Tamil-Sy PDF

Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b
jha; n khop (jkpo; ) - juk; 1

1.0 mwpKfk ;
jha; n khop - jkpo; g ; ghlj; j pw; f hd tplaf; $ Wfs; > mbg; g il nkhopj; j pwd; f shd
nrtpkLj;jy;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J Mfpa ehd;F gug;Gfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
MapDk; ,it jdpj;jdp tplaq;fshff; fw;gpf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. nghUj;jkhf mtw;iw
xd;wpizj;Jf; fw;gpj;jNy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU tplag; gug;gpYKs;s
$Wfis Mrpupau; njspthfg; Gupe; J nfhs; s Ntz; L nkd; g jw; f hfNt mit
jdpj;jdpahfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
2007 Mk; Mz; L njhlf; f k; eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Nju; r ; r p mbg; g ilapyhd
mZFKiwapy; vOj;jwpT> njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpf;Fupa Xu; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpahff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtjhdpj;Jr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;J}d;wp
thrpj;jy;> cWg;gikaTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy; %yk; gad;jUk; tifapyhd
fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;> njhlu;ghly; vd;gtw;wpd;ghy; khztiu ,l;Lr; nry;yy; ,jpy;
Copyright © 2006 National Institute of Education - Sri Lanka. All rights reserved.
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;gb njhlu;ghly; rhue;j Nju;r;rpfNshL> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> NtiyAyFf;F

Maj;jkhFk; Nju;r;rpfs;> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; rkaQ; rhu;ej ; Nju;rr ; pfs;> Xa;T Neuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;;Jjy; kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lr; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> MSik tsu;r;rp rhu;e;j
Nju;r;rpfs;> fw;gjw;fhff; fw;wy; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs; Mfpa Nju;r;rpfs; ahTk; khztuplj;Nj
tpUj;jpailAk; tifapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;Lj; jpl;l
kplg;gLjy; Ntz;LnkdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.0 Muk; g f; f y; t pg; Gyj; j py; vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; nkhoprhu; e ; j

Nju; r ; r pfs
pfs;
,yFthd ghly;fs;> rpwpa fijfs; vd;gtw;iwr; nrtpkLj;J ,urpg;ghu;.
,yFthd mwpTWj;jy;fs;> fl;lisfs;. mwptpj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;iwr;
nrtpkLj;Jr; rpe;jpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
jdJ ehshe;j Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fUj;Jf;fisg;
gupkhwp el;GwTld; NgRthu;.
jdf;Fj; njupe;j ghliyj; jhsyaj;Jld; ghLthu;.
rpwpa fijnahd;iw ,uridAld; $Wthu;.
tFg;giwf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; jftnyhd;iwg; gupkhWthu;.
jhd; ghu;j;j> my;yJ Nfl;l epfo;nthd;iwj; njspthff; $Wthu;.
rig Kd;Nd> xU nghUs; gw;wpf; $r;rkpd;wpg; NgRthu;.
vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L> rupahf cr;rupj;Jg; nghUs; tpsq;f thf;fpaq;fis
thrpg; g hu; .
epWj;jf;Fwpfis mDrupj;Jj; njhdpNtWghl;Lld; ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fs;
nfhz;l ge;jpia thrpg;ghu;.
jdJ Njitf;fhfg; nghJ ,lq;fspYs;s ngau;g;gyiffis thrpg;ghu;.
rpwpa fijfs;> ,yFthd ghly;fs; vd;gtw;iw Mu;tj;Jld; thrpj;J ,urpg;ghu;.
vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis (msT> mikg;G. jpirKfk;) mDrupj;J cWg;gika
vOJthu; .
nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> rpWthf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; ghu;j;Jk;> Nfl;Lk;> RakhfTk;
vOJthu; .
jdJ Ratpguq;fspy; ,yFthd jfty;fis vOJthu;.
Fwpj;j xU tplak; gw;wpa ,yFthd thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iw epWj;jf;
FwpfSld; vOJthu;.
1
juk; xd;wpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfs;
Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
,uridf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
Nfl;L> ghu;j;Jg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;.
,uridf;fhfTk; Ngr;R tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ghb> Ngrp> ebg;ghu;.
vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpg;ghu;.
nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis thrpg;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJthu;.
nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; tpsq;fp vOJthu;.
gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;.
3.0 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;

juk; xd;W nkhopg;ghlj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ>
topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; $LjyhfTk; nraw;ghLfs; Nghjpa mstpYk;> vOj;Jg;
gapw;rpfs; Fiwe;j mstpYk; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khztu;fs;; rpWFOf;fshf> Nrhbfshf> ngupa FOf; f shf> tFg; G thupahf>
Ntz; b atplj; J j; jdpj; j dpahfr; nraw; g Ltjw; F k; ,aq; F tjw; F k; Vw; w thW
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;NwhL> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ghlE}y;> nray; E }y; >

Vida thrpg; G E}y; f s; vd; g tw; i wg; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd nghUj; j khd
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lf;fs;>
nraw; g hLfs; > vOj; J Ntiyfs; njhlu; g hd khjpupfSk; topfhl; l y; f Sk; ,t;
topfhl;bapy; mlq;fpAs;sd.
4.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i fAk; Ntiyj; j pl; l Kk;

jha;nkhopg;ghl tpUj;jpf;Fk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; gy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW@
fhiyf;$l;lKk; ew;rpe;jidAk;
tFg;G kd;wq;fs;
fiy epfo;r;rpfs;
fz;fhl;rpfs;
rka epfo;r;rpfs;
rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs; - re;ij> Rw;Wyh Nghd;wit
Mrpupau;> ngw;Nwhu; jpdk; ... Nghd;wit
,tw; i w gaDs; s thW eilKiwg; g Lj; j y; ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i fahf mikjy;
Ntz; L k; . ghlrhiyr; r%fKk; rKjhaKk; ,jw; F Mf; f G+u; t khd xj; J iog; G
toq; F jy; Ntz; L k; .
5.0 fzpg; g P L
juk; xd; w py; jha; n khopg; g hlj; j py; vOj; J g; guP l ; i ria tpl Kiw rhuhj
fzpg; g P L fSf; N f Kd; D upik toq; f g; g lNtz; L nkd vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g LfpwJ.
mjhtJ khztu; f s; nraw; g hLfspy; <LgLk; N ghJ mtu; f spd; Jyq; f y; f is
mtjhdpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fzpg;gPLfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ> Fwpg;ghf topg;gLj;jpa tpisahl;Lfs;
(Guided Play) nraw; g hLfs; vd; g tw; w pd; NghJ> mtjhdpj; j y; (Observation) >
cw;WNehf;Fjy; (Critical Observation) tha;nkhop tpdhf;Nfl;ly; (Oral questioning)
vd;git %yk; juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;fhd Nju;r;rpfs; milag;gLfpd;wdth
my;yJ tpUj;jp milfpd;wdth vd;gijj; njhlu;r;rpahff; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;
,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpil $Wjy;
rupahf cr;rupj;Jg; gpioapd;wp thrpj;jy;
tpUg;Gld; ghLjy; Nghd;wit
fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd Rl;bfshff; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vOJtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspd;NghJk;;
fzpg;gPL nra;ayhk; vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
2
ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; xd;W
jha;nkhop - jkpo;
Kd; n khopj; jpwd; tpUj; j p
1. ghu; i tg; gpupj; j wpif
glq;fspy;/cUf;fspy; NtWgl;ltw;iw ,dq;fhzy;.

xj;j vOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l vOj;Jj; njhFjpapy; NtWgl;l
vOj;ij ,dq;fhzy;.
xU nrhw;nwhFjpapy; NtWgLk; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;.
2. Nfl; l w; gpupj; j wpif
Rw;whlypYs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J NtWghLfis

mwpjYk; xypj;Jf; fhl;LjYk;.
nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy

,dq;fhzy;.
3. cs> cly; ,af;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jp
if> fz; ,iaghf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLjy;.

