viitoare: It would be a waste of time to wait here any longer.
Folosim to waste time cu gerunziul pentru a ne referi la o actiune
 trecuta: It was a waste of time waiting there that long.

· Verbe care primesc infinitiv/gerunziu cu schimbare de sens

1. Forget + infinitive= not remember, future action

Don't forget to visit the museum.

Forget+gerund= not to recall (past action)

I'll never forget visiting that museum.

2. go on+ infinitive= stop one action and start another

They first discussed the items on the agenda and went on to discuss the
budget.

go on+gerund= continue
He went on playing the piano in spite of the neighbours complaints.

3. like+infinitive: find sth good to do

I like to go on the market very early in the morning so that I can pick out the
best vegetables.

like+ gerund= enjoy

I like swimming, it is my favourite activity.
4. mean+infinitive= intend to
She means to discuss the matter with the boss.

mean+gerund= involve
It means changing the original plans.

5. propose+infinitive= to intend
I propose to complain about his behaviour.

propose+gerund= suggest
I propose trying that new Chinese restaurant.

6. Regret+infinitive= be sorry to
I regret to inform you that your application has been rejected.

regret+gerund= feel sorry about (past action)

I regret buying this car because it is always breaking down.

7. Remember+infinitve= not forget (future action)

Remember to lock the door before you leave the house.

remember+gerund= recall (past action)

She remembers locking the door before leaving the house.
8. Try+infinitive= attempt
We tried to persuade him not to go but he would't listen.

try+gerund= do as an experiment
They tried advertising their business in the local newspaper.

9. stop+infinitive= stop temporarily, pause

They stopped to admire the view as they drove along the mountain road.

stop+gerund= finish, stop permanently

They stoped talking when the teacher came into the class.

10. (be) understood+infinitive= give the impression

He is understood to agree that negotiations are necessary.

understand+gerund=to understand sb else's feelings or actions

I can understand his feeling angry about their decision.

11. want+infinitive=wish
I want to extend my visa.

want+gerund= to need sth done

The battery is done, it wants recharging.
 12. dread+infinitive= be afraid (specific)
I dread to think how much he may suffer.

dread+gerund= to fear greatly (general)

I dread going to the doctor.

13. hate+infinitive= hate what one is about to do

I hate to interrupt you but I need some help

hate+gerund= to feel sorry for what one is doing

I hate causing you inconvenience.

14. be sorry+infinitive= regret

I am sorry to hear of his illness.

be sorry for+gerund= apologise

I am sorry for shouting at you.

· Verbele "to lay" si "to lie"

To lay - laid - laid -----> "a aseza" masa, la present simple are forma "lays", la
present continous "laying"
To lie - lay - lain -----> "a se intinde/culca, la present simple are forma "lies", iar
la present continous "lying"

To lie - lied - lied -----> "a minti", la present simple are forma "lies", iar la
present continous "lying"

· Inversions

a) Dupa adverbe negative, hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner, little, in vain,

in no way, under no circumstance, on no accounts, only later, seldom, not
only... but also, never, not until, not once, at no time/point/stage:

Little did we know about history.

Never have I heard such a ridiculous suggestion!

In vain did she try the beauty contest.

In no way does this decision represent a change in government policy.

Only later did she really think about the situation.

Under no circumstance are you to cross the boarder. ( "to be to" in
inversiune)

Not until the rain stopped, did they go out for a walk.

Rarely did he speak about the war.

Not once did I hear her say 'thank you'.

Not only did Harry miss the train, but he also lost his case. ( Fara inversiune
propozitia ar fi sunat astfel ----> Harry not only missed the train, but also
lost his case.

At no point did I realise that he was the Prime Minister.

b) Dupa adverbe si expresii restrictive ( only when, only after, only if, only
by, only in this way, only there, only then):

Only when you grow up, will you be able to understand life.

Only after leaving the house, did he realize he had forgotten the key.

Only by shouting, could he be heard by the audience.

Only if you learn, will you pass the exam.

Only there will you find understanding.

Only in this way does this machine work.

c) Se folosesc cu "so+adjectiv", "such+a/an+(adjectiv)+substantiv

So beautiful was she, that I couldn't help starring.

Such a fancy car brought he, that everybody envied him.

Folosim such + adjectiv + substantiv de plural, "They are such nice kids" si
folosim such a + adjectiv + substantiv de singular, "She is such a quiet girl".

d) Cu adverbe de loc: up, down, here, there ----->

Up goes the balloon.

Here comes the boss.

e) Alte tipuri de inversiuni:

1) I voted for Smith.
So did I.
 2) He doesn't like the boss.
Neither do I.
3) I don't like him and neither does my sister.

Atentie!
In cazul unei propozitii interogative se face inversiunea subiectului cu
predicatul doar in prima propozitie, in cea de-a doua locul subiectului si al
predicatului ramand la fel ca intr-o propozitie afirmativa:
Do you know where Shakespeare was born?

· Modalitati de exprimare a preferintelor

Would rather/ sooner versus would prefer:

I would rather go to the cinema.
I would prefer to go to the cinema.

Mai putem scrie: I would prefer a movie.

I prefer going to the cinema.

I would rather watch TV than play football.

I would prefer to watch TV rather than play football.
I prefer watching TV to playing football.
I would prefer to watch TV instead of playing football.
I would prefer it if he didn't wait for me. ( folosim would prefer + if it + past
 simple pentru a spune cuiva intr-un mod politicos ca nu e necesar sa faca
ceva.)

· State verbs and Action verbs

Vom nota cu a) state verbs (verbe de stare) si cu b) action verbs (verbe de

actiune), deci:

a) verbul "to think" ca verb de stare----> He thinks he is really clever. ( verbul are
sensul de "believes")
b) verbul "to think" ca verb de actiune ----> I am thinking about his offer ( I am
considering)

a) verbul "to taste" ca verb de stare ----> What does it taste like? (flavour, aroma)
b) verbul "to taste" ca verb de actiune ----> He is tasting the food to see if it is
read

a) verbul "to feel" ca verb de stare ----> The silk shirt feels soft. (texture)
b) verbul "to feel" ca verb de actiune ----> Ann is feeling the cat's fur. ( is
touching)

a) verbul "to have" ca verb de stare ----> He has two houses. (posses)
b) verbul "to have" ca verb de actiune ----> Ann is having lunch. (I am eating)
a) verbul "to see" ca verb de stare ----> Do you see what I mean? (understand)
b) verbul "to see" ca verb de actiune ----> I am seeing Paula tonight. (I'm meeting)

a) verbul "to smell" ca verb de stare ----> Your parfume smells of apples. (it has
such a smell)
b) verbul "to smell" ca verb de actiune ----> She is smelling the roses. ( she is
trying the smell of roses)

a) verbul "to love" ca verb de stare ----> I love good movies. (enjoy, in general)
b) verbul "to love" ca verb de actiune ----> I am loving this movie. (enjoying, ceva
specific)

a) verbul "to look" ca verb de stare ----> It looks as if it is going to rain. (it appears,
it seems)
b) verbul "to look" ca verb de actiune ----> He is looking at the painting. (he is
admiring, viewing)

a) verbul "to appear" ca verb de actiune ----> He appears to be working. (seems)

b) verbul "to appear" ca verb de stare ----> The opera singer is appearing on stage
tonight. (will make an appearence)

a) verbul "to weight" ca verb de stare ----> The box is heavy, it weights a lot. (its
weight is)
b) verbul "to weight" ca verb de actiune" ----> He is wheighting the potatoes on
the scales. (is finding the weight of)
a) verbul "to be" ca verb de stare ----> The kid is naughty. (his character is bad)
a) verbul "to be" ca verb de actiune ----> The kid is being very naughty.(is miss
behaving)

a) verbul "to fit" ca verb de stare ----> These shoes fit me perfectly. (they are the
right size)
b) verbul "to fit" ca verb de actiune ----> They are fitting a new carpet in the hole.
(they are lying)

NOTA BENE!

Verbul "to be" poate fi folosit la aspectul continuu atunci cand e urmat de
adjective precum: foolish, kind, lazy, nice, patient, impolite, rude, silly, careful,
pentru a exprima o trasatura temporara.
You are being silly. ( He is acting silly at the moment)

· As versus Like

Folosim "like" cand in cadrul unei propozitii nu e urmat de un verb:

He runs like a champion.
Mai folosim "like" cu substantive, pronume sau cu verbe cu -ing pentru
similaritati:
It's like walking on air.
Folosim "as" cand in cadrul unei propozitii e urmat de un verb:
He acted just as expected.
Mai folosim "as" cu sensul de "in the way that" (in felul in care):
You must write the poem as she has shown you.

Atentie!
She behaves like a teacher. (She isn't really a teacher)
She behaves as a teacher. ( She really is a teacher)
Expresia "to feel like" poate fi urmata de un substantiv, pronume sau verb la
gerunziu si exprima o dorinta a cuiva de a avea ceva sau de a face ceva: Do you
feel like a coffee? / I don't feel like walking today. (Nu am chef sa merg pe jos
astazi)

· Do versus Make

DO work, jobs and tasks ---->

Do the housework, do a good job, do your chores (sarcini)

DO (Non-specific activities) ---->

Do everything, something, anything, nothing, (activitati nespecificate)

DO ( Replace verb when obvious) ---->

Do your hair, do the dishes, do the laundry, este inlocuit verbul, arrange,
wash, make.

Alte expresii cu do: do one's best/ business with somebody/ a crossword/

damage to/ one's duty/ an experiment/ something for living/ a service/
harm.

MAKE produce a reaction ---->

Make you happy, make you sleepy, make you smile

MAKE plans and decisions ---->

Make arrangements/ make a decision, make a choice, make a plan

MAKE speaking and sounds ----> make a noise, make a comment, make a
speech, make a suggestion

MAKE food, drinks, meals ---->

breakfast, make a cup of tea, make dinner

Alte expresii cu make: make money/ an offer/ the beds/ a deal with
somebody/ an excuse/ a joke/ improvements/ peace/ trouble.

