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The f i n d i n g s i n t h i s r e p o r t are n o t t o be as a n
o f f i c i a l Department of t h e Army
d e s i g n a t e d by o t h e r
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P r i n t e d i n USA. A v a i l a b l e from Defense Doiumentation Center

Cameron S t a t i o n , Alexandria, V i r g i n i a L 22314ior
N a t i o n a l Technical Information S e : v i c e , h
U. S. Department of Commerce:,
Springfield, Virginia !I
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 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
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 DISCLAIMER

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 TID -4500, UC-35

TECHNICAL REPORT E-73-1.

PROJEC T TRINIDAD
EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION TESTS IN
SANDSTONE AND SHALE

BRUCE B . REDPATH

' NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work
sponsored by the United States Government. Neither
the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy
Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of
their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com-
pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product or process disclosed, or represents that its use
would not infringe privately owned rights,

C ond ucted b y

U. S. A R M Y ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION

EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY
LIVE RMOR E , CALIF OR N IA

a MS. date: J u l y 1972

lB=STRIBUT!QN OF THIS OOCUMENT IS UNLlMlT 0

 Foreword
4-

The Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL)-' is embarked on a pro-

g r a m of r e s e a r c h in topical a r e a s critical to the overall technology that is r e f e r r e d to
a s "explosive excavation.'' This is the r e p o r t of a complete program of explosive ex-
cavation experiments, and includes s u m m a r i e s of the related technical programs such
a s s e i s m i c effects, airblast generation, and engineering properties of a large c r a t e r
excavated for a railway cut. The r e p o r t is primarily oriented towards the cratering
aspects of the program, for indeed, the acquisition of the cratering characteristics of
a weak rock and the verification of row-charge design rules were the principal goals in
conducting the experiments. The excavation of a railway cut at the conclusion of the
project was a successful demonstration of the economic benefits of explosive excavation.
Two additional railway cuts l a t e r excavated in the s a m e a r e a represented immediate
and beneficial applications of the knowledge acquired during the project, and this s a m e
knowledge w i l l continue to contribute to the mission of EERL.

a
::
The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES) Explosive Ex-
cavation Research Laboratory (EERL) was the USAEWES Explosive Excavation Research
Office (EERO) from 1 August 1971 to 2 1 April 1972. P r i o r to that time, it was known
a s the USAE Nuclear Cratering Group (NCG).
 Abstract
. 1

A series of single-, row-, and multiple-charge cratering detonations, with in-

dividual charge weights of 1 to 2 tons, were carried out in weak, idterGedded sand-
1

stones and shales n e a r Trinidad, Colorado, in 1 9 7 0 and 1971. The principal objectives
of these excavation experiments were to obtain single-charge cratering curves, to’
verify row-charge designs for achieving a specified excavation, to, determine the effects
of millisecond delays in row-charge cratering, to experiment with cratering in varying
terrain, and t o compare the cratering effectiveness of several explosives. Three v a r i -
eties of aluminized ammonium-nitrate blasting agents and ANFO were used. *Airblast
and s e i s m i c effects of each detonation were monitored. The s e r i e s culminated with the
excavation of a railway cut 400 f t long with 4 4 tons of explosives distributed among
32 charges.
 Acknowledgments
This report is the outcome of the efforts of many people involved in Project
Trinidad. LT T e r r y Shackelford wrote Chapter 2 and, together with MAJ Charles
Gardner, also wrote Chapter 6; LT Dale Mc Williams contributed significantly to
Chapter 4; and Charles Snell prepared Chapter 5. MAJ Richard Gillespie w a s Test
Director. The Albuquerque Engineer District provided outstanding contractual and
operational support throughout the project. M e s s r s . Wayne McIntosh and Victor
Hensinger of the Albuquerque District contributed significantly to the efficient accomp-
lishment of the experimental program. All of the people above were responsible f o r
the successful conduct of their respective technical programs in the field, and to them
is due the credit for the overall s u c c e s s of the project.
Appendix E was written by Prof. J. M. Duncan and M r . C. K. Chan of the
University of California, Berkeley; this work w a s performed by Prof. Duncan and
Mr. Chan under contract DACW07-71-C-0032 with the University of California,
Berkeley.
COL William E. Vandenberg, LTC Robert L. LaFrenz, and LTC Robert R .
Mills, Jr. w e r e Directors of EERL during the course of the field work and the
preparation of this report.

- iv-
 Contents
FOREWORD . ii
ABSTRACT . iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . iv
CONVERSION FACTORS . x
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . . 1
General . 1
Background and Objectives . . 1
Scope of P r o g r a m . . 2
P r o j e c t Organization . 4
CHAPTER 2. SITE DESCRIPTION . 4
Location and Topography . 4
Geology . 5
P r e s h o t Engineering P r o p e r t i e s of Site Medium . 6
CHAPTER 3. CRATER MEASUREMENTS . 7
B-Series . . 8
C-Series . 12
Simultaneous Rows (Cl, C2, C3) . . 13
Delayed Row-Charges (C4, C5) . . 17
Double Row-Charge Detonation (C6) . . 17
D- Series . 18
Single Row- Charge through Varying T e r r a i n ( D l ) . . 18
Single Row-Charge along a Sidehill (D2) . . 23
Double Row-Charge along a Sidehill (D3) . .' . 25
Delayed Double Row-Charge (Railway Cut, D4) . 27
CHAPTER 4. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS . . 32
Scope . . 32
Results . 35
CHAPTER 5. AIRBLAST MEASUREMENTS . 36
Scope . . 36
Results . 37
CHAPTER 6. ENGINEERING STUDIES O F D4 CRATER . 39
Introduction . 39
On-Site Investigative P r o g r a m s . . 39
Mass Density and Bulking Factor . . 39
Field Determination of Particle Gradation . . 39
Drilling, Coring, and Borehole Photography . . 40
Shaping of Railroad Cut . . 41
Fallback Compaction and Field Settlement Study . 42
 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX A DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS, STRATIGRAPHY
. 44 a
AND LITHOLOGY, AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES DATA . 47
APPENDIX B CRATER PROFILES AND CROSS SECTIONS . 54
APPENDIX C SEISMIC DATA . . 62
APPENDIX D AIRBLAST DATA . 65
APPENDIX E LABORATORY TESTING O F FALLBACK MATERIAL . 78
REFERENCES . . 92
FIGURES
~ - - _
.
-

1. Organization of P r o j e c t Trinidad . 3
2. P r o j e c t Trinidad site location . 4
3. Generalized stratigraphic section of Trinidad,
Vermejo, and Raton formations . . 5
4. Engineering classification f o r intact rock . . 7
5. Aerial view of principal experimental a r e a showing B
series, C s e r i e s , and D4 c r a t e r . . 8
6. Bucket auger used to emplace charges . 3.0
7. Typical 1-ton single-charge c r a t e r . 10
8. Apparent c r a t e r r a d i i and depths for B s e r i e s . . 10
9. Volumes of B s e r i e s apparent c r a t e r s . 10
10. C3 row c r a t e r . . 15
11. Row c r a t e r enhancement v s charge spacing . 15
12. Single-charge c r a t e r i n g c u r v e s with row c r a t e r
dimensions superimposed . 16
13. Longitudinal profiles, charge layout, and c r o s s
sections of C6 c r a t e r . 19
14. D1 preshot t e r r a i n , charge layout, c r o s s sections,
and c r a t e r profile . . 21
15. D1 c r a t e r . . 22
16. Longitudinal profiles and c r o s s sections of D2 c r a t e r . . 24
17. D2 c r a t e r . . 25
18. Longitudinal profiles and cross sections of D3 c r a t e r . . 26
19. D3 c r a t e r . . 26
20. Anticipated c r o s s section and plan view of D4 experiment . . 28
21. Chart of charge spacing vs depth of cut for 1- and 2-ton
charges of TD-2 s l u r r y in sandstone and shale . . ' 28
22. D4 detonation . . 29
23. D4 c r a t e r viewed f r o m west to east along center
line of railroad . .. 29
24. C r o s s sections of D4 railway cut showing comparison
between c r a t e r and cut excavated by conventional methods . . 31
25. Locations of s e i s m i c monitoring stations during
P r oj e ct T r inid ad
26. Peak ground motion amplitudes v s distance . 34
27.
P r o j e c t Trinidad detonations .
Peak airblast o v e r p r e s s u r e s f o r selected
. 38
-vi-
28. Map of D4 c r a t e r showing location of postshot
engineering investigations . 40
29. Location of c o r e holes in D4 c r a t e r and extent of
blast-induced fracturing ( c r o s s section through Station 93+00) . 41
30. Dozer daylighting end of cut and bringing cut to g r a d e . . 41
31. Dozer s c a l e s c r a t e r slopes; front loader removes
material from crater . 42
32. Finished cut . 42
33. Settlement m a r k e r s . 42
34. Layout of settlement m a r k e r s for vibratory compaction tests . 43
35. B r o s smooth-roller vibratory compactor . . 43
36. Surface settlement produced by vibratory compaction tests . . 44
Al. Map showing location of c o r e holes for B and C
s e r i e s and D4 railroad cut . 47
A2.
for Experiment D1, D2, and D3 .
Map showing location of emplacement and c o r e holes
. 48
A3. Stratigraphy and lithology of B s e r i e s . 49
A4. Stratigraphy and lithology of C s e r i e s . 49
A5. Stratigraphy and lithology of Experiments D1, D2, and D3 . . 50
A6. Stratigraphy and lithology of D4 railroad cut . . 50
Bl. C r a t e r nomenclature . 54
B2. C r o s s sections of c r a t e r s B1 and B2 . . 55
B3. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B3 and B4 . . 56
B4. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B5 and B6 . . 57
B5. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B7 and B8 . . 58
B6. Longitudinal profiles and representative c r o s s sections
for Rows C1 and C2 . . 59
B7. Longitudinal profiles and representative c r o s s sections
forRowC3 . . 60
B8. Longitudinal profiles and representative cross sections
for Rows C4 a n d C5 . . 61
D1. Observed single-charge t r a n s m i s s i o n factors as a function

. .
of scaled depth of b u r s t f o r aluminized ammonium nitrate
s l u r r y detonations, P r o j e c t Trinidad 72
El. Comparison of g r a i n - s i z e distribution curves determined
by point count technique and by sieving . 79
E2. Grain-size distribution c u r v e s for m a t e r i a l as received
and for test specimens . . 80
E3. Variations of maximum and minimum density with
maximum particle s i z e . . 81
E4. W e t specimen (36-in. d i a m e t e r ) after testing . 82
E5. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 1%relative density (confining
p r e s s u r e , 15 psi) . 83
E6. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 1% relative density (confining
p r e s s u r e , 30 psi) . . 83

- vii -
E7. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7770 relative density (confining
pressure, 15 psi) . . 83
E8. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 770 relative density (confining
pressure, 30 psi) . . 84
E9. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 370 relative density (confining
pressure, 15, psi) . . 84
E10. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 370 relative density (confining
pressure, 30, psi) . . 84
Ell. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens

.
compacted to t h r e e relative densities (confining
pressure, 15 psi) . 85
E12. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted t o three relative densities (confining
pressure, 30 psi) . 85
E13. Compression time curves for specimens compacted
to 8070 relative density . . 86
E14. One-dimensional compression curves f o r specitr-ens
compacted to 8070 relative density . 86
E l 5. One-dimensional compression curves for specimens
compacted to 5070 relative density . 87
E16. Variations of angle of internal friction with
relative density
E17. Variation of volumetric s t r a i n due to wetting
with maximum particle s i z e .
E18. Variation of compression due to wetting with
overburden p r e s s u r e f o r a t - r e s t p r e s s u r e conditions . 91

TABLES

1. Summary of Project Trinidad cratering experiments . 2

2. B - s e r i e s cratering charges , . 9
3. Characteristics of Project Trinidad explosives . 11
4. B - s e r i e s c r a t e r dimensions . . 12
5. C - s e r i e s charge emplacement . 14
6. Summary of row c r a t e r dimensions . . 15
7. Unit volumes for C - s e r i e s r o w c r a t e r s . 16
8. Summary of D-series experiments . 20
9. D1, D2, D3 charge emplacement . 22
10. D4 charge emplacement s u m m a r y . 30
11. Locations of s e i s m i c r e c o r d e r s , Project Trinidad .
12. Airblast damage c r i t e r i a
Al. Results of t e s t s of B - s e r i e s rock c o r e s . 51
A2. Results of t e s t s of C - s e r i e s rock c o r e s . 52
A3. Results of t e s t s of D-series rock c o r e s . 53

-viii-
C1. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r B - s e r i e s . 62
C2. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r C1, C2, C3 . . 62
C3. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C4, C5, C6 . . 63
C4. Maximum recorded particle velocities for D-series . 64
D1. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations Bl through
B8 (single-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 65
D2a. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C1 and C2
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 66
D2b. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations C3 and C4
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 67
D2c. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C5 and C6
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 ft AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 68
D3. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations D1 through
D3 (row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 m b a r . 69
D4. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonation D4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . . 70

.
D5a. Ground- shock-induced o v e r p r e s s u r e reinforcement correction
factors f o r Trinidad row-charge detonations . 73
D5b. Gas -vent- induced o v e r p r e s s u r e reinforcement correction
factors f o r Trinidad row-charge detonations . . 74
D6.
.
Airblast amplitudes f o r row-charges expressed in t e r m s
of single-charge airblast amplitudes . 76
El. Composition and specific gravities of various sized
fractions of Trinidad fallback . 80
E2. V a l u e s of particle breakage factor B determined by
resieving triaxial specimens after testing . . 87
E3. Summary of triaxial test results . . 89
E4. Surface settlements d u e to groundwater rise within 5 f t
of ground surface f o r various fallback layer thicknesses . 91

- ix-
 Conversion Factors
British units of measurement used in this r e p o r t can be converted to m e t r i c units as
follows:

Multiply BY To Obtain

inches 2.54 centimeters

feet 0.3048 meters
cubic feet 0.02832 cubic m e t e r s
cubic y a r d s 0.764555 cubic m e t e r s
pounds 0.4535924 kilograms
pounds p e r s q u a r e inch 0.00689476 meganewtons p e r s q u a r e m e t e r
pounds p e r cubic foot 16.02 kilograms per cubic m e t e r
Fahrenheit degrees 51 9 Celsius o r Kelvin degrees a
foot-pounds 0.1382 55 m e t e r - kilograms
a
To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings f r o m Fahrenheit (F) readings, use the
following formula: C = (5/9) (F - 32). To obtain Kelvin ( K ) readings, use: K = (5/9)
(F - 32) + 273.15.

-X-
 TECHNICAL REPORT E-73-1
PROJECT TRINIDAQ
EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION TESTS
IN SANDSTONE AND SHALE
Chapter 1. Introduction
GENERAL
This r e p o r t i s a technical s u m m a r y of
the r e s u l t s of an extensive s e r i e s of exca-
vation experiments conducted in interbed-
ded sandstones and shales n e a r Trinidad,
Colorado. The experimental program
progressed from single-charge c r a t e r s
through row-charge c r a t e r s to multiple
row-charge detonations: The individual
charge weights were of the o r d e r of 1 ton,
and a variety of explosives were used.
P r o j e c t Trinidad w a s conducted by the
U. S. A r m y C o r p s of Engineers Water-
ways Experiment Station Explosive Exca-
vation Research Laboratory (EERL). At
the time of the experiments, in the sum-
mer and fall of 1970, the organization was
known as The Nuclear Cratering Group
(NCG). The Nuclear Cratering Group was
organized in 1962 to engage in a joint
venture with the AEC to investigate peace-
ful excavation applications of nuclear
explosives.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
All of the e a r l y cratering experiments
performed by EERL were designed as
11
chemical-explosive models" of nuclear
experiments. As r e s e a r c h under the
joint Atomic Energy Commission-Corps
of Engineers program progressed, exca-
-1-
vat ion with l a r g e c he mi cal - expl o s i ve
charges appeared to have several pcten-
tial m e r i t s in itself, and the emphas i s i n
the experimental program gradually
shifted to investigating the use of more
economical explosives and methods of
emplacement.
P r o j e c t Trinidad was a relatively com-
plete program of experimental tests, the
objectives of which were to investigate
both the fundamentals of cratering and the
economic aspects of explosive excavation.
The s e r i e s culminated in the successful
completion of an actual railroad cut f o r
the relocation of the Colorado and Wyo-
ming Railroad.
The site was selected because of two
factors. The cratering characteristics
of the interbedded sandstones and shales
were unknown and would represent a
valuable contribution to cratering tech-
nology. Also, it is the policy of E E R L to
c a r r y out i t s r e s e a r c h activities a t the
locations of approved Corps of Engineers
Civil W o r k s projects whenever possible.
An earthfill dam on the Purgatoire River is
scheduled for construction n e a r the town of
Trinidad, and it w a s believed that s o m e of
the information acquired in the cratering
experiments might find application t o
associated projects. This w a s indeed the
case; two additional railway cuts were exca-
vated during the preparation of this report.
 This report covers only the initial
experimental work performed a t Trinidad,
including the f i r s t railway cut. A consid-
erable amount of additional cratering ex-
perimentation was performed during late
1970 and through 1971. Included in these
later experiments were Project Middle
Course 1; Project Minimound: and P r o j -
ect Middle Course 11.3 The l a s t two rail-
way cuts, designated R R 2 and R R 3 , are
4 5
also the topic of a separate report.
SCOPE O F P R O G R A M
It will be helpful to the reader to
briefly outline the scope of the cratering
experiments and associated technical
programs covered by this report.
Table 1 shows a summary and sequence
of the c'ratering detonations of this proj-
ect. The A-series consisted of attempts
to create emplacement cavities for explo-
sives by means of hole springing. The
initial results did not warrant employment
of this technique for any of the cratering
shots, and the results of this s e r i e s have
been documented in a separate report.
The B-series consisted of eight single
1-ton cratering blasts, three using ANFO
(ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) and five
using an aluminized s l u r r y blasting agent.

Table 1. Summary of Project Trinidad cratering experiments.

