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5
Ô Ô
Example 1.1 12 , ≠19/8, ≠4/1 = ≠4 are all rational numbers. 2, 3
2, fi, e,
are all irrational numbers.
You can represent the set of all real numbers geometrically as points on a
straight line:
3 27
Decimal Representation: 5
= 0.6, 20
= 1.35, 2/3 = 0.6666 . . . = 0.6,
116
37
= 3.135135 . . . = 3.135.
For Ô
irrational number:(neither terminates or repeats)
e.g. 2 = 1.414213562..., fi = 3.141592653..., e = 2.7182818284....
Definition: Set
A set is a collection of objects. Elements of a set are objects belonging to the
set.
"
"
of
Notation: an element
←
x œ S: x is an element of S.
/ S: x is NOT an element of S.
xœ
{8, fi, 54 } is the set containing the numbers 8, fi, 54 .
N = {1, 2, 3, . . .} is the set of all natural numbers. IN
"
xe X
that
a
qua
Write: {x : x œ X, p(x)} is the set of all x œ X with property p(x).
? 16 ⇒ X=I4
{x : x œ Z, x2 = 16}={4, ≠4} x
Set Relationship:
A = B … every element in A is an element of B and every element in B
is an element of A.
e.g. {0, ≠2, 1} = {1, 0, ≠2} or {1, ≠2, 0} = { 55 , ≠4
2
, 08 }
A µ B every element in A is an element of B ( A contained in B; A is a
subset of B)
⑧
B←
ACB
e.g. N µ Z µ Q µ R
A fi B = {x : x œ A or x œ B} = "A union B" ← AUB
e.g. {≠1, 2} fi {0, 1} = {≠1, 0, 1, 2}
A fl B = {x : x œ A and x œ B} = "A intersect B"
AaB
e.g. {≠1, 2} fl {0, ≠1} = {≠1} ←
Inequalities
toe
"a > 0" means "a is greater than zero", a > b
i.e., a is a positive real number.
Basic properties of real numbers:
(P1) If a > 0 and b > 0, then ab > 0 and a + b > 0.
(P2) If a œ R, then either a > 0, a = 0 or ≠a > 0 (mutually exclusive)
DEF
We say that "a > b", a is greater than b … a ≠ b > 0.
"a Ø b", a is "greater than or equal to b.
(b) If a U
> b and c C
> 0, then ac >
q bc.
(c) If a O
> b and c O
< 0, then ac < bc
so
flip Q
→
#
"
"
such that
c- means x
INTERVALS OF R:
ao×#=
x
⇐#
SOL: Multiply : Cx -21 3 }!
End
:& by
⇒ Ix -
217 -3 heguatmY.ee ,
⇒ x -
2-127 3 -12 ⇒
c page
-
see
EX (1.3) Solve x2 ≠ 8x + 12 Æ 0
L-khsoiutio.no
SOL: 2)
6) I O
Factor C x Cx ⇒
-
;
x=2 x=6
-
,
×=1
*4l+
x
-
-
3 x
-
- 7
c 21 C 2161 (
o
,
6,4
-
go.gs?eiIo-ntoiaeguant
we
ere C 2,61 solves inequality
* y [ 2,6g
a X 't bxtc
can
g-
EX (1.4) Solve x2 + 4x + 9 Æ 0
*=*¥"
factor ?
cannot
SOL: Factor : f × so
36=-20 CO
42 443191=16
-
WIN : b2 4ac =
-
Disenchant )
I
-
⇒ no real root
sahTassex-nies@f8oYnnyo.i.s
:* ¥:;
" " "
.
, .
> O ⑥
t 7 .
i.e
To .
XE¢
(cl-asxori
( a > O here )
CA I a > x > a
-
( B ) x 's
-
C D) ← lal →
xc a
X
X
×
a
O a
-
X > a a
or x a
-
ABSOLUTE SIGN
DEF
to
ya
The absolute value of a œ R, denoted by |a|
a is Carl Klatt
;
a if aa Ø 0
|a| =
≠a if aa < 0
Ô lat distance from
Note: (i) a①
-
2 = |a|
-
a to number
→ (ii): |x| < a … ≠a < x < a (if a > 0) "
O
' '
I ← lat → I
⇒
Is .int
(
.
