COURSE TITLE : SPECIALIZATION CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH

SIMULATION ON INTERROGATION AND

INTERVIEW

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This study deals the general history of criminal investigation, basic concepts and
cardinal principles of criminal investigation and important subject matters regarding
arrest. Also presents the important criminal evidence, types of evidence, and proper
preservation of evidence. And provides the method or systematic way of responding to
a crime committed, It’s includes the different methods of searching the crime
scene/evidence, and the basic knowledge of surveillance and its concepts, types,
procedures in its conducts and techniques in several instances.
LEARNING OUTCOMS:
At the end of this course, the students shall be able to:
1. Learn the general history of criminal investigation, the basic concepts and
cardinal principles of criminal investigation.
2. Familiarize the important subject matters regarding arrest, search, seizure, and
raid.
3. Understand the process of disposition of the evidence from the time of collection
until its presentation as evidence in court.
4. Learn the systematic way of responding to a crime committed and proper
sketching of physical evidence found in the crime scene.
5. Basic knowledge of surveillance and its concepts, types, procedures in its
conduct and techniques in several instances.

CHAPTER 1
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
(WEEK 1)
 This chapter deals with the general history of criminal Investigation, basic
concepts and cardinal principles of criminal Investigation, including the distinction
between interviews from Interrogation, as well as an informer from an informant

HISTORY OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Over the years, it has become increasingly evident that the crime problem is
exceeding the capabilities of the criminal justice system to control or even contain it. In
early groups known as tribes and clans, methods existed for detecting and resolving
undesirable acts. The methods used although primitive beyond as compared today
were based on assigning responsibility to a given individual or family. If a member of a
particular tribal family violated the moral code of a tribe, the other family members were
held responsible for detection, apprehension, and even execution of the offending
member.
The following are some notable accounts relative to investigation
 2100 B. C. Babylon
At about 1750 BC, Hammurabi, king of Babylon, created one of the first
bodies of written law-the Code of Hammurabi. The Code was then implemented
to detect those who refused to obey the law. It imposes the Lex Taliones (Law of
Retribution) principle where the punishment of an offender was equal to what he
did. The principle also refers to the concept known as, "An eye for an eye and a
tooth for a tooth."
 5th Century B.C. (Rome)
This century marked Rome for the creation of the first specialized
investigative unit which was named as Questors or Trackers or Murderers.
 6th Century B.C. (Athens)
This era adopted an unpaid magistrate judge) to make decisions to the
cases presented to them. This magistrate was appointed by the citizens.

Reign of Alfred the Great

In the later part of 9th century, Alfred the Great established a system of "mutual
pledge" (Social Control), which was organized for the security of the country into several
levels such as the following:
1. Ten Tithing-This was done by grouping a hundred of persons into one
under the charge of a High Constable. Hue and cry were employed. The
constable who was considered the first form of English Police dealt with
more serious breaches of the law.
 2. Tithing- This was performed by grouping ten persons to protect one
another and to assume responsibility for the acts of the group's members.
The one who heads the group was called Chief.

Note: William Norman divided England into shires (districts) and

was headed by a reeve (ruler)

The Time of Christ (Rome)

The Roman Emperor Augustus picked out special, highly qualified members of
the military to form the Praetorian Guard, the Praefectus Urbi and the Vigiles of Rome.
Their functions were as follows:
1. Praetorian Guard-This guard was considered too be the first police
officer in Rome, with the job of protecting the palace of Rome and the
emperor.
2. Praefectus Urbi- The function of the Praefectus Urbi was to protect the
city, exercising both executive and judicial power.
3. Vigiles of Rome- The Vigiles began as fire fighters, granted with law
enforcement responsibilities and patrolled Rome’s streets day and night.
They were considered as a civil police force designed to protect citizens.
They were considered quite brutal and it is where the word "Vigilante"
came from.

1285 A.D., The Statute of Winchester (England)

The Statute of Winchester was enacted to establish a rudimentary criminal
justice system in which most of the responsibility for law enforcement remained with the
people themselves. This statute was promulgated by Winchester. The statute
established the following:
1. The Watch and Ward Act;

2. Hue and Cry System;

3. Parish Constables became primary urban law enforcement agent in

England; and
4. All males kept weapons in their home for maintaining public peace.

1720's, Jonathan Wild (England)

He was a buckle maker and a brothel operator and a master criminal who
became the London's most effective criminal investigator. He was the most famous thief
catcher in 1720s. He conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning
stolen property to their rightful owners.
1749 Henry Fielding
 He founded the Bow Street Runners. This was called London's first professional
police force (originally numbered just eight) and was considered as the foundation of all
modern police forces
In 1751, Henry published a pamphlet entitled An Inquiry into the Causes of the
Late Increase of Robbers, which called for many sweeping changes in the laws and the
execution of their laws (Eduardo, 2008, Notes in Law Enforcement Administration).
1753, John Fielding
As a younger half-brother of Henry Fielding, he was appointed as Henry's
personal assistant in 1750. He also helped Henry to root out corruption and improve the
competence of those engaged in administering justice in London. He also introduced
the practice of developing informants, printing wanted notices, employing criminal raids,
and bearing firearms and handcuffs. The blind John was known as the "Blind Beak" and
allegedly abled to recognize 3,000 criminals by the sounds of their voices.
1800, Patrick Colquhoun
Patrick Colquhoun published a book known as, "The Commerce and Policing of
the River I Thames’’. He was also credited for his innovation for the critical development
and three decades later, led to Robert Peel's "new police. Colquhoun together with
Master Mariner John Harriott developed the Marine Police Force or sometimes known
as the Thames River Police. It was said to be England's first Police force. The police
force was designed to tackle theft and looting from ships anchored in the Pool of
London and the lower reaches of the river. The force is now known as the Marine
Support Unit. Colquhoun also had the idea of a publicly funded police force. His main
contribution was the introduction of crime prevention, or preventive policing - the
fundamental principle to the English police system.
1811, Eugene "Francois" Vidocq (France)
Eugene Vidocq established a squad of ex-convicts to aid the Paris Police in
investigating crimes. He worked under the theory of "Set a thief to catch a thief." He
introduced the concept of "Trade Protection Society," which became the forerunner of
our present day credit card system. For a fee, any owner of a shop or business
establishment could obtain particulars concerning the financial solvency of new
customers.
He was credited as the founder of La Surete, the France's national detective
organization and was considered as the Father of Modern Criminology in the French
Police Department. He was also regarded as the first private detective.
Dr. Edmond Locard
Edmond Locard published L' Enquete Criminelle et les Methodes Scientifique in
1920. He was also a pioneer on forensic science and became known as the Sherlock
Holmes of France. He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact
leaves a trace" This became known as "Locard's Exchange Principle".
1829, Sir Robert Peel (London)
British statesman Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police
Force (LMPF), which became the world's first modern organized police force. (LMPF)
did not only became a model for the American police system but also had greatly
influence on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.
LMPF was guided by the concept of crime prevention as a primary police
objective; it also embodied the belief that Such a force depended on the consent and
cooperation of the public, and the idea that police constables were to be civil and
courteous to the people. The force became the model for other police forces in Great
Britain. Informal names are, "the Met and "MPS. In statutes it is referred to in the lower
case as the "Metropolitan Police Force or the "Metropolitan Police", without the
appendage "service". The MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of
its original headquarters.
Police are often referred to as 'Bobbies or Peelers after Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel.
The primary role of the police in Britain was to keep the Queen's Peace, which
continues to the present days. He also introduced the techniques in detecting crimes
such as detectives concealing themselves, and secretly photographing and recording
conversations. London Metropolitan Police employed the first undercover officer.
The great contributions of Sir Robert Peel led people to regard him the Father of
Modern Policing. His most memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the
public are the police’’.
1833, England
Scotland Yard employed the first undercover officer. In USA, the first daytime
paid police department was established in Philadelphia.
1835, Texas Rangers
Texas Ranger was organized as the first law enforcement agency with statewide
investigative authority. This is the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI).
1839, William Henry Fox Talbot
William Henry Fox Talbot explained his photographic process to the Royal
Society of London. This year was known as the birth of photography.
1851, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Multi-suspect identification line-up was employed for the first time.
1852, Charles Dickens (U.S.A)
Charles Dickens was a great novelist in which through his story entitled Bleak
House, he introduced the term detective to the English language (Adams & Taylor,
1995).
1856, Kate Wayne (U.S.A)
Kate Wayne was the first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation.
She was hired by the Pinkerton Agency. And contributed to solving big cases in the
United States of America.