Series Number . C r a t e r s , charges, and explosive Date
Aa -
B B1 -B3 T h r e e 1-ton single-charge c r a t e r s using A N F O
) J u l y a;t7;ugust
B4-B8 Five 1-ton single-charge c r a t e r s using aluminized
J
slurry,
C C1 -C3 T h r e e row-charge c r a t e r s using five t o seven
1-ton charges of aluminized slurry; simultaneous
detonation.
c4-c5 Two row-charge c r a t e r s using five 1-ton charges September
of aluminized slurry; delayed detonation. and
October
C6 Two parallel row-charges of five 1-ton charges 1970
of aluminized s l u r r y each; both detonated
simultaneously.
D D1 Row-charge c r a t e r through a ridge; nine charges
of 200 t o 2000 lb ANFO.
D2 Row-charge c r a t e r along sidehill; five 1-ton November
1970
charges of slurry.
D3 Double row-charge c r a t e r along sidehill; s i x
1-ton and six 2-ton charges of aluminized
slurry.
D4 Double row-charge railway cut; twenty 1 -ton
De c e mb e r
and twelve 2-ton charges of aluminized slurry, 1970
time delay between rows.
aHole springing experiments performed intermittently throughout project; topic of
separate report.
-2 -
These single-charge cratering t e s t s were
intended to determine optimum burial
depths; i.e., to "calibrate" the rock with
r e g a r d to its c r a t e r i n g characteristics,
so that subsequent row-charge detonations
could be designed. Further, the B - s e r i e s
was to provide a comparison of the c r a -
tering effectiveness of the ANFO with the
s l u r r y , and to provide single-charge a i r -
blast and s e i s m i c data with which the c o r -
responding effects of row-charges could
be compared.
The six detonations in the C - s e r i e s
consisted of a variety of row-charges.
T h r e e rows were a test of row-charge
design procedures, two rows tested the
consequences of introducing millisecond
delays between charges in a row, and the
l a s t was the simultaneous detonation of
two parallel row-charges. Much of the
c r a t e r ing information gathe r e d during
these t e s t s was of value in designing the
next s e r i e s of experiments.
T h e r e w e r e four detonations in the
final phase of the program-the D-series.
These experiments had a m o r e practical
aspect to them than the preceding tests.
The D-series investigated the feasibility
of explosively excavating cuts through
varying t e r r a i n and long side-slopes. The
final experiment, D4, was the excavation
of a railroad cut 400 ft in length with a
delayed, double row of charges.
Seismic measurements (ground motion),
airblast observations, and technical pho-
tography were an integral part of the

LTC W. E. Vandenberg

TEST MANAGER
Adam Remboldt

TECHNICAL DEPUTY
Bruce Redpath
I
I
TECH NICA L SUPPORT OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

1 EXPLOSIVES
I ENGR and CONST and OPNS
t
t
SAFETY ( L L L ) ISUPPORT (AlbuquerqueEngr.Dist. )
I I

Legend
PUBLIC
LLL - Lawrence Livermore Loboratory INF ORMATl O N
EERL - Explosive Excavation Research Laborotory SERVICES
- Albuquerque Engineer District

t
AED
WES - Waterways Experiment Station DRILLING
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( M i l e High
Drilling Co.)

INDUSTRIAL
OPERATIONS

TECHNlCAL PROGRAMS
D SECURITY

I I
II
INVESTIGATIONS
'ITE
(EERL-AED) I1 SPRING1NG
(EERL) I MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS

Fig. 1. Organization of Project Trinidad.

-3-
program. The r e s u l t s of the major monitored for potential damage resulting
technical p r o g r a m s a r e discussed in f r o m the l a r g e r detonations.
s e p a r a t e chapt e r s .
The s e i s m i c and airblast studies were
oriented p r i m a r i l y towards comparisons PROJECT ORGANIZATION

of effects from the l a r g e variety of deto-

nations, r a t h e r than towards site calibra-
tion and legal documentation, although
this facet of the program was also impor-
tant. Because the Government had a c -
quired virtually all of the surrounding
s t r u c t u r e s and because they were unoccu-
pied, it was actually hoped that some
damage would be caused, and t h e r e f o r e
s e v e r a l of the close-in s t r u c t u r e s were
The participating agencies and their
functional relationship to the project a r e
shown in Fig. 1. In EERL experiments,
operational support is provided by the
A r m y Engineer District having jurisdic-
tion in the geographical a r e a in which
experiments a r e conducted. Drilling and
explosives s e r v i c e s a r e acquired by com-
petitive bid.

Chapter 2. Site Description

LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY the Trinidad a r e a as a recreational and

agricultural center for southern Colo-
P r o j e c t Trinidad w a s located on the rado.
highly dissected uplands of the western
Great Plains, about 6 mi west of Trinidad,
Colorado (Fig. 2). The region is flanked
on the west by the majestic Sangre de
C r i s t o Mountains, on the north by the
twin s p i r e s of the Spanish P e a k s , and on

-
the east by the Great Plains, The P u r g a -
toire River and its tributaries have
0 n-J
b ,
broken the a r e a into a s e r i e s of flat- 1 TRINIDAD

topped m e s a s bounded by steep-walled,

-
Scale mi

narrow valleys. The test a r e a s were

located on the flat benches and gentle
sidehills that b o r d e r the P u r g a t o i r e
River.
The entire Trinidad site a r e a was
located within the boundary of the T r i n i -
dad Lake Project, a Corps of Engineers
Civil Works program under the Albuquer-
Experimental areas
que District of the C o r p s of Engineers.
The proposed dam will help to develop Fig. 2. Project Trinidad s i t e location.

-
-4
a
The regional climate is semiarid, with
most of the precipitation occurring in the Explanation:
s u m m e r as thundershowers. Winters a r e
relatively mild with intermittent heavy
snowfalls. Average precipitation i s 14 in. Coal
while the average temperature is about
51°F. The s e m i a r i d climate has given 1000
r i s e to a distinctive flora. The dominant
t r e e s a r e juniper, piPrlon, and s c r u b oak.
G r a s s e s a r e abundant throughout the a r e a ,
E-;:;i
- -:..._,....,.,
_.(....:\
Conglomeratic
sa ndstone

and s e v e r a l species of cactus thrive.

The test a r e a l i e s at the center of the
once-bustling Trinidad coal field. Coal Sandstone
mining w a s the life-blood of the a r e a C
0
until disastrous s t r i k e s and f i r e s gradu- -E
0 -
ally closed down the mines. A significant +
rc
EO - -
Sandy shale
d e c r e a s e in population has accompanied I
%
C

the decline in coal production. Ruins of -0

0)
0
+
2
u
once-prosperous mining towns attest to v,

this decline, and the raising of livestock 500 Carbonaceous shale

has replaced coal mining a s the most
important industry in the area. Only the
Allen mine, located in the upper valley of
the P u r g a t o i r e 30 mi west of Trinidad, is
Vermejo forma tion
still active. Trinidad, with about 9,000
inhabitants, is the major population cen-
t e r of the region. -
Trinidad sandstone
GEOLOGY
-
The uplands of the Trinidad a r e a con-
Pierre shale
s i s t of sedimentary rocks of Late C r e t a -
ceous to E a r l y T e r t i a r y age. The surface
0
rocks a r e relatively undeformed and dip
gently westward forming the Raton basin. Fig. 3 . Generalized stratigraphic s e c -
tion of the Trinidad, Vermejo,
The exposed rocks consist of about and Raton formations. .
5,000 ft of sediments, t h r e e units of
which a r e relevant to the project: the stratigraphic column of the rocks exposed
Trinidad sandstone, the Vermejo forma- in the Trinidad area.

a tion, and the Raton formation. These

r o c k s f o r m the predominant outcrops in
the test a r e a . Figure 3 is a generalized
The principal structural feature of the
Trinidad a r e a is the Raton basin, which
is a broad, asymmetrical trough trending

-5-
northward. Isolated normal faults a r e scat-
t e r e d throughout the area. In the t e s t area
the beds dip 5 t o 8 deg to the northwest.
The cratering experiments of Project
Trinidad were c a r r i e d out in the Vermejo
formation of Late Cretaceous age. The
Vermejo formation consists of complexly
interbedded grey to black, carbonaceous,
coaly, and silty shale; buff, grey, and
grey-green arkosic sandstone; g r e y and
dark-grey siltstone; and coal. The bed-
ding is thin-to-massive. The thinner
beds a r e parallel stratified and parallel
laminated, but the thicker beds a r e len-
ticular and irregular. The sandstone is
composed of very-fine-to-medium-sized
grains of quartz, feldspar, mica, and
ferromagnesian minerals cemented by
clay and calcium carbonate. The sand-
stone is highly friable and contains c a r -
bonized plant remains. The shale is
mostly nonfissile and has a wide range of
sand and carbonaceous content. The coal
beds, which a r e interbedded with the
shale and siltstone, a r e of bituminous
grade and have been extensively mined.
Stratigraphic columns taken from the
c o r e holes in the t e s t a r e a a r e shown in
.I,
-8-
Appendix A.
Overburden in the t e s t area consists
of v e r y clayey soil. Platy fragments of
sandstone and rounded river-run cobbles
a r e common in the soil. Overburden
thicknesses vary from 0 to 15 f t in the
t e s t area.
PRESHOT ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES O F SITE MEDIUM
This section presents a s u m m a r y of
the engineering properties of the rock a t
a,1-
. :I: Tables
Figures A 3 through A6.
-6-
the Project Trinidad site. The r e s u l t s
of the laboratory physical t e s t s a r e pre-
J,
.I,
sented in Appendix A .
The unconfined compressive strength
of the intact rock ranges from about
4 5 0 psi for shale and coal to 8,000 p s i for
sandstone. The wide range in compres-
sive strengths reflects the different rock
types and the presence of fractures in
some of the samples.
Water contenl of the rocks at Trinidad
ranges from 1.2 to 9.2%. The degree of
saturation ranges from 58.3 to 99.6, with
an average of about 78T0. Porosity values
range from 5.3 to 17.0'10, and averages
about 10%.
The material at the Trinidad t e s t site
has an average -- in s i t u density of 156 lb/
3 3
ft (2.5 g / c m ).
Seismic velocities a t the Trinjdad site
varied greatly. Overburden and weath-
e r e d rock velocities ranged from 1,000 to
2,500 feet p e r second (fps), a representa-
tive velocity for overburden and weathered
rock was 1,250 fps. Interbedded sand-
stone and shale and thinly bedded sand-
stone had velocities ranging from 2,500
to 6,000 fps (a represelitative velocity i s
5,000 fps). The massive, unweathered
sandstone had a velocity that ranged from
7,000 to 8,500 f p s (a representative veloc-
ity is 7,500 fps).
6
The rock quality designation, RQD,
was used to determine a qualitative index
of the in situ rock mass. The quality of
the rock as determined by this method
was fair-to-poor (RQD's ranged from 39
to 56%). The RQD was developed by
Deere and is used as a measure of the
in situ quality of the rock. Specifically,
A 1 through A3.
the RQD is the percentage of c o r e recov- f
u)
C
e r y computed by considering only pieces t!
c
VI
of c o r e longer than 4 in. a, f
.-0 0
t

Smaller pieces a r e considered to be due C

-0 t!
to close shearing, jointing, faulting, or E +
wl

weathering in the rock m a s s and a r e not

ti
t
C
.-
I

r
0)

counted. C o r e loss, weathered and soft

zones, a r e accounted f o r in the d e t e r m i -
nation. RQDvalues ranging from 0 to 50%
a r e indicative of a p o o r quality r o c k m a s s
.-
having a s m a l l fraction of the strength and a
wl

stiffness m e a s u r e d for an intact specimen. I

The laboratory t e s t s provided another .-
x
4-

.-
0
c
classification based on unconfined com- -aCI,
wl

p r e s s i v e strength and modulus of elas- u-

0
t i ~ i t y . The
~ t e s t results a r e plotted in
-33
wl

Fig, 4 and indicate the rock to be of weak-

s
-0

to-intermediate strength.
/ Siltstone
0 Shale

I I I l l I I I I I

Fig. 4. Engineering classification f o r

intact rock (after Deere and 1 o2 1o3 1 o4
Miller7). Unconfined compressive strength - psi

Chapter 3. Crater Measurements

This chapter p r e s e n t s the c r a t e r i n g Preshot and postshot ground surveys

information acquired during the B, C
and D s e r i e s of detonations, e a c h .
s e r i e s being described in sequence.
Some comparative i n f o r m t i o n on ex-
plosives, based on the c r a t e r meas-
urements, is also included in the
discussion. A l l c r a t e r measurements
w e r e obtained f r o m plots of conven
tional s u r v e y data, and the volumes
of single c r a t e r s a r e based on their
c r o s s sections and the CRATER DATA
computer code.8 Volumes of row
c r a t e r s a r e based on c r o s s sectional
a r e a s m e a s u r e d with a planimeter and
the application of Simpson’ s rule.
w e r e made along two orthongonal lines
for the single c r a t e r s , and at selected
locations along the alinements of the
row c r a t e r s .
A postshot a e r i a l view of the p r i m a r y
t e s t area, showing most of the c r a t e r s
in P r o j e c t Trinidad, is shown in Fig. 5.
Experiments D1, D2, and D3 w e r e
located in another a r e a about a mile
away. The c r a t e r s in the blocked-off
a r e a s in Fig. 5 w e r e part of s e p a r a t e
studies” and a r e not discussed in
this report. A preshot topographic
map of the s a m e a r e a is shown in Ap-
pendix A.

-7-
 Fig. 5. Aerial view of principal experimental a r e a stowing B s e r i e s , C s e r i e s ,
and the D4 c r a t e r .

B -SERIES s e r i e s were to obtain optimum c r a t e r

dimensions and depths of b u r s t to be used
The B - s e r i e s consisted of eight 1-ton as a design base for the follow-on row-
charges detonated at various depths of charge experiments, and to compare the
burst. The principal objectives of this cratering effectiveness of ANFO and a

-a -
metallized slurry. The design approach
was to assume that the optimum depth of
burial would be near 1.9 ft/E1I3 (where E
is the total energy of the explosive in
Mcal), and then to bracket this depth.
The value of 1.9 f t / M ~ a l l /was
~ based on
previous cratering experience. In this
manner cratering curves could be devel-
oped to determine the optimum depth of
burial. ANFO was used as the explosive
in Detonations B1 through B3, and an
aluminized ammonium-nitrate s l u r r y
was used in Detonations B4 through B8.
Table 2 s u m m a r i z e s the charge emplace-
ment conditions.
The explosives were emplaced in 3 -ft
diameter holes drilled with the bucket
auger shown in Fig. 6. A considerable.
amount of auxiliary drilling and blasting
was required to b r e a k the rock in most of
the emplacement holes s o that it could b e
removed with the bucket auger. An air-
operated, track-mounted drill w a s used
for this supplementary drilling.
After the explosives w e r e emplaced,
the holes w e r e stemmed with a mixture
of drill cuttings, 3/4-in. aggregate, and
water. Except f o r the two delayed row-
charges, primacord initiated by an elec-
tric cap at the surface w a s used to deto-
nate the charges. A column of boosters
extending the full height of the cratering
charge w a s used in all cases. The char-
a c t e r i s t i c s of the explosives used in the
* various phases of the project a r e shown
in Table 3.
The r e s u l t s of the c r a t e r measure-
ments program for the 1-ton B - s e r i e s
a r e given in Table 4. One of the B-series
c r a t e r s is shown in Fig. 7. The apparent
radii and the depths of the c r a t e r s a r e
plotted against depth of burial in Fig. 8,
and the apparent crater volumes are plot-
ted against depth of burial in Fig. 9.

Table 2. B - s e r i e s cratering charges.

Hole Depth to Charge Depth of burst
Depth top of charge height Actual Design Detonation
Detonation Explosive (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) Date TLme
B1 ANFO~ 18.1 12.4 5.7 15.2 16.0 13 Aug 71 0900
B2 ANFO 20.7 15.4 5.3 18.0 18.0 14 A u g 7 1 1100
B3 ANFO 22.3 17.1 5.2 19.7 20.0 12 Aug 71 0810
B4 AANS~ 17.9 13.9 4 .O 15.9 16 13 Aug 7 1 1400
(TD-2)
B5 AA NS 20.4 16.8 3.6 18.6 19 11 Aug 71 1400
(TD-2
B6 AANS 22.8 19.0 3.8 20.9 21.5 10Aug71 1115
(TD-2
B7 AANS 24.3 20.9 3.4 22.6 24.0 1 2 Aug71 1440
(TD-2
B8 AANS 30.0 26.3 3.7 28.1 28.0 11 Aug 71 0835
(TD-2)
~-
alI ANFO" is the commonly used abbreviation for the explosive consisting of ammonium
~

nitrate (94.570) and fuel oil (5.570).

bAANS designates an aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry. This slurry explosive
consists primarily of ammonium-nitrate and contains powdered aluminum for greater
energy; the explosive was designated T D - 2 by the manufacturer, IRECO Chemicals.

-9-
-

30
1 I I I

25 - ... -
u Radius d-#
.f \
c

I \ -
/@

20- Q
''.,
c
6
v)

.-0 A Slurry
\
\
\ -
5E
v)

15- \
.- \
-..\\
U Q ANFO Hb-4 \
*.*@..
b 10-
c ' Depth
0
'
.-*
-
0, t& \
U .i @'p -
5- \ \
\

0 A

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Depth of burial - ft
Fig. 6 . Bucket auger used t o emplace
charges. Fig. 8. Apparent c r a t e r radii and depths
for B s e r i e s .

12,000 1 I I I

- -
10,000 - -

c3,
cc 8,000
I
a 6,OOb
-E,
8 4,000
B1
2,000 - -
Fig. 7 . Typical 1-ton single-charge
-
0- 1 ' ' . I ' 1 ' (per
crater. 8 12 16 20 24
Depth of burial - ft
C r o s s sections of the apparent c r a t e r s
a r e contained in Appendix B.
Fig. 9. Volumes of B series apparent
Considering the wide lateral variations craters.
in near surface geology that exist at the
test a r e a , the data points in Figs. 8 and 9
show remarkably little scatter about the at the location of Detonation B3. Over-
(visual) best-fit curves drawn through the burden depths at the other ground zeros
points. The anamalous appearing c r o s s - did not exceed 4 ft, except for B4 which
over of the c r a t e r radius curves for has 9 ft.
s l u r r y and A N F O can probably be attrib- On the basis of Figs. 8 and 9, the fol-
uted to almost 10 ft of overburden present lowing optimum c r a t e r dimensions for
-10-
 Table 3 . Characteristics of Project Trinidad explosives.

Detonat iona B ubbleaab Aluminuma

Density velocity energy content
3
Detonation Explosive (g/cm 1 (m/se c ) ( c al/g ) (70)
131-B3
D1
1 ANFO' 0.9 4000 4 50 -
B4-B8
AANSd(TD-2le 1.35 44 50 8 60 18
D4
D2 AANS ( T D - ~ ) ~ 1.25 4 500 54 0 5
D3 AANS (IR-lO)f 1.25 5450fJg 1130fJg 25
a
All information supplied by manufacturers prior to experiments.
bThe bubble energy of an explosive i s considered a u s e f u l indication of the overall
explosive energy; it is m o r e readily measured than shock energy.
C
Ammonium nitrate and f u e l oil.
dAluminized ammonium nitrate slurry.
e
Manufacturer's designation; formulated for Project Trinidad by IRECO Chemicals
(slurry).
Manufacturer's designation; manufactured by Gulf Chemicals (slurry).
gAfter the completion of the experiments, the bubble energy of IR-10 was reported
by the manufacturer to be approximately 400 cal/g, and the detonation velocity
4040 m/sec.

