COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

School Year 2020-2021

BIOCHEMISTRY

Class No.: Date:

Name: Module 1 – First Semester
Grade and Section: Teacher: PROF. JENNY CHUA, M.SC.

I. Title: REVIEW – General Biology – Cell Organelles, Cell Cycles, Cell Transports &
Cell Membrane

II. Objectives:
After accomplishing this module, you must be able to:
1. explain the postulates of cell theory
2. describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles
3. value the importance of the origin of life; and
4. create an infographic about the different cell organelles in a living cell.
5. distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells according to their
distinctive features
6. classify different cell types and specify the function(s) of each
7. realize the importance of a tiny cell to perform life processes; and
8. create an infographic material showing the difference between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell
9. explain cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis
10. describe the process of cell death
11. appreciate the importance of having healthy cells in the body; and
12. create a venn diagram about mitosis and meiosis
13. explain the transport mechanisms in cells
14. value the importance of nutrient transport in maintaining a healthy body; and
15. create a concept map showing the different transport mechanism processes.

III. Material/s:
1. Lecture Notes – Review on General Biology, pdf file
2. For Reference(s):
 YouTube videos for review – (see uploaded videos in Canvas)

IV. Time Frame: Week 1 – Fri/Sat 1-5 pm, Week 2 – Tues/Thurs – 4-6pm

V. Concept:

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of
trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert
those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the
body’s hereditary material and can make copies of them.

Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of these parts, called
organelles, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks within the cell.(see fig. 1)
 Figure 1 – Cell Organelles and their functions
https://edu.glogster.com/glog/cells-44697949/2deuu4ijsjw?=glogpedia-source

The CELL THEORY, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar
units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839
by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The idea
predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin's theory of
evolution (1859), Mendel's laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment
of comparative biochemistry (1940).

Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The single-celled
organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes (pro =
before; karyon– = nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes
(eu = true).

Components of Prokaryotic Cells

All cells share four common components: (1) a

plasma membrane, an outer covering that
separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding
environment; (2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like
region within the cell in which other cellular
components are found; (3) DNA, the genetic
material of the cell; and (4) ribosomes, particles that
synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ
from eukaryotic cells in several ways.

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled

(unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any
other membrane-bound organelle. We will shortly
come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic DNA is found in
the central part of the cell: a darkened region called the nucleoid (Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-
biology1/chapter/prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/

Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule (Figure
1). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and
prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its
environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for
locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of
reproduction called conjugation.

Eukaryotic Cells
 In nature, the relationship between form and function is apparent at all levels, including the
level of the cell, and this will become clear as we explore eukaryotic cells. The principle
―form follows function‖ is found in many contexts. It means that, in general, one
can deduce the function of a structure by looking at its form, because the two are
matched. For example, birds and fish have streamlined bodies that allow them to move
quickly through the medium in which they live, be it air or water.

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-
bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions. The
word eukaryotic means ―true kernel‖ or ―true nucleus,‖ alluding to the presence of
the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells. The word ―organelle‖ means ―little organ,‖
and, as we learned earlier, organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the
organs of your body have specialized functions.

The cell cycle can be thought of as the life cycle of a cell. In other words, it is the series of
growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its ―birth‖—formation by
the division of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new daughter cells.

Key takeaways: Mitosis vs Meiosis

 Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division processes that occur during cell division.
 Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves the division of sex
cells.
 The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
 Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and cytoplasmic division, while four
daughter cells are produced after meiosis.
 Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid, while those resulting from meiosis
are haploid.
 Daughter cells that are the product of mitosis are genetically identical. Daughter cells
produced after meiosis are genetically diverse.
 Tetrad formation occurs in meiosis but not mitosis.

Programmed Cell death (Apoptosis) -

A type of cell death in which a series of
molecular steps in a cell lead to its death.
This is one method the body uses to get
rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The
process of programmed cell death may
be blocked in cancer cells.

FIGURE 3 - Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell

division processes that play the most crucial role in
reproduction, and maintenance of the structural and
functional integrity of tissues.
https://biologywise.com/difference-between-mitosis-
meiosis

Cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer known as the cell membrane which demarcates
the internal and external environment of the cell. The structure of the membrane is designed to
be selectively permeable, which means that it allows only certain substances to enter and
leave the cell.