"To make do" inseamna a te descurca in ciuda resurselor limitate:

I could make do with the little money I earn.

Expresii cu do: do a drawing, a job, a project, a service, a favor, military

 service (a face armata), a test, a dance, a painting, a subject at school (a
studia o materia la șc), a crossword (a face cuvinte incrucisate), a research,
harm (a face rau), damage, a good turn (a face bine cuiva), an experiment,
an exam (a da un ex), business (a face afaceri), justice (a face dreptate),
sport, something for a living, paperwork (a completa documente).
Expresii cu make: make a bet (a face un pariu), a cake, a choice, a date (a
aranja o intalnire cu cineva), a contribution, a comment, a decision, a
difference, a demand, a face (a se stramba), a fire, a fuss (a face caz de
ceva), a fortune, a habit of something, a joke, a payment, a will (a face un
testament), make believe ( a inventa ceva), to make ends meet (a-si castiga
existenta), progress, sales ( a vinde), war (a se razboi), make your bed, make
up your mind, to make the grade ( a reusi).

· Rephrasings

Rehphrasing= Reformularea unui mesaj astfel incat sa se respecte criteriile de

timp si sa nu se altereze cu absolut nimic continutul mesajului.

Rephrasing-ul se poate efectua cu ajutorul mai multor "parghii" gramaticale

invatate pana in prezent: Inversiuni, If Clause, Diateza Activa-Pasiva, Verbe
modale.

"I haven't gone through a medical exam before" si se poate rescrie astfel:
Never until now have I gone through a medical exam before.

"You are not to leave the hospital." -----> Under no circumstance / In no way
are you to leave the hospital.

"Two weeks passed before the letter arrived" -----> Not until two weeks passed
, did the letter arrive.

"As soon as the Police left the neighbours started fighting again" ---->
No sooner had the Police left the place than the neighbours started fighting
again.

"Let's eat! se rescrie ----> "Shall we eat?" sau "They suggested eating", "They
suggested that they should eat, mai este acceptata si varianta "They
suggested their eating."

I am sure you had a good time at the party se rescrie ----> You must have had a
good time at the party.

It is possible for him to be arrested ----> He may be arrested.

I advise you not to be insistent ----> You should not be so insistent.

If you are ever in the neighbourhood, please visit us. ----> Should you ever be
in the neighbourhood, please visit us.

What would you tell him if you were in front of him? ----> Suppose you were in
front of him!
He was killed because of the conspiracy of his friends ----> But for the
conspiracy of his friends, he wouldn't have been killed.

The food is cold that's why I don't eat it. ----> If the food weren't cold, I would
eat it.

The dog was not tied up that's why I could not enter the courtyard. ---->
If the dog had been tied up, I would have entered the courtyard.

John eats a lot. That's why he didn't pass the medical exam. ----> If John didn't
eat so much in general, he would have passed the medical exam.

Mary won the competition. That's why she's happy ----> If she hadn't won the
competition, she would not be so happy now.

We know that he is living in Spain for sure. se rescrie ----> He must be living in
Spain.

It is known that he is living in Spain. ----> He is known to be living in Spain.

They know that he has made an important discovery. ----> He is known to have
made an important discovery. sau It is known that he has made an important
discovery.

They believed that the castle had been built in 1990. ----> The castle was
believed to have been built in 1990 sau It was believed that the castle had
been built in 1990.
They said that he had escaped from prison. ----> He was said to have escaped
from prison. sau It was said that he had escaped from prison.

The Police believed that the jewels had been stolen by a professional thief.
----> The jewels were believed to have been stolen by a professional thief. sau
It was believed that the jewels had been stolen by a professional thief.

You mustn't say a word until you have heard my signal. ----> Be careful not to
utter a word until you have heard my signal. ----> Mind you don't say a word
until you have heard my signal. ( Sa nu care cumva sa suflati o vorba pana nu
auziti semnalul meu)

· Constructii cu it/ there

Folosim constructiile cu it:

1. Cand vorbim despre vreme: It is cold.

2. Cand dorim sa exprimam temperatura, numarul de grade:

It's ten degrees below zero.

3. Pentru a exprima date si ore: It's the first of December / It's ten o'clock.
4. Pentru a exprima opinia: It's nice to meet you.

5. In combinatie cu un adjectiv si cu propozitia subiectiva ( that clause): It's

necessary that she should come here before noon.

6. In combinatie cu unele verbe la diateza pasiva si cu that clause:

It is believed that she is a good singer.

Nota bene!
Cand vorbim despre oameni it?

a) Cand nu ii vedem: The bell is ringing - Who is it?

b) Cand ii aratam cu degetul: Who is that lady? I think it is Mary's aunt.

Folosim constructiile cu there:

1. Cu numere sau cantitati: There will be at least ten people at my party.

2. Cu pronume sau adjective: I think there is somebody at the door.

 · The Adjective

Adjectivul se imparte in 3 categorii: short adjective, long adjective si irregular

adjective.

Short adjective:
POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
fat fatter the fattest
tall taller the tallest
funny(y->i) funnier funniest

Long adjective:
POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
interesting more interesting the most interesting

Irregular adjective:
POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
good better the best
well better the best
bad worse the worst
ill worse the worst
far further the furthest
far farther the farthest
old older the oldest
old elder the eldest
many more the most
much more the most
little less the least
few fewer the fewest

Comparatia adjectivelor compuse:

POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
well-paid better-paid the best-paid
good-looking better-looking the best-looking

Reguli!
In cazul adjectivelor monosilabice, trecerea de la pozitiv la comparativ se face prin
adaugarea lui "er", iar pentru trecerea la superlativ se va adauga terminatia "est":
cold-colder-the coldest.
In cazul adjectivelor care se termina in "e" se adauga "r" la comparativ si "st" la
superlativ: late-later-the latest; free-freer-the freest.
In cazul adjectivelor bisilabice care se termina la gradul pozitiv in "le", "er", "ow",
"y" se va adauga "er"/ "r" pentru comparativ, respectiv "est"/ st"pentru superlativ:
clever-cleverer-the clever-the cleverest.
La adjectivele care se termina in "y" vom transforma "y"-ul in "i", adaugand
terminatia "er" la comparativ si "est" la superlativ: easy-easier-the easiest. DAR:
shy-shyer- the shyest.
Vom forma gradul comparativ prin adaugarea lui "more" si gradul superlativ prin
adaugarea lui "most":
a) in cazul adjectivelor formate din 2 silabe care nu se termina in "le", "er", "ow",
"y": famous- more famous - the most famous
b) in cazul adjectivelor plurisilabice: popular- more popular- the most popular
c) in cazul adjectivelor ( chiar si monosilabice) derivate din verbe care se termina
in "ed" sau "ing": tired- more tired- the most tired; exciting- more exciting- the
most exciting.

Adjectivul "far" poate denota o distanta metaforica, nefizica si are formele

"further" si "the furthest". Acest adjectiv poate reprezenta si o distanta fizica,
reala si va avea formele "farther" si "the farthest".

Older vs elder
Pentru 1 membru de familie care e mai in varsta decat un alt membru de familie
vom folosi forma "elder" (folosindu-se atunci cand nu suntem interesati in mod
concret in a compara varstele a 2 persoane, ci doar se doreste a se da de inteles ca
unul e mai in varsta decat celalalt sau ordinea in care s-au nascut in cadrul familiei.
Insa daca se doreste a se arata varsta unui membru in aport cu alt membru vom
folosi "older". De asemenea, forma "older" se foloseste pentru a defini ceva
vechi, batran, la modul general. "Older" e in general folosit cu "than" pe cand
"elder", nu.
Tabloul asta e mai vechi decat celalalt. (folosim "older")
Tata e mai batran decat mama. (folosim "older")
John, who seemed to be the elder brother, was very glad to meet us. (nu suntem
interesati in a le compara varstele ca in exemplele de mai sus)

ATENTIE!
1. Cand in cadrul unui context avem de-a face cu o comparatie intre 2 elemente
superlativul e redat prin formula: The + comparativ ----->
John e cel mai destept dintre cei 2 baieti. ----->
John is the smarter of the two boys. Dar: John is the smartest of the three
brothers.

2. "Cu cat..., cu atat..." se traduc prin "the+comparativ", "the+comparativ"

Cu cat citesti mai mult, cu atat devii mai destept -----> The more you read, the
smarter you become.
Cu cat mai multi, cu atat mai bine. -----> The more, the better.

3. Se foloseste forma adjectivala si nu cea adverbiala dupa verbe ca: appear,

become, look, feel, get, seem, smell, taste, grow. -----> The material this dress is
made out of feels rough. / You look beautiful.

4. Putem folosi cuvintele even/much/far/a bit + comparativ -----> He behaves

even worse than before / Jenny is much more patient with children than Julie.
Putem folosi si "most" cu sensul de "very" ----> She was most obliging. Totodata
mai folosim si "any" in propozitii interogative sau negative ----> This essay was not
any better than the previous one. Se mai utilizeaza si "a bit + comparativ + than"
sau "slightly + comparativ+ than"----> The spring water was a bit warmer than the
snow. / This route is slightly easier than that one.

5. O alta constructie care descrie o cantitate excesiva este formata cu un adjectiv:

This car is much too expensive for me to buy.

6. Superlativul absolut se poate construi cu adverbele very, too, extremely, utterly,

terribly, awfully, mighty, highly, greatly, tremendously:
It is very kind of you to help us. (E foarte amabil din partea ta sa ne ajuti)
It is utterly important to draw a plan before you start writting an essay.
It has been awfully hot these days.
Mai putem folosi si prefixele "super-", "over-", "hyper-", "ultra-": ultrashort,
hyperactive, overambitious, supernatural.