1859, U.S.A
The Appellate Court of USA recognized/accepted photographs as evidence in
court proceedings upon its relevancy and after thorough verification.
1866, Thomas Byrnes (U.S.A)
Thomas Byrnes was a keen-minded individual who trained his detectives in
recognizing individual criminal techniques. He founded the criminal "modus operandi."
This is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as "Method of Operation". The term is
used to describe someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or
criminal investigation. In English, it is often shortened as M. O.
1866, Jessie James Gang (U.S.A.)
The gang made the first hold-up which marked the beginning of the gang's 15
year hold-up and robbery spree (12 bank holdups and 12 train stage coach robberies in
11 states). Clay County Savings Association was their first victim and took $60,000.00.
1877, Howard Vincent (England)
Howard Vincent headed the newly organized Criminal Investigation Department
in Scotland Yard.
1882, Alphonse Bertillon (France)
Alphonse Bertillon introduced the first systematic identification system based on
the Anthropological measurement the (Anthropometry /Bertillon system). He was
considered the founder of Criminal Investigation as well as the Father of Personal
Identification. The system recorded anthropometric measurements and personal
characteristics such as color of eyes, Scars, and deformities. The following
measurements were taken:
1. Body: height, reach from fingertips to fingertips, length of Trunk and head,
or height Sitting;
2. Head: length and width, length and width of right ear;
3. Limbs: length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little
finger, length of left forearm. These measurements were recorded on
cards and classified according to the length of the head.
1892, Francis Galton (England)
Francis Galton is an English man who published his study on classifying
fingerprints and recognized the uniqueness of the fingerprints to be used as evidence
against a suspect.
1918, England
A new concept was introduced in the field of Criminal Investigation, known as
"Team Policing." In this concept, there is no patrol division or criminal investigation per
se. In this system, a team of police officers is assigned to patrol and investigate all
criminal matters within their area of jurisdiction or district.
1953, Paul Leland Kirk
A chemist and forensic scientist, Paul Leland Kirk is most known for his work on
blood spatter evidence. He applied this expertise on bloodstain pattern analysis to the
Sam Sheppard homicide case. He published "Crime Investigation in 1953, one of the
first comprehensive criminalistics and crime investigation textbooks that encompassed
theory in addition to practice .1966, Miranda v. Arizona (U.S.A.)
The US Supreme Court established procedural guidelines for taking criminal
confessions. The case is the origin of the present Miranda rights of every accused
under custodial investigation.
1977, USA
The FBI introduced the beginning of Automated Fingerprint identification System
(AFIS) with the first computerized scans of fingerprints.
1986, England
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) typing was first used be used to solve a crime.
DNA is unique to every individual and can be used for personal identification.
1987, USA
DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in US criminal court. Based on
RFLP analysis performed by Life codes, Tommy lee Andrews was convicted of a series
of sexual assaults in Orlando,

New York v. Castro

This was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was seriously
challenged. It set in motion a string of events that culminated in a call for certification,
accreditation, standardization and quality control guidelines for both DNA laboratories
and the general forensic community.
1999, USA
The FBl upgraded its computerized fingerprint database and implemented the
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), allowing paperless
submission, storage, and search capabilities directly to the national database
maintained at the FBI.
1818 1884, Allan Pinkerton
Being engaged in business as a barrel maker in 1846, Allan Pinkerton captured a
gang of counterfeiters and was consequently elected as a county sheriff.
In 1850 he organized the Pinkerton's National Detective Agency and was
appointed as the first city detective in Chicago. The recovery of a large sum of money
stolen from the Adams Express Company and the discovery of a plot to murder
Abraham Lincoln 1861 made way to his reputation.
During the American Civil War he organized the secret service of the U.S. Army.
During the railroad strikes of 1877, his agency provided strikebreakers. His books
include Strikers, Communists and Tramps (1878) and Thirty Years a detective (1884).
Allan Pinkerton was considered as the America’s foremost private detective. This
individual truly deserves the title of "America’s Founder of Criminal investigation."
Among methods he pioneered were "shadowing," the art of suspects surveillance,
"roping," working in undercover capacity with a motto, "We never sleep."
1847 1915, Dr. Hans Gross
Dr. Hans Gross was the earliest advocator of criminal investigation as science.
Interested in investigation while serving as an examining magistrate he became a
professor of Criminology at the University of Vienna. He is also recognized today as the
Father of Criminalistics/Forensic Science.
1859 1930, Dr. Arthur C. Doyle
Dr. Arthur C. Doyle is a British physician, novelist, and detective-story writer, Dr.
Arthur C. Doyle is best known as the creator of the character of master sleuth Sherlock
Holmes. The characterization of Holmes, particularly his ability of ingenious deductive
reasoning, was based on one of Conan Doyle’s Own university professors.
Dr. Alec John Jeffreys
Dr. Alec John Jeffreys used DNA fingerprinting and profiling to identify Colin
Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English midlands. Significantly, in the
course of the investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect.
Flaviano Guerrero
 Flaviano Guerrero is the only Filipino member of the United States Federal
Bureau of Investigation.
Take Note: The evolution of criminal investigation is closely similar with the historical
development of criminalistics.

Criminal Investigation in the Philippines

1901
The Criminal Investigation Service (CIS) now known as CIDG, can trace its
humble beginnings out of an urgent need for a unit that would handle investigation of
major crimes especially against national security, and at the same time, free other
Philippine Constabulary Units from this time-consuming and highly specialized of
criminal investigation. Hence, this crime-fighting unit came into being with the creation
of Investigation Section (1S) pursuant to Section 2 of Act No. 235 of the Philippine
Commission enacted on October 3, 1901 (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1).
1901-1919
During the American occupation, the criminal Investigation service was primarily
organized out of the great necessity of the Philippine Constabulary in the investigation
of crimes (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1).
1913
The genesis of criminal investigation in the Manila Police Department, presently
known as the Western Police District took place in 1913.
1920-1936
The CIS then known as the Information Service led to the Successful
investigation on the then Colurom rebellion, Sakdalista Movement and the Asedillo
uprising. It also became successful in suppressing and investigating crimes including
those committed against the security of the state (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1).
1936
The Division of Investigation (DI) was created by virtue of Commonwealth Act
No. 181 during the reign of the late President Manuel L. Quezon. The Di, with 45 initial
members, was organized by Thomas Dugan and Flaviano C. Guererro and this was
patterned after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of United States of America
(NBI Website, 2014).
1942-1945
During the Japanese occupation, the DI was affiliated with the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR) and the Philippine Constabulary (PC) known as the Bureau of
Investigation (BI), (NB1 Website, 2014).
1946
 The CIS was tapped to perform highly specialized task of investigation and
intelligence work as a criminal investigation branch of G2 (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1).
1947
Bureau of Investigation was reorganized by virtue of Republic Act No. 157 and
the Department of Justice became its parent agency. R.A. 157 was later amended by
Executive Order No. 94 renaming the Bl to what is known now as, National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI Website, 2014).
1950
The CIS was commissioned to gather intelligence and assume as the role main
investigating outfit of the Philippine Constabulary in response to the resurgence of
various criminal syndicates, like the Black Shirt and the Kamlon gang coupled with the
organization of various anti-government movements, such as the Hukbalahap (CIDG
Manual, 2000, p.1).
1987
The mandate of the 1987 Constitution establishing the National Police Force that
should be national in scope and civilian in character under the Department of Interior
and Local Government (DILG) paved the way for the creation of Philippine National
Police (PNP). Consequently, the CIS is retained as one of the national support units of
the PNP under the name of Criminal Investigation Service Command (CISC), this
distinguishes it from the operating unit of the administrative support unit created
pursuant R.A. 6975 which assumed the name of the "Service" while operating support
units assumed the name of command (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.2).
1991
Due to the media publicity of investigations of sensational cases committed by
local executives Organized Crime Groups (OCGs), the CISC as mandated by R.A.
6975, acted as the primary investigating arm of the PNP on major crimes, OCGs, and
economic sabotage (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.2).
1994
On September 5, 1994, the Criminal Investigation Service Command was
renamed as Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) following NAPOLCOM
Resolution Nr. 92-37, with the motto "We seek the truth." From its humble inception up
to the way, it metamorphosed to being the premier arm of the PNP as the "Spirit and
Soul of the Force." (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.2).
1996
A SOCO team was appropriately organized to meet the core mission of the
Crime Laboratory which is the National Operating Support Unit of the PNP by virtue of
NAPOLCOM Resolution Nr. 96-058.

Laws Relative to Criminal Investigation

 1. 1935 Phil. Constitution, Art 3, Sec. 17 (1)
"In all criminal proceedings, the accused shall...enjoy the right to be heard
by himself and counsel....
2. 1973 Phil. Constitution, Art. 3, Sec. 20
"No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself." That, any
person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the
right to remain silent, to have a counsel, and to be informed of such right.
No force, intimidation, or any means, which vitiate the free will, shall be
used against him. Any confession obtained in the violation of this section
shall be inadmissible as evidence.
3.1987 Phil. Constitution, Art 3, Sec. 12(1)
"Any person under investigation of the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have a competent
and independent counsel preferably of his choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of a counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be
waived EXCEPT in writing, signed and in the presence of a counsel."