Active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other materials move in
and out of cells and across intracellular membranes. Active transport is the movement
of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher
concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required.
Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower
concentration. There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system,
so additional energy isn't required for it to occur. (see Figure 4)

FIGURE 4 – PASSIVE & ACTIVE TRANSPORT FIGURE 5 – ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

MECHANISMS
https://www.thoughtco.com/endocytosis-
https:// transport-603886 exocytosis- 603886

VI. Activity: Let’s try these!

A. Directions: Match column A with column B. Write your answer on the blank provided
before each number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Golgi bodies A. Synthesis of protein
2. Lysosomes B. Digestion of larger molecules
3. Mitochondrion C. Storage and maintaining of homeostasis
4. Ribosome D. Sorting, packaging and transport of proteins
5. Vacuole E. Energy production of the cell, ATP production
F. Synthesis and processing of proteins, lipids expression
B. Directions: Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in
the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part
may be used more than once.

Structure/Function Cell Part

1. Stores material within the cell

2. Closely stacked, flattened sacs that traps energy from sunlight

3. Where proteins are made

4. Transports materials within the cell

5. The region inside the cell except for the nucleus

6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
7. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that gives plants their
green color
8. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and
invading viruses or bacteria
9. Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
10. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste
products
11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants
12. Produces energy for the cell
13. Packages proteins and other materials for transport out of the
cell
14. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus

15. A structure inside of the nucleus

C. Directions: Explain the following questions briefly.

1. How might the relationship between cancer 2. How do you think cell division is involved in
and the cell cycle be used in the search for the reproduction of eukaryotes such as
causes of cancer? humans?

Criteria: Content /7 Clarity /4 Criteria: Content /7 Clarity /4

D. Directions: Match column A with column B. Write your answer on the blank provided
before each number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Active transport A. Known as cell eating
2. Diffusion B. Known as cell drinking
3. Endocytosis C. Does not require a semi-permeable membrane
4. Exocytosis D. Occurs only across a semi-permeable membrane
5. Osmosis E. Molecules move along the concentration gradient
6. Passive transport F. Molecules move against the concentration gradient
7. Phagocytosis G. Uptaking of substances from the external environment
8. Pinocytosis H. Elimination of cellular waste into the external
environment

VII. Evaluation: Let’s check your understanding!

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each given item.
1. In plant cells, a large, fluid-filled space inside the cell that helps the cell
maintain its shape and may also be used to store nutrients and waste products. In
animal cells, small fluid spaces inside the cell that are used to store nutrients and
waste products. Name this organelle.
A. Cell wall C. Ribosome
B. Chloroplast D. Vacuoles
2. When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their
contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell is expected to .
A. undergo cell division C. recycled damage organelles
B. undergo self-digestion and die D. produce replacement for lysosomes
3. Which of the following organelles ensure that after cell division each daughter
cell has the correct number of chromosomes?
A. Nucleus C. Cytoskeleton
B. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Centriole
4. Which of the following is TRUE about the nucleus?
A. The nucleus is known as the control C. All cells have a nucleus.
center of the cell.
B. The nucleus contains the entire cell’s D. All of the above.
DNA.
 5. What cell structure can determine the molecules that can enter and leave the
cell?
A. Plasma B. Lysosome C. Chloroplast D. Cell wall
membrane

B. Read and study the given paragraph below, then answer the following
questions concisely.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm inside the cell and the
environment outside the cell. It protects and supports the cell and also controls everything
that enters and leaves the cell. It allows only certain substances to pass through, while
keeping others in or out. The ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell is
referred to as selective permeability or semipermeability. To understand how the plasma
membrane controls what crosses into or out of the cell, you need to know its composition.

Phospholipid Bilayer
The plasma membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which consist of fatty acids
and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called
a phospholipid bilayer. As shown in the figure below, each phospholipid molecule has a
head and two tails. The head ―loves‖ water (hydrophilic) and the tails ―hate‖ water
(hydrophobic). The water-hating tails are on the interior of the membrane, whereas the
water-loving heads point outwards, toward either the cytoplasm or the fluid that surrounds
the cell. Molecules that are hydrophobic can easily pass through the plasma membrane, if
they are small enough, because they are water-hating like the interior of the membrane.
Molecules that are hydrophilic, on the other hand, cannot pass through the plasma
membrane — at least not without help — because they are water-loving like the exterior of
the membrane.