Mf;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;.
thrpj;jYf;fhd fz; efu;Tg; gapw;rpfisg; gapYjy;.
vOJjYf;fhd jirehu;g; gapw;rpfspy; <LgLjy;.
4. thrpj; j Yf; f hd Kd; M aj; j k;
glq;fis thrpj;jy;.
glq;fSld; nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;.
glq;fspd;wpr; nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;.
5. vOJjYf; f hd Kd; M aj; j k;
Rakhff; fPWjy;> tiujy;> epwe;jPl;Ljy;.

Gs;spf;NfhLfis ,izj;Jf; fPWjy;.
vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa tisNfhLfis tiujy;.
vOj;JUit xj;j tbtq;fis mikj;jy;.
vOj;jpd; kPJ vOJjy;> ghu;j;J vOJjy;.
nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd;%yk; vOj;Jf;fspy; gupr;rak;
ngWjy;.
3
nkhopj; j pwd; tpUj; j p
1.0 nrtpkLj; j y;
1.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

tpidj; j pwd; cs; s Nfl; N ghuhfr; nraw; g Lthu; .
1.1.1 Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfisr; nrtpkLj;J xypj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ngsjpfg; nghUl;fspd; xypfs;
gpuhzpfspd; xypfs;
1.1.2 nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l XirAs;s nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Kjy; vOj;J> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J> ,Wjp vOj;J khWk; nrhw;fs;.
(vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F tiuaiwapy;iy)
1.2 gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;w

tifapy; nrtpkLj; J j; Jyq; F thu; .
1.2.1. njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
rfghbfSld; ciuahLjy;
Mrpupau;fSld; ciuahLjy;
1.2.2. ,uridf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

rpWtu; ghly;fs;
rpWtu; fijfs;
rpWtu; ehlfq;fs;
1.2.3. nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

fl;lisfs;
mwpTWj;jy;fs;
nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;
tpLfijfs;
Gjpu;fs;
2.0 Ngr;R
2.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g
nrk; i kahfg; NgRthu; /ciuahLthu; .
2.1.1. ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; NgRthu;
Nru;e;J Ngrp tpisahLjy;
el;GwT tpUj;jpf;fhd ciuahLjy;
vz;zq;fisAk; NjitfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
tpdhf;fis tpdhTjy;> tpilaspj;jy;
jfty;fisg; gupkhWjy;
fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;
tpLfijfs;> Gjpu;fs;
tpe;ijr; nra;jpfs;
2.1.2. Nfl;Lk;> ghu;j;Jk; nghUj;jkhfg; NgRthu;/ciuahLthu;
glj;ijg; ghu;j;J mJ gw;wp ciuahLjy;
glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fij $Wjy;
mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
jfty;fis mwpe;Jk; Nrfupj;Jk; NgRjy;
2.1.3. ,uridf;fhfTk; Ngr;R tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ghb> Ngrp> ebg;ghu;
rpWtu;fSf;fhd ghly;fs;
rpWtu;fSf;fhd fijfs;
rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfq;fs;
ghtid nra;J NgRjy;
4
3.0 thrpg; G
3.1 vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; cuj;J
thrpg; g hu; .
3.1.1. vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpg;ghu;.
glj;ijg; ghu;j;J ngaiuf; $Wjy;
glq;fspd;wp ngau;fis thrpj;jy;
nrhw;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;
capu;f;Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;
tupnaOj;Jf;Fupa xyptbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L Nru;j;J
cr;rupj;jy;
vOj;njhypfis xd;W $l;b nrhw;fis/njhlu;fis/
thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;
3.1.2 nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis thrpg;ghu;.

epWj;jf;; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;jy;
nrhw;fis thrpj;jy;
nrhw;nwhlu;fis thrpj;jy;
thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;
3.1.3 nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

nrhw; f s;
nrhw; n whlu; f s;
ngau;g;gyiffs;
nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs;
Rtnuhl; b fs;
cwTg; ngau;fs;
rpWtu;fSf;fhd ngupa vOj;J rpj;jpuf; fijfs;
rpWtu;fSf;fhd fUj;Jg;glf; fijfs;
jdJ ngau;> ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs;
ghlrhiyapd; ngau;> Cupd; ngau;
4.0 vOj; J
4.1 El;gq;fisAk;> KiwfisAk; mDrupj;J vOJk; jpwid
tpUj; j p nra; t hu; .
4.1.1. vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJthu;.
msT> mikg;G> jpirKfk;> cWg;G Neu;j;jp> KOik
epWj;jf; Fwpfs; (Kw;Wg; Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp).
jdp vOj;Jf;fs;> capu;f;FwpfSldhd vOj;Jf;fs;
neLq;fzf;fpd; njhlnuhOq;fpy; mLj;J tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;
4.1.2 nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; tpsq;fp vOJthu;

glj;ijg; ghu;j;J mjpy; cs;stw;wpd; ngau;fis vOJjy;
,ilntspfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J vOJjy;
nrhy;tnjOJjy;
vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L> nrhw;fis Mf;fp vOJjy;
rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;
4.1.3 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;

jdJ ngau;> ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs;
ghlrhiyapd; ngau;> Cupd; ngau;
vspikahd nra;jpfs;> $w;Wf;fs;
jd;idg; gw;wp vOJjy;
jhd; mwpe;jit gw;wp vOJjy;
5
Rw; w hly; rhu; e ; j nraw; g hLfs;
01. mwpKfk;
~~Rw;whly; rhu;ej
; nraw;ghLfs;| vDk; ,f;fw;wy; $W> kdpjd; kPJk; kdpjrKjhaj; j pd; kP J k;
gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa my;yJ nrYj;J fpd;w ngsjpf> r%f> capupay;
njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtw;iw mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L epfoNtz;ba fw;wy; nranyhOq;F
njhlu;ghfTk; topg; gLj;JfpwJ.||
Foe;ijg; gUtk; njhl;L ,ay;ghfNt kdpjd;> jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;ghy; Mu;tq;nfhz;L> fpukkhf

mr;Rw;whlYld; ntw;wpfukhf ,ilj;jhf;fk; Guptjw;F mtrpakhd Nju;r;rpfis mila
Kaw;rpf;fpd;whd;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ jdJ GyDWg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtNjhL mtw;wpd;
czu;jpwd;fis tifg;gLj;jy;> ju;f;fpj;jy; Nghd;w mwpTrhu; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;Sfpwhd;. mt;thNw mtw;wpd; Clhfj; jdJ nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; njhlu;ghly; jpwidAk;
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sfpwhd;. jhd; thOk; Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> Nrfupj;jy;>
kPs ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd gps;isapd; tho;fi ; fr; nrad;Kiwapd; Xu; mq;fkhFk;. ,J ,ay;ghf
ve;jNthu; capupapYk; epfo;tnjhd;whFk;. gps;isapd; mg;Nghf;if tpUj;jpnra;tNj ~~Rw;whly;

rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; mbg;gilahFk;.
md;whl tho;ifapy; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;sf;$ba> ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpr;

nrad;Kiwapy; gq;fspf;ff;$ba> rkepiyahd MSikAila xUtuplj;Nj vOj;jwpT> fzpj
mwpT> rkak; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfNshL NkYk; gy JiwfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfSk; tpUj;jpailjy;
Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; mKyhf;fg;gl;l Muk;gf;fy;tpg; ,f;fiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; mofpaw;fy;tp>
Mf;fj; njhopw;ghLfs;> clw;fy;tp> Muk;g tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspd; fPo; mj;Nju;r;rpfis
miltjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Mdhy; Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ~~Rw;whly;
rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; tpupthd ghlj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfisr;
re;ju;gg
; j;jpw;Nfw;wthW ntspf;nfhzu ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; 16 fUg;nghUs;fis ikakhff;nfhz;L> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;

