.....

defermations are alst n1inimized.

§4. ASSUMPTIONS IN THE DESIGN ftF PRESTRESSED CONCitETE MEM•ERS
Prestressed concrete members are analysed and designed on the basis of the assumptions
given below :
· (i) A transverse plane section c,f the member will remain a plane after bending also.
(ii) Within the limits ef the defermatit ns taking place, Hooke's law is applicable to concrete
and steel com}'8nents. ·
(iii) The stress in the reinforcement does not change along the length of the reinforcement.
Stress changes take place for the et1ncrete cemponent only. Variation stress in the reinfercement
due te changes in th@ external l•acnng is ignsramle.
§5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
.A nalysis by stress concept p
· Fig. 1.2 shews a simJly SUJDJIGrted ,restressed P
concrete beam of rectangular section f)restresse6l by a
tenGk>n ~r•vid.ea thr.-ugh its centroidal l1>ngitudinal axis.
Let the beam 8e sultjected to an external lood system. Fig. 1.2.
Let -'•e the J)rP~tressing ferces supPJlied iy the ten,tn. Due to this ~restressing f•rce, the
compressive stressed induced in ooncrete = fa = fA where A is the sectional area of the member.
ST
4 PRESTRESSES CONCRETE

p ..E. +.M
b A A Z
----r----

d + =

p M p M
CROSS SECTION
OF BEAM A z ---
A Z
STRESS DUE STRESS DUE FINAL
TO PRESTRESSI NG TO BENDING STRESSES
FORCE MOMENT
Fig.J..3.

If due to the dead load and external loads, the bending moment at tJ-ie section is M, then the
extreme stresses at the section due to bending moment alone
M
={J, =+-
z
where, Z is the section modulus of the beam section.
Hence, the final extreme stresses on the beam section are given by
p M
I =fa ± lb= A ±z
p !vi
Stressattheextremetopedge= A+ z
and stress at the extreme bottom edge
p M
=---
A Z
• 1t( r-.Y
The stresses due to direct load, bending and the final stresses are shown
-
in Fig. 1.3.
 49
PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSEO CONCRETE MEMBERS cradling t.ensifo st,ress of
Case (ii). When the stress at tire l,ot.tom. edge re(lches t1w , ,
.J N;,~:~he the bending moment due to the external loading to reach this condition.

1106- M =-4 M = 15.06

Hence, . z z
M = 15.06 x 1.50 x 107 Nmm
=225.9 x 106 Nnun =225.9 llN,n
Let the uniformly distributed load for this condition be w ll.Nlm
2
wl. =225.9
8

-_--.--i-bp
225.9 X 8 - 28 24 kN / ,n
82
§12. THE PRESSURE LINE Ill = ~- _·______ ___L
___- -
_
Consider a beam oflength /. provided wihth P + · 7 7 7 7 7
a a'tendon at an eccentricity _e. Suppose t _<' 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 / / /
beam is lying on the ground ,..e. t.he beam 1s
not subjected to any external load. Hence them~ p
is no external bending monrnnt ~n the be,~m. P p Force acting
We should recognize the existence of thl\ on tendon
following forces , which ar~ equal.
(i.) The P-force which is the tension in
the tendon.
(ii) The C-force which is the r'?mpressive
force acting on concrete. Stresses m concretl~
are produced entirely due to the C-force. c _ Force acting on concrete
Fig. l.66.
In the absence of any external bending M M
moment t.he C-force and the P-force act at the
same level. The line of action of the P-force is
called the P-li.ne. The P-li.ne is nothing but the ·- - ---
______ ___-l -___
- - -- -------
- - - - -·
tendon line itself. The line of action of the C- c a C
force is called the C-line or Pressure li.ne.
Hence, in the absence of any external bending
P-line C-line
moment the P-line and the C-1.ine coincide.
Fig. l.67.
Suppose, the beam is subjected to a moment M, then the C-li.M will be shifted from the P-1.i ne
by a distance a called the lever arm.
a. = Shift of the C-line from the P-line
External moment M
- - - -p- - - = p
In other word<; the effect of the moment may be considered by shifting the C-line by the
clistance A1IP. Now corresponding to the new position of the C-1.i.ne and its eccentricity the stress
distribution for concrete can be determined.
C C x eccentricity of C
Extreme stresses ir:t concrete = A ± z
This concept in the analysis is called stteng·th concept.
Review of different technics in the analysis of prestresse d concrete beam sections
We have seen that the beam sections can be analysed by various technics like stress concept,
strength ooncept and load balancing concept. These techni~ will he applie<l in the following problems.
 m~1un. secfwn has ci sp Sfs co
PREsrRE.s L
50 400 ,n,m x 600
Des. 37.Aprestresse~concrete!:,,~i'16 kN/m inclftding the ~elf-we~ght of~of6,~.% c~
'f:c,
sul, ·ected ,mi{orml.Y distnbuted /,o afong the lo11gitudi,ru_1l centroidal axis_Pro,,frk befliii -;-
pre~tressi11g te11d-0ns which are /,ocat~ned the extreme stre.~ses m cc:zcrete for mid spati s01te11~.l1:.
· ·. n,.•okN· Detenm · , 4 x 1(/ mm t:>.ct;0 '(~
pre.~tressmg_ force o1,-,u A :: 400 x 600 == 2• · ~.
1
Solution. 400 x 6002 - 2 4 x 107 mm? 1
z -- G
- . s
2
M == 16 x 6 == 72 liNm , p == 960 kN
8
Stress concept method
p 960 X 10:.; ± 72 X 106
}ti/ == 4 + 3 N/ 2
.
Extreme stress at midspan sectmn == A
±
z- -
r-:
2.4 x 10·) 2.4 x 10
7 - m,n