Related Cases:
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
It originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda, a Latino who
was accused of kidnapping and rape in the State of Arizona. The Arizona Police
interrogated him exhaustedly leading to his confession. Based on his confession, he
was charged, tried and convicted. Appeal of his conviction was made before the Arizona
Supreme Court but his conviction was affirmed. The appeal was then elevated to the
US Supreme Court where there was a reversal of the decision and he was acquitted on
constitutional grounds.
It was in this case that the US Supreme Court laid down the constitutional rights
of the accused during the custodial during the custodial interrogation. This constitutional
right was also incorporated in the 1973 Philippine Constitution and later in the 1987
Constitution of the Philippines. This is known as the Miranda Rule, Doctrine, or Warning

The Rights of a Person under Custodial Investigation are as

follows:
1. Right to remain silent. Anything that he/she may say may be used against
him/her in any court of law.
2. Right to have a counsel preferably of his/her own choice and if he/she has
none, the government must provide one for him.
 3. Right to be informed of the nature of the charges against him and
whatever he/she says may be used for or against him/her and
4. Right to be informed of such rights under the constitution.

These rights could be validly waived in writing and with the assistance of a
counsel in order that the ensuing confession be admissible in evidence. The confession
must also be in writing, signed and sworn to by the accused.
In Miranda v. Arizona case, the court addressed the question of how to enforce a
suspect's right to counsel and right against self-incrimination. The court concluded that
police officers must specifically inform suspects of these rights and inform them that if
they give up these rights their statements can be used against them.
Gideon v. Wainwright (U.S., 1963)
The Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees criminal
defendants the right to counsel, requires state governments to provide attorneys for
indigent (poor) criminal defendants.
Escobedo v. Illinois (U.S., 1964)
The court held that a suspect has a right to have an attorney present when being
interrogated in police custody as well as during a trial.
Morales v. Juan Ponce Enrile, 1983 (GR # 61016;SCRA 538)
The Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in this case and made a clear remark
that the Miranda Warning as it Is generally called have to be made so that a confession
can be admitted.
4. 1987 Phil. Constitution (Sec. 6, Art 16)
The state establishes and maintains one police force, which shall
be national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and
controlled by the National Police Commission. The authority of the local
executives over the police shall be provided by law."
5. Republic Act No. 7438
An act defining certain rights of person arrested, detained and/or
under custodial investigation as well as the duties of the arresting,
detaining, and investigating officers and providing penalties for violation
thereof.
 Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.1. IDENTIFICATION: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that
corresponds to each question. Write your answers on the blank. 2points each
1._______________________ He was considered as the America’s foremost private
detective. This individual truly deserves the title of "America’s Founder of Criminal
investigation." Among methods he pioneered were "shadowing," the art of suspects
surveillance, "roping," working in undercover capacity with a motto, "We never sleep."
2._______________________He is recognized today as the Father of
Criminalistics/Forensic Science.
3._______________________He is the only Filipino member of the United States
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
4._______________________This year is the genesis of criminal investigation in the
Manila Police Department, presently known as the Western Police District took place in
1913.
5._______________________This era adopted an unpaid magistrate judge) to make
decisions to the cases presented to them. This magistrate was appointed by the
citizens.
6._______________________In the later part of 9th century, He established a system
of "mutual pledge" (Social Control), which was organized for the security of the country
into several levels.
7._______________________This was done by grouping a hundred of persons into
one under the charge of a High Constable. Hue and cry were employed. The constable
who was considered the first form of English Police dealt with more serious breaches of
the law.
8.______________________The function of the Praefectus Urbi was to protect the city,
exercising both executive and judicial power.
9._______________________This two person developed the Marine Police Force or
sometimes known as the Thames River Police. It was said to be England's first Police
force. The police force was designed to tackle theft and looting from ships anchored in
the Pool of London and the lower reaches of the river.
10._____________________ He worked under the theory of "Set a thief to catch a
thief." He introduced the concept of "Trade Protection Society," which became the
forerunner of our present day credit card system

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.2. IDENTIFICATION: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that
corresponds to each question. Write your answers on the blank. 2points each
1.________________________He was credited as the founder of La Surete, the
France's national detective organization and was considered as the Father of Modern
Criminology in the French Police Department. He was also regarded as the first private
detective.
2.________________________The Vigiles began as fire fighters, granted with law
enforcement responsibilities and patrolled Rome’s streets day and night. They were
considered as a civil police force designed to protect citizens. They were considered
quite brutal and it is where the word "Vigilante" came from.
3.________________________ The Watch and Ward Act; Hue and Cry System;Parish
Constables became primary urban law enforcement agent in England; and All males
kept weapons in their home for maintaining public peace.
4._______________________ He was a buckle maker and a brothel operator and a
master criminal who became the London's most effective criminal investigator.
5._______________________ He was the most famous thief catcher in 1720s. He
conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen property to their
rightful owners.
6._______________________He founded the Bow Street Runners. This was called
London's first professional police force (originally numbered just eight) and was
considered as the foundation of all modern police forces
7._______________________ At what century marked Rome for the creation of the
first specialized investigative unit which was named as Questors or Trackers or
Murderers.
8._____________________ He published a pamphlet entitled An Inquiry into the
Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, which called for many sweeping changes in
the laws and the execution of their laws (Eduardo, 2008, Notes in Law Enforcement
Administration).
9._____________________. He is known as, "The Commerce and Policing of the River
I Thames’’. He was also credited for his innovation for the critical development and
three decades later, led to Robert Peel's "new police.
10.____________________ He published L' Enquete Criminelle et les Methodes
Scientifique in 1920.

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:
1.3. IDENTIFICATION: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that
corresponds to each question. Write your answers on the blank. 2points each
1._________________________ He introduced the first systematic identification
system based on the Anthropological measurement the.
2._________________________.He was considered the founder of Criminal
Investigation as well as the Father of Personal Identification. The system recorded
anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics such as color of eyes,
Scars, and deformities.
3._________________________ He was an English man who published his study on
classifying fingerprints and recognized the uniqueness of the fingerprints to be used as
evidence against a suspect. .
4._________________________ He created one of the first bodies of written law-the
Code of Hammurabi. The Code was then implemented to detect those who refused to
obey the law.
5.__________________________ British statesman established the London
Metropolitan Police Force (LMPF), which became the world's first modern organized
police force.
6.__________________________ At what year William Henry Fox Talbot explained his
photographic process to the Royal Society of London. This year was known as the birth
of photograph.
7._______________________ He also introduced the techniques in detecting crimes
such as detectives concealing themselves, and secretly photographing and recording
conversations. London Metropolitan Police employed the first undercover officer.
8._______________________ He is the Father of Modern Policing. His most
memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the public are the police’’.
9._________________________ He was also a pioneer on forensic science and
became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France. He formulated the basic principle of
forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace" This became known as "Locard's
Exchange Principle".
10._________________________ He is the first woman detective in the history of
criminal investigation. She was hired by the Pinkerton Agency. And contributed to
solving big cases in the United States of America.
11._________________________ A chemist and forensic scientist, He is known for his
work on blood spatter evidence.
12._________________________ At what year Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) typing
was first used be used to solve a crime. DNA is unique to every individual and can be
used for personal identification.
13._________________________This guard was considered too be the first police
officer in Rome, with the job of protecting the palace of Rome and the emperor.
14._________________________ He assembled special and highly qualified members
of the military to form the Praetorian Guard, the Praefectus Urbi and the Vigiles of
Rome.
15._________________________This was performed by grouping ten persons to
protect one another and to assume responsibility for the acts of the group's members.
The one who heads the group was called Chief.
16._________________________ He founded the criminal "modus operandi." This is a
Latin phrase, approximately translated as "Method of Operation". The term is used to
describe someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal
investigation. In English, it is often shortened as M. O.

MODULE 2
(WEEK II)

Copyrighted by the Author and Rizwoods Colleges

All Rights Reserve. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including copying, recording, storage in any
informational retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Author and
Rizwoods Colleges.
Any unauthorized photocopying, reproduction or dissemination of any portion of
this book shall be prosecuted under Republic Act No. 8293 or "Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines". This module shall be used only by the students of Rizwoods
Colleges as we adopt the “new normal” in Philippine Educational System.

CHAPTER 1
LESSON 2: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
(WEEK II)

What is Investigation?
Investigation is the act or process of investigating or the condition of being
investigated. It also refers to a search or inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or
careful examination. Investigation came from the Latin term investigate, which means
"to inquire or to discover" during the 5th century.

