WATER (CHEMISTRY)
o A chemical substance with the chemical formula
𝑯𝟐𝑶.
o Its molecule contains one oxygen and 2 hydrogen
atoms connected by covalent bonds.
o It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but is often co-
exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and
gaseous state, water vapor or steam.
o Water in three states: Liquid, Solid (ice), and
(invinsible) water vapor in the air.
o Water covers 70.9% of the Earth’s surface and is
vital for all known forms of life.
o On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other
large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below
ground and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds
(formed of solid and liquid water particles
suspended in air), and precipitation.
o Water appears in nature in all three common
states of matter and may take many different
forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the
sky; seawater and icebergs in the polar oceans;
glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the
liquid in aquifers in the ground.
o Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and
polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water
such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%.
o A very small amount of Earth’s water is contained
within biological bodies and manufactured
products.
o Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle
of evaporation or transpiration
(evapotranspiration), precipitation, and runoff,
usually reaching the sea.
o Over land, evaporation and transpiration
contribute to the precipitation over land.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
o Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard
temperature and pressure. The color of water and
ice is, intrinsically, a very slight blue hue, although STARCH
water appears colorless in small quantities. Ice o An odorless tasteless white substance occurring
also appears colorless, and water vapor is
essentially invisible as a gas.
o Water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants can
live within the water because sunlight can reach
them. Only strong UV light is slightly absorbed.
o Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as
the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in
water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some
gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide
(carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-
loving) substances, while those that do not mix
well with water (e.g., fats and oils), are known as
hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.
o All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA
and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
DNA
o Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as
DNA, is a complex molecule that contains all of
the information necessary to build and maintain an
organism. All living things have DNA within their
cells. In fact, nearly every cell in a multicellular
organism possesses the full set of DNA required
for that organism.
WHY IS DNA SOLUBLE IN WATER?
o Because of this charges, polar molecules, like
DNA, can interact electrostatically with the water
molecules, allowing them to easily dissolve in
water. Polar molecules can therefore be described
as hydrophilic. And non-polar molecules which
can’t easily interact with water molecules are
hydrophobic.
o In order for a molecule to be soluble in water, it
needs to be a polar molecule or have a charge.
H2O is a bent molecule with the oxygen located in
the middle. Oxygen is more electronegative than
hydrogen, so it attracts the electrons more
strongly, resulting in a partial charge difference
between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These
charge differences cause the hydrogen and
oxygen of different water molecules to be
transiently attracted to one another in hydrogen
bonds.
POLYSACCARIDES
o a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or
glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number
of sugar molecules bonded together.
widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from
cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide that
 functions as a carbohydrate store and is an
important constituent of the human diet.
GLYCOGEN
o Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of
glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in
humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria. The AZEOTROPE
polysaccharide structure represents the main o An azeotrope is a mixture that exhibits the same
storage form of glucose in the body.
CELLULOSE
o Cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, or
polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more
glucose units. The basic structural component of
plant cell walls, cellulose comprises about 33 o *Simple Distillation- a process of heating a liquid
percent of all vegetable matter (90 percent of
cotton and 50 percent of wood are cellulose) and
is the most abundant of all naturally occurring o *Fractional Distillation- separation of a liquid
organic compounds. Nondigestible by man,
cellulose is a food for herbivorous animals (e.g.,
cows, horses) because they retain it long enough
for digestion.
o Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on
Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, o As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when
that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is
approximately 57%.
o The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is
dependent on the barometric pressure
(atmospheric pressure). For example, on the top
of Mt. Everest water boils at 68 °C (154 °F),
compared to 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level.
Conversely, water deep in the ocean near
geothermal vents can reach temperatures of o Elements which are more electropositive than
hundreds of degrees and remain liquid.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level Conversion.