1-ton charges were selected for use in largest B - s e r i e s c r a t e r formed by 1 ton

future designs : of each explosive a r e :

Explosive TD-2 ANFO

ANFO 23.3 20 .o
TD-2 Radius (ft)
Radius (ft) 20 23 Depth (ft) 13.0 11.5
Depth (ft) 11 13
Depth of burial (ft) 17 18 So that comparing radii:
3
Volume (ft ) 6000 9000
radius TD-2 = k0.3 -- -23.2
- - 1.16;
radius A N F O 20.0
A comparison of the relative cratering
efficiencies of the two explosives, ANFO therefore,
and the TD-2 slurry, can be made on the
basis of the optimum c r a t e r dimensions k = 1.64.
and volumes. Let us assume that 1 ton
of the TD-2 explosive is a more effective And comparing c r a t e r depths:
cratering explosive than a n equal weight
of ANFO by a factor "k"; Le., 1 ton of de th TD 2 0.3 - 13.0 - 1.13;
&=k - -11.5
-
TD-2 w i l l produce the s a m e c r a t e r as k
tons of ANFO. We also assume that di- the r e fore ,
mensions scale as the charge weight to the
0.3 power. The actual dimensions of the k = 1.5.
 Table 4. B - s e r i e s crater dimensions. a

Apparent Apparent
crater crater Lip crest Lip Lip
Depth radius, depth, radius, height, radius,
of burst,
DOB Ra Da a1 Hal Reb
Detonation (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
B1 15.2 17 8 .O 22 2.5 60
B2 18.0 20 11.5 25 3.8 60
B3 19.7 24 6.5 27 1 35
B4 15.9 23.5 12.8 28 3.1 60
B5 18.6 23.2 13.0 30 3.4 70
B6 20.9 21.5 11.5 29 3.7 70
B7 22.6 20.2 6 .O 32 2.6 60
B8 28.1 -
b - b - b - b - b

a Cross-sections of the apparent craters a r e presented in Appendix B; a diagram

showing standard c r a t e r nomenclature appears as Fig. B1.
bMound; charge buried too deep t o c r a t e r .

And comparing c r a t e r volumes: of row c r a t e r "enhancement." The t e r m

volume TD-2 -- k = - 9000 enhancement designates the increase in

volume ANFO
-
6000
- 1.5.
The values of k resulting from the
comparisons above indicate that the alu-
minized TD-2 s l u r r y is about 50% m o r e
effective as a cratering explosive than
ANFO. The TD-2 explosive was used for
the entire C - s e r i e s (which immediately
followed the single-charge experiments
described above) and for the D4 railway
cut. ANFO was used, however, in the
next two railway cuts, RR-2 and RR-3. 4
C-SERIES
T h e r e w e r e six row-charge detona-
tions in this series: three rows in which
the charges were detonated simultane-
ously, two in which millisecond delays
were introduced between charges, and
one simultaneously detonated double row.
The three simultaneously detonated
rows were designed to test a hypothesis
width and depth of a row c r a t e r that
o c c u r s when the spacing between charges
in a row is progressively reduced. The
degree of enhancement is simply the ratio
of the depth or width of a row c r a t e r to
the depth or diameter of the single c r a t e r
that would be created by one of the
charges in the row buried at optimum
9
depth. Previous cratering experiments
in a v e r y weak clay-shale resulted in a n
empirical formulation of a relationship
between enhancement and charge spac-
ing:' The f i r s t three rows, C1 through
C3, were to determine whether the s a m e
relationship was also valid for relatively
stronger rock such as sandstone.
The purpose of the two row-charges
with the delays between charges, Exper-
iments C4 and C5, was to observe the
reduction of airblast, ground shock, and
c r a t e r s i z e that would result f r o m the
delays. It was believed that the lessening

-12-
 ~
of c r a t e r dimensions might be m o r e than
offset by a favorable reduction of the po-
tentially damaging effects of blast and
shock, consequently widening the potential
for the application of explosive excavation.
In the c o u r s e of conducting the C -
s e r i e s , the decision w a s made to exca-
vate explosively a railway cut for the
relocation of the Colorado and Wyoming
Railroad. The selected excavation was
sufficiently wide that a double row of
charges would be required. The l a s t
experiment in the C - s e r i e s , C6, was an
attempt to acquire design information
about double row-charges.
The explosives were emplaced in the
s a m e manner a s in the B - s e r i e s ; Le., in
3-ft diameter holes drilled with a bucket
auger. Each charge was nominally 1-ton
of the IRECO TD-2 ammonium-nitrate
slurry. Holes w e r e stemmed with pit-
run gravel, a s m a l l amount of drill cut-
tings, and water. The simultaneous rows
w e r e detonated with primacord, and the
two delayed rows used a specially fabri-
cated delay-cap assembly, which was
embedded in sand a foot o r two above the
charges. Charge emplacement data a r e
summarized i n Table 5.
Simultaneous Rows ( C l , C2, C3)
-*
Rows C1, C2, and C3 were designed
according to the following relationship
between enhancement and charge spacing:
e2 -
where
e = enhancement of row c r a t e r
dimensions relative to dimen-
sions of optimum single c r a t e r
-13-
S = charge spacing
R = optimum single c r a t e r radius
a
Row-charges at a given spacing should be
buried m o r e deeply than the optimum
single-charge depth of burial by the
amount of enhancement. The above r e l a -
tionship implies that t h e r e will be no en-
hancement at a charge spacing of 1.4 R
a'
A s previously mentioned, this formula
was developed and tested in a s e r i e s of
row c r a t e r i n g experimentsg in clay shale.
Implicit in the derivation of this relation-
ship is the assumption that a charge in a
row is about 30% m o r e efficient in c r a t e r -
ing than is a single charge; i.e., one
charge in a row of charges will eject 3070
more rock than it would if detonated by
itself. The concept of row c r a t e r en-
hancement means that the size of the c r a -
t e r can be varied by adjusting the spacing
and depth of the charges. For example,
a row-charge to excavate a channel with
a varying depth of cut can be designed by
varying the spacing between charges of
equal size as the depth of the cut varies.
The design philosophy for the first
t h r e e rows (C1, C2, C3) w a s to emplace
each r o w at a constant but different
charge spacing, and then to compare the
ratio of observed row c r a t e r dimensions
to those of a single c r a t e r . If the results
were in accord with the enhancement
equation above, then the principles of
row-charge design would be f i r m l y
established.
The charge spacings selected for the
t h r e e rows were 1.4 R a J 1.1 RaJ and
0.8 RaJ where R a is the radius of the
optimum single c r a t e r . These spacings
were a r b i t r a r i l y selected to provide a
 Charge Hole
Table 5. C-series charge emplacement.
Depth to Charge Depth of burst
0
-
Charge spacing depth top of charge height Actual uesign Detonation

c 1r
number (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) Date Time

} 1;; i
CIA 16.5 3.4 18.2

looT
C1B 1.4Ra 20.1 16.2 3.9 18.2
c1c 16.2 4.O 18.2 78.7 Sep 71
C1D c2.0 19.2 16.3 3.7 18.2
C1E 15.4 3.8 17.3

}
C2A 18.1 4.O 20.1
C2B l.lRa 22.0 18.3 3.7 20.2
c2c 18.6 3.6 20.4
C2D {25.0 20.7 18.4 3.5 20.2
C2E 17.2 3.5 19.0
C3A 21.6 3.1 23.2
C3B 20.9 3.9 22.9
c3c 21.3 4.4 23.5
C3 D 20.6 4.4 22.8
C3E 20.5 4.4 22.7
C3F 24.7 20.7 4.O 22.7
21.7 3.7 23.6

} 1 1%
C3G 25.4
C4A 19.4 3 .O 20.9

I:I
C4B l.lRa 22.4 18.8 3.6 20.6
c4c 19.2 3.1 20.8 1 Oct 71
C4 D {25.0 22.3 18.8 3.1 20.4 50-msec de-
C4E 18.9 3.4 20.6 lay between

C 5A 18.1 3.6 19.9

C 5B 18.8 3.2 20.4
c5c 18.4 3..2 2 Oct 71

1
20.0
C5D 18.4 3.5 20.2 25-msec de-
C 5E 22.5 18.5 4.O 20.5 lay between

C6A 22.5 17.8 4.7 20.2

C6B 1.1 Ra 21.7 18.1 3.6 19.9
C6C ' * 21.7 17.7 4.O 19.7
C6D 22.0 17.9 4.1 20.0
C6E 22.6 17.6 5.O 20.1
30 Sep 71
C6A' 22.4 17.8 4.6 20.1
C6B' 1.lRa 22.5 17.8 4.7 20.2
C6C' 21.8 17.3 4.5 19.6
C6D' 21.7 17.3 4.4 19.5
C6E' 22.6 18.2 4.4 20.4

sufficiently wide range t o produce sig-
nificant changes in c r a t e r size.
The r e s u l t s of the C - s e r i e s are con-
tained in Table 6. Cross sections and
,profiles f o r all the C - s e r i e s c r a t e r s
appear in Appendix B. Figure 10 is a
photograph of C r a t e r C3 that illustrates
the s i z e of a typical row c r a t e r .
The results of the C1,C2, and C 3 deto-
nations a r e summarized in Fig. 11, which
shows the c r a t e r dimensions, expressed
in t e r m s of single-crater dimensions,
superimposed on the enhancement equa-
tion. The agreement between the result
and the enhancement predicted by the
equation is reasonable. Deviations from

14-
 a
Table 6. Summary of row c r a t e r dimensions.

Row
Number

c h aof
rges edE%Pf
Charge spacin

(ft) (ft)
Average

(ft)
H a l f - w i d t h (\Va/2)

Min
(ft) Avg
(ft) M( fatx) Min
(ft)
Depth ( D a r )

I(vf tg) M
( fat x) vEnhancement (avg)"
'jar
'-
a1 -
'Ial
\la oar

c1 5 1.4 32 18.0 21.7 24.0 26.0 10.5 12.8 15.0 I .o 1.04 o.sa 1 .-12 0.42
c2 5 1.1 25 20.0 22.5 25.5 28.5 13.0 14.1 14.8 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.43 0.30

c3 7 0.8 ' 18 23.0 31.7 33.7 34.7 14.3 18.9 22.0 1.32 1.47 1.45 1.42 0.41
c4 5 1.1 25 20.6 24.0 25.4 26.2 8.5 10.8 12.1 (50-msec delay) 1 .35 0.39
c5 5 1.1 25 20.2 20.7 26.5 32.2 8.6 12.8 14.6 (25-msec delay) 1.32 0.31
CG in 1.1 25 20.0 (See p r o f i l e s and c r o s s s e c t i o n s ) ( d o u b l e row) - -

a C r a t e r d i m e n s i o n s a p p l y t o t h e l i n e a r s e c t i o n of t h e c r a t e r , as d e f i n e d by t h e s h a d e d a r e a i n F i g . l3l of A p p e n d l x R.
b T h e d i m e n s i o n s of t h e o p t i m u m s i n g l e c r a t e r , as d e r i v e d f r o m t h e B - s e r i e s , a r e R a = 2 3 ft, Da = 13 f t , a n d o p t i m u m
DOB = 1 8 f t . T h e m e d i a n c r a t e r s l o p e a n g l e ( m e a s u r e d a t t h e p r e s h o t g r o u n d s u r f a c e ) is 3 4 d e g .

the relationship a r e believed attributable

to normal scatter. It appears that the
enhancement concept i s valid for all p r a c -
tical purposes, although further experi-
ments may lead to modification o r
refinements.
The results of the three simultaneous
rows a r e presented in a somewhat differ-
ent format in Fig. 1 2 , in which the row
c r a t e r dimensions have been superim-
Fig. 10. C3 row c r a t e r . posed on the single-charge cratering
curves for the s a m e explosive. Ideally
the row c r a t e r dimensions should plot
along the lines passing through the origin
and the peaks of the curves. Although the
- Maximum -
information is essentially the s a m e a s
Width
1.6- that shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 1 2 illustrates
Minimum
0
- Depth the reason that the depth of burst of the
charges must be increased as the charge
2 1.4-
4

a,
spacing is decreased and the c r a t e r be-
E
al -
V
C
comes larger.
0
-c 1.2 - It is interesting to note that the C3
K
W - c r a t e r , produced by closely spaced 1-ton
1.0 - charges, is equivalent to what would have
- been excavated by 3.5-ton charges spaced
a t 1.9 Ra. This is apparent when the
yield increase required for a dimensional
increase of 1.46 times i s computed:
0.3
Fig. 11. Row c r a t e r enhancement vs = 1.46
charge spacing. 1

-1 5-
 I. I I I I
wher Weer is th quivalent yield f the
l-ton charges in the C3 row. It follows
o R for single charge
45- a that:
D for single charge 'W = 1.46 3*33 21 3.5 tons.
a eq
It is implicit in the derivation of the
enhancement formula that, for a given
rock type, each charge in a row will

-
always excavate the s a m e volume of ma-
terial r e g a r d l e s s of the charge spacing.
The unit volume, or cubic feet of appar-
ent c r a t e r p e r ton of explosive, w a s
determined for each row in the C - s e r i e s .
This unit volume is also compared to the
optimum single volume and is tabulated
in Table 7. The data in Table 7 for rows
C1, C2, and C3 show that row C2 deviated
the most f r o m the nominal figure of 1.3
for row-charge efficiency relative to that
of a single charge. This, however, is
not reflected in the c r a t e r dimensions,
which a g r e e well with the predicted
enhancement.
The average volume of apparent c r a t e r
Fig. 12. Single-charge c r a t e r i n g curves 3
with row-crater dimensions for rows C1, C2, and C3 is 11,140 ft /ton
superimposed. of explosive, and when this is compared

Table 7. Unit volumes f o r C - s e r i e s row c r a t e r s .

VolumeJton of explosivea
Volume p e r ton/
Row (charge spacing) (ft3) single c r a t e r volume

C1 (1.4 R a ) 11,620 1.28

C2 (1.1 Ra) 9,425 1.04
C3 (0.8 Ra) 12,375 1.36
C4 (1.1 Ra)b 8,500 0.93
C5 (1.1 Ra)' 9,690 1.06
d
C6 (double row) 8,920 0.98
aF o r l i n e a r portion of c r a t e r ; all c r a t e r s excavated with TD-2 explosive.
b50-msec delay between charges.
'25-rnsec delay between charges.
dTwo rows at 1.1 Ra, spaced 1.4 Wa/2.

-16-
 3
with the 9,100-ft volume of the optimum
single c r a t e r formed by TD-2, the a v e r -
age row charge/single charge efficiency
is 1.25. T h e r e is insufficient data to war-
rant changing the value of 1.3, currently
in use, to the lower value of 1.25. The
3
average value of 11,140 ft /ton for the
simultaneous row-charges will be used
as a reference in the discussion on the
delayed rows that follows.
Delayed Row-Charges ((24, C5)
The evaluation of a particular explo-
sive excavation project may indicate that
ground shock o r airblast constraints
would render the project infeasible if all
the charges in a row were detonated
simultaneously. Two of the C - s e r i e s
detonations, C4 and C5, were planned to
determine whether the use of millisecond
time delays between charges would r e -
duce ground shock and airblast effects
without significantly reducing the volume
of material excavated. The charge spac-
ing in these two rows was established a t
1.1 Ra s o that the r e s u l t s could be com-
pared to row C2, the corresponding
s imult aneously detonat ed row. How ever ,
because C 2 had what appears to be a n
anomalously low unit volume, the delayed
r o w s will be compared with the average
unit volume f o r all three simultaneously
detonated rows.
It was n e c e s s a r y to decide before the
row-charges w e r e emplaced the time
delays to be used. A-50 m s e c delay was
selected f o r row C4, with the option of
delaying the charges in row C5 by either
25 o r 100 msec, the final decision to be
a based on the appearance of the C4 c r a t e r .
The reduction of the ground shock gener-
ated by the C4 detonation w a s so signifi-
-17-
cant that there was no reason to t r y a
longer delay period in C5. Consequently,
the 25-msec delay period w a s chosen for
the C5 row.
\
The dimensions o i C r a t e r s C4 and C5
a r e given in Table 5. When these dimen-
sions a r e compared with the dimensions
of row C2, it a p p b r s that a delay between
charges has almost no effect on c r a t e r
width and a significant effect on c r a t e r
depth. With the depth of C2 a s a r e f e r -
ence, a 25-msec delay reduced the depth
of C5 to 91"/u, and the 50-msec delay r e -
duced the depth of C4 to 7770 of the depth
of C2. The c r a t e r s a r e shallowest a t the
end a t which the delay sequence started.
A m o r e meaningful analysis can be made
by comparing the unit volumes of the
delayed rows to the average unit volume
of all three simultaneous rows, When
3
the average unit volum-e of 11,140 ft /ton
for rows C1, C2, and C3 is taken, the
25-msec delay reduced the volume of
apparent c r a t e r p e r ton of explosives to
87% of the average, and the 50-msec
delay to 75% of the average. The c o r r e -
sponding reductions of ground shock and
airblast a r e discussed i n l a t e r chapters.
Double Row-Charge Detonation (C6)
The C6 detonation was originally
planned a s a single, delayed row. When
it became apparent that a double row of
charges would be required to achieve the
width of n planned railroad cut, a p r e -
liminary double-row experiment was
believed necessary. One of the rows in
the C6 detonation had already been drilled
a t a spacing of 1.1 Ra when the decision
was made to convert it to a double row,
and s o the second row was drilled for the
s a m e charge spacing.
 The separation between the two rows
was s e t at 1.5 times the half-width
(1.5 Wa/2) of a single row. The factor of
1.5 w a s based on observations made in
s m a l l e r scale experiments, and was be-
lieved to be close to the maximum sepa-
ration that could be used without creating
a ridge along the c r a t e r bottom. The
half-width of a row with a spacing of
1.1 R is predicted with the enhancement
a
formula:
e2 -- 1.4
m = 1.27
e = 1.13
and Wa/2 = eRa
= 1.13 X 23
2 25 ft.
Therefore, the rows were separated by
1.5 Wa/2E 39 ft.
A c r o s s section n e a r the middle of C6
is shown in Fig. 13, which shows the
p r e shot t e r r a i n , the charge emplacement,
and the actual c r a t e r outline. Additional
sections a r e contained i n Appendix B.
Ideally, C 6 would be expected to have an
average depth of eDa (1.13 X 13 = 14.7 ft)
o v e r the 39 ft wide portion between the
rows. F r o m Fig. 13 it is evident that
this depth w a s not achieved and that the
c r a t e r was shallower. The shallowest
portions of the c r a t e r a r e on the down-
slope side of the preshot terrain.
average depth of C6 for the a r e a between
the rows is 11.5 ft.
The
The shallowest c r o s s
section has an average depth of 11.0 f t
-1 8-
and the deepest c r o s s section an average
depth of 14.7 ft. A s shown in Table 6 the
average amount of material excavated by
each charge was 98% of the optimum sin-
gle 1-ton c r a t e r volume.
A subsequent review of available infor-
mation on double row detonations indi-
cated that the use of a short time delay
between the detonation of the two rows
would produce a l a r g e r c r a t e r . Several
s m a l l s c a l e experiments confirmed this,
and a time delay was incorporated into
l a t e r double row experiments at Trinidad.
D-SERIES
T e s t s of the D-series were intended to
provide an opportunity to experiment with
row-charges in nonlevel terrain. Almost
all of the previous EERL experience with
row charges had been with detonations in
predominantly level and flat terrain.
T h e r e were s e v e r a l objectives for the
D-series experiments. The f i r s t experi-
ment, D1, w a s designed according to the
concept of enhancement to cut a channel
with a constant bottom elevation through
a ridge-like topography. Two sidehill
cuts were attempted, one with a single
row of charges (D2) and one with a double
row of charges (D3). The final D-series
detonation w a s a delayed double row to
excavate a railroad cut. The pertinent
information i s summarized in Table 8.
Single-Row Charge through
Varying T e r r a i n ( D l )
This shot was a single row of ANFO
charges designed to cut a channel with a
constant bottom elevation through a ridge
F o r design purposes, the deepest portion
a
of the cut w a s assumed to be 15 ft and the
 D = 12.6 ft
or