Definitions of Criminal Investigation

The following are the modern definitions of criminal investigation:
1. Criminal Investigation is defined as the collection and analysis of
facts/truths about persons, things, places that are subjects of a crime to
identify the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of the guilty party, and
provide admissible pieces of evidence to establish in the guilt of parties
involved in crime.
2. Criminal Investigation is the logical, objective, and legal inquiry involving a
possible criminal activity. The result of the inquiry, if successful, will
answer the 5 Ws (who, what, where, when, why) and the H (how)
questions.
3. Criminal Investigation is a legal inquiry by virtue of a complaint to follow
up, examine, trace, track and search, step by step examination or process
and meticulous observation, the fact of the commission of a crime, the
identity of the actors, and the circumstances attendant thereto, by careful
evaluation of all available pieces of evidence to the end that violators of
the law be brought to the bar of justice, and the innocent be relieved there
from.
4. Criminal Investigation is a lawful search for people and things useful in
reconstructing the circumstances of an illegal act or omission and the
mental state accompanying it. It is the probing from the known to the
unknown, backward in time, and its goal is to determine the truth as far as
it can be discovered in any post-factum inquiry.
 5. Criminal Investigation is the collection of facts to accomplish the threefold
aims:
a) To identify the guilty party;
b) To locate the guilty party; and
c) To provide evidence of his guilt.
A criminal investigation is an official effort to uncover information about a crime.
There are generally three ways that a person can be brought to justice for a criminal act.
First and probably the least likely, the individual will be driven by his/her conscience to
immediately confess. Second, an officer of the law can apprehend him/her in the act.
Third, and most common, a criminal investigation can identify the person as a suspect
after which he/she may confess or be convicted by trial.

Three Elements of Crime

Crime exists through the presence of the following:
1. Motive is the moving power or force which compels a person to commit
acts towards a definite result. Generally, motive is immaterial in incurring
criminal liability; it is intent which is material. Motive becomes material
when the act brings variant crimes; there is a doubt whether the accused
committed the crime or the identity of the accused doubtful; the evidence
in the commission of crime is purely circumstantial; or the evidence of the
guilt of the accused is inconclusive.
2. Opportunity is the chance or time given to the offender in committing the
crime. Without such chance or opportunity given to the offender, there
could be no crime Committed. In many instances, the victims are the ones
making opportunity for the offender to commit such crime.
3. Instrumentality/Capability involves the use of material and other means
which are essential in the commission of the crime. Thus, crime will occur
if all the elements of crime exist. Further, if one of the elements of crime is
absent then crime will not and will never happen.

Kinds of Criminal Investigation

Generally speaking, the two kinds of criminal investigation are: investigation
while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and investigation while the suspect is
"at large’’.
Legally speaking, the term "at large" is not synonymous to "fugitive from justice."
The former, not being a wanted person before the eyes of the la, and therefore, cannot
be lawfully arrested without a warrant. The latter is necessarily an escapee from
detention or an escaped prisoner while serving sentence by virtue of a final judgment
rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction that can be legally arrested without the
necessity of a warrant of arrest based from par. C, Sec 5, Rule 113, Rules of Court.
Three Phases of Criminal Investigation
1. The criminal is identified.
2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested.
3 The fact or evidence to prove his/her guilt is gathered for introduction
during trial.

Goals of Criminal Investigation

1. To determine whether a crime has been committed.
2. To legally obtain information or evidence.
3. To identify persons involved.
4. To arrest suspects.
5. To recover stolen properties.
6. To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.

Modes of Investigation
1. Reactive mode of investigation addresses crimes that already happened
or occurred.
2. Proactive mode of investigation identifies and arrests suspects before
crime will happen. It is designed to catch a criminal in the act of
committing a crime rather than waiting until a crime is reported by a
concerned citizen.

Is Investigation an art or a science?

Investigation is a mixture of an art and a science. Investigation is a science
because there are certain rules that should be followed to conduct a successful
investigation and because the pure and applied sciences play an increasingly important
role in investigation. Investigation is considered as an art because it depends on the
skills of the investigator, including interpersonal communication and Creativity.

Criminal Investigation as an Art

Criminal investigation is considered as an art because it is not governed by rigid
rules or fixed legal procedures but most often based on intuition (logic and tested
knowledge, immediate learning/consciousness) and sometimes by chance. Most often
than not, it is governed by:
a. Felicity/inspiration,
b. Intuition, and
 c. Luck.
It was Dr. Hans Gross who said that criminal investigation is 95% perspiration,
3% inspiration and 2% luck. This means that investigators should not only depend on
inspiration or luck or eles they will fail 95 % in their investigation. One hundred percent
effort must be exerted because inspiration or luck may never come in this way.

Criminal Investigation as a Science

Criminal Investigation is a science because it involves the application of
knowledge of forensic sciences in the process of identifying, locating, collecting,
processing, and/or evaluating physical evidence.

Steps in Criminal Investigatiopn

1. Identification/Recognition of facts, information, evidence,
2. Collection of facts, Information, evidence
3. Preservation of forensic value (Legal Integrity)
4. Evaluation, processing of evidence and case and
5. Presentation of evidence and criminal case.

Criminal Investigator Defined

Criminal investigator refers to the person who performs an investigation. Criminal
investigator is also known as prober and is considered as the superstar in the process
of investigation.
Police Investigator
Police investigator refers to a PNP uniformed personnel both Police
Commissioned Officer (PCO) and police Non-Commissioned Officer (PNCO's)
conferred with the appropriate certification to investigate with care and accuracy, by
conducting step-by-step examination, through patient inquiry and meticulous
observation, data and other pertinent matters to support crime theories and establish
relevant facts to aid in identifying the offense and criminal offender, locating him and
providing evidence of his guilt leading to the successful filing and prosecution of the
offense. A police investigator must be a graduate of Criminal Investigation Course (CIC)
for PNCO and the Investigation Officer Basic Course (IOBC) for PCO's (NAPOLCOM
Circular No. 2013-002)
Police Detective
Police Detective refers to PNP uniformed personnel who was previously certified
as a police investigator but was able to complete 18 units of Master's Degree, and
completed the Police Detective Course (PDC), and acquired the requisite experience
relating to investigation of cases and appearance in court duties to support the
successful filing and prosecution of offense (NAPOLCOM Circular No. 2013-002.
Case Manager
Case manager refers to a PCO who was previously certified as Police
Investigator (PCO Category) but was able to complete a Master Degree, completed the
investigation Officers Management Course (IOMAC) and recorded the number of
required investigation and prosecution of cases (NAPOLCOM Circular No. 2013-002).

Roles of the Criminal Investigator

1. Determine whether a crime has been committed.
2. Identify the victim/s and the offended.
3. Locate and apprehend the offender.
4. Present evidence of guilt for the offender/s.
5. Assist in case follow-up)).

Characteristics of Competent Criminal Investigator

1. Perseverance- It refers to the steadfastness, persistence and
resolution to bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles connected
with criminal investigation.
2. Endurance- This is the ability of the investigator to last physically and
mentally hence he/she must have the extraordinary physical and mental
energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.
3. Incorruptible honesty and integrity - This refers to the degree, of
honesty and integrity of the investigator on several temptations over
money that are offered to affect the investigation. Women and drinks are
tricks of temptations
4. Intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon- This is very important in
order that the investigator could easily decipher falsehood from truth and
separate the grain from the chaff.
5. Acting Activity- It refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping
down to the level of a minor, the prostitute or the slum dwellers,
professionals or other members of the elite during the investigation
process.
6. Oral and Written Communication- Every investigator should have
a basic knowledge on both oral and written communication in probing a
certain issue in order that he/she will not suffer setback in getting the
accurate facts especially in the preparation of reports and or transmittal of
information. This includes the use of appropriate words in making a report
and writing observations and descriptions of places, things and events.
7. Observation and Description- The investigator should be a keen
observer and knows how to accurately describe anything. This is
important in crime scene investigation and in conducting an interview and
interrogation.
 8. Courage- It is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth
irrespective of who gets hurt.
9. Knowledge on Laws The investigator should have basic knowledge
on legal matters concerning investigation.
10. The power to "read between the lines."- This refers to the ability
of the investigator to interpret the words or phrases encountered in the
process of investigation into their deeper meaning in order to arrive with a
concrete meaning in order certain statement.
11. Technical Knowledge- This refers to the investigators capability of
defense tactics, use of firearms and the like. In many Occasions, he/she
will be alone in confronting, arresting, bringing to headquarters and
interrogating suspect.