115
;
)
EX (1.7) Solve 0 < |x ≠ 3| < 2:
Sol:
}
these two
Solution to is C I s) intersect
1×-31<2 ,
sets ⇒
Solution 't 3
to 0<1×-31 is X
solution is
.
( 3) ( 3,5 )
EX (1.8) Solve |5x ≠ 2| > 4: I U
,
Sol:
'
SOI .
.
5×-274 or 5×-2<-4
5×76 or Tx C -
Z
X 7 6- Or
X c
- 2
,
5
5
=) Ix : x >
6g } O 2x : Xc -
I }
⇐
C6g,NU(-N,-z#
Solution
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY
Fix , -
DEF
A , B sets : A function (fct) is a rule which assigns to each element x œ A,
one unique element y = f (x) œ B
Denote function by f : A ≠æ B
input ,fCyYy -
Axl
.
Maturine
AMA1110 - Basic Mathematics I Lecture Notes #1 . 13 / 30
Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS
If >
if " )
×
B- yy
x
; <
x œ Dom (f)
graph of f = (x, y) :
y = f (x)
y
Dom (f ) = (≠Œ, Œ) = R
Range (f ) = R
y 4=2×-11
y = 2x + 1
4
3 a . .
. . -
. - - . .
2471-1=3
q
2 :
I
I 21071-1=1
q /
&
x
•
1 2
I
≠2 ≠1 i
X IO X=
y
-
I = 2C b-Htt
- -
-
-
. . .
go -
I
≠2
1.5
1=1-11 q
- -
1 - -
- -
&
I
111=1
. -
-
l
I
I
(
0.5
I
,
l
(
I
(
r x
≠2 ≠1 1 f- I 2
Ô
EX(1.9) (c) y = f (x) = 6 ≠ 2x
} since M
SOL: Dom Cfl = { x
: 6-2×30
=
2x 672×3
=
Ex ! x
:
x E3 } = C- 43 ]
33×3=9
11
y Dom
t.ro#y--Fx
<¥×
'
Range
Cop )
=
it
EX(1.9) (d) Piecewise function output input
; I
x + 2, x < ≠1 Xt Xc
-
fix
?
=
,
y = f (x)
/
=
y
=
x2 , x Ø ≠1
XZ g- X > I
-
SOL:
y fr t ex '
.I
'
° .
x
- -
I
Ô
9≠x2
EX(1.10) Find domain such that f (x) = x+1
SOL:
Dom Cf I = set of all
possible inputs
xt I 9 -
XZ > o }
Tx
-
= :
,
and lxlez }
Ix Xt I
= -
know
'
=
C- 3 -
IS U C- 1,3 ]
9- X > o ,
⇐ 93×2
⇐
fax ×
not
⇒ ←
÷::*
EX(1.12) x = y 2 ≠ 4 ⇒
'
2 y
. .
¥≠2
x
≠4 2
⇒
y
-
yl Txt
≠2
NOT graph of function BUT
x
2 y
≠4 ≠2 y 2
1 ≠1
x
≠2
≠4 ≠2 2 y = Ôx + 4 Ô
y =≠ x+4
I¥
text
I the the
'
KANI
⇒l#y
is
GRAPH of
n
.tt#Er
' '
"
HIT
) ( II )
, ¥
YI
.ba
% # only
functions are
graphs .
of function .
Sec. 1.3.2: Operations on Functions
DEF
sum/difference (f ± g)(x) := f (x) ± g(x) with Dom (f ± g) = Dom
(f )fl Dom (g).
sum/difference (f ± g)(x) := f (x) ± g(x) with Dom (f ± g) = Dom
(f )fl Dom (g).
product (f g)(x) := f (x) · g(x) with Dom (f g) = Dom (f )fl Dom (g).
f (x)
quotient ( fg )(x) := g(x)
with Dom ( fg ) ={x œ Dom (f )fl Dom
(g) : g(x) ”= 0}.