.-
C
0
c
50 0 50 J 100 150
6290
-a)
W

62 60

ri 6290
I
.-+0
C

-5
0
6260
W
100 50 0 50
6290

C6
6260
100 50 0 50
Distance -ft

Fig. 13. Longitudinal profiles, charge layout, and c r o s s sections of C6 c r a t e r .

length was 110 ft. The shot was designed The single c r a t e r dimensions for
using varying charge weights and constant ANFO w e r e used to design this experi-
enhancement; i.e., a constant charge ment. The optimum dimensions, ob-
spacing in t e r m s of S/Ra. served in the B - s e r i e s , were:
Figure 14 is a profile view of the R~ = 20 ft/ton0e3
charge layout showing the design depth
and the actual c r a t e r bottom along both Da = 11 ft/ton0a3
the centerline and the deepest portion of
the c r a t e r . dob = 17 ft/tonoa3

-1 9-
 Table 8. Summary of D-series experiments. 0
Number of Weight of
charges explosive
Row-charge (lb) Explos ivea (lb1 Description

D1 9 (200 ANFO 9,800 Single row t o excavate cut

t o 2000) through ridge.
D2 5, 1-ton TD-1 10,000 Single row along side hill.
D3 5, 2-ton Double row of charges along
IR-10 32,000 side hill.
6, 1-ton
D4 20, 1-ton Double row, delayed; rail-
TD-2 88,000 way cut 400 f t long.
12, 2-ton
a Designations defined in Table 3.

The design was started at the deepest
point of the cut, a r b i t r a r i l y selected to
be 15 ft. It was also decided that charge
weights would not exceed 2,000 lb. Be-
cause an unenhanced l-ton ANFO charge
will excavate a depth of 11 ft, the re-
quired amount of enhancement to cut 15 ft
with a 1-ton charge is computed:
imately 12.5 ft. Because we a r e using
enhancement of 1.36, this depth can be
reduced by this factor in o r d e r to compute
the charge weight required at this location.
W e therefore have an effective depth of
cut of:
= 9.2 ft,

15 = 1.36;
e =- and the charge weight required, W, can
11
then be found:
so that the charge spacing to achieve this
* wos3
2 0 0 0 ~ --- ~
enhancement can be computed as :
11 9.2

1 4 1 4
S/R = = f- = 0.76.
a e .85

This spacing was rounded to S/Ra = 0.8. W = 1120 lb.

The method of computing the weights
and spacings of the remaining charges in This weight w a s rounded to 1,200 lb t o be
the row a r e documented in Ref. 11. As slightly conservative. The charge is then
a n example of this design procedure, placed a t a distance from the 2,000-lb
r e f e r to Fig. 14 and consider the charge charge equal to the average of 0.8 times
immediately to the right of the 2,000-lb the c r a t e r radii of the two adjacent
charge a t 0+68. The weight and position charges. The c r a t e r radius for a
of this charge was determined by measur- 1,200-lb charge is:
ing the depth of cut a distance 0.8 Ra to
the right of the f i r s t charge (i.e., 0.8 20 (mye3
2000
-N 17 ft.
X Ra for a 2,000-lb A N F O charge = 0.8
X 20 = 16 ft). This depth of cut is approx-
The spacing is then 0.8( 20 + )=15 ft.
17
 r bottom a t center1 ine

Preshot surface a t deepest part of crater

reshot surface at centerline

6320 -

631 0 -

6300

6290 -

62 80 -

0-20 0 &-2 0 0+40 0+60 W80 1 +oo 1+20 1 +40

(a)
2 6320
I
.- 6310 -
+
O
b 6300
- -
w

6290 6320

6310

6300

6290
632 0 -

6310

6300

6290
. B 2 0 0 0 Ib

40 20 0 20 40 60 80 1 00
Distance - ft

Fig. 14. D1 . c r a t e r preshot terrain, charge layout, c r o s s sections, and c r a t e r profile.

The s a m e procedure is followed for The D1 c r a t e r had a maximum depth

the remaining charges. A s indicated
above, this procedure is m o r e fully ex-
plained in Ref. 11. Table 9 contains the
charge emplacement data for Experi-
ment D1.
of 1 9 ft, and the average depth along the
deepest p a r t of the c r a t e r w a s 15.2 ft.
The c r o s s sections in Fig. 14 show that
the deepest part of the c r a t e r was offset
about 10 ft downhill from the centerline.

-21-
 Table 9. D1, D2, D3 charge emplacement.

Depth t o
Hole top of Charge Charge Depth of b u r s t Tempera-
Charge depth charge weight height Detonation ture Wind
number (ft) (ft) (Ib) (ft) (ft) (ft) T i m e (MST) Date (deg) ( m p h ) Weather

15.2 11.6 300 3.6 13.4 13.0

18.4 15.9 700 2.5 17.1 17.5
22.1 18.4 1200 3.7 20.2 20.5
24.5 21 .I 1700 3.4 22.8 23.0
26.0 20.1 2000 5.9 23.0 23.5 1115 17 N o v 7 0 51 5NE Clear
26.2 21.2 2000 5.0 23.7 23.5

1
22.0 18.5 1200 3.5 20.2 20.5

I D1H
D1I
16.5
12.3
14.9
10.8
500
200
1.6
1.5
15.7
11.5
16.0
11.0

i l%
D2A 22.3 13.3 2000 9 .o
D2B 22.2 13.5 2000 8.7
D2 C 22.3 13.0 2000 9.3 18.0 1030 18 N o v 7 0 49 0 Clear
D2 D 22.1 13.5 2000 8.6 17.8

I D2 E 22.0 13.1 2000 8.9 17.5

I D3A 22.1 15.8 2000 6.3

D3 B 22.2 16.3 2000 5.9
D3 C 21.5 16.2 2000 5.3
D3 D 22.5 16.6 2000 5.9 19.5
D3 E 22.2 16.9 2000 5.3 19.5
D3 F 21.7 15.7 2000 6 .O 18.7
1015a 1 9 Nov 70 45 0-5E Clear

!il%
D3A’ 28.9 18.3 4000 10.6 23.6
D3B’ 29.3 19.1 4000 10.2
D3C’ 29.5 20.5 4000 9 .o
D3 D’ 29.7 20.3 4000 9.4 25.0
D3E‘ 29.5 18.6 4000 10.9 24 .O
D3F’ 30.2 18.6 4000 11.6 24.4

aD3’ delayed 250 m s e c after D3.

The maximum depth beneath the center-

line of the charges was about 16 ft, and
the average half-width a t the center of
the cut was 34 ft. Figure 15 is a photo-
graph of the D1 c r a t e r .
A r a t h e r surprising result of the D1
detonation is the volume of apparent c r a -
t e r that was excavated. The volume of
the c r a t e r from 0+10 to 0+90 is 47,200 ft 3 .
The charge weight distributed over this
portion of the c r a t e r was about 8,450 lb,
n

so that the unit volume is 11,170 ftJ/ton Fig. 15. D1 c r a t e r .

-22-
of explosive. This unit volume is nearly
a factor of two l a r g e r than the observed
volume of the optimum single c r a t e r exca-
vated by ANFO. The reason for this i s
not clear. The sidehill topography may
have resulted in m o r e material being
ejected than would have occurred in level
terrain, and the single A N F O c r a t e r used
as a reference may not have been r e p r e -
4,
-0-
sentative. It appears that despite i t s
s m a l l e r total energy content compared to
some of the metallized s l u r r i e s , ANFO is
nevertheless an excellent cratering explo-
sive, especially when cost is considered.
Single Row-Charge along
a Sidehill (D2)
The charges for the D2 experiment
w e r e emplaced in a row along a sidehill.
The D2 experiment did not have a specific
design objective. Rather, it was a case
of emplacing the charges in a row along a
sidehill t o observe the influence of the
slope on c r a t e r s i z e and shape.
The experiment was originally de-
signed with the assumption that the TD-2
explosive would be used. However, after
the emplacement holes had been d r i l l e d
a t a spacing of 1.4 Ra for TD-2, i t w a s
decided to use the l e s s energetic explo-
sive TD-1 because of a surplus.
The bubble energy of TD-1 is 540 c a l / g
compared to 860 c a l / g for the TD-2.
When i t is assumed that c r a t e r dimen-
sions vary as the 0.3 power of the bubble
energy,' TD-1 should produce a s m a l l e r
:>
A l a t e r experiment in the s a m e area,
Railroad Cut RR3 detonated in September
1971 had a unit volume nearly identical
t o D1; it was a l s o on a sidehill-ridge
topography.4
'The total energies of the explosives
will be very nearly proportional t o their
bubble energies.
-23-
c r a t e r than one produced with TJ-)-2, and
it should be s m a l l e r by a factor of:
(540)0'
- 3
= 0.87.
860
If this factor is valid, then the charge
spacing for the TD-1 explosive in the D 1
experiment was actually 1.4/0.87 = 1.6 Ra,
Figure 16 shows the centerline profile
and charge emplacement, the deepest
profile of the c r a t e r , and selected c r o s s
sections.
The charges were buried a t a nominal
depth of 13 ft, which is a few feet deeper
than optimum for this explosive. With
the s a m e factor 0.87 that w a s used t o
obtain a c r a t e r radius for TD-1, the opti-
mum depth of burial for l-ton of TD-1
would be 18 X 0.87, o r approximately
15.5 ft. Burial depths in this sloping
t e r r a i n a r e r e f e r r e d to the nearest f r e e
surface r a t h e r than the vertical distance
between charge and ground surface; in
gently sloping t e r r a i n there is very little
difference.
All charges were detonated simultane-
ously and the appearance of the c r a t e r is
shown in Fig. 17. The profiles in Fig. 16
show some cusping between charges
caused by the wide spacing. The cusps
were about 2 ft higher than the low points
in the c r a t e r bottom. The average c r a t e r
depth a t i t s deepest was 7.3 ft (vertical).
The unit volume for the D2 c r a t e r was
3
8,000 ft /ton. Although this figure appears
to be low compared t o the average value
3
of 11,140 ft /ton realized in rows C1, C2,
and C3, i t is in reasonable agreement with
what would be expected on the basis of
relative explosive energies. When it is
assumed that c r a t e r volumes a r e roughly
proportional to bubble energies, D2 could
 Center1 ine profi Ies
Preshot
Profiles through deepest portion

63 00
I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance - ft
(a )

c
A l l charges are 2000 Ib of
TD-1 i n 2-ft diameter holes 1:;
.-
0
6310
B
+
al
W 6300

63101 v
fl D2C

631 0 \\ A6280
D2D
6300 76300

I I I 1 I I I I
20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance - ft
(b)

Fig. 16. Longitudinal profiles and c r o s s section of D2 c r a t e r .

be expected to have a unit volume close That this nominal unit volume w a s ex-
to: ceeded could be attributed to less fallback
into the c r a t e r because of the sloping t e r -
-
540 X 11,140 = 7,000 ft 3/ton.
860 rain. The deepest portion of the c r a t e r

-24-

Fig. 1 7 . D2 c r a t e r .
is offset about 20 ft downslope from the
centerline of the charges, and slumping
of the upslope c r a t e r w a l l appears to have
occurred.
Although the apparent c r a t e r would be
only marginal as a potentially useful exca-
vation, there is a l a r g e amount of broken
rock in the form of fallback that could be
excavated and shaped into a useful cut
with conventional machinery. The total
volume of broken rock probably exceeds
the volume of the apparent c r a t e r by a t
l e a s t a factor of three. In some applica-
tions of explosive excavation i n which
machinery would be used to excavate the
rock, large charges would be buried
deeper than cratering depths to break
and "mound" the rock; i.e., no ejection
from the c r a t e r would occur. This tech-
nique has been successfully applied in
subsequent experiments. 2,12
Double Row-Charge along
a Sidehill (D3)
The p r i m a r y purpose of the D3 experi-
ment was t o test the feasibility of excavat-
ing a relatively wide c u t along a sidehill
by means of two parallel r o w charges.
-2 5-
Profiles and c r o s s sections of the D3
c r a t e r , both preshot and postshot, a r e
shown in Fig. 18. T h e r e were s i x
charges in each row, the downslope row
consisting of 1-ton charges and the up-
slope row containing 2-ton charges. The
explosive, which was surplus from
another project, was manufactured by
Gulf Chemicals and was designated IR-10.
It w a s an ammonium-nitrate base s l u r r y
with a reported aluminum content of
approximately 25%. The charges were
emplaced in 3-ft diameter holes.
The IR-10 s l u r r y w a s reported to have
a bubble energy of 1,130 cal/g. On the
basis of this value of bubble energy rela-
tive to that for TD-2, the following opti-
mum single-crater dimensions were
estimated for designing D3:
- -
Ra (ft) Da(ft) DOB (ft)
TD-2 (1 ton) 23 13 18
IR-10 (1 ton) 25 14 19.5
IR-10 ( 2 tons) 31 16 24
The 1-ton charges in the downslope row
w e r e spaced a t 1.4 R
a apart, which is
35 ft. The 2-ton charges in the upslope
row were also spaced 35 ft apart, which
i s equivalent to 1.13 Ra (i.e., 35/31). A
single row of charges at this spacing in
level t e r r a i n should produce an enhance-
ment of single c r a t e r dimensions of 1.12;
consequently, the optimum depth of burst
would be 27 f t (i.e., 1.12 X 2 4 ) . The
2-ton charges were placed s o that they
were approximately 27 ft from the
assumed t r u e c r a t e r boundary produced
by the downslope row. The charges were
buried so that they were also about 27 ft
deep. The detonation of the row of 2-ton
 Centerl ine Centerl ine
profi I e through profile through
Charge 1 -ton charges 2-ton charges
s to t io ns

6340 -
-35 ft -
- -------------e

635
/ 0F,<
4
6300- do ' I 2b do I 20 so I 1 I 1O: I 140 I O1; 1k0 2
k I 210
Uphill charges fired 6340
75n m c e r after downhill
~

ya
c
6320
Y
c
Lc

I U L WUUU I D
I
C
.-
0
2000 Ib 0+70
.-
C
0
c
B
c
Pal
-
W 6320
al
w
D3C'
D3C
40 f t
1+40 6290
6320

6280
!O 140 160
Distance - ft
Fig. 1 8 . Longitudinal profiles and c r o s s sections of D3 c r a t e r .

charges w a s delayed 250 msec after the

detonation of the downslope row.
The D3 experiment also included an
attempt to shape the uphill wall of the
c r a t e r by means of a presplit plane. The
20-ft deep presplit holes were 2.5 in. in
diameter, spaced 2 ft apart, and loaded
with 0.25 lb of dynamite p e r foot. The
presplit holes were fired before the main
charges and were located along the
assumed true c r a t e r boundary.
Figure 19 is a photograph of the D3
crater. The c r a t e r is broad and shallow,
resembling the D2 c r a t e r in appearance. Fig. 19. D3 c r a t e r .