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.1 Multiple Choices: Select the best answer; encircle the letter of your answer that
corresponds to the given question.
1. It is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth irrespective of who gets hurt
A. Technical knowledge C. Knowledge on laws
B. Courage D. Oral and written law Communication
2. This is important in crime scene investigation and conducting an interview and
interrogation
A. Observing and description C. Intelligence
B. Written Communication D. Technical Knowledge
3. What is the Latin word of Investigation?
A. Investigator C. Invistigat
B. Investation D. Investigat
4. It also refers to a search or inquiry for ascertaining facts detailed or careful
examination
A. Investigation C. Informant
B. Surveillance D. Eyewitness
5. What are the six cardinal rules in investigation?
A. What, Where, Who, When, Whose, Why C. Who, What, Where, When, Why,
How
B. Who, What, Where, When, Why, Which D. Who, What, Where, Whose, Why,
How
6. It refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping down to the level of a minor, the
prostitute or the slum dwellers, professionals or other members of the elite during
invitation process
A. Intelligence C. Acting Activity
B. Integrity D. Incorruptible honesty
7. The investigation should have basic knowledge on legal matters concerning
investigation
A. Knowledge of Laws C. Acting Activity
B. Technical Knowledge D. Incorruptible Honesty
8. Who said that criminal Investigation is 95% Perspiration, 3% inspiration, 2% luck?
A. Dr. Hans Gross C. Dr. Arthur C. Doyle
B. Francis Galton D. Dr. Alec John Jeffreys
9. It refers to the steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring the desired
conclusion in spite of obstacles connected with criminal investigation
A. Integrity C. Endurance
B. Perseverance D. Courage
10. Who was previously certified as Police Investigator (PCO Category) but was able to
complete a Master Degree, completed the investigation Officers Management Course
(IOMAC) and recorded the number of required investigation and prosecution of cases
A. Police Detective C. Police Intelligence
B. Case Manager D. Police Investigator

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.2: DEFFINATION AND TERMS, 10 POINTS EACH NUMBER

1. What are the Roles of the Criminal Investigator?
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2. What are the steps in Criminal Investigation?

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Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.3. ESSAY: Answer the following questions briefly. 10pionts each

1. What is Investigation?
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2. What is Criminal Investigation as a science?

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3. What is criminal investigation as an art?
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4. What is Criminal Investigation?

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 CHAPTER 1
LESSON 3: KEY PRINCIPLES IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
(WEEK 3)

Criminal investigation as discussed in the preceding section is a process that

involves several steps. To complete a criminal investigation, it must include its basic
elements such as: recognition, collection, preservation, evaluation and presentation in
the court.

Basic Elements of Criminal Investigation

1st Element: Recognition
Recognition involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that
may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated. That is
why recognition is otherwise known as identification stage of investigation. The earlier
the significant facts are identified, the sooner the case will be solved.
Significant things that must be recognized may be in the form of bloodstains at
the crime scene, neighbor who accidentally saw/ witnessed a burglary in progress, or
bank record of a drug dealer. These are highly relevant facts that can be used by the
investigator, to be developed on a well-founded belief that a crime has in fact been
committed.
2nd Element: Collection
Collection refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical
things that are significant to the case under investigation. Collection maybe done by
scraping the bloodstains found at the crime scene, interviewing the neighbor who saw
the burglary, or examination of drug dealer's bankbook.
3rd Element: Preservation
Preservation is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the
collection stage. It includes the act of keeping the collected pieces of evidence in their
true and original form, Preventing contamination or destruction of their substantive
value. Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical evidences
in order that they can be safely transmitted to the evidence custodian or to the crime
laboratory but covers the process of maintaining the objectivity of facts or information
also gathered from the testimony of witnesses, victims or other persons involved in the
criminal case.
4th Element: Evaluation
Evaluation refers to the process of determining the probative value of the
evidence. Probative value refers to the strength of the evidence or its worth/weight in
successfully establishing a proof that a crime has in fact been committed and that the
suspect/accused is the one who is responsible for it.
5th Element: Presentation
Presentation is primarily manifested in the courtroom. The investigator, with the help of
the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information in a very simple and
convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved in the
criminal case about the validity and truthfulness of the evidence they are trying to prove
or establish.

Cardinal Points of Criminal Investigation

Investigation must seek to establish the six (6) cardinal points of investigation,
namely: what specific offense was committed; how the offense was committed: when it
was committed where it was committed; why it was committed, and who were the
involved persons. The 5 W's and 1H are further presented as follows:
A. Who Questions: These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims or
offended party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime
such as
1. Who reported the crime? Who discovered the crime?
2. Who saw how the crime was perpetrated?
3. Who is the victim? Who had any misunderstanding with him/ her?
4. Who is the offender/perpetrator/culprit?
5. Who are the companions, associates, or accomplices or the perpetrator?

B. What Questions: The purpose of these types of question to find out what happened
or what took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the offense.
Some questions are:
1. What happened?
2. What specific actions did the suspect/victim/witness do
3. What is the nature of the crime?
4. What was/were the weapons/s or tools/s used by the culprit?
5. What were the pieces of evidence discovered at the crime Scene?

C. Where Questions: These are questions that localize the place of the incident- the
city or town, the district or barangay, the street or road, the number of the house or
building. The questions necessary in pinpointing the particular location of the crime are:
1. Where was the crime discovered?
2. Where did the offense take place?
3. Where are the victims, witnesses or culprits?
4. Where do the victims/witnesses/culprits live?
5. Where was the suspect when he was apprehended?
6 Where were the weapons or tools used in committing the crime?
7. Where did the investigator secure or obtain the evidence?
D. When Questions: These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day,
month and year when the crime was committed. These questions such as the following
should be specified and as accurate as possible:
1. When was the crime committed?
2. When was it discovered?
3. When was the police notified?
4. When was the victim last seen?
5. When was the suspect arrested?

E. Why Questions: These are questions that endeavor to ascertain The motives,
causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, Background occurrences that
might help explain the commission of the offense. Why questions are as follows:
1. Why did the offender do it?
2. Why did he/she kill the victim?
3. Why didn't he/she just let the victim go?
4. Why didn't the suspect surrender?

F. How Questions: These are designed to help the investigator determine how the
crime was committed, the means/tools that were employed, how the crime was
discovered and culprit entered the building/room. The following questions significant in
preparing the modus operandi file or report:
1. How did he/she perform the crime?
2. How did the criminal get all the necessary information?
3. How did the suspect get near to the victim?
4. How did the criminal get away from the crime scene?
5. How was the crime scene search conducted?

What are the purposes of the 5Ws and 1 H in Criminal Investigation?

1. They aid the investigator in searching the crime scene or other places
which maybe Sources of evidences.
2. They guide the investigator in formulating questions in interviewing
complainant, witnesses and other interested parties or in the process of
interrogating a suspect.
3. They assist the investigator and the desk officer in making brief
statements of facts in the logbook/police blotter and in reports.
4. They help the investigator in preparing the MODUS OPRANDI report -
How was the crime perpetrated?
5. They assist the investigator in furnishing a brief and concise criminal
investigation report.

Patterns, Leads, Tips, and Theories

 Patterns, leads, tips, and theories are components the investigation process that
enable investigators to lean and understand the facts of the occurrence with which they
are dealing.
 Patterns are series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that
the same person is committing a series of crimes. Pattern could include time
and day, day of the week, description of the suspect, MO, type of weapon
being used, type of victim, location and other variables.

 Leads are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an

investigation. These can be physical evidence or information received from
the witnesses or other persons or through surveillances, undercover
investigations and record searches. Anything that can assist an investigator in
resolving an investigation refers to leads.
Tips are leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of an
investigation. Generally, tips involve the identity of the suspect.
Theories pertain to beliefs regarding the basis on the evidence patterns,
leads, tips and other information developed and uncover in the case. These
are important because they direct the investigation. Detectives have to be
very careful in building theories about a case, because if the theory is wrong,
it may lead them in the wrong direction.

What is the Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation?

"Never touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is
properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed".
The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation, alteration, and contamination
(MAC) of the pieces of physical evidence found at the crime scene.

Methods of Recording the Investigation

1. Photographs
2. Sketching crime scene
3. Written notes (what you have seen or observed)
4. Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene
5. Gathering physical evidence
6. Plaster cast
7. Tape recording of sounds
8. Video tape recording of objects
9. Written statements of subject(s) and witnesses.
Tools in Criminal Investigation
The so-called three tools in criminal investigation sometimes called as the 3 l's of
criminal investigation are the Information, Interview & Interrogation, and
Instrumentation.
1. Information are the knowledge or facts which the investigation had
gathered or acquired from persons or documents, which are pertinent or
relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities.