vd;w ghlj;jpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mofpay;> Mf;fk;> clw;fy;tp Mfpa JiwfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;nfhzu;tNjhL> rkak;> jha;nkhop> fzpjk; Mfpa gpujhd
ghlq;fis tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. juk;
xd;wpy; gps;isfspd; ciuahlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; ,r;nraw;ghLfspD}lhf
ntspf;nfhzuyhk;. ,g;ghlj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghLfis xOq;F nra;Ak;NghJ MrpupaUf;Fj; Jizahf>
cjtp GupNthu; ,Ug;ghnudpd; mtw;iw xOq;fikj;jy; ,yFthf mikAk;. mg;ghlrhiyapNyNa
juk; 6,y; fy;tp gapYk; gps;isfspd; cjtpia ,jw;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
ghlj; j pl; l j; j py; cs; s lf; f g; g l; l rfy gFjpfSk; mjpYs; s thNw ,yq; i fapd;
vy; y hg; ghlrhiyfspYk; eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g ly; Ntz; L k; vd; g jpy; i y.
,g; g Utg; gps; i sfspd; Rw; w hly; tiuaWf; f g; g l; l jhFk; . mt; t iuaiwapDs;
fhzg; g Lgit> epfOgit ahTk; vy; y hg; ghlrhiyfSf; F k; nghJthdit
my; y . vdNt gps; i sfSf; f hfr; nraw; g hLfisj; njupT nra; A k; N ghJ
jdJ #oy; tsq; f Sf; F g; nghUj; j khdthW mtw; i wj; njupT nra; A k;
Rje; j puKk; nghWg; G k; MrpupaUf; F cz; L .
vdNt> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s me;je;jf;

fUg;nghUspD}lhff; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;fhf> cj;Njr
nraw; g hLfSf; F g; gjpyhf NtW nraw; g hLfis eP q ; f s; Mf; f pf; nfhs; s yhk; .
Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpfis milaj;jf;fthwhfr; nraw;ghLfis jpl;lkpl;L
Mf; f pf; n fhs; t J njhlu; g hf Mrpupau; f s; fuprid fhl; L jy; Ntz; L k; .
6
02. Muk; g f; fy; t pg; gUtj; j pw; F upa Nju; r ; r pfs;
juk; xd;W Kjy;; juk; Ie;J tiuapyhd ,f;fw;wy; gug;gpD}lhf khztuplj;Nj gpd;tUk;
Nju;rr
; pfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd tha;gG ; f;fis toq;f vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.
jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; mofpid ,dq;fz;L mjD}lhf ,urid ngWthu;.
tpisahl;L> Xa;T> fspg;G vd;gd tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd mk;rq;fnsdf;fUjp mtw;iw
ehshe;j tho;tpy; nghUj;jkhfr; Nru;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
mofhdtw;iw kjpj;J mtw;iwj; jdJ ntspg;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd; NghJ gad;gLj;Jthu;.
MNuhf;fpa tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilg; gof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
kdpjdpd; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;ghu;.
jdJ Rw;whlypy; trpf;Fk; capupdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; rpy ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nraw;gLthu;.
kdpj r%fk;> kdpj elj;ijfs;> kdpju; kPJ mtw;wpd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld;
nraw;gLthu;.
Gtp mjd; tsq;fs;> ntsp vd;gd kdpjd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;if Muha;thu;.
#oy; ghJfhg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; jdJ nghWg;ig tpsq;fp; mjw;Nfw;gr; nraw;gLthu;.
jdJ Rw;whlypy; rf;jpg; gad;ghL> tpirg; gpuNahfk; vd;gd r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpid $u;e;J Nehf;fp kjpg;ghu;.
vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpw;F Njitahd mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fh jkJ #oypYs;s
nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
03. Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;||
ghlj; J f; F upa fw; w y; Nju; r ; r pfs;
ghlrhiyr; #oYld; ,irtile;J nraw;gLthu;.

tPl;by; kfpo;r;rpAlDk;> gaDWjpAila tifapYk; Ml;fSld; ,ilj;njhlu;G nfhs;thu;.
jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf mtjhdpg;ghu;.
mDgtq;fspD}lhf ,yFthd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
gof;f tof;fq;fis mDrupj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila fle;jfhyj; jfty;fisj; Njbawpthu;.
MNuhf;fpa tho;Tf;fhf> ew;gof;fq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
el;Gld; ciuahb> jfty;fisr; rupahfg; gupkhWthu;.
maw;#oypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
jk;ikAk; jkJ maw;#oiyAk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
VidNahu; tpUk;gj;jf;f tifapy; jkJ elj;ijfisg; NgzptUthu;.
mbg;gil nka;e;epiyfisg; NgzptUthu;.
md;whl Ntiyfspd; NghJ jkJ ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.
ntspiag; nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;jp> tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLthu;.
Fwpj;j Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Ntiyfspy; $l;lhfTk; nghWg;GlDk; <LgLthu;.
Rw;whlw; gy;tifik Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; VidNahUf;F cjt Kd;tUthu;.
fhl;rpg; gyiffspy;> glq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> kw;Wk; vOj;J %yk;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg;
ngWthu;.
jkJ mDgtq;fisr; rpj;jpuq;fshfTk; cUt Mf;fq;fshfTk; ntspapLthu;.
Rw;whlypy; cs;s xypfs;> Xirfs;> mirTfisAk;> mtw;Wf;Fupa ghj;jpuq;fisAk;; Nghyr;
nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
mgpeak; nra;J Mbg;ghLthu;.
ntt;NtW Ntiyfspd;NghJ ,iaghf;fj;Jld; cliy mirg;ghu;.
gy;;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
ngw;w mDgtq;fisAk;> Nrfupj;j jfty;fisAk; jdpahfNth> $l;lhfNth xU njhFjpapdu;
Kd;dpiyapy; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
tPl;bYk; ghlrhiyapYk; jkJ flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J cWj;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
04. ~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vd;w ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
topg; g Lj; j y;
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gps;isapd; Rw;whly; 16 fUg;nghUs;fs; thapyhf tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rfytw;iwAk; jpUg;jpfukhd mDgtq;fshfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gps;isfSf;F ,lkspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; NghjpasT jpl;lkplYk; Maj;jKk; mtrpakhFk;.
,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s fUj;JfSf;Nfw;g mwpKf KiwfisAk;> fw;wy; KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpj;Jg;
ghlq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
jfty;fisj; NjbawpjYk; jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Muk;gf;
fl;lj;jpy; tha;nkhopahfTk; gUkl;lhd glq;fs; %yKk; jkJ mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gps;isfis Cf;Ff. gbg;gbahf> nrhw;fisAk;> thf;fpaq;fisAk; XusT tpsf;fkhd glq;fis
Ak; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gps;isfis topg;gLj;Jf.
rfy> NtiyfisAk; Kaw;rpfisAk; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gps;isfisf; FOf;fshf Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jTk;. vdpDk; Muk;gr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; FOtpy;
nrayhw;w Ntz;ba Kiw njhlu;ghfg; gps;isfSf;F topfhl;LjYk; cjtp GupjYk; mtrpakhff;
$Lk; .
VNjDk; fUg;nghUs; njhlu;ghff; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; epfo;eJ
; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ gbg;gbahff;
FtpAk; jfty;fisAk; nghUs;fisAk; (gbg;gbahff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;) xU fz;fhl;rpahf
khw;Wf.
7
Fwpj;jNthu; xOq;fpy; fUg;nghUs;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gltpy;iy. ve;jnthU Neuj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
fUg;nghUis ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; njupTnra;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fr; Rje;jpuKz;L. fhyj;jpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdthW fUg;nghUs;fisj; njupTnra;tjdhy; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kpf
,yFthf mikAk;.
05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;
~~Rw;whly; rhu;ej ; nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; ghlk;> fw;gpj;jiy tpl fw;wYf;Nf Kjyplk; toq;Ffpd;w
xU fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwahFk;. KO tFg;igANkh FOf;fisNah jdpj;jdp khztiuNah
fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;.
Mrpupau; Kd;$l;bNa ,jw;fhf Maj;jq;fisr; nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gj;;jpy;

ntt;NtW FOf;fis ntt;NtWgl;l Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;. gue;j ghlg;gug;ig cs;slf;Ftjw;F
,J topNfhYk;.
khztu;fSf;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk; Ntiyfspy;> mtjhdpg;Gfs;> fsg; gpuahzq;fs;. ifahz;L ghu;jj