=4 + 3 = 7 N/11un2
Stress al top _ 3 = 1 N111un2
Stress at bottom - 4-
Strength concept method
At. mid span section
_M - 72 x 106 == 75mm
Shift of the C-line from the P-line -p - 960 x 103
Eccentricity of tho C-1.ine = e'= 75 mm
3
_f+ Ce'= 960xl03 ± 960xl0 x75 = 4 ± 3N/, 2
Extremest.ress intensity - A - z 2.4 x 105 2.4 x 107 n,n
SI ress at. t op = 4 + 3 = 7 NI 11un2
St.ress al bottom = 4 - 3 = 1 NI mm.i
Design 38. A prestressed concrete bemn 400 mm x 600 m,n in section has a span of GmrmJ
is subject to <1 uni/orm.ly distributed load of 16 kNIm including the self-weight of the beam.~
preslressing tendons are located al the lower third point and provide an effective prestressi~
force of 960 kN. Determine the extreme stresses at the mid span section.
Solution.. A =2.4 x 10~ 11un 2 ; Z =2.4 x 107 mm;,,
_ 16 X 62 I
M = 72 'kNm ; P =960 kN ; e =10011un
8
-Stress concept method
Extreme stress at midspan section
P-Pe M
=-+-± -
A Z Z
- 960 X 103 - B60 X 103 X 100 72 X 106 1 I
- 24 10° + 2 1 ± - - -7 = 4 +4 ±3N 1111n"
_ · x AxlO 2.4x10
Stress at top -4-4+3=3N!m m2
Stress at bottom = 4 + 4 - 3 5 N /11un2 =
Strength concept method
72 106
Sruft of the C-line from the P-line - x ,, = 7 mu
960 X 10') 5 I.
Eccentricity of the C-line . e' = 100- 75=25 11 b 1
un e ow the centroidal axis.
C Ce' 960 a
Extreme stress =-+-=' X lQ 960x 103 X 25
+ N /mm
2
· A Z 2.4 x 105 + 7
= 4 1
Stress at top = 4 - 1 = 3 NI nun 2 2.4 x 10
Stress lll bottom =4 + 1 =5 Nl11un2
 PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
51
- Design. 39. A prestressed concrete l,emn is prestrnssed wi.t.h a tendo n l,ent
Fig. J. 68. 17ie external oad on t~1.e l,eam. consi.sts of a concentro.t,ecl f.oad os sl~own i.n
It 1.he effect.we prestressr.ng force 1.s 1200 lil\1, calcul.al.e Ow extreme st.ress of 180 hN o,t, 11nd. SP"·'!··
es u,. concrete fort.he ,md
span. sect.ion.
180kN
6kN/m
400mm
p
•;;:~~ ~ - • - - - [
- -]
- --· 600