Ô Ô
EX(1.13) f (x) = x, g(x) = 4 ≠ x2
(a) Find Dom (f ) and Dom (g)
(b) Find Dom (f ± g)
(c) Find Dom ( fg ) 43×4
9 4- x2 } 2x :
Domlgl >
: o
-
x
Dom Cfl [ D ) ;
SOL:
o
Cal =
,
= Sx :
231×1 } = C- 2,2 ]
-
[ 0,0 ) n C- 2,23=10,21
[ 012 )
=
g xD
#
'
' "
→ if F'In
put
#9
Definition: Composition of functions
The composite function, denoted by g ¶ f , is defined as
(g ¶ f )(x) := g(f (x))
with domain
Dom (g ¶ f ) = {x œ Dom (f ) : f (x) œ Dom (g)}
③ careful .
( gotta =
g ( f④ )
got t fog
( fog )Cxl= f ( glxl ) not equal !!
x 703
Find each function and its domain : (a) (g ¶ f )(x) and =
gx : 4 > x }
(b) (f ¶ g)(x) =
C - to ,
4 ]
SOL:
" '
o
g XE
}
.
C a 4)
Tx
-
E
Ex
,
= E Cop ) :
= 9 x C- [ o a ) : TX E 4 }
,
I x E [ op ) : x E 16 }
DomCgofl=[o,l6#
(b) ( fog Hx ) =
fight = f C E) = t¥= KIK
fly -
x )
#k)
Ct x
=C4-xI¥=@ogH
-
= -
=
six E C -
a ,4 ]
:
TFI E [ op ) }
{ C
4) 4 } C 4 ]
'
=
E
-
N is =
-
a
x
-
, ,
But We [ op ) 8oDom(fog)=(-N,4#
⇐ 4
-
X > O
⇐ 47 X
1HH00T#2_ If
glxl
=
XZ -
Sx -
3 and
h C
y) = 3 Cy
-
172 -
5
,
is )
= h C 112
C- -
Stl ) -3 )
I At 11
= h C Its -3 )
\
=
h C 3 )
C C ) 2
=
3 C 3-132 -
C D ) 3
=
3 (2) 2-5
=
12-5=70
Sec. 1.3.3: The Inverse Functions
DEF
DEF: A function is one-to-one (1-1) if it never takes on the same value twice
i.e. If x1 ”= x2 , then f (x1 ) ”= f (x2 )
EQUIVALENTLY f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) ∆ x1 = x2
2 ,
,
#
1
x
≠2 ≠1 1 2
EX(1.16) f (x) = x3
#
-
x
≠2 ≠1 1 2
-
≠5
.
r
on
… f ≠1 (f (x))
I = x for all x œ A = Dom (f ) '
… f ≠1 (y) = x f If ( ) ) X
-
x =
a
EX(1.17) Show f (x) = x5 is 1-1, and find f ≠1 (x)
x
→
1 2 (
'
≠2 ≠1 f- fix ) ) = x
≠20
[ Ef ←
fix I
x = =
x
(
=
y= Ix )
'
SOL: (2)
5-
y ×
=
I 3 ) "5=
x y
f--H×i-
⇒
V
cheat
.tt#ICYIIuih-s=cxsf=x'=xr
AMA1110 - Basic Mathematics I Lecture Notes #1 . 29 / 30
Sec.1.3.3 The Inverse Functions
Let Ô
EX(1.18) Show f (x) =
- x + 1. Find dom (f ) and f ≠1
SOL:
Dom Cf ) = 9 x' - X -11703
=
9 × : x >
-
I } - E -
I
,
Txt
Fmd : Ii )
y=
(2) ? xtl ⇒ X=y2 -
I
y
f 4×1=5-1
y=X2
-
(3)
-
I ⇒