7. "By far"/ "far"/ "A good" / "great deal" + comparativul de superioritate

insemnand "cu mult mai" ( "By far better than", " A great / good deal / a lot / a
good bit better", "far better than").

8. Putem folosi:
a) ever+comparative: ever better (pentru adj. monosilabice), ever more beautiful
(pentru adj. plurisilabice, insemnand "din ce in ce mai")
b) even+comparative: even better (chiar mai)
c) superlativ+possible/ imaginable: the best possible
d) superlativ fara articolul hotarat "the" + adjectiv: She is a most intelligent
person. (very intelligent)
e) a great/ a good many+substantiv: I'd like to discuss about a great/ a good
many things.
f) adjectiv+though+subiect+predicat: Beautiful though she is, I still won't marry
her.
g) many a/an+substantiv: I have been there many a time. (many times)
h) comparativ+and+comparativ: He is getting better and better. ("din ce in ce
mai", creșterea treptată a unei caracteristici este redată prin repetarea
comparativului)
i) the former+the latter: John and Bob are cousins: The former is a doctor, the
latter is a lawyer. ( John si Bob sunt verisori: primul e doctor, iar al doilea e
avocat).
9. Putem avea atat adjective, cat si adverbe care au aceeasi forma: early, fast,
tight, late, hard.
I should take a fast train. (adjectiv) vs They were driving fast. (adverb)
She is a hard worker. (adjectiv) vs She works hard. (adverb)

10. Unele adjective compuse se formeaza astfel: adjectiv/adverb/numeral+ ed

-----> dark-haired.
Aceste adjective compuse inlocuiesc o propozitie atributiva din care s-au pastrat
elementele de baza:
A girl with long hair - a long-haired girl

Ordinea adjectivelor

Atunci cand se folosesc 2 sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi
substantiv, acestea se vor enumera in urmatoarea ordine:
Opinion ( delicious, lovely, charming)
Size (small, huge, tiny)
Age / Temperature (old, hot, young)
Shape (round, square, rectangular)
Colour ( red, blonde, black)
Origin ( swedish, turkish, chinese, romanian)
Material ( plastic, wooden, silver)
Purpose ( student book, walking boots)
Am vazut niste cercei din aur, vechi, frumosi, grecesti la o femeie ieri. ----->
I saw some beautiful old greek gold earrings at a woman yesterday.
Atentie!
Dupa verbe ca appear, be, become, feel, look, smell, sound, stay, make, keep,
get/grow (become), taste, seem folosim adjective, nu adverbe. (The soup tastes
delicious.)
"So+adjective+a+noun"= "Such+a+adjective+noun" -----> So gentle a person =
Such a gentle person
Majoritatea adjectivelor nu au anumite terminatii, dar exista cateva exceptii:
-able: comfortable
-al: accidental
-ant: reluctant
-ar: popular
-ary: imaginary
-ate: passionate
-ent: dependent
-ful: careful
-ian: italian
-ible: horrible
-ic: historic
-ical: historical
-ious: victorious
-ish: childish
-ist: racist
-ive: attractive
-less: careless
-some: wholesome
-like: businesslike
-free: debt-free
-like: childlike
-made: home-made
-minded: open-minded
-most: nothernmost
-proof: rainproof
-side: ringside
-sized: man-sized
-adjectiv+substantiv+ed: blue-eyed, dark-skinned

Tipuri de comparatii:
1. Cu "as...as", "not so/as...as", "such a(n)...as":
His hands were as cold as ice.
It is not so/as cold as it was yesterday.
This is not such an interesting book as his last one.
2. Cu "twice/three times as...as":
Their house is twice as big as ours.
3. Cu "the same as" :
Your jacket is the same as the one I bought yesterday.
4. Cu comparativ+the+comparativ: Life is getting easier and easier.
Adjectivele care arata nationalitatea sau provenienta regionala deriva din numele
tarii de origine, cu cateva exceptii:
Tara
Albania
Argentina
Austria
Australia
Belgium
Brazilian
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
Cuba
Denmark
Egypt
Finland
India
Poland
Scotland
Switzerland
Populatia
the albanians
the argentine
the austrians
the australians
the belgians
the brazilians
the bulgarians
the canadians
the chileans
the cubans
the danes
the egyptians
the finns
the indians
the poles
the scotts
the swiss
Limba
albanian
spanish
german
english
french
portuguese
bulgarian
english/french
spanish
spanish
danish
arabic
english
finnish
hindu
polish
english
french/italian
Adjectiv
albanian
argentine
austrian
australian
belgian
brazilian
bulgarian
canadian
chilean
cuban
danish
egyptian
english
finnish
indian
polish
scottish
swiss

Avem cateva expresii care includ comparativul de egalitate "as...as", dar au inteles
de superlativ: as pale as a ghost, as black as coal, as blind as a bat, as cold as ice,
as busy as a bee, as brave as a lion, as easy as ABC, as drunk as a lord, as light as a
feather, as old as the hills, as proud as a peacock, as wise as an owl, as red as a
lobster, as hairy as a gorilla, as old as the hills, as pale as death.

Too
Putem sa adaugam "too" cu sensul de "mai mult decat ceea ce e necesar" pe
langa un adjectiv sau adverb dupa schema:
a) too + adjectiv/adverb: Jenny was too young to watch that movie.
b) too + much/many + substantiv: You have too much money. / There are too
many students in the classroom.
c) only+too: That problem was only too difficult for me.

Enough
Putem sa adaugam "enough" cu sensul de "suficient" pe langa un adjectiv sau
adverb dupa schema":
a) adjectiv/adverb + enough: You clothes are big enough to fit me.
b) enough + substantiv: We have enough money.
Unele adjective pot fi formate din:
a) adjectiv+substantiv: a heavy-weight champion
b) adjectiv+participiu trecut: a hard-boiled egg
c) substantiv+participiu trecut: snow-covered peaks
d) adverb+participiu trecut: well-meant
e) substantiv+adjectiv: colour-blind
f) adverb+adjectiv: wide-open
g) adverb+participiu prezent: hard-working
h) numeral+substantiv: a ten-year-old boy

Participiile prezente descriu cum este ceva ----> The match was exciting.
Participiile trecute descriu cum se simte cineva ----> We felt excited at the match.
Folosim "such" cu substantive nenumarabile si "such a" cu substantive
numarabile: It was such fun for all of us. / She is such a quiet girl.

· The Adverb

Ca in limba romana, si in limba engleza exista o clasificare a adverbelor:

- a) Adverbs of manner, b) of time and c) of place

- Adverbe de durata (arata perioada de timp a unei actiuni: shortly, forever)

- Adverbe de comparatie ( arata intensitatea unei actiuni: extremely, partiatly,
strongly, very, almost)

-Adverbe de frecventa ( arata intervalul de timp la care o actiune se repeta:

rarely, never, seldom, often)

- Adverbe de probabilitate ( arata in ce masura se poate realiza sau nu:

certainly, maybe, perhaps)

-Adverbe relative: when, where, why, how.

- Adverbe interogative: when?, where?, why?, how?.

a) Adverbs of manner: Arata o caracteristica a unei actiuni, stari sau a unei

calitati.
Cele mai multe adverbe de mod se formeaza prin adaugarea unor sufixe la
forma adjectivului:
a) sufixul "-ly" se adauga la majoritatea adjectivelor si chiar si la substantive
(hourly) pentru a forma adverbe, slow -----> slowly, This is a slow dance. They
danced slowly.
b) sufixul "-ly" se adauga la adjectivele care se termina in "e": immediate -
immediately, sure - surely, definite - definitely. Exceptii: true - truly, whole -
wholly, due - duly.
c) La adjectivele terminate in "-ple", "-ble", "tle" adaugam "y" in loc de "e"-ul
final si nu mai adaugam "ly" ca in cazurile anterioare: simple - simply, gentle -
gently.
d) La adjectivele terminate in "l" adaugam "ly": final - finally, beautiful -
beautifully.
e) La adjectivele terminate in "y" adaugam sufixul "ly" si transformam "y"-ul in
"i": happy - happily, busy - busily. La adjectivele terminate in "y", dar care sunt
monosilabice, pastram "y"-ul: shy - shyly.
f) La adjectivele terminate in "ic" adaugam sufixul "ally": automatic -
automatically, enthusiastic - entusiastically. Exceptii: public - publicly.
g) La adjectivele terminate in "ll" se adauga doar "y": full-fully, dull-dully.

Nota bene!
Adjectivul "good" devine adverbul "well":
She is a good person. She dances very well.

b) Adverbs of place: Unele adverbe de loc indica locul propriu-zis (here, there),
altele indica directia (forward, behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot
fi folosite pentru a indica atat locul, cat si directia.
I bought a house somewhere.
Please wait for me out.

c) Adverbs of time: Indica momentul actiunii (now, nowadays, never) sau

succesiunea in timp (afterwards, before, soon).
I expect my friends soon.

Comparatia regulata a adverbelor:

1) Comparativul de superioritate:
a) adverb+er ( in cazul adverbelor monosilabice):
fast ---> faster
b) more+adverb ( in cazul adverbelor bisilabice si plurisilabice):
quickly ---> more quickly
c) most+adverb ( in cazul adverbelor bisilabice si plurisilabice):
easily---> most easily
2) Comparativul de egalitate (tot asa de, la fel de, "as ... as", se mai poate folosi
si "just as...as"):
She plays the piano as beautifully as her sister.
Living in the country is just as expensive as living in London.
Putem avea ambele formulari: You can't type as fast as I can / as me.

3) Comparativul de inferioritate ( "not so...as", "not as...as", "less than...", "not

nearly as...as", "nothing like as...as", "nowhere near as...as"):
She doesn't run as fast as her brother ----> She runs not so fast as her brother.
Iron is not nearly as hard as diamond.
Iron is nothing like as hard as diamond.
Iron is nowhere near as hard as diamond.