J<;:-- ----.. .:..::. ..::.._

a mm
160 _ _ _ _ _-4- ______ ____ _
6m

Fig. 1.68.
Solution.. .4 =2.4 x l{)5 mm"' ; Z =2.4 x 10 7
1111n?• , P =1200 kN
Stres s conc ept meth od
D.L. of the lrnam =0.'1 x 0.60 x 25 =6 kN Im.
180 X 6 6 X 6'.l ,
Exter nal B.M. at the centr e M - - - + - - = 297 kNm
4 8
P_P e M
Extre me stress at mid span =-+ -+-
A. Z - Z
1200 X 10::; _ 1200 X 10:-, X 140 297 X 10(5
= - + - - - -7 - - + - - -
2.4 X H? 2.4 X 10 - 2.4 X 107
= 5 +7 ± 12.4 N /mm
2

Stress ul. I.op = 5- 7 + 12.4 = + 10.4 Nlmm . 2

Stress u.t l>0Uom = 5 + 7- 12.4 =- 0.4 Nlmm 2
Stren gth conc ept meth od

Shit••t 01L' t h e er·

297 x lO'i
- ui.e f'rom t h e Pl"
- .me = " = 247.or.: ,nm
. 1200 X 10')
Eccentricity ofthe C-line e' = 247.5 - 140 = 107.5 mm
above the centroidal axis.

Extreme stress at mid span =_Q_ +Ce' + 1200 x 10:1 + 1200 x 10::1 x 107.5
A - z - 2.4 X 105 - 2.4 X 107
= 5 ± 5.4 N /nun. 2
Stress a.t top = 5 + 5.4 = + 10.4 N /mm. 2
Stress at l,ottom = 5 - 5.4 = - 0. 4 N /m,n2
. . 140 7
L oc,db
. u.lancmg concept tan e =sin 0 = =
3000 150
Upward point load transmitted by the tendon at the centre

= 2 P sin 0 = 2 x 1200 x - 7- = 112 kN

150
Net.downward point load at the centre
=180 - 112 =68 hN
2
Net B.M. at the centr e , = 68 x 6 + 6 x 6 = 129 kN,n
4 8
Extreme stress at midspan = P/A + _ (120x
_ M/Z = (1200 x 1000/ 2.4x100000) +
1000000/2.4X10000000) = 5+ _ 5.4 N/mm2
stress at top = 5+ 5.4 = 10.4 N/mm2
Stress at bottom = 5- 5.4 = -0.4 N/mm2
~ l PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSEO CONCRETE MEMBERS
, 3
- Extreme stress due to live load moment
- ML 135 X 106
- ± ~ =± - - - =±7.50 N /nun 2
Z 18 x 107
Resultant stress at the top edge
= 5.44-6.53 + 4.50 + 7.50 = + 10.91 N l,11,111,i (compressiv e)
Resultant stress at the bottom edge
= 5.44 + 6.53- 4.50- 7.50 = - 0.03 N /nun? (tensile)
§7. DESIRABLE DISTRIBU TION OF INITIAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN
CONCRETE
The distribution of the ~itial com~ressive stress in concrete has a great bearing on the size
of the beam and the lo~d ~ear_mg capacity. ~wo methods are available for distributing prestress ,
vi.zuniform pressure distributmn and non uniform pressure distribution. The non uniform pressure
distribution has the advantage, that the chosen pressure distribution is such that the dead load of
the member can be counter balanced. w_e ~ow the moment due to dead load varies along the span
and is maximum at_th~ centr~. I:Ience, it is nec~sary that the various critical sections have to be
analysed while des1~nmg. This 1~ made by var_ymg the pressure distribution for various sections
along the beam. ThlS can be ~chieved by varymg the location of the centre of gravity of the steel
with respect to centre of gravity of concrete.
This may be done
(i) By providing curved tend?ns post tens~oned beams.
(ii) By varying the cro,s sect10ns m pre tens 1oned beams. . .
SeeFig. l.16(a)and( b)
Where po,sible a small upward camber should be given to the b eam. By this arrangemen t. it

5--_ _ _ _ _ _ - - a
is pe1,sible to keep the cabIE~ straight. End eccentricity can be avoided and the maximum eccentricity
can be provided at midspan. Since in this arrangemen t. the cabl(>S are Rtrni~ht considerable frictional

resistance is minimized.