; y;>
FWQ;nraw;wpl;lk;> Nrfupj;jy;;> tfpghfNkw;wy; Nghd;w gy;NtW fw;wy; mZFKiwfspD}lhfTk;>
kdpju;fs;> E}y;fs;> mr;R Clfq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhfTk; jfty;
Nrfupg;gjw;Fupa eltbf;iffs; mlq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
06. ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i fAk; Ntiyj; j pl; l Kk;

juk; xd;wpy; ~~Rw;whly; rhu;ej

; nraw;ghLfs;|| ghlj;jpy; ehs; KOtJk; Nkirf;fUfpy;> fjpiuapy;
mku;e;jpUg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf gy;NtW nka;e;epiyfspYk; kfpo;r;rpAld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;
gps; i sfisf; fhzf; $ bathwhfNt ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i fAk; Ntiyj; j pl; l q; f Sk;
xOq;fikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ghlrhiy Neuj;jpDs;> juk; xd;wpy; fw;Fk; gps;isfs;> gpujhdkhf
tpisahl;Lld; $ba nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;fhd Rw;whliy xOq;F nra;jy;.
jpwe;j ntspapy; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;G trjpfis toq;Fjy;.
ghlrhiyapd; tpisahl;Lf;fs; mofpaw; nraw;ghLfs;> NtW ,izg;ghl eltbf;if
fspd;NghJ juk; xd;wpd; gps;isfisAk; gq;Fnfhs;sr; nra;jy;.
Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ghlrhiyapy; Nky; tFg;Gf;fspy; (juk; 5>6,y;) cs;s
gps;isfspd; cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
07. khztu; Kd; N dw; w j; i jf; fzpg; g ply;

khztuJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gzpfis xOq;Fnra;Ak;NghJ> mtu;fs; fw;wy; njhlu;ghf ntspf;fhl;Lk;
Mw;wy;fs;> Mw;wypd;ikfs; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd tpsf;fj;ij Mrpupau;fs; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;fhf tFg;giwapy; ,ilawhJ elj;jg;gLk; jfty; Nrfupg;Gr; nrad;KiwNa ~~fzpg;gPL;|;|
vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. khztiuf; fzpg;gpLtjd; Nehf;fq;fs; gythFk;. vdpDk; Muk;gj;
juq;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gl
P hdJ gpujhdkhd ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mtw;Ws; xd;W fz;lwpjyhFk;. jkJ tFg;giwapy; ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; khztpf;Fk;
mtutUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW fy;tpia toq;Ftjhapd; Mrpupau;> xt;nthU khztd;/khztp
njhlu;ghfTk; njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;. fz;lwpe;j jfty;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L> xt;nthU khztDf;Fk;/khztpf;Fk; Nghjid rhu;ej ; gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtNj ,uz;lhtJ
Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt Muk;gj; juq;fspy; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPlhdJ> khztiuj; ju
tupirg;gLj;jy;> xU khztid kw;nwhUtUld; xg;gpl;L kjpj;jy;> khztiu mtu;fsJ
Mw;wy;fspd;gb tifg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mg;ghw;gl;l xd;W vdf; fUjyhk;.
Muk;gj; juq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpg;gPl;il Mrpupauhy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w epajp rhu;e;j>

Kiwrhuhj njhlu;rr ; pahd xU fzpg;gL P vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cj;Njr Nju;rr
; pfSf;F
mika cUthf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gl P L
; g; gpukhzq;fs;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khztu;
,g; gpukhzq; fis ve;j msTf;F vl;bAs;shu; vd;gijf; fzpg;gl P b
; D}lhf Mrpupau;fs; fz;lwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly;> Kiwrhuhj tifapy; khztiu mtjhdpj;jy;> mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;>

nray; milTf;Nfhitfisg; NgzptUjy;> tPl;L Ntiyfis kjpg;gply; Nghd;w Kiwrhuh
cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mtw;iwg; nghUj;j khdthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Fwpg;ghf Muk;gj;
juq;fspy; tFg;ghrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. myF ,WjpapNyh jtiz ,WjpapNyh md;wp> fw;gpj;jw;
gzpfs; epfOk; NtisapNyNa fzpg;gl P i
; l elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpia NkYk; rpwg;ghf khztu;fF
;
toq;Ftjw;fhf> xt;nthU khztidAk;/khztpiaAk; ed;F ,dq;fhzj;jf;f xU nrad;KiwNa
fzpg;gPL vd;gij Mrpupau; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
8
Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; (juk; 1)
fUg;nghUs; : 1.0 ehKk; ghlrhiyAk;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
ghlrhiyapDs; jd;Dld; neUq;fpr; nraw;gLNthupd; ntt;NtW
tfpgq;Ffis ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLthu;.
ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapYs;s xOq;FtpjpfSf;Ff;fl;Lg;gl;L
xOFthu;.
ghlrhiyf; fyhrhuj;jpw;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlrhiyr; #oypd; mikg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Ma;e;jwpthu;.
ghlrhiyapYs;s VidNahu; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlrhiy jdf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd Xu; ,lk; vDk; czu;Tld;
nraw;gLthu;.
tFg;giwia mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; NgZtjpy;
gq;Nfw;ghu;.
tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Rje;jpukhd mirTr; nraw;ghL

fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
ghlrhiyapd; ngau;> tFg;ghrpupia> mjpgu; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
ghlrhiyapd; gy;NtW ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
,g;ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp fw;Fk; jdJ %j;j rNfhju rNfhjupfSk;
jdf;F ed;F njupe;j khztu;fSk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fs;
ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwapYs;s nghJ xOq;FtpjpfSk;
tof;fq;fSk;
tFg;giwapd; cl;Gwj;ijAk;> ntspg;Gwj;ijAk; Rj;jkhfTk;
xOq;fhfTk; mofhfTk; NgZtjw;F epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba gzpfs;
rpWtu; Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk; tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jpr; Rje;jpukhd mirTr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglYk;
mZFKiwfSk; nraw; g hLfSk;

mofpay; mk;rq;fs; nfhz;l rpwpa tpohtpid xOq;F nra;jy;.
,jw;F juk; 6 my;yJ juk; 5 khztu;fspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sYk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;jr; re;ju;gg; k; nfhLj;jYk;.;
tFg;ghrpupaiuAk; mjpgiuAk;> mjpguJ mYtyfk; mike;Js;s
,lj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
ghlrhiy tsitr; Rw;wpg;ghu;j;J> ntt;NtW ,lq;fis ,dq;fhzr;
nra;jy;. tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J> cgfuzq;fisg; gad;
gLj;jp tpisahlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy; (Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glj;jf;f
re;ju;gg
; q;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.) %j;jrNfhju rNfhjupfs;
,Uf;;Fk; ,lq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;
tFg;giwiar; Rj;jpfupj;jy;. myq;fupg;gjw;fhd gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;
nra;jy;
moFgLj;jy;> Rj;jg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghLjy;> MLjy;>
mit gw;wpa fijfisf; $wy;
tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Rje;jpukhd mirTr; nraw;ghL
fspy; <Lgly;
9
fUg;nghUs; : 2.0 vkJ tPL
Nju; r ; r pfs;
tPl;L mq;fj;jtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfis kjpj;J gaDWjpkpf;f
tifapy;; mtu;fSld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspd; tfpghfq;fis ntt;NtW Kiwfspy;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
ntt;NtW tfpghfq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tpUe;jpdiu cgrupg;ghu;.
tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf gupTzu;Tld;
nraw;gLthu;.
gpuhzpfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwj;jf;f
thW nraw;gLthu;.
tPl;by; tpisahlg;gLfpd;w rpy rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
jkJ tPl;by; trpg;Nghu; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