-2 6-
'.A
 The mound in the middle of the c r a t e r
may have been the result of only partial
detonation of a charge. That this oc-
c u r r e d is simply a matter of speculation:
however, the side-on high-speed film of
the experiment did show a pronounced low
point in the rising mound a t this location.
The apparent c r a t e r volume p e r ton of
explosive, averaged over the linear por-
3
tion of the c r a t e r , is 9,040 f t /ton. This
unit volume was unexpectedly low in com-
3
parison to the average of 11,140 ft /ton
realized in the C - s e r i e s , especially in
view of the reported high bubble energy of
the explosive. A s previously mentioned,
the IR-10 explosive was surplus from
another project, and it may have deterio-
rated during the 6 mo it w a s in storage
although there is no test information to
substantiate this hypothesis. Further,
t h e r e is a major discrepancy in the val-
ues of bubble energy reported by the
manufacturer. The original value of
1,130 c a l / g i s in Table 3, and it is this
value that w a s used in the design of D3.
After the experiment, a much lower value
of bubble energy, approximately
400 cal/g, was reported for this explosive.
If the lower value is the c o r r e c t one, then
the charges were buried too deeply and
spaced too far apart. It is interesting to
note that, comparing the volume of the
3 tion is definitely needed.
D3 c r a t e r to the average of 11,140 f t /ton
excavated by TD-2, the IR-10 would have
a bubble energy of roughly 680 cal/g.
It is possible that the delay time be-
tween the two rows was too long and that
a
the interaction of ejecta from the two
rows w a s detrimental to cratering effi-
ciency. The high-speed film of the deto-
nation, taken by a c a m e r a aimed along
the alinement of the rows, suggested that
-27-
the delay time probably was too long. The
mound from the downhill row may have
been too well developed a t the time the
second row of charges was detonated.
The decision was made to use a s h o r t e r
delay time between the rows of the follow-
on D4 experiment.
The depth of the D3 c r a t e r , averaged
over the entire linear portion of the c r a -
t e r , was 10.7 ft. The maximum depth
was 15.5 ft and the shallowest portion was
5.5 ft deep. If the mound in the c r a t e r
bottom is disregarded, then the average
depth is about 12.5 ft.
The presplitting did not result in a
smooth, planar face on the upslope wall
of the c r a t e r , although portions of the
presplit holes were visible n e a r the s u r -
face. It is believed that the low strength
of the rock and slumping prevented the
formation of a clean wall. It appears that
the presplit plane was located at the c o r -
r e c t distance from the main charges
because there was little or no disturbance
of the ground surface beyond their loca-
tion. It is possible that removal of the
fallback would have revealed the exist-
ence of a presplit surface a t depth, say
15 f t , but this was not done. T h e r e is
still no reason to believe that presplitting
cannot be used in conjunction with crater-
ing detonations, but more experimenta-
Delayed Double Row-Charge
(Kailway Cut, D4)
The D4 experiment" was designed to
excavate a 400-ft cut along the realine-
ment of the Colorado and Wyoming
-4-
.L
Because of additional railway cuts
excavated later, the D4 experiment i s
also r e f e r r e d to as RR1; i.e., the f i r s t
railroad cut.
Railroad. The t e r r a i n in the a r e a of the north row consisted of eighteen 1-ton
c u t w a s varying, with a portion of the cut charges and the south row consisted of
along a gentle sidehill. Design depth of twelve 2-ton and two 1-ton charges, a
the cut ranged from 15 to 20 ft and the total of 32 separate charges and 44 tons
required width at subgrade elevation was of explosive. The rows were alined
4 6 ft. Conventional excavation of the cut parallel to the railway centerline but
would have required the removal of ap- were offset 2 3 ft on both sides of the cen-
3 terline. Each row w a s designed sepa-
proximately 13,000 yd of e a r t h and rock.
The location of the cut is shown in Fig. 5. rately according to the t e r r a i n elevation
The explosive a r r a y consisted of two along i t s alinement. A constant-yield
parallel rows of charges. The anticipated (i. e., varying-enhancement) design w a s
c r o s s section and a plan view of the u s e d f o r both rows.
In the varying enhancement design
1

charge a r r a y a r e shown in Fig. 20. The

method, the spacing (S/Ra) of the charges
O r i g ina I in a row is varied rather than their weight
- ground
surtace
Conventional in o r d e r to accommodate varying depths
ex ca va t ion
of cut.The depth of cut is equated to the
enhanced c r a t e r depth; i.e. :

charges
depth of cut = eDa =( S/R,
1'4 )112 Da,

1-4 3-1 where Da is the depth of the single c r a t e r

l., -91+00 formed by the selected charge weight. A

: *
* - 92+00

- 93+00

e 2-ton
1-ton 0
n
10 2
-
required i f 2-ton charges are used 1
for depths of cut greater than 16 f t -
A Pre-spl i t
1 because of their greater spacing. -
- .
- 94+00 -
-
5 -- -
- (Explosive = TD-2) -
- -
0 - 1 1 I I 1 I I ' I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I ' 1.1 I I 1-

- 95+00 Row charge spacing

Fig. 21. Chart of charge spacing vs

depth of cut for 1- and 2-ton
Fig. 20. Anticipated c r o s s section and charges of TD-2 s l u r r y in
plan view of D4 experiment. sandstone and shale.
-28-
 simple chart can be prepared showing the emplacement hole from the mixing truck.
required charge spacing for a given A delay of approximately 150 msec was
charge weight and depth of cut. The chart introduced between the detonation of the
used f o r designing the D4 cut is shown in two rows, with the northern (1-ton) row
Fig. 21. Two-ton charges were used being fired first.
wherever the depth of cut was g r e a t e r The development of the mound and
than 16 ft to minimize the number of drill ejecta i s shown several seconds after
holes required. A s mentioned before in detonation in Fig. 2 2 , and Fig. 23 shows
the discussion of the C-series, the
charges must be buried deeper a s they
a r e spaced c l o s e r together.
The separation between the rows w a s
fixed a t 46 f t along the entire length of the
cut. As a consequence of the fixed sepa-
ration between rows, the row separation
expressed in t e r m s of the row-crater
width varied with the depth of the cut. At
the deepest portion of the cut the row sep-
4,

aration w a s 1.45 times the average’” half-

width of a single row c r a t e r [Le.,
1.45 Wa/2 (average)], and a t the shallow-
e s t portion the separation w a s 1.70 Wa/2
(average). The charge spacing within
each row varied from 0.90 Ra to 1.25 Ra.
Table 10 contains a s u m m a r y of the
charge emplacement data f o r D4. TWO
methods w e r e employed for drilling the
emplacement holes for the explosive.
Fig. 22. D4 detonation.
The northern line of 1-ton holes w a s
11
drilled using an underreamer.” The pro-
cedure consisted of drilling an 18-in.
pilot hole and expanding the bottom por-
tion of the hole to 36 in. with expanding
a r m s on the drill bit. The southern line
of 2-ton holes was drilled t o depth with a
bucket auger at the full charge-cavity
diameter of 30 in. The holes were loaded

0 by pumping the s l u r r y directly into the

4
.I,,

By “averaget’ i s meant the mean half-

width of the row c r a t e r s formed by the Fig. 2 3 . D4 c r a t e r viewed from w e s t t o
row of 1-ton charges and the row of 2-ton east along center line of r a i l -
charges . road.

-29-
 Table 10. D4 charge emplacement s u m m a r y ,

Depth t o 9

Hole top of Charge Charge

Charge depth charge weight height DOB
number Station (ft) (ft) (tons) (ft1 (ft)
A . South Line
D4A' 91+00 21.3 18.0 1 3.3 19.7
D4B' 91+27 26.2 19.8 2 6.4 22.0
D4C' 91+55 29.6 20.5 2 9.1 25.0
D4D' 91+80 30.3 20.2 2 10.1 25.2
D4E' 92+05 30.3 20.2 2 10.1 2 5.2
D4F' 92+3 1 28.3 19.2 2 9.1 23.7
D4 G' 92+60 27.2 18.3 2 8.9 22.8
D4" 92+93 26.3 20.1 2 6.2 23.2
D4I' 93+28 26.4 17.4 2 9 .o 21.9
D4J' 93+63 25.9 14.5 2 11.1 20.0
D4K ' 93+96 27.2 16.7 2 10.5 21.9
D4L' 94+2 9 26.5 16.4 2 10.1 21.4
D4M' 94+6 5 211.2 12.8 2 11.4 18.5
D4N' 95+00 19.8 14.0 1 5.8 16.9
B. North Line

D4A 91+00 20.7 13.9 1 6.8 17.3

D4B 91+26 19.0 15.5 1 3.5 17.2
D4C 91 +54 22.2 18.6 1 3.6 20.4
D4D 91 +78 22.6 18.7 1 3.9 20.6
D4E 92+00 23.1 18.3 1 4.8 20.7
D4F 92+22 23.4 17.4 1 6 .O 20.4
D4G 92+47 21 .o 15.4 1 5.6 18.2
D4H 92+74 20.3 15.5 1 4.8 17.9
D4I 93 to3 20.6 15.9 1 4.7 18.2
D4J 93+32 20.1 16.4 1 3.7 18.2
D4K 93+59 20.3 16.3 1 4 .O 18.3
D4L 93+83 23.3 18.8 1 4.5 21 .o
D4M 94i-03 24.2 20.6 1 3.6 22.4
D4N 94+22 23.3 21 .o 1 2.3 . 22.1
D40 934-41 23.9 19.4 1 4.5 21.6
D4P 94+60 23.6 19.0' 1 4- -6
_ ~ 21.3
D4Q 94-t-79 23.8 18.0 5.8
D4R 95i-00 22.9 18.0 4.9

-30-
 South
c North
632C

63 OC

62 80
2 tons 1 ton
9 1+80

6320
I
63 00

I= 6280
I
c 92+60
.-0
I
-I-

P
al
W 6320

63 00

62 80

93+40
1~
East

6320

6300

62 80

94+20
I I I I I 1
32 0 2 80 240 2 00 160 120 80
Distance - ft
Fig. 24. C r o s s sections of D4 railway c u t showing comparison between c r a t e r and cut
excavated by conventional methods.

the resulting c r a t e r . Four c r o s s s e c - equivalent t o a unit volume of 11,000 ft 3/

@ tions through the c r a t e r a r e shown in

Fig. 24.
3
ton of explosive. This value is nearly the
s a m e a s the average for the t h r e e simul-
A total volume of 18,000 yd of mate- taneous C - s e r i e s row c r a t e r s , and indi-
rial was ejected by the blast, which is cates that the delayed double row w a s
-31-
very efficient, particularly when com- Chapter 6 contains a description of
3
pared to the unit volume of only 8,900 ft / the postshot work required to trans-
ton excavated by the simultaneously deto- form the D4 c r a t e r into a useful rail-
nated double row, C6. way cut.

Chapter 4. Seismic Measurements

This chapter presents a summary of SCOPE

the seismic ground motion program. The
objectives w e r e t o collect and t o compare
data on the seismic signals generated by
the wide variety of cratering detonations
in the project. Only a brief analysis of
peak motions is presented in this chapter;
Ref. 13 contains a m o r e detailed treatment
of the data.
The bulk of the information was r e -
corded by personnel of the Soils Division
of the USAE Waterways Experiment
Station (WES). Conjunctive studies of the
structural response of the intake tower
and s u r v e y s of several close-in residential
buildings w e r e performed by the f i r m of

Fig. 2 5. Locations of seismic monitoring stations during Project Trinidad.

-32-
 0 John A. Blume and A s s o c i a t e s of San
Francisco. A s u p p l e m e n t a l p r o g r a m of
t w o of w h i c h w e r e at t h e i n t a k e t o w e r .
recording locations a r e s h o w n in Fig. 2 5
All

m o n i t o r i n g b u i l d i n g r e s p o n s e w a s carried and d e s c r i b e d in T a b l e 11.

out by t h e S p e c i a l P r o j e c t s Party of the
N a t i o n a l Ocean Survey ( L a s V e g a s ) during
t h e D1, D2, and D3 detonations.12 T h i s
w o r k w a s p e r f o r m e d at t h e request of t h e
N e v a d a O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e of t h e A E C .
Initially, f i v e W E S recording stations
w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d , t h r e e f o r g r o u n d motion
and t w o f o r the s t r u c t u r a l r e s p o n s e of
t h e i n t a k e tower. A l l detonations from
B1 t h r o u g h C6 w e r e monitored at t h e s e
f i v e locations. Only t h r e e stations w e r e
monitored by W E S d u r i n g t h e D - s e r i e s ,
Several residential buildings in t h e t o w n
of V i o l a , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,500 f t f r o m t h e
main e x p e r i m e n t a l area, w e r e e x t e n s i v e l y
surveyed f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t of n e w
p l a s t e r c r a c k s and t h e w i d e n i n g of existing
cracks.
E a c h W E S recording station consisted
of three velocity t r a n s d u c e r s in a triaxial
array with t h e horizontal components
oriented radially and transversely w i t h
r e s p e c t to t h e s h o t locations. T h e velocity
t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e moving-coil g e o p h o n e s

Table 11. Locations of seismic r e c o r d e r s , P r o j e c t T r i n i d a d .

D i s t a n c e f r o m s u r f a c e ground z e r o ( f t )

5r-1 5r-2
GM-3 (on t o p (on foun-
GM- 1 GM-2 (-5000 f t GM-4 floor of dation
(200 ft f r o m (in east of (in intake of intake
Detonation intake t o w e r ) Viola) Series B) Sopris) tower) tower)
B1
a
3400 5050 I
‘16,000 16,000
B2 5040 16,000 16,000
B3 51 60 16,000 16,000
B4 Approx. 3 570 5090 - Approx . 16,000 16,000
B5 3390 4940 - 16,000 16,000
B6 3240 4840 16,000 16,000
B7 3330 4850 16,000 16,000
B8 3170 4740 16,000 16,000

c1 15,500 3060 4710 - ‘1 5,500 15,500

c2 15,500 2860 4 580 - 15,500 15,500
15,500 2670 4480 - 15,500 15,500
c3 Approx. Approx.
c4 2490 4380 - 15,500 15,500
c5 2310 4290 - 15,500 15,500
C6 15,500 2560 4250 - ,15,500 15,500

I - - -

I
.
D1 2300 9,000 9,000
D2 - - 2600 9,300 9,300
D3 - - 2850 9,550 9,550
D4 I 1800 - I 15,500 15,500
a
D a s h e s d e n o t e t h a t s t a t i o n was not r e c o r d e d ,

-33-
having a natural frequency of 1 Hz and 7070
critical damping. The geophones were
r e c o r d signals at and near the intake
tower, and portable r e c o r d e r s were
0
embedded in modeling clay in o r d e r t o used a t the other locations. Radio com-
attach them t o the rock o r structure at munication w a s maintained between each
each location. The signals w e r e recorded r e c o r d e r and Project Control at det-
on direct-write oscillographs. A semi- onation times. The NOAA instrumenta-
permanent installation w a s set up t o tion, which is described in Ref. 1 2

10 I I I I I"lI I I I I 1 I Ill I I I I I l l 1

f
Single 1-ton charge a t optimum
burial depth

1
f2.3

\
I
E,
I
x
.-
+
u 0.1
-
0
al
>
-alV
.-+
x
L

Y
0 C6 - 10 tons
a
Q)

C3 - 7 tons .
Cl,C2,Dl,D2 - 5 tons
0.01 C5 - 5 tons, 25-msec delay
C4 - 5 tons, 50-msec delay
D3 - 6, 12 tons, 250-msec delay \
-
-*\ e
*..

D4 - 18, 26 tons, 150-msec delay

-
-2.0

0. I I I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I l l 1 1

1o2 1o3 1o4 1o5

Distance - ft
Fig. 26. Peak ground motion amplitudes vs distance,

-34-
also consisted of velocity transducers
a r r a y e d triaxially.
RESULTS
'The data collected during this program
a r e tabulated in Appendix C. Motions
have been expressed in terms of zero-to-
peak amplitudes, and an attempt has been
made to report separately the amplitudes
f o r compressional, shear, and surface
waves f o r all events except the B s e r i e s .
The peak amplitudes recorded at the
ground motion stations a r e presented
graphically a s a function of distance in
Fig. 26. The straight-line representation
of the data on a log-log plot i s equivalent
t o an inverse power law relationship of
the form:
v = KWPR-~
where
V = peak particle velocity
K = a constant
W = charge weight
R = distance from the detonation
p and n = empirically d e t e r m i n e d
exponents.
This is the most common f o r m of equation
f o r empirically describing the variables
involved, but it is not a physical descrip-
tion of attenuation. 14
A number of significant results a r e
apparent f r o m an inspection of Fig. 26.
It will be noted that the r a t e at which
amplitudes attenuate with distance de-
c r e a s e s a s the total yield of the detonation
increases. This i s probably because of
the relatively g r e a t e r low frequency con-
tent of the siesmic signal with increasing
source size; i.e., increasing charge
-3 5-
weight, and the fact that attenuation i s
proportional to frequency.
The observation that the attenuation of
peak amplitudes with distance depends
upon total charge weight also means that
the apparent weight- scaling of amplitudes
will depend on the distance f r o m the deto-
nation. The weight scaling varied from
about 0 . 4 5 at 2,500 f t to about 0 . 9 5 a t
15,000 ft. A statistical analysis of all the
seismic information f r o m Project Trinidad,
including the data f r o m the Middle Course I1
Series, is the subject of Ref. 1 3 . In this
report the peak amplitudes were succes-
sively adjusted for weight- scaling and
depth of burial until all the data points had
a least squares best fit to a straight line
on log-log paper. The final best-fit equa-
tion through all the data points, which was
derived in Ref. 13, is:
v = 3.37 x lo5 w0.74 R-187
X exp[0.06 (dob-20) ]
where
V = peak particle-velocity, in
cmlsec,
W = largest instantaneously deto-
nated charge weight, in tons,
R = distance, in ft,
dob = scaled depth of burst, in
ft/ton 113 .
This equation can be used to predict peak
amplitudes at the Trinidad site within a
factor of two for charge weights f r o m 1 to
100 tons, and f o r distances f r o m 1 to
10 mi.
The peak particle velocities we're lower
than had been predicted before the begin-
ning of the test program. The initial
preshot predictions were based on previous
experience with s i m i l a r charge weights
at other sites; however, the observed peak
amplitudes were lower by a factor of
approximately five. This is believed t o
be primarily due to the weak and stratified
nature of the rock.
A significant result of the seismic pro-
g r a m is the marked reduction of ground
shock when delays are used between
charges in a row. Although this effect
was w e l l known from the extensive u s e of
delays in quarrying, it was not known
whether the technique could be used f o r
l a r g e r scale cratering detonations. In-
spection of Fig. 26 w i l l show that the
delayed five-charge rows generated seis-
mic amplitudes virtually identical t o a
single 1-ton charge. This is approximately
a three-fold reduction of the seismic sig-
nal generated by a simultaneously detonated
row of five charges. The relatively longer
delay time of 50 m s e c appears to have
been only slightly m o r e effective in dimin-
ishing ground shock than the 25-msec delay;
however, the s h o r t e r delay was definitely
advantageous from the standpoint of
c r a t e r ing eff i c iency .
The r e s u l t s of monitoring close-in
residential s t r u c t u r e s was disappointing
in the sense that no damage was observed.
The peak ground motion amplitude re-
Chapter 5. Airblast Measurements
SCOPE
The wide variety of cratering experi-
ments in this project provided an excellent
opportunity t o acquire airblast informa-
tion u s e f u l f o r extending the capability t o
predict airblast f r o m explosive excavation
projects in general. Another aspect of
the airblast program w a s instrumentation
-3 6-
corded at a building was 1.5 c m / s e c in
Viola, and careful scrutiny of plaster
walls failed t o disclose any new c r a c k s o r
the widening of pre-existing ones.
The response of the intake tower was
analyzed by John A. Blume and Associates
to establish ground motion c r i t e r i a that
would avoid detectable damage to the
structure.15 The tower is a massive
reinforced concrete structure about
180 f t high. Its fundamental natural
period of oscillation is about 0.6 sec.
Because the response of the tower t o
ground motion depends on the frequency
content of the ground motion, and because
the spectrum of ground motion depends on
both charge weight and distance, it is not
possible t o state a simple set of c r i t e r i a .
F o r a relatively large detonation, say
300 tons, a safe level of ground motion
would be about 3.5 c m / s e c ; however, for
s m a l l e r charges of the o r d e r of 5 tons,
the safety criterion would be 20 to
30 c m / s e c of ground motion at the base
of the tower. Peak motion recorded at
the base of the tower was approximately
0.08 c m / s e c , and the maximum motion
recorded at the top of the tower w a s about
0.18 c m i s e c .
of various a r e a s a s a legal safeguard.
Airblast o v e r p r e s s u r e s were measured
at ranges of a few hundred feet t o several
miles from the detonations.
Buried detonations in unsaturated rock
give rise to two distinct airblast p r e s s u r e
pulses. The initial o r ground-shock-
induced pulse i s caused by the upward
spa11 velocity of the ground surface above
the explosion. This is followed by the
gas-vent-induced pulse when the cavity
gas vents t o the surrounding atmos-
phere. The gas-vent pulse is relatively
strong f o r shallow detonations, but i s
rapidly suppressed with increasing
scaled depth of burial; it also lags
further behind the ground-shock-induced
pulse for deeper detonations. Ground
shock airblast becomes dominant for
deep explosions.
The amplitude of either airblast pulse
is a function of range f r o m the experiment
location, type and weight of explosive,
depth of burial, rock type, and the a m -
bient atmospheric conditions. P a s t ex-
perience has shown that peak p r e s s u r e at
intermediate distances generally attenuates
as R - l . o to R - 1 . 3 , where R is the dis-
tance. Further, it is possible to adjust
f o r charge size and f o r differences in
ambient a i r p r e s s u r e by simple scaling
l a w s . The remaining factors; Le., depth
of burial, medium, and explosive type,
are the chief influences on airblast from
single-charge explosions that can be
examined experimentally . Previous
experiments have investigated airblast
f r o m TNT and nuclear explosives in a
variety of soil and rock media.
RESULTS
Because of the volume and complexity
of the data collected, only a f e w selected
r e s u l t s of the airblast program a r e p r e -
sented in this chapter. A complete sum-
m a r y of the observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e
is tabulated in Appendix D, and an analysis
of this information accompanies the data.
Reference 1 6 i s a thorough analysis of all
the airblast data.
-37-
Some of the m o r e relevant information
is presented graphically in Fig. 27, in
which observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for
selected events have been plotted against
distance. Figure 27 is intended t o pro-
vide a comparison between peak overpres-
s u r e s from a variety of detonations.
Airblast amplitudes from two 1-ton deto-
nations, Detonation B6 n e a r optimum
depth of burial and a 1-ton surface burst,
a r e plotted to provide a f r a m e of refer-
ence for the row-charge data. The
row-charge data a r e f r o m a simultaneously
detonated five-charge row ( C l ) , f r o m a
delayed five-charge row (C5), and from
the delayed double-row D4 detonation.
Except for the surface burst, lines with
-1.2
a slope of R have been drawn through
the data points. The o v e r p r e s s u r e s
plotted in Fig. 27 a r e those recorded
perpendicular to the sides of the rows,
these p r e s s u r e s always being higher than
those recorded off the ends (axial d i r e c -
tion) of the row charges. With the excep-
tion of the data for B6, the peak p r e s s u r e s
plotted w e r e generated by the gas vent.
To put the plotted airblast amplitudes
into some perspective, Table 1 2 contains
c r i t e r i a for damage, a matter of direct
interest for explosive excavation projects.
T h e r e a r e several significant aspects
to the information in Fig. 27. The intro-
duction of delays between the charges in
a row substantially reduces the airblast
generated, a s is seen by comparing C1
to C5. The detonation of the a r r a y of
44 tons of explosive in D4 generated a i r -
blast p u l s e s that were generally lower in
amplitude than those generated by a 1-ton
surface burst. However, one of the
recordings for D4 indicates an overpres-
s u r e that approaches a 1-ton surface
 I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l 1