4) Superlativul absolut se formeaza cu quite, very, rather, fairly+adverb:

He runs quite fast. ( "Quite" si " fairly" nu au un sens la fel de puternic precum
"rather" si "very", iar "quite" e mai puternic decat "fairly")
Quite poate fi insotit de:
a) a/an+substantiv: It makes quite a difference when the wind isn’t blowing.
b) the+adjectiv la superlativ/substantiv: This is quite the best novel I have ever
read. / He gave me quite the answer I expected.
c) quite+some+substantiv nenumarabil: I remember she had quite soome
influence there.
Rather poate fi insotit de articolul nehotarat "a" inainte sau dupa: It was rather
a/ a rather long journey.
Very se foloseste cu:
a) un adjectiv la gradul comparativ: London is very much bigger than Naples.
b) articolul hotarat "the"+un adjectiv la gradul superlativ: This is the very
lowest price I can offer.
c) un adjectiv pronominal posesiv: She will do her very best to help us.
d) articolul hotarat "the"+substantiv: That's the very thing I need!.

5) Superlativul de superioritate:
a) the+adverb+est (in cazul adverbelor monosilabice)
He runs the fastest of all.

b) the most+adverb in cazul adverbelor plurisilabice, bisilabice:

He answers the most quickly of all.

Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
well better the best
badly worse the worst
much more the most
little less the least
in inner innermost
out outer outermost
up upper uppermost
beneath nether nethermost
hind hinder hindermost

Exista niste constructii des folosite numite split infinitive (infinitivul cu adverb
intercalat) pentru a accentua mesajul:
to clearly understand
to fully realize
to flatly refuse
to thankfully receive
to quietly await
to wholly agree
to gladly consent to
to somehow imply
to promptly reply
They made inquires to fully realize what it was all about. (Au facut cercetari ca
sa isi dea seama pe deplin despre ce era vorba.)

Atentie!
Folosim adverbul "mostly" cu sensul de "in mare parte": Mostly we didn't get
bored.
"Fairly", "pretty", "quite" sunt plasate in fata adjectivelor sau adverbelor
pentru a le intensifica intelesul: She is fairly crazy. / He is pretty good at chess.

Unele adverbe se formeaza astfel:

 a) dintr-un substantiv si sufixele -ways, -wards, -wise: backwards.
b) cu prefixul a- si substantiv: ashore, abroad.

· The Noun

1. Felul substantivelor

Substantivele in limba engleza pot fi impartite in patru categorii principale:

-substantive comune: dog, cat, boy, girl
- substantive proprii: England, Londra
-substantive abstracte: love, courage, joy
-substantive colective: team, crowd, group

2. Genul substantivelor

-Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:

man, boy, horse
- Substantive de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:
woman, girl, cat
- Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror
sex nu e cunoscut:
world, peace, mouse, baby.
-Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleza, au aceeasi
forma pentru ambele sexe:
child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor, profesoara)
Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:
husband-wife; dog-bitch; bull-cow; son-daughter;

3. Numarul substantivelor

Pluralul regulat

Numarul substantivelor reprezinta forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata

ca ne referim la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte.
Singularul este forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl.
Pluralul regulat al substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui "s" la forma de
singular: cat+s= cats; day+s=days;
Pluralul substantivelor terminate in ch, o, sh, s, x, ss, zz se formeaza adaugand "es"
la singular: church+es= churches; bush+es= bushes; class+es= classes, potato+es=
potatoes.
Sunt unele substantive care formeaza forma de plural neregulata.
Substantivele terminate in consoana+y formeaza pluralul cu "ies", cele terminate
in vocala+y formeaza pluralul cu "s", iar la cele terminate in "quy" dispare "y"-ul,
adaugand "ies": company-companies; factory-factories; baby-babies; boy-boys,
toy-toys, colloquy-colloquies.
La unele substantive terminate in o se poate forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui
"s", la unele substantive terminate in "th" se adauga "s":
soprano-sopranos, piano-pianos; photo-photos; cloth-cloths; moth-moths.
Unele substantive terminate in f sau fe vor avea la plural schimbarea in "ves": leaf-
leaves; half-halves; wife-wives; life-lives; self-selves; wolf-wolves; Exceptii : roof-
roofs; gulf-gulfs; wharf-wharves/wharfs, scarf-scarves/scarfs.
Cateva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne:
foot-feet; man-men; tooth-teeth; goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice.
Unele substantive raman la fel si pentru plural: aircraft, deer (caprioare,
caprioare), series, sheep (oaie, oi), species, fish, trout, salmon, Chinese, Japanese.

Exceptii pentru pluralul substantivelor

La substantivele latinesti pluralul se va forma cu "i" sau "era" pentru substantivele

care se termina in "us" (bacillus- bacili, terminus-termini, stimulus-stimuli, genus-
genera, fungus-fungi).
La substantivele care se termina in "a" pluralul se va forma cu "ae" ( formula-
formulae, larva-larvae, vertebra-vertebrae, alga-algae, fibula-fibulae)
La substantivele care se termina in "um" pluralul se va forma cu "a" ( bacterium-
bacteria,erratum-erata, stratum-strata, medium-media, datum-data)
La substantivele grecesti care se termina in "is" pluralul se va forma cu "es" (basis-
bases, axis-axes, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, diagonisis-diagnoses, oasis-oases)
La substantivele care se termina in "on" pluralul se va forma cu "a" (phenomenon-
phenomena, criterion-criteria, automaton-automata)

Se foloseste 's ca semn al pluralului in cazul anumitor litere: Write this word with
two l's. ( Scrie acest cuvant cu 2 litere.)

Substantivele de genul (crew, family, group, police) pot fi urmate fie de verb la
singular, fie de verb la plural in functie de cum privim grupul, ca un intreg, sau ca
membrii individuali: The Police is essential to the security of a country. / The
police (members) are looking for those who escaped from prison last night.
Substantivele (clergy, poultry, vermin, cattle, people, belongings, folk, tonsils,
bowels, entrails) cer intotdeauna verbe de plural, iar substantivele (money, news)
cer mereu verbe de singular.

Sensul unor substantive difera de la singular la plural astfel:

"The needle of a compass always points North." versus "You can draw a perfect
circle with compasses."
"They were shocked at the scale of the disaster." versus "She weighted herself on
the scales."
Substantivele economics, acoustics, statistics sunt considerate ca fiind la singular
atunci cand desemneaza un domeniu stiintific sau o anumita disciplina si au
valoare de plural cand nu desemnzeaza un domeniu stintiific: Acoustics is the
science of sound waves.

Pluralul substantivelor compuse

In cazul acestora numai ultimul cuvant va trece la plural: boy-friend ----> boy-
friends, break-ins, travel agents
Substantivele al caror prim element este man sau woman vor forma pluralul
pentru ambele substantive componente: men drivers, women teachers, men
servants (servitori)
In cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul
substantiv+adverb/prepozitie+substantiv doar substantivul de baza va primi
semnul pluralului: sisters-in-law; passers-by; runners-up; lookers-on;
Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui "s":
MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)
4) Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

Substantivele unice sunt cele care in engleza nu se numara deoarece reprezinta

obiecte puternic individualizate sau notiuni abstracte:
Nume de substante- bread, coffee, gold, pepper, glass, oil, stone, wood
Abstractiuni - earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help,
information, news, beauty, furniture, experience, knowledge (cunoastere),
friendship, theory, literature, acestea primind verb de singular. Acestea vor fi
urmate de verbe la singular si pentru a le individualiza vom adauga "a piece of": a
piece of furniture, a piece of advice ( o piesa de mobilier, un sfat)
Alte substantive - baggage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather, meat,
beef, trouble.

5) Forma posesiva

Pentru a exprima posesiunea unui substantiv se foloseste forma posesiva a

substantivului care se formeaza in diferite moduri.
La forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina in s se adauga "s":
a child's voice, the people's choice, a dog's mouth, women's clothes.
Cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina in s se foloseste doar
apostroful ('):
a boys' school, the sisters' house
Numele proprii terminate in s vor primi fie doar apostrof, fie 's:
Mr Jones's/ Mr Jones' car
In cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor, ultimul cuvant va primi 's:
father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eight's wife
'S se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri: The CEO's assistant
Forma posesiva se foloseste in general cand vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se
foloseste si in urmatoarele cazuri:

a) in expresii temporale: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes'

break

b) in expresii construite dupa modelul bani+worth of+in valoare de:

ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps, a pound's worth of
candies

c) in expresii uzuale ca: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the
train's departure, at a stone's throw, a bird's eye view.
In cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv e uzuala omisiunea substantivului
urmator atunci cand sensul comunicarii e clar (birouri, oficii, magazine):
You can buy this at the baker's (shop).
Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's. (office)
The kids went to Bobby's. (house)

Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv.

Aceasta se foloseste mai ales pt lucruri sau fiinte umane cand acestea sunt urmate
de o propozitie subordonata. Mai putem folosi schema "substantiv+of+substantiv"
pentru a reda superlativul absolut.
Ex1: The walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house.
I took the advice of the girl and I went to buy the book.
Ex2: The book of books, the king of kings.
Se pune 's dupa 2 sau mai multe nume pentru a arata posesia comuna: Ted and
Mary's house. (Casa lui Ted si a lui Mary, este a amandurora)
Se pune 's dupa fiecare nume pentru a arata posesia individuala: Tom's and Kim's
houses. (Casa lui Tom si casa lui Kim, fiecare are casa sa)

Putem avea 2 substantive in cazul Genitiv:

a) Olivia's sister's hair is blonde.
b) a picture of my mother's (o pictura care apartine mamei mele, ea a pictat-o, "a
picture of my mother" insemnand o pictura de-a mamei, in care apare ea.)

Nota bene!