1 pascal= 10 dynes/ square cm. =0.01 mbar
1 atm= 101325 Pa= 760 mmHg= 760 torr= 14.7 psi
1kPa= 1000Pa
101.325 kPa= 1atm= 760 torr
100 kPa= 1 bar= 750 torr
1 bar= 10^5 Pa
o The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 °C
(39.16 °F). It has the anomalous property of
becoming less dense, not more, when it is cooled
down to its solid form, ice. It expands to occupy
9% greater volume in this solid state, which
accounts for the fact of ice floating on liquid water.
o Water is miscible with many liquids, such as
ethanol, in all proportions, forming a single
homogeneous liquid. On the other hand, water
and most oils are immiscible usually forming
layers according to increasing density from the
top. As a gas, water vapor is completely miscible
with air.
Water forms an azeotrope with many other
solvents.
concentration in the vapor phase and the liquid
phase. If the mixture forms an azeotrope, the
vapor and the liquid concentrations are the same,
which preventing separation via this approach.
o **Distillation- is used to purify a liquid by
separating the components of a liquid mixture.
mixture to form vapor and then cooling that vapor
to get a liquid.
mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and
hence chemical composition) by means of
distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
o Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen
and oxygen.
hydrogen or hydrogen-containing compounds burn
or react with oxygen or oxygen-containing
compounds. Water is not a fuel, it is an end-
product of the combustion of hydrogen. The
energy required to split water into hydrogen and
oxygen by electrolysis or any other means is
greater than the energy released when the
hydrogen and oxygen recombine.
hydrogen such as lithium, sodium, calcium,
potassium and caesium displace hydrogen from
water, forming hydroxides. Being a flammable gas,
the hydrogen given off is dangerous and the
reaction of water with the more electropositive of
these elements may be violently explosive.

pH
o pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a
measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
The pH scale usually ranges from 0 to 14.
Aqueous solutions at 25°C with a pH less than 7
are acidic, while those with a pH greater than 7
are basic or alkaline. A pH level of 7.0 at 25°C is
defined as "neutral" because the concentration of
H3O+ equals the concentration of OH− in pure
water. Very strong acids might have a negative
pH, while very strong bases might have a pH
greater than 14.
o *Examples of pH Values of Common Chemicals
o We work with many acids (low pH) and bases
(high pH) every day. Examples of pH values of lab
chemicals and household products include:
o 0: hydrochloric acid
o 2.0: lemon juice
o 2.2: vinegar
o 4.0: wine
o 7.0: pure water (neutral)
o 7.4: human blood
o 13.0: lye
o 14.0: sodium hydroxide
WATER ON EARTH
o Hydrology is the study of the movement,
distribution, and quality of water throughout the
Earth. The study of the distribution of water is
hydrography. The study of the distribution and
movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, of
glaciers is glaciology, of inland waters is
limnology and distribution of oceans is
oceanography. Ecological processes with
hydrology are in focus of ecohydrology.
o The collective mass of water found on, under, and
over the surface of a planet is called the
hydrosphere.
o Earth's approximate water volume (the total water
supply of the world) is 1,360,000,000 km3
(326,000,000 mi3).
o Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such as
an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal, pond, or
puddle. The majority of water on Earth is sea
water. Water is also present in the atmosphere in
solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as
groundwater in aquifers.
o Water is important in many geological processes.
Groundwater is present in most rocks, and the
pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of
faulting. Water in the mantle is responsible for the
melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones.
On the surface of the Earth, water is important in
both chemical and physical weathering processes.
Water and, to a lesser but still significant extent,
ice, are also responsible for a large amount of
sediment transport that occurs on the surface of
the earth.
THE WATER CYCLE
The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic
cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water
within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil
water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.
Water moves perpetually through each of these
regions in the water cycle consisting of following
transfer processes:
• evaporation from oceans and other water bodies
into the air and transpiration from land plants and
animals into air.
• precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the
air and falling to earth or ocean.
• runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
Most water vapor over the oceans returns to the
oceans, but winds carry water vapor over land at the
same rate as runoff into the sea, about 36 Tt per year.
Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute
another 71 Tt per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 107
Tt per year over land, has several forms: most
commonly rain, snow, and hail, with some contribution
from fog and dew. Condensed water in the air may
also refract sunlight to produce rainbows.
Evaporation Infiltration
Condensation Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
FRESH WATER STORAGE
o Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time,
for example in lakes. At high altitude, during
winter, and in the far north and south, snow INTAKES
collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers. o The main function of the intakes works is to collect
Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into the water from various sources. The sources may
aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the be lakes, rivers, reservoirs and canals.
surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot o The intake work for each type of source is
springs and geysers. Groundwater is also designed separately according to its requirements
extracted artificially in wells. This water storage is and situations.
important, since clean, fresh water is essential to
human and other land-based life. In many parts of
the world, it is in short supply.

SEA WATER
o Sea water contains about 3.5% salt on average,
plus smaller amounts of other substances. The
physical properties of sea water differ from fresh
water in some important respects. It freezes at a
lower temperature (about –1.9 °C) and its density
increases with decreasing temperature to the
freezing point, instead of reaching maximum
density at a temperature above freezing. The
salinity of water in major seas varies from about
0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea.

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Submerged Intake Structures

o It is the one which is constructed entirely under
water.
o It is commonly used to obtain supply from a lake.
Exposed Intake Structures
o It is in the form of a well or tower constructed near
the bank of a river, or in some cases even away
from the river banks.
o Exposed intakes are more common due to ease in
operation.
Wet Intake Structures
o It is a type of intake tower in which the water level
is practically the same as the level of the sources
of supply.
o It is sometimes known as Jack well and is most
commonly used.
Dry Intake Structures
o In case of dry intake there is no water in the water
tower.
o Water enters through entry port directly into the
conveying pipes.
o It is simply used for the operation of valves etc.
TYPES OF INTAKES
The intake work for each type of source is designed RIVER INTAKE
separately according to the requirements and Water from the rivers is always drawn from the
situations depending on the source of water in intake upstream side, because it is free from the
works are classified as follows: contamination caused by the disposal of sewage in it.
o Lake intake The water enters in the lower portion of the intake
o River intake known as sump-well from penstocks.
o Reservoir intake The penstocks are fitted with screens to check the
o Canal intake entry of floating solids.
LAKE INTAKE Number of penstock opening are provided in the
intake tower to admit water at different levels.
The opening and closing of penstock valves is done
with the help of wheels provided at the pump-house
floor.

For obtaining water from lakes mostly submersible

intakes are used.
These intakes are constructed in the bed of the lake
below the slow water level so as to draw water in dry
season also.
It essentially consists of a pipe laid in the bed of the
river at one end, which is in the middle of the lake is RESERVOIR INTAKE
fitted with bell mouth opening covered with mesh and The reservoir intakes which mostly used to draw the
protected by concrete blocks. water from earthern dam reservoir. It essentially
The water enters in the pipe through the bell mouth consists of an intake tower constructed on the slope of
opening and flows under gravity to the bank where it is the dam at such place where intake can draw
collected in sump-well and then pumped to treatment sufficient quantity of water even in the driest period.
plant. These all inlet pipes are connected to one vertical pipe
If one pipe is not sufficient, two or more pipes may be inside the intake well.
laid to get the required quantity of water.
Screens are provided at the mouth of al intakes pipes
to prevent the entrance of floating and suspended
matter in them.
The water which enters the vertical pipe is taken to the
other side of the dam by means of outlet pipe.
At the top of the intake tower, sluice valves are
provided to control the flow of water.

CANAL INTAKE
Canal intake is very simple structure constructed on
the bank.
