Amos Module 4 Part2

AMOS MODULE 4 Part 2
By: AKHIL SL - EDU MECH (YOUTUBE)
H
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September 3, 2020
4 Strain Energy
EC
Strain Energy of the member is defined as the internal work done in defoming
the body by the action of externally applied forces. This energy in elastic bodies
is known as elastic strain energy :
M
4.1 Strain Energy in uni-axial Loading
Let as consider an infinitesimal element of dimensions as shown in Fig .1. Let
the element be subjected to normal stressσx . The forces acting on the face of
U
ED
this element is σx .dy.dz
where
dydz = Area of the element due to the application of forces, the element
deforms to an amount = x dx
x = strain in the material in x –direction

Changeinlength
=
OriginalLength
Assuming the element material to be as linearly elastic the stress is directly
proportional to strain as shown in Figure. From Figure the force that acts on
1
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H
EC
M
the element increases linearly from zero until it attains its full value.
Hence average force on the element is equal to = 12 σx dy.dz

U
Therefore the workdone by the above force
Force = average force x deformed length

ED
1
= σx .x .dx.dy.dz
2
For a perfectly elastic body the above work done is the internal strain energy
“du”.
1
du = σx x dx.dy.dz
2
here dv = dxdydz
= Volume of the element By rearranging the equation we can write,

du 1
U0 = = σx x dv (1)
dv 2
The equation represents the strain energy in elastic body per unit volume of the
material its strain energy – density ‘U0 ’ .
From Hook’s Law for elastic bodies, it may be recalled that
σ
=E (2)

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuwQF4dhsGviJCMIvMjgTLw
σx 2 Ex 2 σx 2
Z
du
U0 = = = U= dv (3)
dv 2E 2 2E
In the case of a rod of uniform cross – section subjected at its ends an equal
and opposite forces of magnitude P as shown in the Figure.
H
U=
EC
Z L
V ol
σx 2
2E
σ=
P
A
(4)
M
L
P2
Z
U= Adx (5)
0 2EA2
P 2L
U= (6)
2AE
4.2 Modulus of resilience

U
Suppose ‘ σx ‘ in strain energy equation is put equal to σy i.e. the stress at

proportional limit or yield point. The resulting strain energy gives an index of
the materials ability to store or absorb energy without permanent deformation
ED
σy 2
U0 = (7)
2E
he quantity resulting from the above equation is called the Modulus of resilience
The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the straight line portion
‘OY’ of the stress – strain diagram as shown in Figure and represents the energy
per unit volume that the material can absorb without yielding. Hence this is
used to differentiate materials for applications where energy must be absorbed
by members.
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4.3 Modulus of Toughness
EC
M
Suppose [strain] in strain energy expression is replaced by R strain at
rupture, the resulting strain energy density is called modulus of toughness
U
ER 2
Z
U = 0 Ex dx = dv
2
From the stress – strain diagram, the area under the complete curve gives the
measure of modules of toughness. It is the materials.
ED
Ability to absorb energy upto fracture. It is clear that the toughness of a

material is related to its ductility as well as to its ultimate strength and that
the capacity of a structure to withstand an impact Load depends upon the
toughness of the material used.
4.4 Strain Energy in Bending (Due to moment)
onsider a beam AB subjected to a given loading as shown in figure.
Let
M = The value of bending Moment at a distance x from end A.
From the simple bending theory, the normal stress due to bending alone is
expressed as.
H
My
σ=
I
Substituting this equation in equation of strain energy,
i.e; Z 2
σ
EC
U= dv
2E
M 2 y2
Z
U= dv (8)
2EI 2
Substituting dv = dx dA. Where dA = elemental Cross section
M 2 y2
2EI 2
M
is a function of x alone
Now
M2
Z Z
U= y 2 dAdx
2EI 2
Z
y 2 dA = I I = moment of inertia
U
M2
Z
U= dx (9)
2EI
4.5 Strain Energy Due to Shear Stress

ED
Consider a cube ABCD of side L subjected to a shear force P which is applied

tangentially on the side CD. As a result, CD deforms to C’D’ as shown in figure.
Let φ be the angle turned by the side AD due to the shear force, τ be the shear
stress acting on the side CD, G the modulus of rigidity of the material of cube
and A the area of each side of the cube.
T he shear f orce P is given by P = τ A = τ L2

DD0
In the triangle ADD0 tanφ =
AD
dL
W hen φ is very small, tanφ = φ = = Shear strain
L
dL = φL
H
1 1 2
W ork done by shear f orce = P dL = τ L × φL
2 2
1 1 τ
= × τ × φ × L = × τ × L3
3
2 2 G
EC
τ 2 L3
=
2G
4.6 Strain Energy Due to Applied Torque

Consider the shaft shown in the figure subjected to twisting couples. Let J be
the polar moment of inertia, T be the internal torque at that section and r the
radius of the shaft, at a distance x from the fixed end.
M
U
ED
Tr
T he shearing stress at this section is = τxy = (10)
J
τxy 2
Z
Substituting f or τxy in equation 10 U= dV
2G
T2
T he term is a f unction of x alone and dV = dAdx
2GJ 2
H
Z L
T2
Z
2
hence, U = 2
r dA dx
0 2GJ A
Z
T he integral r2 dA = J T he polar moment of inertia.
A
EC
L
T2
Z
N ow U= dx
0 2GJ
In case of a shaf t of unif orm cross section subjected to equal and
opposite couples of magnitude T
T 2L
U=
2GJ
4.7 Reciprocal relation