(a)
Bent or curved tendons in post tensioned beam.

(b)
Varying sections in pre tensioned beam.
Fig. 1.16.

§8. EFFECT OF LOADING ON THE STRESS ON WIRES IN THE TENDONS

Consider a prestnissed concrete beam of span L provided with a tendon at an eccentricity e. If
Pbe the prestressing force, the beam is subjected to a hogging moment Pe. The beam will therefore
PeL
deflect. The slope at each end due to this deflection isE I · If now, the beam is subjected to a
2 C .
downward external load there will be deflections and hence there will again be a slope at each end.
Supp~e the beam carries a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over the whole span, the
· wL3
slope at each end will be - -
24EJ
 -- - - - ~--- - - - -

I
I

'0 J__ _ _ _ _ _ - - -

w/unit run
ooom omoo ooooo oooo ooooo ooo ooooo ooooooooooooo oooooooo
I
I

t _____________________ ______________ ____ ----------- ---- 1

I I
I

·~·
I
I
- --------~ - - - I

I ------ - ---
---- --- ------- ---- --- --- ---- -
I
I
------ -- ---
I

:_ _______ ______ __________ _____ ____ ______ __ ___ ___ ________ _ 1

' '
I

------ -- -- ------ -- --- - -- -

e

Fig, l,l7,

3
Net slope at each end =2wLEJ- "m;J
PeL = 0
4
Extension of the tendon due to the net deformation
== 2ee
Increase in strain in the tendons
2ee
==-
L
Increase in stress in the tendons
2ee
==-Ee
L
 -~c::::::::::::::~===.==.=-~=~=:~~~;~=====
16
Let the ultimate load on h b . m bee kNhn~=
.
=~~~~==~J_NP~RESTRESsfs
t e ea
• • h t ·1e stres . crete reaches 5 I m.m. Co~
At cracking condition t e ensi s m con
2
c~,,,
s 225 103 x 50 M .
p+ 225 x lQ
-
A Z
Pe- -M-
Z
" ---5 ... X
4r: lQ3, + 2.25 X 106 u
s
2· 25 X 10
.
ox == -5
Mu =15
2.25 x 1 t =
u
33 _75 x 100 Nmm = 33.75 kNm
Ultimatemoment cl 2 _ c x 52 _
- 8 - 33·75' c = 10.8 kN/m
But the working load is on8
ly 7.20 kN Im
Load factor against crackin 10.8 J
g = _ = · 5·
7 2 w
§9. PRESTRESSED BE
AM WITH BENT TEN.-
Sometimes it is conven D_O_N_ _ _ __.._ _
ie nt to __
provide bent tendons. By
pr
tendons the tendons will ex oviding bent
pressu;e on the concrete ert an upward
be
therefore counteract a part am and will ---------- -- ------
downward loading. Fig. 1.1 ri th e ex ter na l
9 (a) shows a
prffitrffisedbeam with a be
effect or providing a bent nt tendon. The BEAM WITH BENT TEND
best considered by studyintendon can be (a) ON
g
as a free body subjected to the concrete
forcffi as shown
in Fig. 1.19 (b). For the sake w
let us assume that the te of disc us sio n
shalJ) bend and that there ndon forms a p
loss along the tendon. Cois no frictional 8
concrete as a free body we nsidering the - -------------~-- -- -- -- ----
I