Delayed double row 18 and 26 tons,

150-rnsec delay (D4), I

Threshold for damage

average size windows

-Threshold for damage

to large vJindows

5 charge
row 25-rnsec
delay (CS), i

1-ton near
lllVlll ,
"V,

L5 charge row (C1 )I

Fig. 27. Peak airblast o v e r p r e s s u r e s f o r selected Project Trinidad detonations.

Table 12. Airblast damage c r i t e r i a . This is pointed out t o illustrate the man-
Overpressure, P n e r in which airblast pulses from a r r a y s
(mbar) Degree of damage
of charges can interact, and the fact that
2 Possible window damage, particularly
to large store windows. airblast is, in general, difficult t o predict.
3 Some damage to large plate glass
windows can be expected. No window pane damage was reported
4.5 Some damage to average size windows
can be expected.
f o r these detonations, although the nearest
13 Extensive damage to windows; probable buildings w e r e Only 2,500 ft away. Fig-
damage to average wooden d o o r s .
40 Most small casement wmdows smashed. u r e 27 shows that the threshold f o r damage
Over 4 0 Structural damage possible. to small windows corresponds to a distance
of approximately 1,000 ft f r o m a five-
burst. This point is plotted in Fig. 27, charge row such a s C1. A t this distance,
and is attributed to reinforcement of the there is probably a g r e a t e r probability of
gas vent pulse f r o m one of the two r o w s damage f r o m rock missiles than from
by the ground shock pulse from the other. airblast.

-38-
 Chapter 6. Engineering Studies of ID4 Crater
INTRODUCTION
An intensive postshot investigation of
the D4 c r a t e r (RR1)was conducted to
determine the engineering properties of
t h e fallback, and t o determine the shaping
required to bring the c r a t e r to design
configuration. The investigations con-
sisted of:
Trenching and weighing a portion
of the fallback to determine the
m a s s density
Applying t h e point-count technique 17
t o determine the particle gradation
of the fallback
Drilling, coring, and using the
borehole c a m e r a to locate the limits
of the fallback and rupture zones
Shaping the c r a t e r by bringing the
bottom to grade and dressing the
slopes
Compacting the fallback w i t h a heavy,
vibratory compactor t o m e a s u r e
induced settlements
Testing for the mechanical prop-
e r t i e s of the material at t h e
University of California Richmond
Laboratory. (This portion of the
program, reported in Appendix E,
consisted of an accurate determina-
tion of particle gradation, deter-
mining the strength and compres-
sibility characteristics of the
fallback, and ascertaining the
validity of modeling a heterogeneous
material of t h i s type.)
0
ON- SITE INVESTIGATIVE PROGRAMS
Figure 28 shows the location of the
field p r o g r a m s in and around the c r a t e r .
-3 9-
MASS DENSITY AND BULKING FACTOR
Immediately after the D4 detonation, a
trench was excavated in the western p o r -
tion of the c r a t e r to determine the m a s s
density of undisturbed fallback. A rela-
tively level area, judged to be r e p r e -
sentative of the entire c r a t e r , was selected
for trenching. The front-loader used for
trenching was guided with c a r e t o preclude
unnecessary disturbance to the fallback.
The material was removed, loaded on
5-ton dump trucks, and weighed. The
volume of the material removed was d e t e r -
mined by a detailed survey of the resulting
trench.
The fallback removed f r o m the trench
weighed 372,350 lb, and the volume of the
3
trench was 2894.4 ft , resulting in a m a s s
3
density of 128.6 lb/ft . The bulking
factor’” of the fallback can be computed
by comparing this density to that of the
undisturbed rock. Laboratory t e s t s of
the country rock showed an average den-
3
sity of 156.3 lb/ft , thus yielding a bulking
factor of 1.22, a value which is consistent
18
with data f r o m s i m i l a r experiments.
FIELD DETERMINATION O F
PARTICLE GRADATION
Because of the l a r g e dimensions of the
c o a r s e particles of the rubble f r o m a
cratering explosions, the initial particle
gradation was determined by a statistical
,,.
The bulking factor is the ratio between
the in situ density of the country rock
determined by coring and the m a s s density
of the fallback. It is a valuable p a r a m e t e r
in determining the posts hot properties,
balancing of cuts and fills, and estimating
e a r t h nd rock moving production
r a t e s . 30,21

Fig. 28. Map of D4 c r a t e r showing location of postshot engineering investigations.
technique developed by Anderson, l7 based
on e a r l i e r work by W01man.~' Because
Anderson's technique was originally de-
veloped f o r nuclear detonations, which
produce considerably large rock fragments,
it w a s n e c e s s a r y to modify his technique.
The dimensions of those particles which
could be measured w e r e obtained as speci-
fied by Anderson. In addition, r e p r e s e n -
tative samples of the fines w e r e collected,
air dried, and sieved in the normal fashion.
The two methods can be then combined to
produce a single curve; the lower limit of
the point-count is faired into the upper
-8.4
,
limit of the sieving.
4,
Only those particles below a conveniently
measurable size w e r e counted during the
sieving.
-40-
Scale - ft
----- I
The gradation curves obtained at both
ends of the railroad cut a r e shown in
Appendix E"' where they are compared
with carefully sieved samples obtained at
the University of California. Results of
the field technique a r e considered to be
satisfactory and reasonable approxima-
tions of the actual grain- size distribution.
DRILLING, CORING, AND
BOREHOLE PHOTOGRAPHY
Continuously cored holes w e r e drilled
t o establish the limits of the fallback and
rupture zones. Borehole photography w a s
used to determine the extent of blast-
induced fracturing .
>I:
Figure E l .
0 Three NX c o r e holes were drilled in
the cratered a r e a a s shown in Figs. 28
and 29. Holes 1 and 2 were located at
the bottom of the c r a t e r and hole 3 was
located on the ayparent c r a t e r lip, 100 f t
f r o m the centerline. The holes were
located approximately at mid-crater.
Analysis of the c o r e indicated 7 f t of
fallback in Holes 1 and 2, a depth that
contrasts with the 2 f t of fallback observed
in the west end where the trench was
excavated. Further investigations indi -
cated 1 to 2 f t of fallback in the low a r e a
on the east end of the c r a t e r . This varia-
tion in the thickness of the fallback r e p r e -
sents the presence of mounds in the bottom
of the c r a t e r that appear to be randomly
distributed.
The extent of blast -induced fracturing
was determined from an examination of
the c o r e and f r o m borehole photographs.
The rock was highly fractured to depths
of 16 to 18 ft below the ground surface at
Holes 1 and 2. N o blast-induced fracturing
could be observed at Hole 3 . Outlining the
boundary of blast-induced fracturing shown
in Fig. 30 was difficult because of the
already fractured and weak nature of the
country rock.
SHAPING OF RAILROAD CUT
Earthwork w a s required to shape the
c r a t e r into its final design configuration;
i.e., ready to accept subbase, ballast, and
track. This work consisted of daylighting
the ends of the c r a t e r , scaling the slopes,
and leveling the bottom to subgrade eleva-
tion. A bulldozer with ripper accomplished
most of the earthmoving.
Operations began with the daylighting
of the east end of the c r a t e r . The loose
/
Ground surface
6300 -
6280 -
induced fracturing
100 60 20 0 20 60 100
Fig. 29. Location of c o r e holes in D4
c r a t e r and extent of blast-
induced fracturing ( c r o s s
section through Station 93+00).
Fig. 30. Dozer daylighting end of cut and
bringing cut to grade.
material w a s pushed into the c r a t e r and
the operation progressed towards the w e s t
end of the c r a t e r , cutting and filling a s
required. A considerable mound of mate-
r i a l w a s pushed out the west end of the
c r a t e r . This operation is shown in
Fig. 30. Some ripping was necessary in
o r d e r to daylight the ends of the c r a t e r ;
daylighting of t h e ends was not included
in the experiment design.
Three working days w e r e required to
daylight the ends and bring the bottom of
the c r a t e r to rough subgrade. Two addi-
tional days were spent in scaling the slopes
and final leveling of the bottom of the cut.
A 5-yd 3 front-loader was brought in to

-41-
a s s i s t the dozer in scaling the slopes be- m a r k e r s , detailed in Fig, 33, were em-
cause of the difficulty in negotiating the placed in the undisturbed fallback. The
slopes with a blade f u l l of material. The m a r k e r s w e r e emplaced on the natural
slopes were scaled by pushing the material mounds and valleys of the c r a t e r bottom
into the c r a t e r and spoiling it with the in o r d e r to observe settlements of dif-
front loader, a s shown in Fig. 31. ferent thicknesses of fallback. The
The a r e a in the vicinity of Station 91+60 locations of the m a r k e r s are shown in
w a s somewhat troublesome because of the Fig. 34.
steepness of the c r a t e r slopes, large p a r - These m a r k e r s w e r e first surveyed on
ticle sizes, and the amount of rubble in the 18 December 1970, and surveyed again
bottom of the c r a t e r . Several hundred 4 mo l a t e r on 17 April 1971. During the
cubic y a r d s of material were removed
f r o m this area alone. Figure 32 shows
the final cut configuration.
Total equipment time required was 45
dozer - hours and 16 front -loader hours.
Equipment time could have been reduced
substantially had the c r a t e r been day-
lighted by the explosion, in which case it
is estimated that the cut could have been
shaped in about 3 working days.

FALLBACK COMPACTION AND

FIELD SETTLEMENT STUDY

Surveys were made t o record any fall-

back settlement that might occur naturally, Fig. 32. Finished c u t .
or might be induced by a heavy vibratory
compactor. Six surface settlement
-Reinforced concrete block

Settlement-at-depth marker

Cross section of marker

in place
Fig. 31. Dozer scales crater slopes;
front loader removes material
from crater. Fig. 33. Settlement m a r k e r s .

-42-
 l2 f t ~ r ft
Settlement markers
0 Surface marker
12 ft
Q Depth marker (buried 2-1/2 f t )
*Depth marker (buried 5 ft)
Fig. 34. Layout of settlement m a r k e r s
for vibratory compaction tests.
intervening 4 mo the material was sub-
jected to 14 in. of precipitation; however,
comparison of the levels showed negligible
settlement during this period.
Vibratory compaction of the dressed
cut started after two test panels had been
laid out along the centerline, a s shown in
Fig. 34. Surface m a r k e r s were placed
in hand-excavated holes, and the displaced
material was carefully replaced.
Settlement -at-depth m a r k e r s were e m -
placed in 6-in. diameter drilled holes
lined with a plastic casing. A rock bit
and air, rather than drilling mud or water,
were used to drill these holes to minimize
disturbance of the fallback. It was recog-
nized that the vibrations f r o m the d r i l l bit
would probably cause some unavoidable
settlement in the surrounding medium.
1-in. diameter pipe was embedded in a
small quantity of grout at the bottom of
the holes, and a concrete collar and steel
plate were then placed over the hole.
M a r k e r s were placed at 2.5 and 5-ft
depths. The tops of all m a r k e r s were
surveyed both vertically and horizontally
t o 0.001 ft.
A smooth-roller vibratory compactor,
illustrated in Fig. 35, made 40 passes
f
Fig. 35. B r o s smooth-roller vibratory
compactor.
over each test panel. Specifications for
the BROS Model SPV-730 a r e a s follows:
Total weight, lb 20,000
Dynamic force, lb 30,000
Vibration frequency, vpm 1,100-1,500
Drum width, in. 84
Travel speed, mph 0 to 1 2
Total applied force, lb 42,200
The settlement m a r k e r s were surveyed
for vertical displacement after 2, 5, 10,
20, and 40 passes, and for horizontal dis-
placement after the final pass. The
observed settlement of the surface is
plotted against the number of passes in
Fig. 36 together with representative
curves of the average and the maximum
A settlements.
N o settlement at depth w a s observed.
Any apparent movements were well within
the limits of surveying e r r o r . The lack
of measurable settlement at depth prob-
ably reflects the combined effects of
particle gradation, the compaction of the
material falling under impact after the
explosion, compaction due to the con-
struction equipment shaping the cut, and
the inability of a large vibratory compacter
-4 3
 0.
+
I \'\
13 10, 16 !IO, 13, 16 I I
' l o 04,
13, 14, 16 .9 0 8 10, 16 16
\ \*5, 8 08, 14 04, 9 , 14 13 @ 10

0.
Lc
4-

I
c
K
Q)
0.
-----*3, 15 ----------L O 6,~ 15-
,
-E 011
Q) 012 0 3
c
Q)
v, I
\
'\ 07
02, 6 r X 11 17
.?

0.

Fig. 3 6 . Surface settlement produced by vibratory compaction t e s t s .

t o appreciably affect the m a t e r i a l at 2.5- ment s i m i l a r to that observed in rock-fill

and 5-ft depths. dams. However, the high percentage of
The compaction portion of the field fines and their clay nature negated this
testing originally included a test in which portion of the testing. The water did not
the m a t e r i a l w a s wetted before compaction. percolate down through the material, but
It w a s anticipated that this wetting of the merely puddled at the surface. The
fallback would wash the fines f r o m be- r e s u l t s of the laboratory t e s t s reported
tween the l a r g e r particles, and weaken in Appendix E provide further insight into
the l a r g e r particles, resulting in settle- the wet behavior of this material.

Chapter 7. Conclusions

The single charges detonated in the equalled TD-2 in c r a t e r i n g performance.

B - s e r i e s showed that the optimum depth
of burial f o r 1 ton of metallized s l u r r y
(TD-2), o r for 1 ton of ANFO, is approxi-
mately 18 ft. This series also indicated
that the TD-2 s l u r r y is about 50% m o r e
effective than AFNO a s a c r a t e r i n g explo-
sive, The relative inferiority of ANFO,
however, w a s not substantiated by the
D1 experiment in which the ANFO nearly
The r e a s o n for the discrepancy between
the single- and row-charge r e s u l t s is
not c l e a r.
The concept of enhancement, which was
originally developed in a weakclay shale and
which f o r m s the basis for row-charge design,
w a s confirmed for the Trinidad sandstones
and s h a l e s and can be extended to other
rock types with confidence.