tPl;Lf;F tUif jUk; cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs; gw;wp tpguq;fs;
tPl;bYs;sitAk; mtw;why; ngwf;$ba gad;fSk;
tPl;Lf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw toq;FNthu;
tPl;by; nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW NtiyfSk; mtw;Ws; jd;dhy; nra;af;
$ba NtiyfSk;
FLk;gj;jpdupd; ntt;NtW tfpgq;Ffis ebj;Jf; fhz;gpj;jy;
nry;yg; gpuhzpfSk; mtw;why; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fSk; ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWk; tpjKk;
tPl;by; tpisahlg;gLfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fs;

tPlL
; mq;fj;jtu;fs;> tPlb; y; nra;ag;gLk; mbg;gil Ntiyfs; vd;gd
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjYk; mt;Ntiyfisg; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;lr;
nra;jYk;
tPl;by; ,lk;ngWk; Ntiyfs; njhlu;ghf tpisahl;L tPl;bD}lhf
mDgtk; ngwr; nra;jYk; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;lr; nra;jYk;
tPlb; y; tpisahlg;gLk; rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgl tha;gN; gw;gLj;jy;
tPl;by; eilngWk; Ntiyfisg; gw;wpAk; tPl;bYs;Nshu; gw;wpAk;
ghly;fis ghlTk; ebj;Jf; fhl;lTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;
tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; nry;yg; gpuhzpfis ,dq;fhzYk;> gpuhzpfisg;
Nghd;W nra;Jfhl;lYk;.
tPl;by; cs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;> mq;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;
cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; cgNahfq;fs; gw;wpAk; ghly;fisg;
ghLjYk; ebj;Jf; fhl;LjYk;
vspikahd rpy cgfuzq;fisf; ifahsr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;
mtw;why; Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glhjthW ifahs;tJ gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sr;
nra;jy;
tPl;bd; ghJfhg;G> myq;fhuk;> Rj;jk; Mfpad gw;wpa Mf;fq;fspYk;
nraw;ghLfspYk; <Lglr; nra;jy;
10
fUg;nghUs; : 3.0 Njhl;lj;Jf;F tUk; gpuhzpfs;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
mirTr; nraw;ghLfspD}lhf gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
gy;NtW nghUs;fshy; gpuhzpfspd; khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fthu;.
gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghLtjpYk;> ghlYf;Nfw;g MLtjpYk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghfg; gupTzu;T fhl;Lthu;.
gpuhzpfisg; ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
Njhl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gpuhzpfs; (gwitfs;> G+r;rpfs; Nghd;wit)
gw;wpa jfty;fs;
gpuhzpfs; cz;Zk; czTfs;
gpuhzpfspd; rpwg;ghd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fSk;> mtw;iwr; nra;J
fhl;LjYk;> gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghd tpisahl;Lf;fSk;
gpuhzpfSk; #oypd; xU gFjp vd kjpj;Jr; nraw;gly;
gpuhzpfspd; khjpupAUf;fis Mf;FjYk;> gpuhzp Kf%bfis
Mf;FjYk;
gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghLjYk; mire;jhLjYk;

#oypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuhzpfis ntt;;NtW ,ay;;GfSf;Nfw;g
tifg;gLj;jy;
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; fhzf;$ba gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;jy;>
mtw;Ws; rpy gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa tpNrl jfty;fisg; ngWjy;.
ntt;;NtW tpjj;jpy; mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
gpuhzpfisg; Nghd;W nra;J fhl;Ljy;> gpuhzpfspd; khjpup cUf;fis
Mf;Fjy;> gpuhzp Kf%bfis nra;jy;> ghly;fisg; ghb kfpo;;jy;
gpuhzpfSf;F cjTk; ew;gz;ig ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba FW ehlfq;fis
ebj;jYk;> eldkhLjYk;
gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;
fUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;L

Nju; r ; r pfs;
ePUf;Fk; nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd elj;ijfisg; gy;NtW tpjkhff;
ifahz;L mDgtk; ngWthu;.
ePupid Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhuplj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiwfisf;
ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
ePupd; JizAld; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisg; Gupthu;.
gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ePupidr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ePupidj; njhlu;GgLj;jp gy;NtW tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
11
cs; s lf; f k;
gy;NtW nghUl;fs; ePUld; fhl;Lk; elj;ijfs;; (kpjj;jy;> mkpo;jy;>
ePupy; kiwe;J Nghjy;)
nghUl;fs; ePupy; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij khw;wf;$ba Kiwfs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kpjg;gtw;iw mkpor; nra;jy;. mkpOk; rpy
(vLj;
nghUl;fis kpjf;fr; nra;jy;)
ePiu Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk;; ntt;N
; tW
Kiwfs;
ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fs;
ePUld; njhlu;Gila Mf;fq;fs;
ePiuj; njhlu;GgLj;jp <Lglf;$ba tpisahl;Lf;fs;
ePupdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

ePUld; gy;NtW nghUl;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf
nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
Xuplj;jpypUe;J NtNwhu; ,lj;jpw;F ePiu vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kiwfisf;

ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;
nray; Kiwapyhd nraw;ghLfs; Clhf> ePupypUe;J ehk; ngWk;
gad;fs; kw;Wk; ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;
ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;
ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahly;>
fz;fhl;rpfspD}lhf mwpt+l;lk; ngwy;
ePupd; cjtpAld; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; nra;jy;
ePUld; njhlu;Gila fijfs;> ghly;fs;> eldq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Kd;itj;jy;
ePiug; gad;gLj;jp rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgly;
fUg;nghUs; : 5.0 Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyk;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis kfpo;rr
; pAld;
$Wthu;.
Gj;jhz;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspy; kfpo;r;rpAld; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.
Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila tpisahl;Lf;fspyPL
gLthu;.
Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;> ghly;fs; Nghd;w
tw;iwg;ghLthu;@ MLthu;.
Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ngw;w mDgtq;fis ntt;NtW Clfq;fspD}lhf
Mf;fG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; tPl;bYk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
Gj;jhz;Lld; njhlu;Gila ghuk;gupaq;fs;
Gj;jhz;L tpisahl;Lf;fs;
Gj;jhz;L njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;
Gj;jhz;bw;Fj; jahupf;Fk; gyfhuq;fspd; khjpupfs;
Gj;jhz;Lld; njhlu;Gila mDgtq;fis Kd;itj;jYk; ebj;Jf;
fhl;lYk;
12
Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; tPLfspYk; Rw;Wg; Gwq;fspYk; fhzf;$ba
khw;wq;fisg; gw;wpa jkJ mDgtq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
fye;JiuahlypyPLgly;
tpisahl;L tPLfspd; Clhf gz;biff;fhy ghuk;gupaq;fs;> gof;f
tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa nrad;Kiwahd mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy;
Gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa tpNrl tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;
Gj;jhz;Lg; gz;bifAld; njhlu;Gila ghly;> ehl;Lg; ghly; Nghd;w
tw;iw ghLtjw;Fk;> MLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;
fsp kz;izg; gad;Lj;jp gz;biff; fhyq;fspy; jahupf;Fk;
gyfhuq;fspd; khjpupfis Mf;Fjy;> kdJf;Fg; gpbj;j Gj;jhz;L
epfo;Tf;fhl;rpfis tiujy;
fUg;nghUs; : 6.0 ehk; fhZk; thdk;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
thdk; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jthu;.
thdj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
ntt;NtW re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; thdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J
mirTr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; mtw;iw ntspf; fhl;Lthu;.
thdk; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghb kfpo;thu;.
ntspiag; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
thdj;jpw; fhzg;gLgit
thdj;jpy; fhzf;$bad gw;wpa Mf;fq;fs;
,uT> gfy; thdj;ij mtjhdpj;jYk;> gfy; thdj;jpw;Fk; ,uT
thdj;jpw;F kpilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fSk;
thdj;jpy; fhzf;$bait njhlu;ghd fijfSk; ghly;fSk;
ntspiag; gad;gLj;Jk; mirTr; nraw;ghLfSk; tpisahl;Lf;fSk;;
thdpy; fhzf;$batw;iw rpj;jpuq;fshf tiujy;