M
The influence coefficients fmn and knm are the flexibility and stiffness influence
coefficients respectively. Where fnm is the displacement caused in a specific
direction m by the applied unit load in some direction n and knm is the force
required in some specified direction m. It will be shown that in a linear elastic
structure there is a reciprocal relationship between influence coefficients with
similar subscripts and that is;
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ED
fmn = fnm
and
knm = kmn
These equalities imply that the matrices f and k, the flexibility and stiffness
matrices of the structure are symmetrical about their leading diagonals,
consider a linear elastic structure supported by reactive elements which do not
work, to which two loads Wm and Wn may be applied.
In the former, the application of Wm causes displacement of n to n’ and m to m’
(together with rotation of both points). The displacements in the line of action
H
EC
of loads Wm and Wn (i.e; corresponding with them) are
Displacement = F lexibility × load∆mm = fmm × Wm ∆nm = fnm × Wm (11)

Similarly , if Wn is applied, m and n will be displayed to m” and n” as shown
in the figure.
Therefore the displacements will be
M
∆mn = fmn Wn and∆nn = fnn Wn (12)
Consider Wm is applied first to the structure,

The energy stored will be
1 1
U1 = Wm ∆mm = Wm (fmm Wm )
2 2
U
1 2
U1 = W m fmm
2
Then Wn is applied subsequently,
The energy stored in a structure due to Wn will be
ED
1 1
U2 = Wm ∆nm = Wn (fnn Wn )
2 2
1 2
U2 = W n fnn
2
But the point of application of Wm will be displaced and additional energy
stored in a structure due to Wm is
U3 = Wm ∆mn = Wm (fmn Wn )
1
(Note that, during this movement there is no change of Wm and a factor of 2
is omitted ) .
The total strain energy in a body is,
U = U1 + U2 + U3
1 1 1
= fmm Wm 2 + fnn Wn 2 + fmn Wm Wn
2 2 2
Now, if the structure is unloaded, thus restoring to its original condition and
the loads applied singly again but in the reverse order i.e; if Wn is applied first,
it will do work of,
1 1
U10 = Wn ∆nn = Wn (fnn Wn )
2 2
1
U10 = W 2 n fnn
H
2
If Wm is applied. The energy stored in a structure is
1 1
U20 = Wm ∆nm = Wm (fmm Wm )
2 2
but application of Wm
to do work of
ECU20 =
1 2
2
W m fmm
will cause displacement of n and therefore cause Wn
Wn ∆nm = Wn fnm Wm
and the total work done by the two loads, which will be stored in the structure
in the form of strain energy is,
M
1 1 1
U0 = fmm Wm 2 + fnn Wn 2 + fmn Wm Wn
2 2 2
Since the elastic energy
4.8 Complementary Strain Energy

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ED
Consider the stress strain diagram as shown . The area enclosed by the in-
clined line and the vertical axis is called the complementary strain energy. For
a linearly elastic materials the complementary strain energy and elastic strain
energy are the same.
Let us consider elastic non linear primatic bar subjected to an axial load. The
resulting stress strain plot is as shown. The new term complementary work is
H
defined as follows
We also know,
EC W∗ =
Z
δ1 dP1 (13)
M
W ∗ + W = pδ (14)
So In geometric sense the work W ∗ is the complement of the work ‘W’ because
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ED
it completes rectangle as shown in the above figure
4.9 Complementary Energy

Z
U∗ = W∗ = 0P δ1 dP1
Likewise the complementary energy density u∗ is obtained by considering a

volume element subjected to the stress σ1 and 1 , in a manner analogous to
that used in defining the strain energy density. Thus
Z σ
∗
U = 1 dσ1 (15)
0
The complementary energy density is equal to the area between the stress strain
curve and the stress axis. The total complementary energy of the bar may be
obtained from u∗ by integration
Z
U ∗ = u∗ dv
H
Sometimes the complementary energy is also called the stress energy. Com-
plementary Energy is expressed in terms of the load and that the strain energy
is expressed in terms of the displacement.
EC
M
U
ED

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AMOS MODULE 4 Part 2

By: AKHIL SL - EDU MECH (YOUTUBE)

this element is σx .dy.dz

x = strain in the material in x –direction

Hence average force on the element is equal to = 12 σx dy.dz

Therefore the workdone by the above force

Force = average force x deformed length

= Volume of the element By rearranging the equation we can write,

4.2 Modulus of resilience

Suppose ‘ σx ‘ in strain energy equation is put equal to σy i.e. the stress at

Ability to absorb energy upto fracture. It is clear that the toughness of a

4.4 Strain Energy in Bending (Due to moment)

onsider a beam AB subjected to a given loading as shown in figure.

M = The value of bending Moment at a distance x from end A.

4.5 Strain Energy Due to Shear Stress

Consider a cube ABCD of side L subjected to a shear force P which is applied

T he shear f orce P is given by P = τ A = τ L2

4.6 Strain Energy Due to Applied Torque

4.7 Reciprocal relation

Displacement = F lexibility × load∆mm = fmm × Wm ∆nm = fnm × Wm (11)

Consider Wm is applied first to the structure,

will cause displacement of n and therefore cause Wn

4.8 Complementary Strain Energy

it completes rectangle as shown in the above figure

4.9 Complementary Energy

Likewise the complementary energy density u∗ is obtained by considering a

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x = strain in the material in x –direction