-44-
 The use of millisecond time delays
between the charges in a row offers a
promising method of reducing ground
shock and airblast without incurring an
unacceptable l o s s of row-charge cratering
efficiency. In general, the seismic and
airblast amplitudes generated by a
delayed row -charge were approximately
equivalent to what would be generated by
one of the charges in the row detonated
by itself. Although the two delay t i m e s
of 25 and 50 msec resulted in about equal
reductions of airblast and groundshock,
the s h o r t e r delay is definitely p r e f e r r e d
because it has the least effect on c r a t e r
volume. It is tentatively concluded that
a delay of 25 m s e ~ / t o n ' / ~is appropriate
for delayed row-charges.
Comparison of the simultaneously
detonated double row, C 6 , and the D4
delayed double row demonstrates that the
introduction of a delay time between the
detonation of parallel row charges in-
c r e a s e s cratering performance of a double
row. The delay time should be of the
same o r d e r a s the vent time,
*
which is
approximately 150 rnsec/ton113 for
charges buried at optimum cratering depth.
The single and double rows along a
sidehill produced relatively broad, shallow
craters. The charge spacing was too wide
in the D2 single row, and the performance
of the explosive and the time delay be-
tween rows were questionable in the D3
double row. It is now believed that the
charges in D3 were buried too deeply and
too f a r apart, the consequence of using an
incorrect value of explosive bubble energy
to design the experiment.
i
:
The time at which the explosion gases
under the rising mound of rock a r e vented
to the atmosphere.
-4 5-
The final experiment, the D4 railway
cut, is considered a s u c c e s s in all r e -
spects. A subsequent analysis of the
direct costs of emplacement drilling,
explosives and post shot shaping indicates
that the cut was explosively excavated for
approximately $36,000. The Government
estimate of the cost to accomplish the
s a m e amount of work by conventional
methods, including presplitting f o r slope
control, was approximately $47,000.
The results of the seismic and airblast
programs a r e important contributions to
the technology. Measurement of the ef-
fects of the single- and multiple-charge
detonations makes it much e a s i e r to p r e -
dict these side effects for future
detonations.
A number of specific conclusions can
be made with regard to the engineering
properties of the c r a t e r s , an important
aspect of explosive excavation: These
conclusions a r e based on investigations
of the D4 c r a t e r .
Cratering detonations in the hetero-
geneous weak-to- intermediate - strength
rock at Trinidad produce rubble w i t h a
particle gradation that can be classified
a s a poorly graded gravel in the Unified
Soil Classification System, and can also
be described a s a clayey gravel. The
m a t e r i a l is fragmented to the extent that
necessary earthwork can be accomplished
quickly and easily, w i t h a minimum of
equipment.
The D4 delayed row-charge detonation
ejected enough material from the Crater
that the thickness of fallback m a t e r i a l
susceptible to settlement was reduced
significantly. Moreover, there is con-
siderable evidence that the fallback i s
favorably compacted by the impact of its
deposition. The value of relative density
of 70% estimated for the Trinidad fallback
in the field is almost a s great a s the
relative densities achieved in many engi-
neered fills (see Appendix E). It is con-
cluded that the fallback will not be SUS-
ceptible to l a r g e settlements or t o stability
problems, and that it will provide a stable
subgrade for the railroad.
The rocks of which the fallback is com-
posed a r e weakened by water, and, a s a
result, saturation of the m a t e r i a l would
cause settlement and would reduce the
angle of internal friction by s e v e r a l
degrees. The cohesion of the rubble, the
intact horizontal bedding surrounding the
cut, the wet and d r y angle of internal
friction, and the gentle 30-deg side slopes
provide adequate a s s u r a n c e of continued
slope stability.
The s m a l l e r particles of the fallback
a r e softer and m o r e highly susceptible
to compression when wetted. Conse-
quently, the amount of settlement due to
wetting cannot be estimated on the basis
of t e s t s on s m a l l size specimens of
model'' m a t e r i a l s .
11
The test r e s u l t s in
-46-
Appendix E do show, however, that It is
possible to determine the angle of internal
friction by testing model m a t e r i a l s with
grain-size curves parallel to the actual
grain-size curve, provided that the speci-
mens were compacted to the relative
density of the actual fallback. The in-
ability to estimate settlement f r o m the
behavior of the modeled m a t e r i a l at
Trinidad is valuable documentation of the
media d e p e n d e n c y of modeling mate-
rials. Higher strength and m o r e homo-
geneous materials investigated by
Marachi et al. 2o show much better
modeling characteristics.
The rock surrounding the cut was dis-
turbed only in the immediate vicinity, w i t h
little evidence of an extensive rupture
zone. The weak, fractured, and weathered
nature of the rock probably accounts for
the limited extent of the rupture zone.
Finally, the point-count technique pro-
vided a reasonably accurate particle
gradation curve (see Appendix E). More
experience i s needed in dealing with fines
and their relationship to the c o a r s e frac-
tion of the material.
e
 Appendix A
Drill Hole Locations, Stratigraphy and Lithology,
and Material Properties Data
This appendix contains detailed in- sections for each s e r i e s , obtained f r o m
formation about t h e experimental sites. the c o r e holes, a r e shown in Figs. A 3
F i g u r e s A 1 and A 2 a r e topographic maps through A6, and the laboratory-determined
showing the location of all charges in physical properties of the rock a r e given
each experiment. The stratigraphic in Table A l .

Fig. A l . Map showing location of c o r e holes for B and C s e r i e s and LM railroad

cut.

-47-
Fig. A2. Map showing location of emplacement and c o r e holes f o r Experiments
D1, D2, and D3.
 Southwest Northeast

83

6300
6320 I c4c

C6C
c
y.

I
.-

L
6280
5al

L
w
450 ft

6260
6280 d
350 f t
I-4
Legend
.O:.'"
OVERBURDEN: Clayey soil with platy
fragments of sandstone
and river-run cobbles.
Legend
SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained
arkosic sandstone,
OVERBURDEN: Clayey roil with platy moderate to highly
fragments o f sandstone and river-run fractured.
cobbles.
SHALE: Grey to black silty shale,
SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained hiahIY
" I
fractured .
arkosic sandstone, moderate to highly
COAL: Soft bituminous coal,
fractured.
very highly fractured.
SHALE: Grey to black silty shale,
highly fractured.

COAL: Soft bituminous coal, very

highly fractured.

Fig. A3. Stratigraphy and lithology of Fig. A4. Stratigraphy and lithology of
B series. C series.

-49-
 West East
West East
D2A
D4A
D3D
6300 D4C

6320 D4B

+
D1 E rc

I
.-
S
+
q_ 0
+
I 0
>
-
al
.-0
C
w 6280
A

0
>
-
W
w 630C

I
-I
125 f t L

62 6C
125ft L
Legend
62 8C 260 f t
OVERBURDEN: Clayey soil with platy
-
Legend
fragments of sandstone and river run
cobb I es.

OVERBURDEN: Clayey soil with platy .::::!.:.

. :. SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained
fragments of sandstone and river-run
.....
arkosic sandstone, moderate to highly
f

cobbl es. fractured.

SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained SILTSTONE: Grey-green siltstone,

arkosic sandstone, moderate to highly high Iy fractured ,
fractured.
SILTSTONE: Grey-green siltstone, SHALE: Grey to black silty shale,
highly fractured. .
h igh Iy fractured

SHALE: Grey to black silty shale, COAL: Soft bituminous coal, very
.
high Iy f ra c turecl .
h igh Iy fractured

Fig. A5. Stratigraphy and lithology of Fig. A6. Stratigraphy and lithology of
Experiments D1, D2, and D3. D4 railroad cut.

-50-
 Table A l . Results of t e s t s of B - s e r i e s rock cores.

Water Dry Grain Compressive

Iioie ijepth rontenta “e’lslty specific Porosity strength of elasticity
number Ut) (% ) (lb/ft3, gravity (70) (psi) ( l o 6 psi! 1)escription and r e m a r k s

113 19.1-19.8 3.0 150.i 2.70 10.7 4563 0.4-1.3 Light g r a y sandstone with h a i r l i n e t o
1/16 in. s h a l e s e a m s .
H3 19.8-20.8 3.8 151.3 2.70 10.4 5937h 1.3 Light p r a y sandstone, fine grained.
R3 21.0-22.9 3.2 156.5 2.70 7.1 1739 0.23 Dark g r a y si1ty sandbtone, very fined
grained.
B8 13.2-13.5 5.1 149.2 2.70 11.5 1P33b’C 0.8OC Tan siltstone with random crientated
s h a l e s t r i n g e r s . Free water was
o b s e r v e d on the s u r f a c e of t h e t e s t
s p e c i m e n while under c o m p r e s s i o n .
BE 15.8-17.0 2.7 156.7 2.71 7.4 51 59 1.5 Liglit g r a y sandstone, fine grained.
n8 21.5-22.2 4.4 146.0 2.70 13.3 1027b 0.072 G r a y sandy siltstone with s h a l e s e a m s
t o 1 in. wide. Free water was
o b s e r v e d on the s u r f a c e of the t e s t
s p e c i m e n while under c o m p r e s s i o n .
na 24.8-27.2 2.0 106.1 1 .E2 6.6 1070b 0.23 Coal.
BE 27.0-28.4 1.2 160.8 2.72 5.3 4 93 0.33 G r a y s a n d y siltstone with i r r e g u l a r
s h a l e and coal s e a m s h a i r l i n e t o
2 in. wide, and partly open f r a c t u r e s .
F a i l u r e o c c u r r e d along a high angle,
p a r t l y open f r a c t u r e .
awater content was d e t e r m i n e d on fragment- remaining fromi c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t .
bVaIues f o r unconfined c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h have been adJusted for height-diameter r a t i o p e r ASTM C-42.
‘Ciameter of t e s t s p e c i m e n was not uniform due t o drilling action.

-51-
 Table A2. Results of tests of C-series rock cores.
Modulus
Dry Grain Compressive of elasticity
Hole Depth Water
content density specific P o r o s i t y strengtha
number (ft) (70) (lb/ft3) gravity (70) (psi) (lo6 psi) Description and r e m a r k s

c 2 c 2.5 - 3.0 2.6 150.2 2.68 10.2 - - Sandstone, tan, f r a c t u r e d , thin l a y e r of

brown clay along f a c t u r e s .
c2c 10.9 -12.1 2.1 159.5 2.66 4 .O 6420 3.2 Sandstone, tan, horizontal f r a c t u r e s at
1 1 . 5 ft.
c2c 12.1 -12.9 2.6 160.4 2.74 6.2 1370 0.38 Sandstone, fine-grained, gray, p a r t l y
open f r a c t u r e s .
c 2 c 13.1 -15.0 2.9 152.9 2.69 8.9 7260 0.5-1.3 Siltstone, gray, n u m e r o u s h a i r l i n e t o
1/8 in. s h a l e s e a m s f r o m 13.1-13.8 f t .
C2C 17.25-18.2 4.3 138.1 2.46 10.1 1290 0.14 Top 6 in. t r a n s i t i o n zone f r o m coal t o
g r a y s i l t s t o n e s e p a r a t e d a t 1 8 . 1 and
1 9 . 3 5 f t , 1 in. s h a l e band a t 1 8 . 9 -
1 9 .O ft, p a r t l y open v e r t i c a l fracture
f r o m 19.0-19.3 ft, partly open
f r a c t u r e s f r o m 19.6-19.9 ft, c a r b o n -
aceous s t r i n g e r s f r o m 18.1-18.5 f t .
I
c2c 18.2 -19.9 4.2 150.8 2.69 10.2 1290 0.13 Dark gray, highly carbonaceous s i l t s t o n e ,
I healed v e r t i c a l f r a c t u r e f r o m 2 1 . 7 -
22.5 ft.
C2C 21.7 -22.78 2.8 156.3 2.71 7.6 3260 0.75 Dark gray, highly carbonaceous s i l t s t o n e ,
healed v e r t i c a l f r a c t u r e f r o m 21.7-
22.5 ft.
c 4c 10.34-10.98 2.8 153.6 2.67 7.9 6380 1.6 Sandstone, tan, with i r r e g u l a r s h a l e s e a m s
h a i r l i n e t o 1/16 in.
C4C 21.0 -22.7 2.8 150.9 2.69 10.1 7340 0.7-1.2 T r a n s i t i o n f r o m t a n sandstone t o g r a y s a n d -
stone, high angle f r a c t u r e f r o m 21.0-
21.8 f t .
C6C 20.0 -20.72 9.2 78.1 1.50 16.6 - - Coal, f r a c t u r e d .
C6C 21.2 -22.44 2.1 1 5 7 .O 2.72 7.5 63 5 0 1.0-1.5 T r a n s i t i o n f r o m t a n sandstone t o g r a y s a n d -
stone with i r r e g u l a r s h a l e s e a m s up t o
1 in. P a r t i a l l y opened horizontal f r a c t u r e
at 22.0 ft.
-~
a
~~ ~ ~~

Values f o r unconfined c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h have been adjusted f o r height-diameter r a t i o P e r ASTM C - 4 2 .

 Table A3. Results of tests of D-series rock cores.

Hole
number
Depth
(ft)
Water
contents
(%) (1b/rt3)
Grain
specific P o r o s i t y
gravity (%)
Ci?%sbVe
(psi)
Of
Moduhs

(lo6 p s i ) D e s c r i p t i o n and r e m a r k s

D1 E 3.8- 5.1 4.1 144.6 2.68 14 3608 0.65 Sandstone, light brown, intersecting high
angle f r a c t u r e s f r o m 3.8-4.5 ft.
5.6- 6.5 4.1 149.4 2.66 10 2947 0.41 Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
9.7-11.3 5.9 138.9 2.69 17 863 0.12 Sandstone, light brown, 60 d e g f r a c t u r e
f r o m 9.7-10.1 ft; 45 d e g incipient
f r a c t u r e 10.3-10.7 f t .
12.1-13.7 2.8 150.5 2.69 11 2163 0.31 Sandstone, light gray, changing t o light
brown a t 12.8 ft; n u m e r o u s incipient
frsctures.
2 1.4- 22 .O 7.3 138.7 2.71 18 4 60 0.13 Shale, light gray, hard.
28.6-29.6 4.9 145.4 2.73 14 873 0.25 Shale. light gray. hard, a p p r o x i m a t e
45 d e g incipient f r a c t u r e top to bottom.
D3D 11.9-12.8 2.1 155.1 2.70 8 8272 2.35 Sandstone, v e r y light brown, v e r y fine-
grained, hard. V e r y thin l a y e r s of
s h a l e a t both e n d s of s a m p l e .
13.0-14.3 3.5 148.4 2.65 10 530 0.24 Siltstone, light gray, m u c h - f r a c t u r e d .
18.7-19.5 3.0 152.7 2.62 7 1373 0.67 Siltstone, shaly, light gray, horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n planes a t 18.9 and 19.1 It.
21.5-22.5 4.6 148.9 2.66 11 1074 0.25 Siltstone. shaly. light gray. hard.
Horizontal slickensided f r a c t u r e a t
22.0 ft.
WA 12.0-12.6 3.3 151.9 2.63 7 3055 0.50 Sandstone, light gray, fine-grained;
n u m e r o u s horizontal s e p a r a t i o n planes
15.5-16.6 5 .o 138.9 2.66 16 3853 0.14 Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
21.2-22.0 3.8 151.3 2.71 IO 2000 1.04 Sandstone. light brown, hard; 60 d e g f r a c -
ture for compression test.
22.6-24.0 2.4 155.4 2.65 6 6824 1.6 Sandstone, fine-grained, light gray, hard;
45 d e g f r a c t u r e 23.1-22.8 ft.
28.1 -28.3 2.7 152.2 2.69 9 -C -C Siltstone, light gray, dry, hard; too badly
fractured for compression test.
28.3-26.5 4.4 148.0 2.71 12 -C -C Siltstone, shaly. light gray, moist; too
badly f r a c t u r e d f o r c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t .
32.4-33.1 6.6 143.5 2.71 15 510 0.09 Shale, gray, moist; many thin horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n planes.
33.1-33.8 4.3 149.4 2.70 12 898 0.34 Shale, light gray, dry, hard; n u m e r o u s
horizontal s e p a r a t i o n planes.
W B 6.0- 6.65 3.6 154.3 2.66 6 -C - C
Siltstone, gray, hard; v e r y badly f r a c -
tured.
15.3-15.9 3.3 150.5 2.64 9 4140 2 .o Sandstone, light brown, h a r d ; @-in. s h a l e
s e a m r e m o v e d f r o m bottom.
18.85-19.5 7 .O 140.0 2.72 17 739 0.11 Shale, gray. moist; n u m e r o u s slicken-
sided s e p a r a t i o n planes.
W C 15.9-15.5 2.6 152.1 2.68 9 2780 0.60 Sandstone, light brown, fine-grained, h a r d .
- 1 *E
18.9-1 9.7
19.7-20.3 24 -
1 5lC3 2.68
- -
1OC -
4958
- Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
Sandstone, light brown, hard. V e r y thin
s h a l e s e a m s a t 19.8 and 19.9 ft.
22.3-23.9 3.8 148.2 2.69 12 4200 0.76 Sandstone, light brown with light g r a y band
f r o m 22.5-23.0 ft; horizontal s e p a r a t i o n
planes a t 23.1, 23.4, and 23.6 ft. C o m -
p r e s s i o n s p e c i m e n taken f r o m 2 3 . 2 -
23.8 ft.
29.2 -29.9 3.7 150.5 2.69 11 710 0.06 Siltstone. light gray, h a r d ; f r a c t u r e s a t
29.3, 29.5, and 29.7 ft.
31 2-31.8 2.1 158.7 2.69 6 2460 0.56 Siltstone. light gray, dry. hard; 45 d e g
s e p a r a t i o n plane 31.4-31.7 ft.
32.0-32.7 1.9 154.2 2.67 7 7169 0.77 Siltstone, light gray, fine-grained. h a r d ;
n u m e r o u s thin, s h a l e s e a m s . Horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n plane a t 32.7 It.
32.7-33.5 2.4 154.4 2.67 7 4245 0.65 Sandstone, light gray, fine-grained, h a r d ;
m o r e and t h i c k e r l a y e r s of s h a l e .
a W a t e r content w a s d e t e r m i n e d on f r a g m e n t s r e m a i n i n g f r o m c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s .
bValues for unconfined c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h h a v e b e e n adjusted for h e i g h t - d i a m e t e r r a t i o p e r ASTM-C 42.
'Not tested.

-53-
 Appendix B
Crater Profiles and Cross Sections
This appendix contains the c r o s s s e c - through B5. The row c r a t e r s w e r e c r o s s -
tions and profiles for all of the B - s e r i e s sectioned at selected, representative loca-
and C - s e r i e s c r a t e r s . Figure B1 explains tions and were also profiled along the
the meaning of the t e r m s used in standard centerline through the charges. The s u r -
c r a t e r nomenclature. Each of the single- vey data a r e shown in Figs. B6 through
charge c r a t e r s was surveyed along two B8. The average widths and depths of the
orthogonal sections, a s shown in Figs. B2 row c r a t e r s a r e shown on the drawings.