thdj;ij mtjhdpj;jYk; mq;F fhzg;gLgit gw;wp mwpf;ifg;
gLj;jYk; (tha;nkhopahf > eldk;> Nghyr; nra;tjd; %yk;)
gfypw; fhZk; thdj;ijAk; ,utpw; fhZk; thdj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L
mtjhdpg;gjw;F tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,dq;fz;l gz;G
fis rpj;jpuq;fs;> ghly;fs;> eldq;fs; %yk; Kd;itj;jy;
thdpy; fhzg;gLgtw;iw gy;NtW nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fp
Kd;itj;jy;
ntspiag; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;
13
fUg;nghUs; : 7.0 ehk; cz;ZgitAk; Fbg;gitAk;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
ehk; cz;Zk; czTfisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
cly; tsu;r;rp gw;wp mf;fiwAld; nraw;gLthu;.
Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; czTfisAk; ghdq;fisAk;
cl;nfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.
Cl;lkpf;fjhd Ntis czitj; jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wp mf;f ; iw
nrYj;Jthu;.
clypd; rPuhd tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspyPLgLthu;.
czTk; RfhjhuKk; njhlu;ghd gof;ftof;fq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wk;
ghly;> Mly;fspy; <LgLthu;.
ey;tho;tpw;fhd Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
gy;NtW nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp czTg; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd
Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
gpujhdkhf jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;Nj ehk; vkJ
czitg; ngWfpd;Nwhk;
tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; Nghjpa msT czit cl;nfhs;sy; mtrpak;
czitj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW nray;fs;> mtw;Ws;
xd;wpidr; nra;J ghu;j;J mDgtk; ngWjy;
czT jahupf;Fk;NghJk; cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; Rj;jk; NgZtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
czit cl;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gw;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; fUkq;fSk;>
gw;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fupa gof;fq;fSk;
czT cl;nfhs;tJld; njhlu;Gila ghuk;gupag; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;>
mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;wp elf;Fk; gof;fKk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
czT cl;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Rj;jkhd ePiug; gUFtjd;
Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
czT> Rfhjhug; gof;fq;fs;; njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> fijfs;> ehlfq;f
; s;
gy;NtW nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp czTg; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd
Mf;fq;fs;

cztpYk; ghdq;fspYk; mlq;Fgit kuQ;nrb nfhbfspypUe;Jk;>
tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk; fpilg;git vd;gjid mDgtk; %yk; mwptjw;
fhfr; nraw;ghLfspyPLgly;
jdJ clk;gpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly;
%yKk; nraw;ghLfspd; %yKk; ngWjy;
czitj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba ew;gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
Rj;jj;ij NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
czT Ntisnahd;iwj; jahupf;f tha;g;Ngw;gLj;jy;
vLj; J f; f hl; L : Ntis cztpw;fhf kuf;fwpfs;>fPiu tWty;>
gor; ryhJ> gog;ghdk; jahupj;jy;
gw;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis ,dq;fhzy;> gw;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;
fhd gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa Neub mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;
14
Rfhjhug; gof;f tof;fq;fis tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lk; ehlfnkhd;iw
ebj;jy;> ghly;fisg; ghLjYk; MLjYk;
gy;NtW tpjkhd nghUl;fis cgNahfpj;J goq;fs;> kuf;fwp
tifspd; khjpupAUf;fis tbtikj;jy;. Kf%bfis Mf;Fjy;
clw; gapw;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpy tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;
fUg;nghUs; : 8.0 jfty;fs;; ngWk; Kiwfs;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
jdJk; jdf;F neUf;fkhdtu;fspdJk; jfty;fis kupahijAld;
$Wthu;.
VidNahupd; jfty;fis kupahijAld; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
kupahijAlDk; el;GlDk; fye;JiuahLthu;.
ntt;NtW Ntiyfspd; NghJ VidNahUld; kupahijahfr; nraw;ghL
fspyPLgLthu;.
jhk; fz;ltw;Ws;> Nfl;ltw;Ws; xd;iw mq;f mirTfSld;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
jd;idg; gw;wpa jfty;fis kw;nwhUtuplk; $Wjy;
kw;nwhUtUila jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf tpdhTjy;
ghlrhiy gw;wpa jfty;fis kw;nwhUtuplk; tptupj;Jf; $wy;
jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; Kiwfs;
xU jftiy mq;f mirTfSld; Kd;itj;jy;

jd;idg; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; $Wtjw;Fk;> kw;nwhUtuplkpUe;J jfty;
fis tpdhtpg; ngWtjw;Fk;> nray;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
fz;l my;yJ Nfl;l Vjhtnjhd;iw mq;f mirTfSld; Kd;itj;jy;
jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; ntt;NtW topfisg; gw;wpf; fz;lwpjy;> ghlrhiy
apy; jfty; toq;Fk; gy;NtW Kiwfis mtjhdpj;jYk; mtw;iw
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;
jkJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fspd; cjtpAld; ngw;w jfty;fs; Fwpj;J Rje;jpu
khfj; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspaply;> rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; fUj;Jf;fis
ntspaply;
fUg;nghUs; : 9.0 Rw;whlypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
jdJ maw; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; itg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;thu;.
ghlrhiyf;F maypYs;s ,aw;ifr; Rw;whlypd; NtWghLfis
mtjhdpj;J> mjd; mofpidg; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
#oypd; gy;tifikiaAk; moifAk; ghly;fs;> mirTfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;>
FWehlfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nta;apy;> kio> fhw;W Mfpad njhlu;ghfr; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk;
khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;Jg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
15
,aw;if #oypy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;> jpBnud Vw;gLk; epiyikfs;
njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
kio> ntapy;> fhw;W Vw;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vspik
ahd Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
jdJ #Oypd; Rj;jKk; xOq;Fk;
ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s kuQ;nrbnfhbfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;
fhw;W fhuzkhfr; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;
#upa xspgLtjhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;
kio ehl;fspy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;
Rw;whlypy; fhw;W> kio> ntapy; Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
gw;wpa ghly; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghLjy;> ebj;jy;> fij $wy;
Rw;whlypd; khw;wq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs;

jkJ maw; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; NgZtjw;Fr; nra;af;
$bait gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;@ jk;khy; nra;af;$batw;Wf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; cs;s ,lnkhd;iw Nju;e;
njLj;J mtjhdpj;Jf; fz;l jfty;fisr; rpj;jpuk;> ghly;> mirT>
eldk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jy;
kioapdhy; Vw;gLk; #oy; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;. mtjhdpg;Gf;fis
tha;nkhop %ykhfTk;> ghly;fs;> Mly;> rpj;jpuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;
gLj;jy;
fhw;wpdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;@ fhw;W
rhu;e;j vspikahd nraw;ghLfspy;; <LgLjy;
vLj; J f; f hl; L : ,Nyrhd nghUl;fis fhw;wpy; gwf;fr; nra;jy;
- gQ;R> gY}d; Nghd;wit
fhw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; ghly;> Mly;fs;
fhw;W kw;Wk; Vida jpBu; ,aw;if epfo;Tfshy; Vw;glj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs;
Fwpj;j mDgtq;fisf; fye;JiuahlYk; mit gw;wpa tpopg;Gg;ngwYk;
,aw;iff; fhuzpfspdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fisf; $Wk;
FWehlfq;fs;
mirT njhlu;ghd jirehu; tpUj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
ntapypdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> #upa xspapd; gad;fs;;
Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlYk; nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;iwr; nra;J
ghu;j;jYk;
fUg;nghUs; : 10.0 tpUg;Gk; tpUg;gkpd;ikAk;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhjjhf ,Ue;j ,lnkhd;iw tpUg;Gf;Fupa Xu; ,lkhf
khw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
VidNahu; tpUk;ghj elj;ijfisj; jtpu;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
ehk; tpUk;ghj NghjpYk; ehk; Kfq;nfhLf;f Neuplj;jf;f vjpu;ghuhj
epfo;TfSf;F vt;thW Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk; vd MNyhridfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
16
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tpUk;Gfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; Mly;>
ghly;fspYk; jhKk; Nru;e;J <LgLthu;.
jhk; tpUk;Gk; Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jhk; tpUk;gpa Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr;
nra;a Kd;tUthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
#oypy; cs;s vkJ tpUg;Gf;Fupa tpUg;Gf;Fupaitay;yhj ,lq;fis
mtjhdpj;jy;
#oypYs;s tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhj ,lnkhd;iw tpUg;Gf;Fupa Xu; ,lkhf
khw;Wtjw;Fr; nra;a Ntz;bait
kdpjuplj;NjAs;s> ehk; tpUk;ghj elj;ijfis ,dq;fz;L mt;thwhd
elj;ijfisj;; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;s ehk; nra;a Ntz;bait
jhk; VidNahuhy; tpUk;gg;gLk; xUtuhtjw;F jk;kplj;Nj Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;badTk;> tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;badTkhd gof;fq;
fSk; ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;ba gof;fq;fSk;
ghlrhiyapy; ,lk;ngWk; ehk; tpUk;ghj epfo;Tfs; (tpgj;Jf;fs;>#oy;
khR Nghd;wd) mt;thwhd epfo;Tfisj; jLg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpypUe;J
tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> vk;ikg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ehk; nra;a Ntz;bait

