Alloy Digest Copyright© ASM International® 2002

AI
Filing Code: CS-44

AISI 1045 Carbon Steel

OCTOBER 1971

DIGEST
Or - DATA ON WORLD WIDE METALS AND ALLOYS
Pnblisbd by
Engineering Alloys Digest, Inc
AISI 1045 Upper Moncchir. New Jersey
(Medium Carbon Steel)
AISl 1045 is a mediumcarbon steel used in four conditions: hot rolled, normalized, oil quenched and tempered or water quenched and temper-
ed. It is a general-purpose engineering and construction steel and provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. It is commonly used
for flame- or induction-hardened parts.

Composition: Physical Constants: (Annealed) (Approx)

Carbon 0.43-0.50 Specific gravity 7.83
Manganese 0.60-0.90 Density, lb/cu in. 0.283
Phosphorus 0.040 max Specific heat, Btu/lb/oF
Sulphur 0.050 max 122 to 2120F 0.116
Silicon 0.15-0.30* 302 to 3920F 0.123
Iron Remainder 662 to 7520F 0.140
*Silicon may be specified also at 0.10% Thermal conductivity, Btu/hr/sq ft/ft/oF (2120F) 29.4
max. 0.10-0.20%, 0.20.0.40% or 0.30. Thermal coef. exoansion/oF
0.60%. 32 to 2120F 6.2 x 10-6
32 to 3920F 6.7 x 10-6
32 to 7520F 7.4 x 10-6
Electrical resistivity, microhm-cm (at 320F) 16.2
(at 212oF) 22.3
Modulus of elasticity, psi 29-30 x 106
PROPERTIES

Table 1 - TYPICAL ROOM-TEMPERATURE UNHARDENED PROPERTlES - ‘/2to 1Kin. Dia Bar

Hot
Property* Rolled Normalized Annealed
Tensile strength, psi 95000 95000 90000
Yield point, psi 60000 60000 55000
Elongation (2 in.), % 23 23 26
Reduction of Area, % 44 45 53
Brine11hardness (3000 kg) 190 190 180
*The fatigue limit is 47000 to 50000 psi for the pearlitic condition.

Table 2 - END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY

Distance from quenched
end, sixteenthsof inch I 2 3 4 5 IO 1.5 20
Rockwell C hardness* 54 47 27 22 20 - - -
Rockwell C hardness** 56. SO- 32. 27. 25- 22. 18. 16.
60 60 58 54 39 32 30 29
*One heat.
**High residual alloy content; I21 heats.

Table 3 - TYPICAL ROOM-TEMPERATURE OIL-HARDENED PROPERTIES - l-in. Section

(Oil quenched from ISOOoF, tempered as indicated)
Tempenng Tensile Yield Elongation Reduction Brine11
Temperature Strength Point (2 in.) of Area Hardness
oF psi psi ?, c-
IL’ (3000 kg)
600 140000 95000 II 34 278
800 127000 90000 I5 39 257
1000 115000 81000 18 45 228
1200 102000 70000 23 51 203
1300 93000 67000 25 55 195
Table 4 - TYPICAL ROOM-TEMPERATURE WATER-HARDENED PROPERTIES - l-in. Section
(Water Quenched from 1500oF. tempered as indicated)
Tempering Tensile Yield Elongation Reduction BrineU lzod
Temperature Strength Point (2 in.) of Area Hardness Impact
oF psi psi Q cr (3000 kg) ft-lb
600 150000 I I4000 8 33 313 15
800 140000 106000 13 43 281 24
1000 120000 90000 I9 52 242 38
1200 104000 73000 24 60 210 61
I300 97000 66000 27 62 I98 IO
 Alloy Digest Copyright© ASM International® 2002

Table5 - EPPECIOF MASSON ROOM-TEMPERATURE MECIiANICALPROPERTIES

l
(In sectionsH to 2 in. quenchedfrom 15OOcF;
over2 to 4 in.
fmm 1525cF;ova4 in. fmm 1SSoOF)
TmsiIe Yield Elongation Reduction
Diameter SUWlgth Point (2 in) of Area Brinell
A-- Pfi Pfi % -- % HdWSS
Tempered at 8OOoF

H 133000 18 46 :ii
: 115000
140000 106000
82000 :x 49
50 230
4 105000 75000 21 51 200
6 105000 75000 21 51 200
Tempered at 1OooOF
?4 13oooo 110000 17 56 265
1 121000 90000 19 53 240
2 106000 70000 23 50 208

: 93000
95000 58000
56000 25 48 181
180
Tempered at 12ooOF
‘/i 110000 84000 23 62 220
1 105000 76000 24 60 208
2 98000 65000 26 58 194
4 94000 54000 27 54 185
6 93000 54000 28 52 185
*In sires over 1 in. the properues are those midway between the surface and the
axis on samples cut longitudina!J~.