It essentially consists of a pipe placed in a brick
masonry chamber constructed partly in the canal
bank. In coagulation, we add a chemical such as alum
Other side of chambers as opening is provided with which produces positive charges to neutralize the
coarse screen for the entrance of water. negative charges on the particles. Then the particles
The pipe in side chamber is provided with bell-mouth can stick together, forming larger particles which are
fitted with a hemispherical fine screen. more easily removed. The coagulation process
The outlet pipe carries the water to the other side ofinvolves the addition of the chemical (e.g. alum) and
the canal bank from where it is taken to the treatmentthen a rapid mixing to dissolve the chemical and
plants. distribute it evenly throughout the water.
ALUM, a chemical, aluminum sulfate, added to
One sluice valve which is operated by a wheel from drinking water to neutralize negative charges on
the top of the masonry chamber is provided to control particles so that they will clump together and settle
the flow of water in pipe. more rapidly.
Now that the particles have a neutral charge and can
stick together. The water flows into a tank with
paddles that provide slow mixing and bring the small
particles together to form larger particles called flocs.
Mixing is done quite slowly and gently in the
flocculation step. If the mixing is too fast, the flocs will
break apart into small particles that are difficult to
remove by sedimentation or filtration.
Flocculation. In water treatment, the slow mixing
process in which particles that have had their charge
neutralized (coagulation) are encouraged to clump
together with other particles, creating larger masses
that will settle more rapidly.
Floc. A tuft-like mass of particles formed in water
treatment.
Next, the water flows to a tank called a sedimentation
basin where gravity causes the flocs to settle to the
bottom. Large particles settle more rapidly than small
particles. It would take a very long time for ALL of the
particles to settle out and that would mean we would
need a VERY large sedimentation basin. So the
clarified water, with most of the particles removed,
moves on to the filtration step where the finer particles
are removed.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process
using gravity to remove suspended solids from water.
Filtration. Water flows through a filter designed to
remove particles in the water. The filters are made of
layers of sand and gravel, and in some cases,
crushed anthracite. Filtration collects the suspended
impurities in water and enhances the effectiveness of
disinfection. The filters are routinely cleaned by
backwashing.
Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of
fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth
decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level
that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur
naturally or by adding fluoride.
WATER POLLUTION
“Thousands have lived without love, not one without
water.” -- W. H. Auden
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—
often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a
stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of
water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to
humans or the environment.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF WATER
POLLUTION?
Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a
“universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more
substances than any other liquid on earth. It’s also
why water is so easily polluted. Toxic substances from
farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and
mix with it, causing water pollution.
CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTION
GROUNDWATER
When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling
the cracks, crevices, and porous spaces of an aquifer
(basically an underground storehouse of water), it
becomes groundwater—one of our least visible but
most important natural resources. Nearly 40 percent
of Americans rely on groundwater, pumped to the
earth’s surface, for drinking water. For some folks in
rural areas, it’s their only freshwater source.
Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—from
pesticides and fertilizers to waste leached from
landfills and septic systems—make their way into an
aquifer, rendering it unsafe for human use. Ridding
groundwater of contaminants can be difficult to
impossible, as well as costly. Once polluted, an
aquifer may be unusable for decades, or even
thousands of years. Groundwater can also spread
contamination far from the original polluting source as
it seeps into streams, lakes, and oceans.
SURFACE WATER
Covering about 70 percent of the earth, surface water
is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all those
other blue bits on the world map. According to the
most recent surveys on national water quality from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly half of
our rivers and streams and more than one-third of our
lakes are polluted and unfit for swimming, fishing, and
drinking. Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and
phosphates, is the leading type of contamination in
these freshwater sources. While plants and animals
need these nutrients to grow, they have become a
major pollutant due to farm waste and fertilizer runoff.
Municipal and industrial waste discharges contribute
their fair share of toxins as well. There’s also all the
random junk that industry and individuals dump
directly into waterways.
OCEAN WATER
Eighty percent of ocean pollution (also called marine
pollution) originates on land—whether along the coast
or far inland. Contaminants such as chemicals,
nutrients, and heavy metals are carried from farms,
factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our
bays and estuaries; from there they travel out to sea.