jkf;F tpUg;gkhd mDgtnkhd;iw/epfo;nthd;iwr; rpj;jpukhf tiujy;
jkf;F tpUg;gkhd Mlnyhd;iw/fijnahd;iw/Nghyr;nra;J fhl;l
nyhd;iw Kd;itj;jy;
tpUg;gkhd tpisahl;Lf;fs; rpytw;wpyPLgly;

#oypYs;s tpUg;Gf;Fupajy;yhj ,lnkhd;W Vd; mt;thwhd epiyf;
Fs;shfpAs;sJ vdf; fye;Jiuahb me;j ,lj;jpid tpUg;Gf;Fupa
,lkhf kw;Wtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;
tFg;G khztu; ed;F ,urpf;ff;$badTk; tpUk;gf;$badTkhd
tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ghly;fs;> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> NtW
Mf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpyPLgLjy;
maw; #oypy; ,lk;ngWk; tpUg;Gf;Fupadty;yhj epfo;Tfis (tpgj;Jf;
fs;> ,aw;if mdu;jj; q;fs;> Neha;fs;) gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jYk;
mtw;iw jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahlYk;
fUg;nghUs; : 11.0 vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk;;

tpjk;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;fhfg;; ngw;NwhUk;
%j;NjhUk; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij kjpg;ghu;@ mt;thW fpilg;gtw;iwr;
rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vkf;F md;whl czTf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;wtw;Ws; ,aYkhdtw;iw
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.
efuj;jpd; my;yJ fpuhkj;jpd; re;ij gw;wpa mDgtq;fisf; $Wthu;.
re;ij eltbf;iffisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; goq;fs;> fha;;fwp tiffspd;;
khjpupfis mikg;ghu;.
17
gytif czTg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk;> re;ijapYs;Nshu; gw;wpAk;
Mly;> ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.
fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fspg;G+l;Lk;
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
vkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; jUtjw;fhfj; jha;> je;ij> %j;Njhu;
nraw;gLk; tpjk;
ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; vkf;Fj; Njitahdit fpilf;Fk; tpjk;
efur; re;ijapy; my;yJ fpuhkr;; re;ijapy; eilngWgit
re;ijapy; mDgtq;fs; ngWjYk; mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;
(tha;nkhopahf> Mly;> rpj;jpuk; %yk;)
ehk; cgNahfpg;gtw;iw tPzhf;fhjpUj;jy; Nghd;w ey;y gof;fq;fs;
fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;L tpisahlj;jf;f
tpisahl;Lf;fs;

juk; xd;wpd;; khztu;fSf;F md;whl NtiyfSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLgit

vit vd khztUldhd ciuahlypd; %yk; ,dq;fhzy;@ mDgtq;
fisg; ngwj; Njitahd nraw;ghLfspyPLgLjy;
fpuhk my;yJ efu re;ijnahd;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nry;yy;> mtjhdpg;gpd;
%yk; ngWk; jfty;fisg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
(tha; %ykhf> Mly; %ykhf> Nghyr; nra;jy; %ykhf> ghly;>
rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; %ykhf)
fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;L tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
<Lgly;
tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; re;ijnahd;iw xOq;F
nra;jy;
fUg;nghUs; : 12.0 Nghf;Ftuj;J

Nju; r ; r pfs;
re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;w rupahd nka;e;epiyfis mDrupj;Jg; gazQ;
nra; t hu; .
ehk; ghlrhiyf;F te;JNghFk; tpjk;> kdpju;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J
nra;Ak; tpjk; njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ VidNahuplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; cjtpfis
kjpj;J> ,ad;wtiu VidNahUf;F cjTthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; ghb> Mb> mgpeaj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpr;
nraw; g Lthu; .
tpisahl;Lf;fspyPLgLtNjhL> rkepiyiag; NgZthu;.
gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jdJ mDgtq;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf
Kd;itg;ghu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>VidNahu; ghlrhiyf;F tUk;NghFk; tpjk;
fhy; eilahfTk;> gy;NtW nghUl;fis J}f;fpf; nfhz;Lk; gy;NtW
thfdq;fspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;Ak; Kiwfs;
18
Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhf kdpju; gad;gLj;Jk; ntt;NtW tif thfdq;fspd;
khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fjy;
ele;J nry;Yk; nka;e;epiyfs;> epw;Fk; nka;e;epiyfs;
ghijapy; gazQ; nra;aNtz;ba tpjk;> gazQ; nra;Ak; NghJ
epfof;$ba tpgj;Jf;fSk; ghJfhg;Gg; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;> fijfs;> kw;Wk;
Nghyr; nra;jy;
rkepiyiag; Ngzf;$ba tpisahl;Lf;fs;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;; NghJ Ngz Ntz;ba nka;ee ; piyfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;
fhfr;; nray;Kiw nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
epw;wy;> mku;jy;> rkepiyahf elj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; rupahd nka;ee
; piy
fisg; gofpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
khztu;fs;; ghlrhiyf;F tUk; NghFk; tpjk; gw;wp ciuahLjy;>mJ
njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;> gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy;fis Kd;itj;jy;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW thfd tiffis
mtjhdpj;jy;. glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fspd; JizAld; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f

nraw;ghLfs;@ mtw;iw ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
(tha;nkhop %yk;> ghlq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> tiuGfs;> Mly;> ghly;fs;
%yk;)
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;; NghJ jkJ ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;> tpgj;Jf;
fisj; jtpu;;f;fj;jf;f tpjk; gw;wpa nrad;Kiwj; njhopw;ghLfspy;
<Lgly;;
ntt;NtW thfd tiffs; gazQ; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijAk; mtw;wpd;
xypfisAk; Nghyr; nra;J tpisahlj;jf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspYk;;
rkepiyiag; Ngzj;jf;f tpisahl;LfspYk; <Lgl tha;g;gspj;jy;
fUg;nghUs; : 13.0 xspAld;(ntspr;rj;Jld;) tpisahl;L