Table6 - IMPACT DATA

(400 tests from 20 heats) Water auenched from 16OOoF and tempered)
BIiWIl Charpy Impact (V-Notch), ft-lb, at Test Tempcrahlres of
Hardness
-------- -1OOoF -500F OoF 50oF 1OOoF 150°F ZOOOF
225 5-I 1 S-15 20-30 38-48 41-52 47-5s 5260
300 - 6-9 S-12 lo-18 1427 2S30 27-35

Heat Treatment: Weldability:

Critical Temperatures AISI 1045 is near the upper level of carbon content that can be
Ael = 1330oF Acl = l35OoF welded satisfactorily by all of the common methods. However,
Aeg = 143oOF Ac3 = l440oF preheating and postheating may be necessary. There is usually
Maximum safe tempering temperature = 1300°F. less need for preheating and postheating with gas-welding
Normalize: 1575.16500F. methods than with arc-welding methods because in gas welding a
Full Anneal: 1500-1625°F. larger area is heated and the cooling rate is slower. The use of
Process Anneal (after cold work): I IOO-1225oF. low-hydrogen electrodes is recommended.
Harden: Heat to 15001600oF, quench in oil or water, temper to
desired hardness. Oil quenching minimizes distortion but will not Scale Removal:
give maximum hardness. Acid pickling or blasting can be employed successfully.
Water or oil quenching is usually optional, although the medium Corrosion Resistance:
selected is governed by the size, shape and properties desired.
This steel will rust when brought into contact with moisture and
Machinability: air at room temperature. If salts are present, the corrosion rate is
AlSl 1045 can be machined readily in the annealed, normalized increased. The steel is attacked readily by acids, but is somewhat
or quenched and tempered conditions. Annealed and cold-drawn resistant to alkalis at ordinary temperatures.
stock has a machinability rating of 68-70% of B1112 steel. The Specification Equivalents:
chips are hard and continuous. This steel acquires a good surface
finish and its machining is characterized by long tool life. SAE 1045.
Cobalt high-speed steel or carbide-tipped cutting tools are QQ-S-633; QQ-S-635: QQ-T-830; QQ-W-461.
recommended. High-speed steel turning tools should be ground MIL-S-303; MIL-T-4371.
to 8-12 deg. side rake, 6-10 deg. back rake, 7-9 deg. side relief, ASTM: A 107, A 108. A 236, A 266, A 273, A 288. A 290, A
7-9 deg. end relief, 8-14 deg. end cutting-edge angle, 12-16 deg. 321.
side cutting-edge angle, and a nose radius equal to 10%.of depth Castings: SAE 0050.
of cut. Carbide-tipped tools should be ground to 6-12 deg. side General Characteristics:
rake, 2-8 deg. back rake, 6-10 deg. side relief, 6-10 deg. end
relief, 8-12 deg. end cutting-edge angle, 8-16 deg. side AISI 1045 has a low hardenability and can be hardened fully by
cutting-edge angle, and a nose radius of l/32 inch. For water quenching only in very thin sections. Only partial
high-speed steel cutters use sulphurised or chlorinated cutting hardening can be achieved in heavier sections but the increase in
oils, but no cutting oil for carbide-tipped tools. strength is substantial. Cold working produces sireable increases
Recommended Cutting Speeds in hardness and strength.
This medium-carbon steel is used where its strength and
Feed Depth of Cutting Speeds, sfpm hardness, developed on heat treatment or cold working, are
in./rev. Cut, in. High-Speed Steel Carbide-Tipped sufficient to meet service conditions with respect to strength and
wear resistance. It may be oil or water hardened and is then
0.015 l/32 90 350 tempered to the desired hardness of about 200 to 401 Brinell.
0.015 1116 75 295 AlSl 1045 lends itself weU to induction and flame hardening.
0.015 l/8 60 250
0.030 l/32 65 260 Forms Available:
0.030 l/16 55 215 Bars, rods, forgings, billets. plate, sheet and castings.
0.030 l/8 45 180
Workability: Applications:
Hot working can be done satisfactorily in the range Shaits, asles. pins. bolts. rods. gears, pinions, trusses. forgtngs.
22501800oF. This steel cannot be cold worked estensively ptpe. chain pins. track links, wire, tools for blanking, cold
without intermediate annealing. A sub-critical anneal will suffice extrusion and drawing, and bulldozer edges.
except when severe cold work has IO be followed by further cold
Manufacturer:
work, then a full anneal may be needed.
Practically all carbon steel mills and foundries.