Classification of Information as to Sources:

a. Regular Sources. Information were taken from records, files from the
government or non-government agencies, news items. The bulk of
applications of this nature are news items Included also are news or TV
broadcast, intercepted radio, telephone messages and stored computer
area.
b. Cultivated Sources. Information are furnished by informants or informers.
c. Grapevines sources. When the information are disclosed by the
underworld characters such as prisoners or ex-convicts
Aside from the data which were gathered by the investigator from other persons
including the victim himself and from:
a. Public records,
b. Private records, and
c. Modus Operandi file.

2. Interview and Interrogation are similar, in the sense that, they are both
ways of obtaining information from a certain suspect or person that has
knowledge on a crime.

Terms to Understand
The following are linked terms for purposes of interview and interrogation:
1. Interviewer refers to a person who conducts interview.
2. Interviewee refers to a person being interviewed.
3. Interrogator is the person who performs skillful questioning of
hostile witness and suspects for purposes of obtaining confession
or admission.
4. Interrogate is the subject of interrogation whether a suspect or a
victim.
 5. Suspect denotes any person associated to the commission of a
crime. A suspect may also refer to any person whose guilt is
considered on reasonable ground to be a practical possibility.
6. Witness is a person other than the suspect, who is requested to
give information concerning an incident. He/she may be a victim,
complainant, an accuser, a source of information, and an observer
of the occurrence, a scientific specialist who has examined physical
evidence or a custodian of official document.

Distinction between Interview and Interrogation

Interview Interrogation

1. It is a simple questioning of a 1. It is questioning somebody closely,

person who cooperates with the often in an aggressive manner
investigator

2. Witnesses voluntarily give their 2. It involves skilful questioning of hostile

accounts about the commission of crime witness and suspects

3. Interrogation applies to an
uncooperative or reluctant witness

4. The purpose is to obtain admission or

confession

3. Instrumentation (also called as Criminalistics or Forensic Science)

-Instrumentation is the process of applying instruments or tools of the
police sciences in criminal investigation and detection.
This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the examination of the pieces of
physical evidences such as the following
Examples:
a. Firearms identification e. Polygraphy
b. Fingerprint Examination f. Forensic Chemistry
 c. Question Document Examination g. Physics
d. Photography h. Biology

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.2. ESSAY and DEFINITIONS OF TERMS: Answer the following question briefly.
1. What are the Basic Elements of Criminal Investigation? 15points
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2. Discussed the importance of Cardinal Points of Criminal Investigation. 15points

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3. What is the Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation? 5points

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4. What is MAC? 5points

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5. What are the Methods of Recording the Investigation?10points

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Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.1 ESSAY AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS: Answer the following question briefly.
1. What are Tools in Criminal Investigation? 5points
________________________________________________________________
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2. Discussed the different Classification of Information as to Sources? 10points

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3. What are the following terms to understand in purpose of interview and

interrogation? 10 points
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4. Differentiate the distinction between interview and interrogation?10points
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5. What are the examples of instrumentation in the process of applying instrument

or tool of the police science in criminal investigation and detection?10points
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MODULE 4
(WEEK IV)

Copyrighted by the Author and Rizwoods Colleges

All Rights Reserve. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including copying, recording, storage in any
informational retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Author and
Rizwoods Colleges.
Any unauthorized photocopying, reproduction or dissemination of any portion of
this book shall be prosecuted under Republic Act No. 8293 or "Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines". This module shall be used only by the students of Rizwoods
Colleges as we adopt the “new normal” in Philippine Educational System.

CHAPTER 1
LESSON 4: INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
(WEEK IV)

"The RIGHT person asking the RIGHT question

to the RIGHT person at the RIGHT place
and at the RIGHT time will get the RIGHT answer"

A. Interview
Interview is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information,
which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or on criminal activities. In an
interview, the interviewee I willing and cooperative with the person conducting the
interview.

General Kinds of Interview

1. Cognitive Interview
This is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are
given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention
interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject finished
his/her narration, the investigator now subjects him/her to the style of direct
examination and cross-examination, to clarify the unexplained portions to arrive
at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony.
2. Question and Answer
This interview as practiced by some investigators requires the interviewee
to answer the question posed by the investigator. The interviewee is required to
answer on what he/she knows about what is being asked. In the case of subjects
of low level of intelligence, the use of leading questions greatly helps the
investigator to obtain the full and desired information.

Golden Rule in Interview

 "Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview
without prior visit to the crime scene’’
The questioning should be in agreement with the facts and conditions at the
crime scene. The questioning will lead wayward for the interviewer who had not seen
personally the crimes and he/she will not be in a position to distinguish half-truths,
exaggerations of falsehood from the answers of the person being interviewed.

Qualities of a Good Interviewer

1. Rapport- It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and the
interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful result. It is winning the
confidence of a person being interviewed in order that he will tell all the
information in his/her possession. The interviewer must be in a
respectable civilian attire because, most often and the majority of people,
the police uniforms is barrier in establishing good rapport. To many, the
uniform is intimidating.
2. Forceful Personality- The appearance of the interviewer and other
qualities such as skills of communication techniques or the force of
language are the mainstays of the strength of his character. He/she must
be understanding, sympathetic and without showing official arrogance,
Vulgarity of expressions and air superiority.
3. Knowledge on Psychology/Psychiatry- This will help the
interviewer determine the personality and intelligence of the subject;
he/she must go down and up to the level of understanding of his/her
particular subject.
4. Conversational Tone of Voice- Investigator's tone of voice must be
conversational, not confrontational as in interrogation. It means that the
interviewer must know how to appropriately use his/her voice normally,
without unusual loudness that may affect the interview process.
5. Acting Qualities- He/she must possess the qualities of an actor,
salesman and psychologist and know how to use the power of persuasion.
This is done to convince the person to disclose what he/she knows about
the issue being investigated.
6. Humility- He/she must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to
ask apologies for the inconvenience of the interview. This is usually done
at the end of the interview that may give a good impression to the person
being interviewed.

Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to Testify

1. Fear of Reprisal- Witnesses who lack the courage to face the suspect,
his associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal. This is
natural, especially those who have no means to protect themselves or no
influential persons for them to rely on. This is prevalent among the
generally underprivileged sectors of our society. The investigator must
remove these fears from the mind of his/her witnesses either by offering
 protection or by the explanation that unless the suspect is not put behind
bars, the fear will not disappear The investigator's power of persuasion
plays a vital role
2. Great Inconvenience- On the part of those of hands-to-mouth
existence there is this real inconvenience, which will deprive them the time
to earn for their living especially during the ordeal of testifying during the
trial. o those unemployed, the inconvenience is greater thus the
investigator must sincerely help them through his/her contacts with the
business community.
3. Hatred against the Police-This hatred maybe due to previous bad
experience with rogue members of the police organization. The
investigator must show the difference between him/her and the rogue
policeman by honest and sincere entertainment of the complaint against
the rogue cops. He/she must explain that these scalawags represent only
small percentage of a whole organization and the police leadership is
addressing the situation properly.
4. Because of Bias of Witness- The witness maybe an acquaintance,
friend, helper, or benefactor of the suspect. All of these and other
relationship of the witness to the suspect must be explored so than an
intelligent approach properly applied.
5. Avoidance of Publicity- There are witnesses who are shy and they
shun publicity that will bring discomfort to ordinary or obscure way of
living. The investigator must hide these witnesses away from reporters.
6. Family Restriction- Some famous and respected a preserve their
reputations by instilling to their members need of the approval of their
elders on matters affecting families. The investigator must talk to the
elders for their approval for a member to testify.

Phases of Interview
1. Preparation- Investigator must review the facts at the crime Scene and
information from other sources in order that he / she would be ready for the
questioning. A background data of the subject should be available so that
he/she could adapt himself/herself to the kind of approach to be employed.
2. Approach- This is done through investigator's careful selection of the kind
of approach to use, which maybe a single kind, a combination of two or the
application of all techniques
3. Warming Up- This is done by preliminary or exploratory questions to clear
the atmosphere and promote a conducive place for cordiality, respect and
trust for each other.
4. Cognitive Interview- This is performed by allowing or already asking now
the subject to narrate his/her account without interruption, intervention or
interference. It is only after the completion of the uninterrupted narration that
the investigator begins the direct and cross-examinations

Rules in Questioning
 1. One question at a time- Multiple, complex and legalistic questions
should be avoided. One question at a time is desired.
2. Avoid implied answer- The nod of the head or any other body language
as a response to the questions should be avoided. The answers must be oral,
clear, explicit and responsive to the questions.
3. Simplicity of question- A short simple question at a time is required. If
the answer needs qualification, then, it should be allowed. Avoid legalistic
questions such as: who is the murderer, or who are in conspiracy with the
subject.
4. Saving face- Embarrassing questions on the subject on matters of
exaggeration or honest errors about time, distance and description can be
avoided if the investigator will cooperate with the subject to save his face".
The investigator should not fault or ridicule the subject on these matters.
5. Yes and no answer- Do not ask questions which could be answered by
yes or no only. It will curtail the complete flow of information and will lead to
inaccuracy.