Numele bolilor (measles, mumps) si al jocurilor (biliards, cards, draughts) sunt

urmate de verb la singular ----> Measles is a very contagious disease iar cand
obiectul e format din 2 parti ca (scissors, glasses, earrings, shorts) sau e vorba de
alte cuvinte asemanatoare (cattle, binoculars, goods, pliers, regards, savings, odds,
outskirts, surroundings) va urma verb la plural ---> My scissors need sharpening.
Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partitives:
a piece of cake/information/advice/furniture, a glass/bottle of water, a jar of
jam, a rasher of bacon, a box of chocolates, a packet of biscuits/tea, a slice/loaf
of bread, a pot of yogurt, a pot/cup of tea, a kilo/pound of meat, a bottle of
vinegar, a tube of toothpaste, a bar of chocolate/soap/metal, a bit/piece of
chalk, an ice cube, a box/sheet/pad of paper, a lump/a pound of sugar, a bag of
flour, a pair of trousers, a drop/can of oil, a game of soccer, a(n) item/piece of
news, a can of Coke, a carton of milk, a block of wood/marble/wood, a flock of
stairs, a length of wire, a blade of grass, a scrap of paper, a speck of dust/dirt, a
spot of ink, a block of concrete, a grain of salt/sand, a breath of fresh air, a gust
of wind, a flash/bolt of lightning, a clap/peal/roll of thunder, a tin of beans, a
bar of ice cream/gold, a bowl of soup, a drop of rain/water, a grain of
wheat/corn/dirt/rice, a metter of cotton/fabric/wool, a sheet of aluminium
foil/steel, a packet of pasta, a bit of shopping, a lack of
curiosity/hope/humour/information/rain, a lot of knowledge/oil, plenty of ice
cream/light/rubbish/support, a pound of cheese/ rice, a cake of soap, an ingot
of gold, a sheet of lead, a tank of oxygen, a ton of rye, a jug of milk, a packet of
butter, a piece of equipment, a type of atmosphere/ behaviour/ violence, an
item of luggage/ baggage, a case of mumps/ flu/ measles, a ray of hope/
sunshine, a pile/ a heap of rubbish, a word of advice, a game of chess, a match
of football, a cube/block of ice, a piece/slice of toast, a pound of beef/pork, a
chunk/roast/piece of meat, a packet of butter, a whiff of garlic, an ear of corn, a
pint/crate of beer, a splash/bucket of water, a drop of blood, a sip/kettle of
tea/coffee, a spell of weather, a beam of light, a column/ribbon/puff/wisp of
smoke, a breath of fresh air, a drop of rain/oil, a piece/strip of land, a stretch of
road, an article of clothing, a set of furniture, a grain of sand, a ball of string, a
set of cutlery, an attack of nerves, a hint of trouble, an attack of fever, a course
of treatment, an ounce of energy, a state of emergency, a feat of
passion/endurance, a bunch of grapes (un ciorchine), a pack/deck of cards (un
pachet), a clump of trees, a fleet of ships (o flota), a bundle of rags (o legatura
de carpe), a string of beads (un sir de margele), a gaggle of geese (un card), a
bale of turtles, a band of gorillas, a barren of mulles, a bask of crocodiles, a bevy
of larks, a battery of barracudas, a bloat of hippotami, a brood of chickens, a
bury of rabbits, a catch of fish, a clutter of spiders, a cloud of bats, a congress of
baboons, a den of snakes, a dray of squirrels, a drift/herd/sounder/drove of
swine, a drove/herd of cattle, a family of sardines/otters, a flight of butterflies, a
hive of bees, a kennel of dogs, a kit of pigeons, a muster of penguins, a nest of
mice/vipers, a parade of elephants, a skulk of foxes, a zeal of zebras, a plague of
locusts (un stol), a pride of lions (un grup), a colony of ants/wasps (un musuroi),
a swarm of bees (un roi), a pack of wolves/dogs (o haita), a flock of birds (un
stol), a flock of sheep (o turma), a herd of deer/elephants (o cireada), a
school/shoal of fish (un banc), a shiver of sharks (un grup), a panel of experts
(un grup), a staff of teachers (o catedra), a mob of rioters (o gloata), a bevy of
girls (un grup), a board of directors (un consiliu), a crowd of people (o multime),
a tribe of Indians (un trib), a joint/ of meat, a pint/sip of milk, a whiff of garlic, a
pinch of salt, a book of stamps, a box of matches, a cloud of dust, a dash of
soda, a crust of bread, a head of hair/cattle/cabbage/lettuce, a heap of
coal/dirt/rubbish, a jet of water, a pat of butter, a piece of
gossip/wisdom/knowledge, a pile of earth, a portion of food, a roll of paper, a
puff of smoke/wind, a sip of tea, a scrap of paper, a splash of soda, a stick of
chalk, a strand of hair/wool, a barrel of beer, a basket of fruit, a flask of tea, a
mug of cocoa, a tin of soup, a vase of flowers, a game of
biliards/bridge/cricket/darts/volleyball, a gallon of petrol, a length of cloth, a
litre of oil, a pint of beer/milk, a pound of coffee, a yard of cloth, a make of car, a
brand of soap, a kind of biscuit, a type of drug, a variety of pasta, a sort of cake,
a grain of truth, a fit of anger, a piece of research, a shred of evidence, a period
of calm, a spot of trouble, a spell of work, a wink of sleep, an ambush of
widows, a banner of knights, a bench of magistrates, a bevy of ladies, a blush of
boys, a cast of actors, a choir of singers, a den/a gang/ a pack of thieves, a flock
of tourists, a gaggle of women, a promise of barmen, a regiment/a squad of
soldiers, an orchesta of musicians, a party of friends, a horde of savages, a
school of clerks, a shrivel of critics, a sneer of butlers, a troop of boy scouts, a
troupe of dancers, a bunch of keys, a clutch of eggs, a peal of bells, a sheaf of
arrows, a stack of wood, a wad of notes.

Cu substantivele numarabile folosim a couple of, a number of, the entire/the

whole of, iar cu substantivele nenumarabile folosim an amount of, a great deal of.

Majoritatea substantivelor au aceeasi forma indiferent daca sunt la genul masculin

sau feminin (teacher, dar se pot diferentia prin forma "woman teacher" si "man
teacher"), dar sunt si unele substantive care au forma diferita pentru genul
masculin si feminin.
actor-actress
bridegroom-bride
duke-duchess
emperor-empress
hero-heroine
husband-wife
baron-baroness
landlord-landlady
monk-nun
nephew-niece
waiter-waitress
widower-widow
bachelor-spinster
gander-goose
stag/buck-doe
stallion-mare
bullock-heifer
duck-drake
heir-heiress
mayor-mayoress
conductor-conductress
host-hostess
lion-lioness
master-mistress
priest-priestess
steward-stewardess
colt-filly
fiance-fiancee
adventurer-adventuress
author-authoress
benefactor-benefactress
abbot-abbess
baron-baroness
sultan-sultana
lad-lass
manager-manageress
adventurer-adventuress
fox-vixen
ram-ewe
earl-contess
tutor-governess
heir-heiress
boy student-girl student (folosim "boy" sau "girl" pentru a identifica genul)
male parent-female parent
man cashier-woman cashier
turkey cock-turkey hen
statesman-stateswoman
shopman-shopwoman
spokeman-spokewoman
juryman-jurywoman
chairman-chairwoman
grandson-granddaughter
halfbrother-halfsister
male pacient-female pacient
male child-female child
man cashier-woman cashier
he-bird - she-bird
male camel-female camel
he leopard-she leopard
he-swallow - she-swallow
prince consort-queen consort
male-cousin - female-cousin
he/male ape-she/female ape ( folosim "she" sau "he" pentru a identifica genul)
male camel-female camel
tom cat-tabby cat
bull/male elephant-cow/female elephant ( folosim "female" sau "male" pentru a
identifica genul)
he/billy goat-she/nanny goat
he leopard-she leopard
cock pheasant-hen pheasant
dog wolf-bitch wolf
barman-barmaid
he-bear - she-bear
dog-wolf - bitch-wolf
Putem adauga anumite sufixe pentru a forma femininul:
-ess: lion-lioness, tiger-tigress, host-hostess, murder
-e: fiance-fiancee, protege-protegee
ine: hero-heroine
-ix: executor-executrix
Putem adauga si alte sufixe pentru a forma masculinul:
-er: widow-widower
-groom: bride-bridegroom
-ette: usher-usherette
-enne: comedian-comedienne
-a: czar-czarina
"Much" se foloseste cu substantive nenumarabile, "How much petrol is in the
car?", iar "many" se foloseste cu substantive numarabile, "How many people were
at the meeting?".
Sunt corecte ambele forme cu a) substantive numarabile si b) substantive
nenumarabile:
a) A lot of people went to the game.
Lots of people went to the game.
b) A lot of snow falls in winter.
Lots of snow falls in winter.

Atentie!
Vom traduce "o calatorie de doua zile" astfel: "a trip of two days", "a two-day trip"
sau "a two days' trip". Putem spune "I am three years old", dar vom spune "I am a
three-year-old boy".
Folosim "other" cu substantive nenumarabile de singular sau substantive de plural
si "another" cu substantive numarabile de singular:
Could I have another drink?
Do you have other luggage to check?
What other books by Charles Dickens have you read?

O mare parte din substantive s-au format prin 3 procedee, si anume:

a) Compunere ( unirea a doua sau mai multe parti de vorbire, obtinandu-se un
cuvant nou): passer-by, a good-for-nothing, he-wolf.
b) Derivare ( adaugarea unui sufix sau prefix la radacina pentru a forma un
substantiv): recover, return, friendship, childhood.
c) Conversiune ( substantivizarea unor parti de vorbire): the wise ( adjectivul
"intelept" se transforma in substantivul "intelept"), the ups and downs
( adverbele "sus" si "jos" s-au transformat in substantivele"suisurile si
coborasurile")

Vom folosi "each" cand ne referim la 2 lucruri si "every" cand ne referim la 3 sau
mai multe lucruri si vom folosi mereu "every" cu substantive precedate de
numerale si nu "each":
Two pupils entered the classroom; Each pupil was carrying a schoolbag.
We get up at 7 o'clock every day. / The bus leaves every two hours.
Notam cateva expresii cu every: every inch, every bit, every now and then.