Other Molecules in the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane also contains other molecules, primarily other lipids and proteins.
The green molecules in the figure above, for example, are the lipid cholesterol. Molecules
of cholesterol help the plasma membrane keep its shape. Many of the proteins in the
plasma membrane assist other substances in crossing the membrane.

Extensions of the Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane may have extensions, such as whip-like flagella or brush-like cilia.
In single-celled organisms, the membrane extensions may help the organisms move. In
multicellular organisms, the extensions have other functions. For example, the cilia on
human lung cells sweep foreign particles and mucus toward the mouth and nose.

QUESTIONS:
6. What is a plasma membrane?

7-8. What is the meaning of semipermeability in cell?

 9-11. Discuss why the plasma membrane must be a bilayer.

12-13. What are some of the ―other‖ molecules in the plasma membrane? Describe their
function.

14-15. What are cilia and flagella?

C. Cell City Analogy – Read and study the article given below.
In a faraway city called Grant City, the main export and production product is the
steel widget. Everyone in the town has something to do with steel widget making and the
entire town is designed to build and export widgets. The town hall has the instructions for
widget making, widgets come in all shapes and sizes and any citizen of Grant can get
the instructions and begin making their own widgets. Widgets are generally produced in
small shops around the city; these small shops can be built by the carpenters union
(whose headquarters are in town hall).
After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special carts which can deliver
the widget anywhere in the city. In order for a widget to be exported, the carts take the
widget to the postal office, where the widgets are packaged and labeled for export.
Sometimes widgets don't turn out right, and the "rejects" are sent to the scrap yard
where they are broken down for parts or destroyed altogether. The town powers the
widget shops and carts from a hydraulic dam that is in the city. The entire city is
enclosed by a large wooden fence, only the postal trucks (and citizens with proper
passports) are allowed outside the city.
Match the parts of the city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.
CELL ORGANELLE PARTS OF THE CITY EXPLANATION

16-18. Cell membrane

19-21. Endoplasmic
reticulum
22-24. Golgi bodies

25-27. Lysosomes

28-30. Mitochonria
 D. Directions: Create a concept map about Cellular transport Mechanisms by using all
the terms given below: (20 points)
 Active transport  Simple diffusion
 Endocytosis  Sodium/Potassium Pump
 Exocytosis  Goes against concentration gradient
 Facilitated diffusion  Movement directly thru membrane
 Osmosis  Requires ATP
 Other transport mechanism  Uses transport proteins
 Phagocytosis  Movement thru semi-permeable
 Pinocytosis membrane
VIII. Reflection - Literary Article
A. Directions: Create a literary article about the importance of cell theory in the field of
biology.
Rubric for Scoring Literary article:
A. Content: The article provides clear application of knowledge and clarity of concepts presented. –
15 Points
B. Creativity: The article has an interesting style in presenting the ideas. – 7 Points
C. Neatness: The article was written neatly and without any erasures. – 3 Points

B. Directions: Create an infographic material about the difference between a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell and state how an organism lives with this kind of cell. You can use MS Powerpoint
or Publisher in making your infographic material, then save your work (pdf file format).

Rubric for Scoring Infographic material:

D. Content: The material provides clear application of knowledge and clarity of concepts presented. –
15 Points
E. Creativity: The material has an interesting style in presenting the ideas. – 7 Points
F. Uniqueness: The material was presented in a unique and exciting manner. – 3 Points

Submission Date: September 26, 2020 – until 5 pm only. (Late submission will have a
corresponding deduction points.)

File Name Format: SECTION-LAST NAME, First Name – Module 1-General Biology Review

FOR Grading:
 VI. Analysis Part – (Short Quiz 1 – Lecture Part)
 VII. Evaluation Part – (Short Quiz 1 – Laboratory Part)
 VIII. Reflection part – (Written Output – Lecture Part)