Meanwhile, marine debris—particularly plastic—is
blown in by the wind or washed in via storm drains
and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by
oil spills and leaks—big and small—and are
consistently soaking up carbon pollution from the air.
The ocean absorbs as much as a quarter of man-
made carbon emissions.
POINT SOURCE
When contamination originates from a single specific
source, it’s called point source pollution. Examples
include wastewater (also called effluent) discharged
legally or illegally by a manufacturer, oil refinery, or
wastewater treatment facility, as well as contamination
from leaking septic systems, chemical and oil spills,
and illegal dumping. The EPA regulates point source
pollution by establishing limits on what can be
discharged by a facility directly into a body of water.
While point source pollution originates from a specific
place, it can affect miles of waterways and ocean.
NONPOINT SOURCE
Nonpoint source pollution is contamination derived
from diffuse sources. These may include agricultural
or stormwater runoff or debris blown into waterways
from land.
TRANSBOUNDARY
It goes without saying that water pollution can’t be
contained by a line on a map. Transboundary pollution
is the result of contaminated water from one country
spilling into the waters of another. Contamination can
result from a disaster—like an oil spill—or the slow,
downriver creep of industrial, agricultural, or municipal
discharge.
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF WATER
CONTAMINATION
AGRICULTURAL
Not only is the agricultural sector the biggest
consumer of global freshwater resources, with farming
and livestock production using about 70 percent of the
earth’s surface water supplies, but it’s also a serious
water polluter. Around the world, agriculture is the
leading cause of water degradation.
Every time it rains, fertilizers, pesticides, and animal
waste from farms and livestock operations wash
nutrients and pathogens—such bacteria and viruses—
into our waterways. Nutrient pollution, caused by
excess nitrogen and phosphorus in water or air, is the
number-one threat to water quality worldwide and can
cause algal blooms, a toxic soup of blue-green algae
that can be harmful to people and wildlife.
SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER
Used water is wastewater. It comes from our sinks,
showers, and toilets (think sewage) and from
commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities (think
metals, solvents, and toxic sludge). The term also
includes stormwater runoff, which occurs when rainfall
carries road salts, oil, grease, chemicals, and debris
from impermeable surfaces into our waterways.
More than 80 percent of the world’s wastewater flows
back into the environment without being treated or
reused, according to the United Nations; in some
least-developed countries, the figure tops 95 percent.
But according to EPA estimates, our nation’s aging
and easily overwhelmed sewage treatment systems
also release more than 850 billion gallons of untreated
wastewater each year.
OIL POLLUTION
Big spills may dominate headlines, but consumers
account for the vast majority of oil pollution in our
seas, including oil and gasoline that drips from millions
of cars and trucks every day. Moreover, nearly half of
the estimated 1 million tons of oil that makes its way
into marine environments each year comes not from
tanker spills but from land-based sources such as
factories, farms, and cities. At sea, tanker spills
account for about 10 percent of the oil in waters
around the world, while regular operations of the
shipping industry—through both legal and illegal
discharges—contribute about one-third. Oil is also
naturally released from under the ocean floor through
fractures known as seeps.
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
Radioactive waste is any pollution that emits radiation
beyond what is naturally released by the environment.
It’s generated by uranium mining, nuclear power
plants, and the production and testing of military
weapons, as well as by universities and hospitals that
use radioactive materials for research and medicine.
Radioactive waste can persist in the environment for
thousands of years, making disposal a major
challenge. Consider the decommissioned Hanford
nuclear weapons production site in Washington,
where the cleanup of 56 million gallons of radioactive
waste is expected to cost more than $100 billion and
last through 2060. Accidentally released or improperly
disposed of contaminants threaten groundwater,
surface water, and marine resources.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF WATER
POLLUTION?