· The Article

Articolul hotarat (the) se foloseste:

1. Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in contextul respectiv

-----> I had a dog and a cat when i was a kid. The dog was very naughty.
2. Atunci cand, desi a mai fost mentionat in context, atat vorbitorul, cat si
ascultatorul, cunosc mentiunea la care se face referire ----> Where is the
bathroom? It is on the left.

3. In propozitii sau fraze cand definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau
obiecte ----> The girl in a blue shirt it's my cousin.

4. Referitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice -----> The Earth, The Sun,
The Moon, the Stars.

5. Cu superlative: the best, cu numerale ordinale, the first.

6. Inaintea unor adjective pentru a ne referi in general la un grup de oameni

care au in comun o anumita trasatura: the beautiful ( frumosii), the young (
tinerii), the English ( englezii), the French ( francezii).

7. Pentru nume de locuri geografice, oceane, mari, rauri, deserturi, lanturi de

munti, paduri, golfuri ( the Atlantic, the Sahara, the Alps, the Carpatians, the
Danube, the Mississipi, the Black Sea, the Sahara Desert, the Tisa River, the Bay
of Biscay, the Coronado National Forest).

8. Inaintea unor nume proprii de muzee, institutii, hoteluri, ziare, teatre ( the
Smiths, the Houses of Parliament, the Tandarica, the British Museum, the
Hilton Hotel, the University of Bucharest, the Times).

9. Pentru a exprima grupe de ani: My parents went to college in the seventies.

10. Inainte de structuri prepozitionale: The capital of Romania is Bucharest.

That street leads to the centre of the town.

11. Cu numele avioanelor, vaselor, trenurilor: The Titanic, The Brittish Airways.

12. Cu numele persoanelor pentru a le individualiza: The Nicholas, I was talking

to that day, is not Mary's boyfriend.

13. In cazurile acestea: in the 1840s, in the afternoon.

14. In cazul vizitelor la anumite institutii si nu pentru scopul institutiei: go to

the hospital, go to the school, go to the church. Un exemplu ar fi -----> John
went to the hospital to ask what time it was.

15. Cu numele persoanelor la plural referindu-ne la o familie intreaga: The

Adams, The Smiths.

16. Cu cuvintele (sea, beach, earth, ground, weather, theatre, sky, world):
We have a house near the sea. Dar -----> Tom is at sea. (he's sailing)

17. Inaintea substantivelor compuse care denumesc perioade, evenimente si

documente istorice: The Stone Age, The Middle Ages, The French Revolution,
The Declaration of Independence, The Civil War, The Antiquity)

18. Inaintea substantivelor "the former" (primul/prima dintre 2 persoane sau

lucruri) si "the latter" (al doilea/a doua dintre 2 persoane sau lucruri):
Of the two coats you have tried on, the former is too long and the latter is too
loose.
19. In anumite expresii ca: to break the ice, to tell the truth, on the whole, to
get the upper hand, to play the fool, to take the trouble, all the day long, to
break the law).

20. Se mai foloseste cu sensul de "cel", "cea" (articole demonstrative

adjectivale): Stefan the Great, Alfred the Great.

21. Cu partile corpului: He feels pain in the shoulder.

22. In locul unui pronume demonstrativ: At the moment, he is not at home. (at
this time)

23. Cu numele unor organizatii abreviate daca se pronunta litera cu litera ----->
the FBI, the CIA, dar daca se pronunta ca un intreg cuvant, nu folosim articol
-----> NATO, dar the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

24. Cu cuvintele "cinema", "theatre", "office", cu instrumentele muzicale si cu

substantivele colective "clergy", "public" -----> play the piano, the cinema, the
public, the clergy.

25. Cu grupuri de insule sau cu nume de insule insotite de prepozitii: The

Canaries / The Canary Islands si The Isle of Man. ( Dar cu insule unice nu vom
folosi nici articol hotarat, nici articol nehotarat, "Crete", "Corfu").

26. Cu numele tarilor care sunt la plural: The Netherlands, The United States
of America, The United Kingdom.
Articolul nehotarat (a/an) se foloseste:

1. Pentru a ne referi la ceva pentru prima data: Would you like a drink?

2. Pentru a ne referi la un anumit membru al unui grup social sau clasa: He is a

teacher.

3. Cu nume de profesii: John is an engineer.

4. Cu nationalitati si religii: John is a Christian. / John is a romanian.

5.Cu substantive numarabile la singular dupa cuvinte cum ar fi "what", "such",

"so":
What a girl! / He is such a smart boy. / He is so good a worker.

6. Cand ne referim la un singur obiect sau persoana, e echivalent cu "one": I

would like an orange and two bananas.

7. Cu anumite numerale cardinale: a hundred, a milion.

8. Cand vorbim despre o persoana care e necunoscuta pentru cel care asculta/
vorbitor: A Mr Green asked about you. ( Un anume domn Green...)

9. Cand este echivalent cu "per" (pe): Julie earns $500 a week.

10. Cand vrem sa aratam ca o opera de arta apartine unui anumit artist si cand
vrem sa aratam ca o persoana apartine unei anumite familii:
Mrs. Wallace had been a Dobson before she got married.
This must be a Renoir. (Aceasta trebuie sa fie o pictura de Renoir)

11. In loc de "one" cu sensul de "one and the same" (unul si acelasi/una si
aceeasi):
These shoes are not both of a size. (Acesti pantofi nu sunt aceeasi masura)

12. Cu expresiile: to have a cold, to have a chance, at a loss, to have a fancy for,
to make a fuss, to take a pride in, to put a distance, on an average, at a speed
of, as a rule, to have a headache. Se mai foloseste si cu expresiile a great many,
a lot of, a plethora of, a flurry of, a great deal of, an amount of, many
a+substantiv, acestea insemnand "o multime de". -----> She has a great many
friends. / Many a man would like this.

13. Cu substantive denotând o persoană cu anumite caracteristici: He thinks he

is a Don Juan.

14. In formula "quite"/"rather"+a/an+adjectiv+substantiv: She is quite a nice

person.

15. Dupa "too"/"how"+adjectiv: How interesting a person he is! / He is too

good a player to leave out of the team.

16. Cu substantive folosite in sens general: A baby requires special care.

Articolul nehotarat "a" se foloseste inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o
consoana: a boy, a girl.
Articolul nehotarat "an" se foloseste inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o
vocala: an apple/orange.

Exceptii!
"An" se foloseste si inainte de un "h" mut: an hour, an honor
"A" se foloseste si inainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci cand se pronunta "iu":
a European, a University, a unity.

Articolul zero

Nu se foloseste niciun articol:

1. Cu nume de tari, continente, orase, judete: England is a beautiful country. /

Romania is in Europe. / Prahova County is know for its valley. Dar exista si
exceptii : The Netherlands, The United States of America, The United Kingdom.

2. Cu numele limbilor: French is spoken in Paris.

3. Cu numele meselor: lunch, breakfast ----> We are having lunch.

4. Cu titluri + nume proprii: Prince Charles is very popular. Doctor Watson is

great.

Nota bene!
Daca intalnim doar titlul generic neinsotit de un nume propriu, folosim articolul
hotarat "the": the Prince/ Pope/ President/ Queen

5. Cu substantive nenumarabile: We drink milk yesterday.

6. In unele expresii: by car, by train, on foot, at work.

7. Cu nume de strazi, lacuri: I live on Stoian Militaru street. / I visited Lake

Michigan last year.

8. Cu substantive abstracte: Knowledge of languages is important.

9. Cu numele materiilor scolare: He likes Maths.

10. Cu anumite institutii cum ar fi scoala, spitalul, biserica, in cazul in care

persoana despre care se vorbeste este un elev sau un pacient si intra in aceste
institutii in scopul in care acestea au fost create: go to school, go to hospital as
a student/ patient. -----> He is going to hospital to find out more about his
health.
A se compara cu cazul 14 de la articolul hotarat pentru a vedea diferentele!!

11. Cu nume formate din două cuvinte al căror prim cuvânt este numele unei
persoane sau al unui loc: Charles de Gaulle Airport Dar -----> the White
House ( pentru ca "White" nu e numele unei persoane sau loc)

12. Cu cuvintele (home, mother, father) cand vorbim despre parintii nostri sau
casa noastra: Father is home.
13. Cu substantivele colective (mankind, humanity):
Humanity was shocked when the two atomic bombs were launched.

14. Cu titlurile unor articole din ziar: Plane crashes near Berlin.

15. Cu expresiile: at dawn, at noon, for fun, by day, by bus, in danger, in debt,
arm in arm, to catch fire, to come to light.

16. Cu nume de lacuri, nume de munti izolati, parcuri, poduri: Lake Victoria,
Hyde Park, Waterloo Bridge, Ben Nevis (the highest mountain in Scotland).

17. Cu anotimpurile, zilele saptamanii, sarbatorile: Trees are in blossom in

spring. ( Dar daca vorbim despre ceva specific, vom folosi articolul hotarat, "I
took this picture in the spring of 2014."/ "I remember the Sunday we left
London.")

18. Dupa verbul "to turn": She started out a teacher but turned dancer.

19. Cu numere de autobuze si capitole de carti: I have to take bus 232. / I am at

chapter 6 of the book.