Nju; r ; r pfs;
ahNjDnkhd;iw ehk; fhz;gjw;fhf ntspr;rk; (xsp)> fz;zpd; ghu;itj;
jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthu;.
fz;zpd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.
ntspr;rj;ij ntsptpLk; xsp Kjy;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr;
Nrfupg;ghu;. gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl;L epow;Nfhy Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.
ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisg; ghb MLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
ahNjDnkhd;iwf; fhz;gjw;F ntspr;rk;> fz;fs; Mfpait kpfTk;
mtrpakhdit
fz;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
epoy;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;
#upa ntspr;rk; jtpu> ntspr;rj;ijg; ngwj;jf;f NtW Kiwfs;
Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhbapdhy; (jsthbapdhy;) xspia ntt;NtW
gf;fq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gpaDg;GjYk;> mJ rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fSk;
epw ntspr;rk; rhu;e;j ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs;
xspAld; njhlu;Gila nghUl;fs; gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghf vOjg;
gl;Ls;s ghly;fisg;ghb MLjy;
19
ahNjDnkhd;iwf; fhz;gjw;F ntspr;rk; Njit vd;gJ gw;wp
mwpT+l;lk; ngwYk; mJ njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfspy; <LglYk;
Kfk; ghu;f;Fk; fz;zhbiaAk; xspiaAk; gad;gLj;jp ntspr;rj;jpd;
xspapd; jpiria khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ gw;wpa mDgtq;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;;
,aw;ifahd ntspr;rk; #upadpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ. gy;NtW
ntspr;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu; ngWk; mDgtq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiu
ahly;
ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghd ghly;fisj; jhsj;Jld; ghLjYk; mjw;Nfw;g
MLjYk;
xspiaAk; ntspiaAk; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak; epoy; njhlu;ghd rpy
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgly;
epoy;fisAk; ntt;NtW epw ntspr;rj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW
Mf;fq;fs; Gupjy;
fUg;nghUs; : 14.0 kdpju; Ntiynra;Ak; ,lq;fs;

Nju; r ; r pfs;
maw;#oypy; kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fs;>mtu;fs; jkJ ghJfhg;igg;
NgZk; tpjk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njb mwpf;ifg;gLj;J
thu;.
ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLNthu;> gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtp
fs;> Milazpfs;> mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; mlq;Fk; nray;fs;>
mtu;fs; Xa;itf; fopf;Fk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jpr;
nraw;gLthu;.
ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; kdpju;fspd; Nritfshy; vkf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; gad;fis kjpj;J mtu;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila ,lk;ngWk; epfo;T
fs;> rk;gtq;fs;> mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ghly;fs;> eldq;fshf Kd;itg;ghu;.
kdpju;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fSs; jkJ kdijf; ftu;ej ; re;ju;gg
; q;
fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.
kdpju; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; cgfuzq;fspd; khjpup
fis Mf;Fthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
maw; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; njhopw;rhiy/ gz;iz/ jr;Rj; njhopyfk;/
tpyq;Fg;gz;iz> kPdg
; pbf;Fk; ,lk;... Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; kdpju; nra;Ak;
ntt;NtW Ntiyfs;
ntt;NtW NtiyfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs; / cgfuzq;fs;
Ntiynra;Ak; Xu; ,lk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
(mq;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLgit> Ntiy nra;Nthupd; Milazpfs;>
czT> ghJfhg;G Nghd;wit)
Ntiy nra;Nthu; fisg;igg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghLk; ghly;fs;
Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;$Wk; ghly;fSk; Mly;fSk;>
mq;f mirTfSk;
20
maw;#oypy; Ntiynra;ag;gLk; Xu; ,lj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;. mt;
tplj;jpy; epfOgit gw;wpa jfty;fisr;Nrfupj;jYk; ntt;NtW
tpjkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;
Ntiy nra;Nthupd; czT> Ntiyapy; <LgLtjw;fhd Maj;jk;>
nghWg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;J mDgtk; ngwy;
Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;ij mtjhdpj;Jg; ngw;w jfty;fis tfpghfNkw;W
ebj;jy;;> ghLjy;> tiujy; %yk; ntspf;fhl;l tha;g;gspj;jy;
$l;lhf Ntiy nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila
fijfs;> nrtptopf;fijfs;> ghly;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;itj;jy;
fUg;nghUs; : 15.0 Rw;whlypy; NtWgl;l ,lq;fs;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
#oypd; gy;tifj; jd;ikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf> ,yFthd ifahz;L
ghu;j;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
maw;#oypYs;s rpy ,lq;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; tsUk;; tpjj;ijAk;

mk;kuq;fspy; thOk; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;J
thu;.
#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fisr;
nra;thu;.
#oypypUe;J Nrfupj;j ntt;NtW nghUs;fspdhy; epwq;fisj; jahupj;J
Mf;fq;fis moFgLj;Jthu;.
#oypd; gy;tifikiaf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; nfhyh[;> fsp Mfpa
Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fisr; nra;thu;.
#oypd; gy;tifikia ,urpj;J Mly;> ghly;> mq;f mirTfspy;
<LgLthu;.
cs; ; s lf; f k;
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU gFjpia mtjhdpj;J
gy;NtW tbt ,iyfs; cs;s kuq;fs;> gy;NtW epw ntt;NtW
tbtg;G+f;fs; cs;s kuq;fs;> epwf; fw;fs;> kzy; kz;> rpwpa gpuhzpfs;
... Nghd;wit njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwpjy;
ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ maypy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L
,lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;
ePu;g;ghq;fhd ,lq;fspy; ed;F tsUk; tpNrlkhd jhtu tiffSk;
mt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; thOk; gpuhzp tiffSk;
#oypd; gy;tifikiaf; $Wk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fisf; Nfl;lYk; ghLjYk;
MLjYk;
maw; #oypy; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;w nghUs;fisf;
nfhz;L gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs; Gupjy;

maw;#oypd; gy;tifikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Fwpg;ghd rpy
,lq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;
ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; tsUk; jhtuq;fis mtjhdpj;jYk; jfty;fis
ntt;NtW tpjkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;
21
#oypd; gy;tifikia ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;f tifapy; mq;f mirTr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
nfhyh[;> fspkz; Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp #ow; gy;tifikia
Mf;Fjy;
#oypy; ,Ue;J ngWk; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fk; Gupjy;
fUg;nghUs; : 16.0 vkJ cjtp Njitg;gLNthu;
Nju; r ; r pfs;
ghlrhiyapYk; tPlb
; Yk; jkf;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfis ngWtjw;Fk;
cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp Guptjw;Fk; Kd;tUthu;.
cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> epfo;Tfs;
Fwpj;J czu;Tld; Mly;ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.
tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthu; Fwpj;J gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
VidNahUf;F cjtpathW $l;lhf tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
cs; s lf; f k;
md;whl tho;tpy; VidNahupd; cjtpiag; ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;
VidNahUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;
cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp GupAk; re;ju;gg ; q;fis Kd;itj;jy;
cjtp ngWk;NghJ gz;ghf ele;Jnfhs;sYk; cjtp Gupe;NjhUf;F
ed;wp njuptpj;jYk;
tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLNthiu ,dq;fhzy;> mt;thwhNdhu; gad;
gLj;Jk; gy;NtW nghUs;fs;> my;yJ iriffs; (Cd;W Nfhy;fs;>
nts;isg;gpuk;G> ifj;jb Nghd;w)
cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp nra;jy;
cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fis Mf;Fjy;
gpuhzpfSf;Fk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;Fk; vkJ cjtp Njit vd;gij
czu;jy;
md;whlg; gzpfspy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; VidNahupd; cjtp Njit
vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; rk;gtq;fs; / fijfs; / re;ju;g;gq;fs;
VidNahUld; xj;Jioj;J tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs;

md;whl Ntiyfspd;NghJ VidNahupd; cjtpiag; ngWk; tpjk;
gw;wpa mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;J ciuahly;
ghlrhiyapYk; tPlb ; Yk; cjtp Njitg;gLk; rpyiu ciuahlypD}lhf
,dq;fhzy;
gu];guk; cjtp ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;fthwhd
fijfs; (ehl;lhu; fijfs;> Mf;ff; fijfs;) ehlfq;fs;
md;whlk; nra;Ak; Ntiyfis Nghyr; nra;jyhf Kd;itj;jy;> cjtp
Njitg;gLNthu; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f cgfuzq;fis Mf;fy;
gpuhzpfSf;Fk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;Fk; vkJ cjtp Njit vd;gJ
ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapy; Mly;> ghly;fs;> fijg;ghly;fis
Kd;itj;jy;
gu];gu xj;Jiog;Gld; tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLjy;
22

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Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b

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mZFKiwfSk; nraw; g hLfSk;

fUg;nghUs; : 4.0 ePUld; tpisahl;L

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