Types of Witnesses
1. Know-nothing Type- This is a reluctant type of witness it found among
the uneducated and flow level of intelligence. The technique to be applied is
to be with their level of intelligence and by interrogation.
2. Disinterested Type- This refers to an uncooperative and indifferent
subject. To deal with this type is to find out His/her field of interest so that
he/she will talk. His/her indifference should be demolished to arouse interest
or be flattered instead.
3. The Drunken Type- The style of questioning by the questioning by the
investigator should be adapted to the psychology of the subject. When the
drunken subject has sobered, another interview will be conducted, confronting
him/her about disclosures while in the state of drunkenness. The written
statement must be taken during his/her sobriety.
4. Talkative Type- This is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding
irrelevant or new matters to their narration. The skilful investigator could
prune the unnecessary matters form the relevant ones.
5. Honest Witness- This is the truthful and cooperative witness where the
investigator could rely upon, with little or no problem in handling them.
6. Deceitful Witness- This is a liar type of witness. Let him her lie and order
later to repeat several times the narration. He/she will be enmeshed in
contradictions. If possible the lies must be tape recorded for the confrontation
ab0u the contradiction. Pressure him/her for possible cases perjury or
obstruction of justice and he/she will tell the truth
7. Timid Witness- This is a shy witness. The approach must be friendly and
reassuring confidentiality of the information it should be hidden from the
devouring press by interview or photo sessions.
 8. Refusal to Talk Witness- This is the most difficult subject to deal with.
Find out the reasons of his/her personality such as: trauma, shock, fear,
hatred, and others. Remove these fetters of silence so that he/she will start
talking

B. Interrogation
Interrogation is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant
suspect about his/her participation in the commission places the guilt on the accused.
This process could also be applied of crime. It is confrontational in the sense that the
investigator to an uncooperative or recalcitrant suspect/witness.
Interrogation is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal
investigation and detection. It is a challenging battle of wit between the investigator and
the suspect. It is a mental combat where the weapon is intelligence and the use of the
art. Victory depends upon proper and effective use of the art. Witnesses or victims are
interviewed, and suspects are interrogated

Goals of Interrogation
1. To find out the truth about the crime
2. To obtain an admission or confession of guilt from the suspect
3. To gain all facts in order to determine the method of operation or modus
operandi and the circumstances of the crime in question
4. To collect information that guides investigators to arrive at a logical
conclusion

What is the main purpose of interrogation?

The main intention of interrogation is to obtain confession or admission from the
suspect and to learn relevant information from uncooperative witness
When the accused confessed to the commission of a crime, he/she accepts the
facts constituting the offense but if he/ she interpose self-defense or other exculpatory
grounds, then the acknowledgement is not a confession but admission.

Confession
1. There is declaration of the person
(accused);
2. The accused acknowledged guilt
from the commission of a crime
3. Guilt is admitted.
Admission
1. There is a statement of the
person (accused);
2. The person only agreed on facts
or circumstances of the crime;
3 There is no acceptance of guilt.
Kinds of Confession
1. Extra Judicial Confession- It is a confession that is ma by the suspect
during custodial investigation or the confessions that are made outside of the
Court.

Sec 3, Rule 133, Rules of Court stated that:

"Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground tor conviction An extra judicial
confession made by an accused, shall not be sufficient ground for conviction, unless
corroborated by evidence of Corpus delicti-body of the Crime’’.
The reason for the above rule is to guard the accused against conviction based
upon false confession of guilt. It is possible that a person might have confessed his/her
guilt regarding an offense, which someone has committed and when asked of his/her
victim of the nature of the injuries inflicted by him/her, it does not coincide with the
identity or nature of the injuries, received by the victim.

Types of Extra-Judicial Confession

a. Voluntary Extra-judicial Confession- The confession is voluntary when
the accused speaks of free will and accord, without inducement of any
kind, with a full and complete knowledge of the nature and the
consequence of the confession. And when the speaking is so free from
influences affecting the will of the accused, at the time the confession was
made that it renders it admissible in evidence against him.

b. Involuntary Extra-judicial Confession- This confession obtained

through force, threat, intimidation, duress or anything influencing the
voluntary act of the confessor.
Note: Confessions obtained from the defendant by means or intimidation/violence is
null and void, and cannot be used against him/her during trial (Doctrine of Poisonous
Tree).
2. Judicial Confession- This confession is made by accused in open court.
The plea of quilt maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the
proceedings where the accused changes plea of not guilty to guilty. This is
conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a mitigating
circumstance to criminal liability.
A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to sustain
conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without further proof.

Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court affirmed that:

"Judicial admission is made by the party in the pleadings, or in the course of the
trial or other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be contradicted unless
previously shown to have been made through palpable mistake."
Techniques of Interrogation
1. Emotional Appeal- This is a technique whereby the investigator, combining
the skills of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the suspect with an
emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first time offenders or those
who are of the emotional type of characteristics displayed by nervousness or
emotional disturbances. Devotees of a religion may belong to this type.

2. Sympathetic Approach- The investigator, in his/her preliminary or probing

questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in
the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness, friendliness, may win his
cooperation.

3. Friendliness- A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may

induce the suspect to confess.

4. Trick and Bluff Techniques:

a. Pretense of Solid Evidence- The Investigator bluffs the suspect that
even if he/she will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him/her
to jail. If confession is made, the investigator will see to it that his/her
prison term will be within the range of probation.

b. Weakest Link- Among the suspects, there must be a careful selection of

who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation will begin. By
tricks and bluffs, this weakest link will be told that his/her companions had
already confessed and that this weakest link had dealt the fatal blow or
that he received the lion share of the loot in order to intrigue him.

c. Drama- The weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by ordering
him/her to shout, accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to make it
appear that a commotion is going on. The other suspects in separate
rooms must hear the drama before telling them that their partner had
confessed.

d. Feigning Contact with Family Members- The suspect could be tricked

that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family members
had supplied facts against the suspect. The suspect's family will be
dragged into the investigation if the suspect will not confess.

e. Line Up- The complainant, witness or victim is requested to point

positively to the suspect in the police line-up The witnesses' victims or
complainant are previously coached about the identity of the suspect.

f. Reverse Line Up- The suspect is placed among other persons in a line up
and he/she is identified by several complainants and witnesses who will
associate the suspect in other several crimes. This will cause the suspect
 to become desperate and confess only to the case under investigation, to
avoid from being charged on false accusations.
g. Stern Approach- The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate
response) personality towards the suspect by using the following methods

1. Jolting- In the questioning process, the investigator selects the

right moment to shout a pertinent question in an apparent
righteous outrage. The suspect's nerves will break to a
confession.

2. Opportunity to Lie- The suspect is given all the opportunities to

lie. The suspect is questioned about his/her personal life, family,
friends and his/her knowledge about the complainant and
witnesses. Then the suspect is questioned about his/her activity
prior, during and after the commission or crime his is repeated
many times, to include the investigator focusing questions about
the knowledge of the suspect of the crime. The suspect will be
enmeshed in contradictions, which is now capitalized by the
investigator to get the truth from the suspect. If possible, the
interrogation must be taped recorded for purposes of emphasis
during the confrontation of the contradictions.

h. Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method- The first set of investigators
must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When they had finished
interrogation, the second investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of
investigators. By being sympathetic and understanding, he/she begins his
interrogation. If the suspect still refuses to cooperate, then the process is
repeated until there is a confession.

i. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier- If the suspect is an "fugao

(person from Ifugao Province), then preferably, an Ifugao investigator is
recommended to interrogate him, the same with other ethnic or cultural
groups It is a Filipino's way of life that people put trust and confidence to
those who belong to their clan or tribe. The interrogation must be in the
language or dialect of the suspect to get his confidence. This is removing
the dialect/language barrier.

j. Searching for the Soft Spot- In every man's heart, there is always that
Spot. The heart may have been hardened to steel by poverty, destitution,
hopelessness, despair, apathy, indifference, injustice, hatred or other
factors, yet there is always that spot which could be discovered by the
investigator through his/her knowledge of human behaviour. That spots
maybe the youngest child, the wife, the mother, and the brother who acted
as his father, the grandparents or the best friend. Once discovered, there
must be a face-to- face meeting with that special person and that heart of
 steel will melt to pieces. This technique is not only used during
interrogation but also during crisis management in hostage situations.