20. Cu substantivele care denumesc notiuni abstracte nu sunt precedate de

articol atunci cand sunt precedate de un adjectiv si sunt privite ca un tot unitar:
German industry is facing a major crisis.
DAR: Daca respectiva notiune este vazuta ca parte a unui tot este necesara
prezenta articolului "the": The German car industry has been badly hit by the
 recent scandals.

21. Cu substantivele care sunt urmate de o precizare cu rol de generalizare:

People of my generation tend not to like today's pop music at all.
DAR: Daca precizarea nu are rolul de a generaliza se va folosi articolul hotarat
"the": The love she foud was not to last.

22. Cu "such" si "what" in cazul substantivelor nenumarabile:

What weather we are having at the moment!
He has never met such kindness as theirs.

· The Pronoun

Pronume personale:

Nominativ
I
to you
He, she, it
We
You
They
Genitiv (formele adjectivului pronominal posesiv)
My
Your
Her, his, its
Our
Your
Their

Genitiv (formele pronumelui posesiv)

Mine
Yours
Hers, his, its
Ours
Yours
Theirs

Dativ
To me
To you
To him/ to her/ to it
To us
To you
To them
Acuzativ (formele de complement)
Me
You
Him, her, it
Us
You
Them

Nota bene!
You/they/ one impersonal se folosesc pentru a vorbi despre oameni in general, iar
"you" poate fi inlocuit si de "one":
You have to be very carefully when you drive.
They say she is very clever. (Se spune)
If one can't offer his family decent living conditions, he will feel frustrated.
One shouldn't be too sure of oneself.

Folosim dupa "as", "than", "like" doar formularile:

Mary is as old as I am. / Mary is as old as me.
Petter is more intelligent than her. / Petter is more intelligent than she is.

Pronume reflexive:

Singular
l. myself
ll. yourself
lll. ourselves
Plural
I. ourselves
ll. yourselves
lll. themselves
I want to do it myself. (insumi)

Pronume demonstrative:
this-these
that-those
"such" poate avea sensul de "acesta": This is my belief -----> Such is my belief.
Formele "this" si "these" sunt pentru apropiere, iar formele "that", "those" sunt
pentru departare.

Pronume relative:
Folosim formele who, that, whom, whoever, whose pentru persoane, iar pentru
lucruri avem formele that, which, whose, what -----> The student who studies the
hardest usually passes the exam.

Who: il folosim pentru a intreba ce persoana face o anumita actiune sau pentru a
intreba cine e intr-un anumit loc -----> Who made his bed yesterday?
Who is in the living room?
Who is he?
Whom: Il folosim penytu a intreba care perosna primeste o anumita actiune ----->
Whom did you hire to do the job?
"Whom" se poate folosi si cu prepozitie: This is the person to whom I sold my car.
That is Tom's brother, whom you spoke to yesterday.

Whose: Exprima posesia, il folosim pentru a afla carei persoane apartine un

anumit lucru -----> Whose book is this?

What il folosim pentru lucruri, o activitate, pentru a intreba despre o profesie sau
nationalitate:
What is he like?
What's the weather like?
Il folosim si in cadrul unor expresii de genul:
There's Mister What's-his-name (Iata-l pe domnul cum il cheama)
He bought apples, tea, coffee and what not. (A cumparat mere, ceai, cafea, dar ce
nu a cumparat)
Martin always knows what's what. (Martin stie mereu ce e bine)

Diferente intre which si that:

In general, "which" se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au natura de
explicatii suplimentare, dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba
intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv, propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general
intre virgule. "That" apare si inainte de adjective la gradul superlativ si inainte de
"something", "anything", "nothing" etc.
Propozitiile introduse prin "that" sunt indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se vor
pune intre vigule. Vom folosi intotdeauna "that" dupa superlative.
- Who si formele sale se refera la persoane
- Which la lucruri
- That la ambele
The boy who read the book is my brother.
The team that won the championship got a prize.
This is the programme which we invented.
There's something that you don't know.
She is the tallest girl that I have ever seen.
This is the car for which I paid 500$. ("Which" se poate folosi si cu prepozitie)
This is the strongest man that I have ever seen.

Some, most, many, few, none, neither, either se pot combina cu whose, which,
whom: I have 3 children none of whom are overweight. Mai putem intalni
expresiile "that which", "he who" in exemple ca: He who laughs last laughs best. /
That which doesn't kill you makes you stronger.

Pronume de intarire:
Au aceeasi forma cu pronumele reflexive: I myself don't know the answer.

Pronume reciproce au urmatoarea forma: each other (unul altuia)

Se foloseste pentru 2 elemente cand intalnim 2 elemente.
One another (unul pe altul, unul pe celalalt) se foloseste atunci cand sunt 3 sau
mai multe elemente.
The two sisters gave each other books.
Football players hit one another very often. ( se lovesc unul pe altul, e vorba de
mai mult de 2 persoane)
Se noteaza expresiile:
-"Enjoy yourself" cu sensul de "have a good time"
-"I like being by myself" cu sensul de "I like being alone"
-"Make yourself heard" cu sensul de "Speak loudly enough to be heard by others"

Pronume nehotarate: somebody, anybody, something, everybody.

Acestea sunt dpdv al numarului la singular si vor fi urmate de un verb la singular:
Everybody is at home.
Alte pronume nehotarate sunt: little, many, much, several, more, both, every, any,
either.

Some poate fi fie pronume, fie adjectiv si se poate folosi:

a) ca pronume dupa cum urmeaza: Did you buy any stamps yesterday? Yes, I
bought some.
b) cu substantive numarabile la singular cand o persoana sau un obiect sunt
necunoscute pentru vorbitor: There's some man in the hall.
c) cu substantive numarabile la singular denotand aprecierea: Wow, this is some
car! (Asta zic si eu masina!)
d) cu substantive numarabile la plural pentru a denota un numar sau o cantitate
mai mare: I will be away for some time. (destul de mult timp)
e) in propozitii interogative cand e vorba de o invitatie sau cerere: Will you have
some coffee? / Would you buy me some bread?
f) cu substantive numarabile la singular: He is living in some place in Africa. (cu
sensul de vreun/vreo/o/un/oarecare)
g) in propozitii interogative cand asteptam un raspuns pozitiv:
Yesterday I met Tom in front of the bookshop and he had several books in his
hands.
I asked him: "Have you bought some books?"
h) cu sensul de "certain": Some people believe they are always right.
i) in propozitii negative cand intelesul este afirmativ: Grannie never visits us
without bringing us some pies.

Any poate fi fie pronume, fie adjectiv si poate fi folosit:

a) ca pronume dupa cum urmeaza: Did you buy any stamps yesterday? I didn't buy
any.
b) in propozitii interogative sau negative: I have not seen any books on the table. /
Did you buy any apples yesterday?
c) cu adverbele hardly, barely, scarcely: I have hardly any spare time.
d) cu without cand without any inseamna with no: She passed the exam without
any difficulty / with no difficulty.

Much se foloseste cu substantive nenumarabile in propozitii negative si

interogative: There isn't much to do in this hotel.

Many se foloseste cu substantive numarabile propozitii interogative si

interogative: She has got so many friends she can't remember their names.

Anybody, anything si celelalte pronume care incep cu "any" se folosesc:

a) in propozitii interogative: Is anybody at home?
b) in propozitii negative: She didn't eat anything.

Both face referire la 2 lucruri si este urmat intotdeauna de verb de plural:

Both of the children are sleeping.

Pronume negative: none, nothing, no one, nobody.

None (nici unul) ca pronume este folosit pentru un grup de 3 sau mai multe
persoane: None of my friends came yesterday.
I have a lot of friends. However, none of them have/ has helped me yesterday.
( Putem folosi "none" atat cu verb la plural, cat si cu verb la singular)
Nobody poate si no one pot inlocui substantivele denotand persoane:
Nobody wants to deal with such problems.
Nothing poate inlocui substantivul denotand lucruri:
Nothing can be done for you.

Atentie!
"Who is there? It's I. ( E incorect sa folosim varianta "It's me")
Putem folosi si "myself" cu sensul de "I" (eu) astfel: John and I went on foot ( John
and myself went on foot.)
Folosim forma de pronume posesiv in acest caz: John is an old friend of his. (este
interzis a se folosi forma "him")

· The Participle
a) Prezent: speaking b) Perfect: having spoken c) trecut: stolen

Când o acțiune este urmată imediat de o altă actiune, realizată de același

subiect, acțiunea anterioară are loc de obicei sub forma participiului prezent:
Opening the door, I saw a black cat. ( care este rescris si astfel "I opened the
door and I saw a black cat")

Participiul perfect este folosit atunci când dorim să subliniem că acțiunea

exprimată de participiu are loc înainte de acțiunea exprimată de următorul
verb:
Having written his composition, the child went to the park.
Participiul perfect corespunde romanescului "dupa ce", "deoarece":
Having redecorated all the bedrooms, he started on the loft conversion. (
Dupa ce a redecorat toate dormitoarele, a inceput sa modifice mansarda)
Having been fired from his job, he decided to go back to university. ( Pentru ca
a fost concediat, s-a decis sa isi reia studiile universitare)

Când este folosit ca adverb, Participiul prezent are funcția de modificator

adverbial:
When seeing this, he could say nothing else. ( modificator adverbial de timp)
She left the room crying. (modificator adverbial de mod)
Even telling the truth this time, he could not be trusted. (modificator adverbial
de concesie)

În această construcție Participiul prezent este utilizat independent de

predicatul propoziției, iar subiectul ei nu este același cu subiectul propoziției:
The teacher not being in the classroom, we could discuss that matter.
 Participiul prezent care apare în această construcție nu are subiect:
Judging by the appearences, he was right.