force 2 P sin 0 is also av fin d an up w ard I ' -

ai
span. This upward forc lable at mid
I
I
e can to some
extent counteract.a part
of
load For this beam , the ne the external (b)
load at the centre will be t downward 2P Sin 8
(W- 2P sin 0).
17ie axial longitudinal for
ce provided by the tendon Fig. l . .19.
\
\ =P cos 0 =P approximat
ely since 0 is a small an gl
:. Direct stress on the se Pc os e P e
ction A = A approxim .
ately.
NetB.M . =M = (W -2 Ps in 0) l + wl 2
where 4
w = Dead load per unit 8
length of the beam
Extreme fibre stress P M
= A ±Z
With a little reasoning on
e may realise that the prof
of th e bending moment ile of the tendon should fo
dia~am for th~ given ex_t llow the shape
effective upward forces . em al loads in order it may of
Fo
tendon may be provided r mstance, if the loading on the beam is a un f er considerable and
along a parabolic profile. ifomlly distributed loadthe
-;sfNERAl PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSEO CONCRETE MEMBERS 21
§10, TENDON WITH PARABOLIC PROFILE
Fig.1.29 (a) shows_ a prestressed beam carrying an external uniformly distribute?, load'~ per
unit run. The. ten_don_ IS provided with a parabolic profile. When the cable is provided with.a
parabolic profile, it will exert a uniform upward pressure w -p er unit run on the beam and will
therefore receive a downward uniformly dist.rihutP.d load u7c ~er unit run.
W PER UNIT RUN

p p

(i)

W PER UNIT RUN

p p

We PER UNIT RUN

LOADS TRANSMITTED TO BEAM.

(ii)

p p

We PER UNIT RUN

LOADS TRANSMITTED TO TENDON
(iii)
Fig. 1..29.

We have studied in the theory of cables carrying uniformly distributed load, on the whole
span.
Horizontal reaction at each end of the cable
-p -
- x-Bh
WC ,2
where his the dip of the cable centre below the ends of the cable.
Making the approximation Px = P
we get p = wc l2
8h
8Ph
wc-T
 22
PRESTR
E~
Hence a parabolic tendon . .
carrying a tenSlOn p will provide an upward uniformly dis tr'
., CONcR
load or pressure fi1
1bllt~

w =8P -phe ru m•tlengthofthebeam.

Hence the upward unifo
rm pressu1.2 l'
re supp ie dby the parabolic tendon will counteract
c

of the external downwar

The net downwarddlouniformly applied lo~d.h
ading on the beam is e equal to (w - w) per un
aPat\
t ere or it run.
Design 13 . •
. Fi~·. 1.30 shows oprest
parabolic profile. If the ressedconc re·te·sl,e35wkN
n prov,.ded UJl,t1i a tendon
/m. on the whole span ca hav·
total.~xternal l.oa~ onT/tJw
t.he extreme st.resses for I.h l '·tig~
e 11u.d span sec tr.on. lt,e~:~~~ carries a prestres
W .e si,ng force dt 1o~~lote
35kN/m 11N,
400mm O'~Ol~~L[l[n"]][[]]£IfilfinlC
6J~&l~&l.1lIJ~l]9
;:~;;o~~
mm

B
600 ..

-- -- -- -L -- --
-~ S p -a n -- :6
:- = m ~ -- -- 7
Fig. 1. 30 .
Solution. Area of the beam
section
=A= 400 x 600 = 2.4 x :.:
1()5 mm
Section modulus of the se
ction = Z,-, = 400 X 600 =
2
2. 4 x 107 mm 3
Span of tendon 6
Dip of the tendon = l = 6 m. ;
Upward uniformly distrib h = 0.10 m
uted pressure provided by
the cable
=W = 8Ph = 8x lOOOx
0.10 =22 _ kN/m
Net downward load on th C l2 62 22
e beam
=35-22.22=12.78kN
MaximumB.M. /m 4.17N/mm2 2.4N/mm2 6.57N/mm2

=M = 12·78 x 62 = 57.51
8
kNm +
Extreme stresses for th + + =
e mid section
= ~ + M = 1000 x 103 +
57.51 x 106 N /nun2
A - z 2.4 X 5 4.17N/mm2
= 4.17 ± 2.40 N lm10
m. 2
2.4 X 107 2.4N/mm2 1.77N/mm2
:. Extreme stress at top
and Extreme stress at bo = + 4.17 + 2.40 = + 6.57 Fig. 1. 31 ,
ttom = + 4.17-2.40 = +1 N /nun,2
§11. LOAD BALANC .77 Nhnm, 2
ING METHOD
The examples give
th at the cable may ex n above explain an important point that the cabl
er
loading. If a beam is so t upward forces counteracting to some extente profile can be adjusted so
th e externally applied designed that the upward forces transmitted by the downward external
loading the method of <l th
esign is called l.oad balance cable exactly neutralize
ing method.