On human health
On the environment
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO PREVENT WATER
POLLUTION?
With your actions
It’s easy to tsk-tsk the oil company with a
leaking tanker, but we’re all accountable to some
degree for today’s water pollution problem.
Fortunately, there are some simple ways you can
prevent water contamination or at least limit your
contribution to it:
Reduce your plastic consumption and reuse or recycle
plastic when you can.
Properly dispose of chemical cleaners, oils, and non-
biodegradable items to keep them from ending up
down the drain.
Maintain your car so it doesn’t leak oil, antifreeze, or
coolant.
If you have a yard, consider landscaping that reduces
runoff and avoid applying pesticides and herbicides.
If you have a pup, be sure to pick up its poop.
With your voice
One of the most effective ways to stand up for our
waters is to speak out in support of the Clean Water
Rule, which clarifies the Clean Water Act’s scope and
protects the drinking water of one in three Americans.
Tell the government and your local elected officials
that you support the Clean Water Rule. Also, learn
how you and those around you can get involved in the
policymaking process. Our public waterways serve
every Filipinos. We should all have a say in how
they’re protected.
HUMAN USES OF WATER
Agriculture
The most important use of water in agriculture is for
irrigation, which is a key component to produce
enough food.
Water as scientific standard
On 7 April 1795, the gram was defined in France to be
equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of pure
water equal to a cube of one hundredth of a meter,
and to the temperature of the melting ice." The Kelvin
temperature scale of the SI system is based on the
triple point of water, defined as exactly 273.16 K or
0.01 °C. the boiling point (set to 100 °C) and melting
point (set to 0 °C) of water.
For drinking
The human body is anywhere from 55% to 78% water
depending on body size.[35] To function properly, the
body requires between one and seven liters of water
per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount
depends on the level of activity, temperature,
humidity, and other factors.
Washing
The propensity of water to form solutions and
emulsions is useful in various washing processes.
Chemical uses
Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a
solvent or reactant and less commonly as a solute or
catalyst. In inorganic reactions, water is a common
solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds. In organic
reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent,
because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is
amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilic.
As a heat transfer fluid
Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in
diverse heat exchange systems, due to its availability
and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for
heating.
Extinguishing fires
Water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively
inert, which makes it a good fire extinguishing fluid.
The evaporation of water carries heat away from the
fire. However, only distilled water can be used to fight
fires of electric equipment, because impure water is
electrically conductive.
Recreation
Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as
well as for exercising and for sports. Some of these
include swimming, waterskiing, boating, surfing and
diving. In addition, some sports, like ice hockey and
ice skating, are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches
and waterparks are popular places for people to go to
relax and enjoy recreation.
Water Industry
The water industry provides drinking water and
wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to
households and industry. Water supply facilities
include water wells cisterns for rainwater harvesting,
water supply network, water purification facilities,
water tanks, water towers, water pipes including old
aqueducts. Atmospheric water generators are in
development.
Industrial application
Water is used in power generation. Hydroelectricity is
electricity obtained from hydropower. Hydroelectric
power comes from water driving a water turbine
connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a low-
cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. The
energy is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun
evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher
altitudes, from where it flows down.
Food processing
Solutes such as salts and sugars found in water affect
the physical properties of water. Boiling, steaming,
and simmering are popular cooking methods that
often require immersing food in water or its gaseous
state, steam. Water is also used for dishwashing.
100 water = 373K
56 acetone = 329K
Hemi spherical fine screen

1. Intake pipe
2. Protective bar screen
3. Travelling water screen
4. Low lift pump well
5. Coagulation
6. Pre-chlorination
7. Flocculation
8. Sedimentation basin
9. Sand filtration
10. Clear well
11. Post-chlorination
12. Fluoridation
13. High lift pump well
14. Storage
Elevated water storage tower
Ground level reservoir
15. Distribution system

KAYANIN MO YAN!!! PARA SA EXEMPTION!!!