Participiul trecut (care se formeaza adaugandu-se particula "ed" la verbele

regulate) poate fi parte dintr-un complement circumstantial de timp: When she
was asked where she had taken the book from, she could not answer. ----->
When asked where she had taken the book from, she could not answer.
Participiul se traduce uneori printr-un gerunziu: We found Andy reading his
comics. ( L-am gasit pe Andy citind revistele sale cu benzi desenate)

· The Numeral

Numeralele se impart in numerale cardinale si ordinale. Numeralele cardinale

(one, two, twenty-eight) arată numărul anumitor elemente, iar numeralele
ordinale (the first, the second, the sixtieth) sunt utilizate pentru a arăta ordinea
elementelor. Numeralele ordinale primesc de regula terminatia "th", dar la
numeralele de la 1 pana la 3 aceasta regula nu se aplica, ele avand terminatii
speciale: first, second, third.

Vom folosi urmatoarele numerale sau expresii ce contin numerale in urmatoarele

cazuri:
1. He works nine to five in this office. (El lucreaza de la 9 la 5 in acest birou)
2. Let's read the poem on page five. ( Hai sa citim poezia de la pagina 5)
3.Grandpa has bought four yoke of oxen. (Bunicul a cumparat 4 perechi de boi)
4. The price of bananas has risen twice. (Pretul bananelor a crescut de doua ori)
5. Expresia "a score of" se refera la 20 de obiecte, "a dozen" se refera la 12
obiecte, iar expresia "a couple of" se refera la 2 obiecte.
Numeralul fractionar arata unele sau mai multe parti ale intregului, iar ca exemple
avem:
a)one-third (o treime)
b)two-fifths (doua cincimi)
c)three-fourths (trei patrimi)
d)half-baked (jumatate copt)
Numeralul colectiv exprima ideea de grup, iar ca exemple avem:
a) a pair of shoes - o pereche de pantofi
b) two team of cattle- 2 perechi de vite
c) four yoke of oxen - 4 perechi de boi
d) two dozen of egges - doua duzini de oua
e) a span of horses- 2 cai
Numeralul multiplicativ arata in ce proportie creste o cantitate:
double - twofold - dublu
triple - threefold - triplu
a hundredfold - insutit
tenfold - inzecit
Numeralul adverbial indică de câte ori se îndeplinește o acțiune:
once - o data
twice - de doua ori
ten times - de zece ori
They have twice as many books. ( Au de doua ori mai multe carti)
Numeral distributiv exprima gruparea numerica a obiectelor, iar ca exemple avem:
a) three by three - trei cate trei
b) by twos/ two at a time/ two by two - doi cate doi
c) in pairs and threes/ by twos and threes- cate doi si cate trei
d)twelve at a time/ by the dozen- cate doisprezece

Folosim "an amount of", "a great deal of", "a good deal of" cu substantive
nenumarabile, iar "a number of", "a great number of", "a large number of" cu
substantive numarabile. Mai putem folosi si "tens of", "hundreds of", "thousands
of" ( hundreds of people...) daca nu avem numar in fata ca in situatia "three
hundred words".

Folosim exprimarile:
a) She seems to be in her early forties. (Ea pare sa fie la inceputul varstei de 40 de
ani, adica are 41, 42, 43,44.)
b) She seems to be in her mid forties. (Ea pare sa fie la mijlocul varstei de 40 de
ani, adica are 45 de ani)
c) She seems to be in her late forties (Ea pare sa fie la sfarsitul varstei de 40 de
ani, poate avea intre 46-49 de ani)

Pentru a exprima ora folosim urmatoarele formulari:

a) 1.00 -----> It is one o'clock a.m./ It is one a.m.
b) 1:15 -----> It's a quarter past one.
c) 1:20 -----> It's twenty minutes past one.
d) 1:30 -----> It's half past one.
e) 1:45 -----> It's a quarter to two.
f) 19:30 -----> It's half past seven in the evening/ p.m.
g) 15:00 -----> It's three o'clock in the afternoon/ p.m.

Pentru a exprima varsta folosim urmatoarele formulari:

a) to be+numeral: Tom is fifteen ( years old).
b) substantiv+of+numeral: She was a girl of twelve.
c) over/under+numeral: I think she is over sixty. ( Cred ca ea are peste 60 de ani)
All those present were under twenty. ( Toti cei prezenti aveau sub 20 de ani)
d) over/under+numeral+plural (s): The over-eighteens will be allowed to see this
film. ( Cei peste 18 ani vor avea voie sa vada acest film)
The under-fourteens won't be given identity cards. ( Cei sub 14 ani nu vor primi
carti de identitate)
e) You can play with children of your own age. ( Te poti juca cu copii de varsta ta)
I suppose Julie is Loren's age. ( Presupun ca Julie are varsta lui Loren)

· The Preposition

Folosim prepozitia "in" in urmatoarele cazuri: in cities / towns / the streets /

the suburbs / an armchair / danger / the middle of / a queue / prison / hospital
/ a newspaper / the country / the sky / a line / a row / the centre of / the park.
Prepozitia "in" indica pozitia, in timp ce prepozitia "into" indica miscarea,
intrarea sau pozitia si anume:
After waiting in the hallway for 20 minutes, Joe finally stepped into the
manager's office.
Folosim prepozitia "at" in urmatoarele cazuri: at+ house number (23 Oxford St)
/ at home / work / the bus stop / table / desk / the top of / the match / the
crossroads / the airport / the seaside.
Folosim prepozitia "on" in urmatoarele cazuri: on the floor / the outskirts / a
platform / foot / holiday / the River Seine / the border / this street / a farm /
the screen / an island / a beach / the coast / a trip / the phone / TV / radio /
purpose.
Folosim prepozitia "by" in urmatoarele cazuri: by bus / car / taxi / helicopter /
air / sea / boat / bycicle, dar "by" este omis cand intalnim adjective
pronominale posesive, articolul hotarat sau nehotarat si vom folosi "on" cu a/
the bus stop / plane / train si "in" cu in my car / in her car.
Mai folosim prepozitia "at" in urmatoare cazuri: at 10:30 / at Christmas /
Easter/ lunch / dinner referindu-ne la intreaga perioada nu doar la intreaga ca
zi ( a se compara cu "At Easter" cu "On Easter Day).
Prepozitia "on" se mai foloseste si in aceste cazuri: on Monday / Friday night /
July 30th / Easter Sunday.
Prepozitia "in" se foloseste si in cazurile: in the morning / afternoon / 1992 /
the 19th century.
A se compara:
a) "Tom is sitting in the cafe." (Tom sta in cafenea) cu "Tom is at the cafe." (Tom
e langa cafenea)
b) "Where are you? I'm in hospital, I am sick." ( Sunt in spital, imi e rau) cu "I'm
at the hospital. I'm visiting someone." ( Sunt la spital, vizitez pe cineva)
c) They stood in front of the house. ( prepozitie) cu They stood in front.
(adverb)
 · The Conjunction

"Either...or", "Neither...nor"
"Either...or" e folosita intr-o propozitie cu sens pozitiv cand se refera la o alegere
intre 2 posibilitati:
We can either eat now or after the show. (Putem sa mancam fie acum, fie dupa
spectacol)
He doesn't like football; his father doesn't like it either. (fiindca avem verb negativ
trebuie sa folosim conjunctia "either" si nu "neither". Daca avem o propozitie cu
sens afirmativ si avem verb pozitiv vom folosi conjunctiile "as well" si "too"----->
He likes football; his father likes it too / as well. Propozitia de mai sus, "His father
likes it too / as well, se poate rescrie astfel: So does his father.

"Neither...nor" e folosita intr-o propozitie cu sens negativ cand vrem sa exprimam

ca 2 sau mai multe lucruri nu sunt adevarate:
Neither my mother, nor my father went to college.

Atentie!

1) Daca ambele elemente sunt la singular, verbele vor fi tot la singular:

Either the father, or the mother needs to attend the meeting.

2) Daca 1 dintre elemente e la plural sau amandoua sunt la plural, verbele vor fi la
plural:
Either Mary, or the girls are going to cook dinner.
Neither the teacher, nor the students were in the class this morning.

"Because", "Because of", "Owing to", "On account of", "By reason of", "Since",
"As"
Because se foloseste inainte de pronume, substantiv sau inainte de subiect si
predicat: The baby cried because it was hungry. ( "deoarece", conjunctie)
I think I’ll stay home and watch a film, since it’s raining. ( "deoarece", conjunctie)
As I am leaving tomorrow, I have bought you all a present. ( "fiindca", conjunctie)
Because of se foloseste inainte de substantiv: Dad is not going to work today
because of / by reason of / on account of the strike. ( "din cauza", locutiune
prepozitionala)
John is upset because of / due to the fact that his bike is broken.
It's thanks to Sandy that I heard about the job. ("datorita", prepozitie)
The performance has been canceled owing to the strike. ("din cauza", loc. prep.)

"However", "Nonetheless"
I have a lot of friends. However / Nonetheless, none of them have helped me
with the accomodation.

"Both...and"
Both Mary and Brian were waiting for us at the hotel. ( Atat Mary, cat si Brian ne
asteptau la hotel)

"Not only...but also"

Our room was not only comfortable but also faced the sea. ( Camera noastra nu
era numai confortabila, dar dadea si spre mare)
"While", "Whereas"
Whereas exprimă un contrast si este utilizat pentru a exprima un contrast între
două fapte sau două idei și înseamnă același lucru ca "pe de altă parte" si nu
poate fi utilizat pentru a exprima timpul: Paul likes action films whereas Lennie
mostly watches horror movies.
While exprima timpul si introduce o propozitie circumstantiala de timp, are sensul
de "in timp ce": I will be cooking while you are running.

"Nevertheless", "Therefore", Notwithstanding", "Yet"

I have nevertheless decided to continue with the project.
John studied hard for the exam. Therefore, he got an A+.
Notwithstanding his nervousness, the young man looked his interviewer directly
in the eyes.
He’s 72, yet he still swims, runs and plays football regularly.

"So" ( prin urmare / deci)

There weren't enough beds, so I had to sleep on the floor.