5. Rationalization- It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject

that led to the commission of the crime. Thus, it may be said that sometimes,
killing is a necessity rather than by purpose or design. Robbery is maybe a
necessity to feed a starving family. The application of this technique depends
upon the nature of the crime.
6. Projection- It is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to
the suspect. The urderer may blame the mastermind for corrupting him/her with
big sums of money or the mastermind blaming the greediness of the victim or the
husband blaming the wife for her infidelity. Or that it is a necessary evil as the
victim is planning the suspect
7. Minimization- It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect. The
investigator convinces the suspect that a confession will reduce the offense and
the penalty, Thus, the investigator could study it if there is a way to downgrade
murder to homicide or the introduction of mitigating circumstances with the result
of the penalty being within the range of probation .

Apparent Signs of Deception

The following unusual situation posed by the subject during the interrogation
must be observed by the investigator:
1. Excessive Sweating- The profuse sweating indicates tension, anxiety, shock or
fear. Extreme nervousness is also the cause of sweating.

2. Change of Facial Color- Anger is indicated if the face is blushing. It is also the
result of extreme nervousness or embarrassment. It is necessary as a sign of
deception or guilt. A pale face is a reliable indicator of guilt or deception.

3. Dry Mouth- This is a sign of great tension and is a reliable symptom of

deception. Swallowing, constant movement of the Adam s apple and sweating of
the lips are indications of dryness of the mouth.

4. Excessive Breathing- An effort to control breathing during the critical

questioning is an indication of deception. Gasping of breath is the ultimate result
of the control in breathing

5. Increase of Pulse Beat- When observed at the side of the neck, the investigator
has to discover the increase of pulse beat which is indicative of deception.

6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact-This may indicate guilt or deception. Misty or

teary eyes indicate remorse or repentance.
Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.1. DEFINITION AND TERMS: Answer the questions briefly. 10points each number

1. Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to Testify?

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2. What are the Types of Witnesses?

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3. What is Interrogation?
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 ________________________________________________________________
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4. What is the main purpose of interrogation?

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5. What is the difference between confession and admission?

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6. What are Kinds of Confession?

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7. What are different kind of Techniques and Interrogation?

 ________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________

Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.2. DEFINITION AND TERMS: Answer the questions briefly. 10points each number

1. What are the Apparent Signs of Deception that must be observed by the
investigator during interrogation to subject?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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2. What are the different Trick and Bluff Techniques of the investigator?
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3. What is Interview?
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4. What are the General Kinds of Interview?

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5. What is the Golden Rule in Interview?

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6. What are the Qualities of a Good Interviewer?

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 Student’s Name:
Year and Section:
Instructor:
Date Submitted:

1.3. IDENTIFICATION: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that
corresponds to each question. 2points each number

______________________1. It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and

the interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful result. It is winning the confidence of a
person being interviewed in order that he will tell all the information in his/her
possession.

______________________2. Witnesses who lack the courage to face the suspect, his
associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal. This is natural, especially
those who have no means to protect themselves or no influential persons for them to
rely on.

______________________3. This is done by preliminary or exploratory questions to

clear the atmosphere and promote a conducive place for cordiality, respect and trust for
each other.

______________________4. The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of

free will and accord, without inducement of any kind, with a full and complete knowledge
of the nature and the consequence of the confession

______________________5. This confession is made by accused in open court. The

plea of quilt maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the
accused changes plea of not guilty to guilty.

______________________6. A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity

may induce the suspect to confess.

______________________7. The weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by
ordering him/her to shout, accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to make it
appear that a commotion is going on.

______________________8.The complainant, witness or victim is requested to point

positively to the suspect in the police line-up The witnesses' victims or complainant are
previously coached about the identity of the suspect.

______________________9.The suspect is placed among other persons in a line up

and he/she is identified by several complainants and witnesses who will associate the
suspect in other several crimes.
 _____________________10. The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate
response) personality towards the suspect by using the following methods

_____________________11. In the questioning process, the investigator selects the

right moment to shout a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage. The
suspect's nerves will break to a confession.

_____________________12. It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject

that led to the commission of the crime. Thus, it may be said that sometimes, killing is a
necessity rather than by purpose or design. Robbery is maybe a necessity to feed a
starving family.

_____________________13. This is a sign of great tension and is a reliable symptom

of deception. Swallowing, constant movement of the Adam s apple and sweating of the
lips are indications of dryness of the mouth.

_____________________14. This may indicate guilt or deception. Misty or teary eyes

indicate remorse or repentance.

Progress Check No. 1

 This progress check is comprised of three (3) test types namely: multiple choice,
identification and matching type. Answer the following questions based on the given
instructions.

1.1. Multiple Choices: Select the best answer, encircle the letter of your answer that
corresponds to the given question
1. It refers to the characteristic of investigator to endure despite obstacles that he/she
may encounter during the course of
A. Endurance
B. Spiral search
C. Perseverance
D. Acting activity
2. Which of the following answers the cardinal question, how?
A. Intent
B. Exact time and date
C. Motive
D. Modus Operandi
3. Which of the following need not be proven in court because it is not considered an
element of crime but it becomes material when the identity of the perpetrator is
unknown?
A. Intent
B. Opportunity
C. Motive
D. Instrumentality
4. It refers to the characteristic of an investigator to uphold the law despite temptations.
A. Integrity
B. Endurance
C. Courage
D. Perseverance
5. It is an extra-judicial or maybe judicial evidence which fall short as direct
acknowledgement of guilt-
A. Admission
B. Depositions
C. Affidavit
D. Confession
6. Criminal investigation is considered as____ because it is not only governed by luck,
felicity and intuition and but also rigid rules.
 A. Art
B. Process
C. Science
D. Art and science
7. It refers to the process of seeking facts about somebody or something on a
professional basis, which includes investigation of Crimes and preparation of official
confidential reports.
A. Investigation
B. Criminal investigation
C. Investigation
D. Special crime investigation
8. All except one are I's of criminal investigation,
A. Inquiry
B. Information
C. Investigation
D. Instrumentation
9. If the method of operation is similar, the weapon used is the same to include the time
and day of committing then these enable the investigator to learn and understand the
case known as-
A. Tips
B. Pattern
C. Leads
D. Theories
10. Underworld characters such as prisoners and ex-convicts are examples of
_________sources of information.
A. Closed
B. Regular
C. Cultivated
D. Grapevine

1.2. Identification: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that
corresponds to each question. Write your answers on the space provided before the
number.
1.____________________ This is the Vigorous and confrontational questioning of a
reluctant suspect about his/her participation in the commission of crime and questioning
of a reluctant or uncooperative witness.
2._____________________ Passed by the Philippine congress this act defines certain
rights of person arrested, detained, and or under custodial investigation as well as
duties of the arresting, detaining, and investigating officers and providing penalties for
violation thereof.
3._____________________ It is the case in 1966, which established procedural
guidelines for taking criminal confessions it is also the origin of now known as
mandatory pre-interrogation warnings.
4._____________________ He was considered as the America's foremost detective
and he also gained the title, "America's Founder of Criminal Investigation.
5._____________________ He is the earliest advocate of criminal investigation as
science. He started that investigation involves 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2%
luck was
6._____________________ The basic principle in forensic science is "every contact
leaves a trace" which explains that a Criminal always left something at the crime scene
that's why crime Scene needs to be processed. He is the advocate of the forensic
precept
7._____________________ It is the process of collecting facts to Identify the guilty
party, to locate the guilty party and provide evidence of his guilt.
8.______________________ What is the mode of investigation which addresses
crimes that already happened of occurred?
9.______________________ The murderer may blame the mastermind for corrupting
him/her with big sums of money or the

1.3. Matching Type. Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of your answer on
the space provided before the number.
COLUMN A _____5. Thomas Byrnes

_____1. Flaviano C. Guererro

_____6. Eugene “Francios” Vidocq

_____2. Dr. Alec John Jeffreys

_____7. Sir Robert Peel

_____3. Paul Leland Kirk

_____8. John Fielding

_____4. Alphonse Bertillon

_____9. Jonathan Wild
_____10. Henry Fielding

COLUMN B

A. Anthropometry, the first

systematic personal identification
system

B. He introduce the Modus Operandi

File

C. He introduced the idea of setting

a thief to catch a thief.

D. He is London’s most effective

investigator and most famous
thief catcher in 1970’s

E. He is the only Filipino member of

FBI

F. He is a chemist and forensic

scientist who was known for his
work on blood spatter evidence.

G. He is the “blind Beak”

H. He organized the London

Metropolitan Police, the world’s
modern organized police force.

I. He introduced the professional

London police force.

J. He identified Colin Pitchfork as

the murderer of two young girls
through Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)