T r u e c r a t e r boundary

Cross s e c t i o n o f s i n q l e - c t i a r q e o r vow c r a t e r

/
\ /
P l a n v i e w o f row c r a t e r

Nomenclature which a p p l i e s o n l y t o s i n g l e - Nomenclature and d e f i n i t i o n s which apply

charge c r a t e r s t o b o t h s i n g l e - c h a r g e and row c r a t e r s

Ra - oRadius of apparent c r a t e r measured a t Hal - Apparent c r a t e r l i p c r e s t h e i g h t above

r i g i n a l ground s u r f a c e datum o r i q i n a l ground surface

Ra, - Radius o f apparent l i p c r e s t Va

- Volume o f apparent c r a t e r below o r i g i n a l

Reb - eRadius
jecta
o f o u t e r boundary o f continuous
Val -
ground surface

Volume o f apparent l i o

Da
- Maximum depth o f apparent c r a t e r below
Vt
- Volume o f t r u e c r a t e r below o r i g i n a l
and normal t o o r i g i n a l ground surface ground s u r f a c e

Nomenclature which a p p l i e s only t o row c r a t e r s DOB - Depth o f b u r s t

Wa - Width o f apparent l i n e a r c r a t e r measured ZP - Zero P o i n t - e f f e c t i v e c e n t e r o f explo-
a t o r i g i n a l ground s u r f a c e datum siori energy

Wal - Width o f apparent l i p c r e s t SGZ - Surface Ground ZeroZP) ( p o i n t on surface

v e r t i c a l l y above
Web - Width o f o u t e r boundary of continuous
ejecta NSP - Nearest Surface P o i n t ( p o i n t on s u r f a c e
n e a r e s t ZP; same as SGZ f o r h o r i z o n t a l
Dar - Depth of apparent row c r a t e r surface)

Fig. B1. C r a t e r nomenclature.

-54-
 63 01
-----____
--_ --_ - 5 -- - - -- -- --- - --- - - - _ _ _ - - - _
-----
__ 1
1
S

6300
BI
DOB = 15.2 ft
(ANFO) Ra = 17.0 ft
Da = 8.0 ft

h
I
.-
C
0

-u5

_./
6290
DOB = 18.0 ft
(ANFO) Ra = 20.0 ft
Da = 11.5 ft
J

_;j
6290
8-2

-
10 0

Scale
10 20

- ft

Fig. B2. Cross sections of Craters B1 and B2.

-55-
 r 1
6330 ' 1

63 00 DOB = 19.7 ft
ri
(ANFO) Ra = 24.0 ft
Do = 6.5 f t

..-- - _
----_
i

g
6300 B -3
I
.-0
C
L
b
>
-al

1
W

6320 --__ -_
S

6l
DOB = 15.9 ft
6290 Ra = 23.5 f t
Do = 12.8 f t
i

6290
@
B -4

10 0 10 20
-
*
:*
Scale - ft

Fig. B3. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B3 and B4.

-56-
6290
---_
S
.----------- _--__--.--

DO8 =H18.6 ft
Ra =23.2 ft
----_

Do = 13.0 ft
-- -- - --- -----
N
---- I

6320 7

8-6
10 0 10 20
Tx=F
Fig. B4. Cross sections of Craters B5 and B6.

-57-
 a
6310

i
I

6280 R
DOB = 22.6 f t
Ro = 20.2 f t
Da = 6.0
'. .,
ft

W
E

62 80
B -7

+
Lc

- -.
t
L

sr
I

@ J
6270 i DOB = 28.1 f t

W ---------
E

62 80
El 10 0 10 20
8-8
Scale - ft

Fig. B5. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B7 and B8.

a
-58-
 Wa/2 = 24.0 ft
6310

6280

’ 6310P-7--
c.
v

.-0P
c
C

i
iii 6280 L East a West

, z y
I I l l 1 1 1 1 1
L A
50 0 50

6310Ll
6280

150
East I

1 00
I

50 0
-,
50
West

c1

Wa/2 = 25.5 ft
D = 14.1 ft
6300

6270

6300F
4

.--c
A
0
-K/
-w
6 2 7 O L Ea:t
1 1 1 I I I I
Q
1 1 1 1
West
I I

100 50 0 50

&O°F&

6270 ,
100
East
1 1 1 1

50
1 I I I
0

0
1 1 1 1

50
West
1 1

Distance --ft
c2

Fig. B.6. Longitudinal profiles and representative cross sections for Rows C1 and C2.

-59-
 wa/2 = 33.7 f t
Dar = 13.9 ft

2 6310,

6t 3
6270 -East , I I I I
'
I I I
-

(
0
I
0
" ' " " ' '
1 West
1
100 50 0 50

Fig. B7. Longitudinal profile and representative c r o s s sections f o r R o w C3.

 Wa /2 = 2.5.4 ft
D-_ = 10.8 ft
6300

c
CL.
6270 L rS0.20 40.15 0 0 . 1 0 40.05 mO=Delay (sec)
I
I 1 I ! ) I I 1 I I I
I I 1 I I I I I

50
.-5
L
0 100 150

West
I l l I I I I I I I I I

6 3 0 0 r r
1 1

100 50 0 50

L
6 2 7 0 1 East
I I I l I I
01 , I , I West
I ,

100 50 0 50
c4

Wa/2 = 26.5 ft
D = 12.8ft

zc
i 6270LEaSt El West
1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ,

50 0 50

Distance - ft
c5

Fig. B8. Longitudinal profiles and representative cross sections for R o w s C4

and C5.

-61-
 Appendix C
Seismic Data

This a p p e n d i x tabulates all values tions of the recording stations and

of peak particle v e 1 o c i t y recorded the station-shot distances a r e given in
during Project Trinidad. The loca- Chapter 4 .

Table C1. Maximum recorded particle velocities for B-series.

( A l l values t o be multiplied by l o m 3 . )
-
ANFO AANS ( T D - 2 )

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
S t a t ion component ( c m /se c ( c m /se c ) ( c m /se c ) (c m /sec ) ( c m /s e c ) ( c m /se c ) ( c m /se c ) ( c m/see )

GM-1 Vertical 2.8 3.7 3.4 4.8 5.7 -a 4.9 -aa

Radial 2.3 1.6 3.2 2.2 3 .O -aa 2.4 -
Transverse 2.3 4.1 4.3 2.2 4.2 - 2 .o -a
GM-2 Vertical 85 75 85 95 115 100 120 160
Radial 120 110 130 120 170 160 140 210
Transverse 90 60 90 50 70 100 110 150
GM-3 Vertical 38 41 46 48 63 50 50 68
Radial 18 20 26 19 27 25 20 30
Transverse 24 28 26 20 37 25 24 42
SR-1 Vertical 9 .o 4 .O 3 .O 5.6 8 .O -aa 7.5 -a
Radial 7 .O 8.5 7 .O 9.2 17 -a 14 -aa
Transverse 9 .o 7 .O 8 .O 4 .O 2.0 - 8 .O -
SR-2 Vertical 2.5 3.3 2.5 3.7 4.8 -aa 4.5 -aa
Radial 2.4 2.1 3.7 2.5 3.2 - 3 .O -
Transverse 2.4 3.8 3.7 2 .o 4.0 -a 2.5 -a
aUnreliable.

Table C2. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C1, C2, C3.
( A l l values t o be multiplied by
C1 C2 c3
Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface Cornpressional Shear Surface
Station Coniponent (clii/sec) (crn/sec) (crn/sec) (crn/sec) icm/sec) icrn/seci icm,iser) icm/secl (cm/sec)
GM-1 v 0.5 7 .0 17 10 8.5 16 IS 12 25
R 5.0 6.0 7 .s 5.5 12 8.2 8.5 10 10
r 4 .0 11 9.0 3.5 14 10 5.0 12 14
CM-2 v 80 100 34 0 120 I so 4 50 230 160 ti60
11 180 400 400. 2 50 310 470 4G0 430 s4 0
r 80 270 200 100 400 120 200 480 210
CM-3 v 73 85 170 75 100 150 ‘30 100 225
I{ 60 82 85 70 70 85 85 55 60
T 25 75 51 0 30 85 75 20 85 95
SR-1 v 22 -aa 22 25 26 a 17 32 3 0, 23
R 9.0 - 37 0.0 - 38 10 -a r, 7
T 5.0 15 18 7 .0 -1 25 7.0 - :iti
SR-2 v 9.5 -a 16 7 .8 -
a
1s II -a 20
1% 8.2 -a 10 7.5 -a 12 12 1 ga 14
T 5.5 12 u .3 7.5 20 ~1.0 s.0 - 1-1

-62-
 Table C3. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C4, C5, C6.
(All values to be multiplied by
c4 C5 C6

Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface

Station Component (cm/sec) (crn/sec) (crn/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) ( c m / s e c ) (cmlsec) (cm/secl ( c m / s e c )

CM-1 V 4.1 1 .8 4.1 3.3 3 .O 6.5 16 16 35

R 2 .o 3.1 2 .o 2 .o 3.3 3.0 9.0 28 15
T 1.2 3 .O 1.7 1.5 3.4 4.1 7 .O 15 13
GM-2 V 40 50 150 -a 2 50 2 50 650
R 80 120 130 - a 580 520 700
T 40 140 110 - a 140 700 300
Ghl-3 V 32 32 47 27 60 45 130 160 310
R 25 18 17 30 35 20 130 130 80
T 8 .o 15 20 10 18 25 30 100 110
b
SR-1 v 9.0 7.5 8.0 I-
' b
13 38 - 50
R 3.0 21 47
T 3 .o
9.0
9.O
3.5
1 .o -b R .5
14
7 .o -
2%
44
SR-2 V 2.3 -b 3.4 2.5
b 12 -b 37
R 3.8 - 2.9 3.9
-b
-
6.4
5.4 13 21
T 2.4 3.1 1 .a 4 .O 5.0 3.7 11 -
2%
17

not recorded.
bunreliable.

-63-
 Table C4. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r D s e r i e s .
(All values t o be multiplied by
D1 u2 u3 D4

Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface Compress lonal Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface
Station Component (cm/sec) ( c m / s e c ) (crn/sec) (cm/seci (cmisec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec)
GM-1 V 8.5 62 54 6.0 40 46 8 .O 92 82 16 28 60
R 8.9 33 23 7 .o 26 22 6.8 55 48 a' 40 25
T 3.3 18 6 .O 3 .o 51 11 - 92 46 - 40 20
b
a b b
a b b
ab
a b
ab b -a
-;
400 1500
GM-2 V
a 3 1, a
R
r a
- a
- a
- -
-b -
-tl -b
- a
- a
- -b
-
1200
600 -
1200
800
GM-4 V 130 70 300 50 zooa 480 100 -a 400 -b -b -b
-a b b b
R -
--
100 280 520 70 700 870
I
- T 50 280 7 00 40 -a 430 -a
50 -a 320 -
-b --
b b
a
SR-1 V 20 90 60 90 175 160 -a -aa 70
R 6.0 -7a
92
2-
o a
60 95 -a
30 80 180 -a - 110
T 4 .O -a 18 -a 60 50 -a 120 100 -a 100 100

SR-2 V 7.3 61 48 8.0 45 45 7 .O 88 83 20 28 60

R 6.5 27 36 7 .O 28 31 7 .O 70 60 13 33 25
T 5.0 20 17 6.0 47 17 6.0 103 40 10 37 13

aUnreliable.
bData not recorded.
 Appendix D
Airblast Data
The observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for tabulated in the following format: first,
P r o j e c t Trinidad a r e summarized in the name of the experiment i s given,
Tables D1 through D4, together with a n followed by the charge weight, type of
analysis of the data. The data have been explosive, and depth of burial (DOB, in

Table D1. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations B1 through B8 (single-charges).

Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed data t o 1 ton and 1000 m b a r
Peak
Explo- DOB Distance, overpressure
Detonation sive (ft) Source R(ft) AP(psi) APs(mbar)

B1 ANFO 15.2 Ground shock 400 0.067a 373.0 5.71a 0.077 6a

(1 t o n ) 900 11.021a 839.0 1 .7ga 0.0643a
2000 II.oo8aa 1864.0 0.75a 0.0703a
G a s vent 400 0.64 373 .O 54.6 0.742
900 11.18 839.0 15.3 0.550
2000 0.076 1864.0 6.48 0.608
B2 ANFO 18.0 Ground shock 8 50 0.0072 792.0 0.614 0.0206
(I t o n ) 2000 0.00307 1864.0 0.262 0.0246
G a s vent 8 50 11.0 119 792.0 1.02 0.0342
2000 0.0045 1864.0 0.383 0.03 59
B3 ANFO 19.7 Ground shock 230 0.04 1 214.0 3.49 0.0244
(1 t o n ) 720 I1 .o 10 5 672.0 0.894 0.024 6
20 20 0.004 1 6 1883.0 0.355 0.0338
G a s vent 230 0.255 214.0 21.7 0.151
720 11.082 672.0 6.98 0.192
2020 0.0332 1883.0 2.83 0.269
B4 TD-2 15.9 Ground shock 3 50 0.044 326.0 3.75 0.04 34
(1 t o n ) 1000 11.015 932.1 1.28 0.0523
2000 0.0063 1864.2 0.537 0.0502
G a s vent 3 50 11.322 326.0 27.4 0.317
1000 0.101 932.1 8.61 0.352
2000 0.0373 1864.2 3.18 0.298
B5 TD-2 18.6 Ground shock 295 11.057 275.0 4.815 0.0459
(1 ton) 810 11.021 755.0 1.79 0.0568
1845 0.007 1720.0 0.596 0.0508
G a s vent 295 0.088 275.0 7.50 0.0708
ai0 0.0335 755.0 2.85 0.0903
1845 0 .O 123 1720.0 1.05 0.0896
B6 TD-2 20.9 Ground shock 163 0.0705 152.0 6.00 0.0278
(1 t o n ) 510 0.0260 475.0 2.215 0.0403
1670 0.0079 1556.0 0.673 0.0507
G a s vent 163 0.0556 152.0 4.74 0.0220
510 0.0262 475.0 2.23 0.0406
1670 0.0064 1556.0 0.545 0.041 1
B7 TD-2 22.6 Ground shock 275 11.04 ? 256.0 3.41? 0.0294 ?
(1 t o n ) 1630 0.00446 1520.0 0.380 0.0279
G a s vent 275 0.074 256.0 6.30 0.0543
1630 0.0149 1520.0 1.27 '0.0933
B8 TD-2 28.1 Ground shock 140 0.0528 130.5 4.50 0.0174
(1 t o n ) 460 0.0190 429.0 1.62 0.0261
835 0.0070 778.0 0.596 0.0195
G a s vent 140 11 .o 10 5 130.5 0.895 0.00346
460 0.0046 429.0 0.392 0.00631
835 0 .00 133 778.0 0.113 0.00371

aMay be a p r i m a c o r d s p i k e r a t h e r than t h e t r u e ground-shock-induced peak o v e r p r e s s u r e p u l s e f r o m t h e

detonation.

-65-
 Table D2a. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C1 and C2 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed data t o 1 t o n and 1000 m b a r
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
APs(mbar)
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) AP(psi)

c1 Ground shock 3 92 0.128 365.0 10.90 0.144

la
1525 0.0134 1420.0 1.14 0.077
3360 0.00842 3130.0 0.718 0.125
(five 1-ton /Ib 3 02 0.093 281.0 7.92 0.0765
c h a r g e s of 1000 0.oq 932.1 2.30 0.0941
TD-2 buried 3171 - 2958.0 - -
at 1 8 ft, 3 92 0.181 365.0 15.4 0.204
s p a c e d at Gas vent 1 1525 0.02 9 1420.0 2.48 0.168
32 f t ) 3360 0.0164 3130.0 1.397 0.244
302 0.152 281.0 12.95 0.125
II 1000 0.05E 932.1 4.35
-
0.178
3171 - 2958.0 -
c2 Ground shock 400 0.137 373.0 11.67 0.159
1 1515 0.013J 1412.0 1.116 0.075
3360 - 3130.0 - -
(five 1-ton 500 0.03 9 466.0 3.32 0.0592
c h a r g e s of I/ 1350 e.01g
-
1259.0 0.852
-
0.0499
-
TD-2 buried 2985 2780.0
at 20.4 ft, Gas vent 400 0.093 373.0 7.92 0.108
spaced a t 1 1515 0.0132 1412.0 1.21 0.08 14
25 ft) 3360 - 3130.0 - -
500 0.039 466.0 3.32 0.0592
11 1350 0.01&5
-
1259.0 0.98
-
0.0574
-
2985 2780.0

al - p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o a l i g n m e n t of r o w .
bll - p a r a l l e l t o a n d off t h e end of t h e r o w .
‘Transmitter drift.
dRecord noisy.
eRecord lost.

feet). F o r row-charge events, the row peak excess above the local ambient
configuration, spacing and delays (if any) pressure. Most of the measured over-
between charges in the row, number’of p r e s s u r e s a r e average values from two
charges, and charge weight a r e also separate gages at the s a m e location.
specified. The next column identifies Both the ground-shock and gas-vent peak
the source of the airblast pulse (ground- o v e r p r e s s u r e s a r e listed (in successive
shock- induced o r gas-vent- induced). sections of the table) where available.
Next, f o r row-charge events only, the Overpressures f o r all row-charge detona-
direction in which the airblast pulse w a s tions were measured in at least two dif-
measured is given [perpendicular t o row ferent directions, perpendicular to’the
axis (1) o r off the end of the row (11 )]. row (I t o row) and off the end of the row
The succeeding two columns l i s t the dis- (11
t o row). The delayed row-charges
tance R (in feet) from the detonation to a have measurements along three directions:
given observed peak overpressure A P perpendicular t o the row, of the starting
(in psi), A P in this c a s e r e f e r r i n g t o end (/Is), and off the final end (\IF) of the
-66-
 Table D2b. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations C3 and C4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed data - t o 1 t o n and 1000 m b a r
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) A P(psi) f

c3 G r o u n d shock 349 0.105 325.0 8.94 0.103

1 1530 0.0175 1425.0 1.49 0.101
3360 0.0079 3130.0 0.673 0.117
461 0.03 9/0.O 63a 430.0 3.32 f5.37a 0.0536i
( s e v e n 1-ton 0.05169
0.0866
c h a r g e s of ll 1160 0.0124/0.02Ia 1080.0 1.057/1.7ga
TD-2 b u r i e d 0.0873
at 23.5 f t , 2791 0.0048/0.0067a 2600.0 0.4 0 9 10.57 1a 0.0572k
s p a c e d at 0.0798
18 f t )
G a s vent 34 9 0.052 325.0 4.43 0.051
1 1530 0.0133 1425.0 1.133 0.077
3360 0.004!3 3130.0 0.418 0.073
461 0.029 1 430.0 2.480 0.040
II 1160 0.0114 1080.0 0.971 0.0474
2791 0.004 !j? 2600.0 0.383 ? 0.053 6 ?
c4 Ground shock 1 318 0.032 296.0 2.73 0.0282
1525 0.0052 1420.0 0.443 0.0299
(five I - t o n b 500 0.023 466.0 1.96 0.0349
c h a r g e s of 1's 2610 0.003 ]I 2430.0 0.264 0.0340
TD-2 buried
at 20.4 ft,
s u a c e d at 'IF" 1005
3000
0.0lg;l
-
936.5
2800.0
0.912
- 0.0375
-
2 5 ft, 318 0.104 296.0 8.86 0.0914
1
0.05-sec Gas vent 1525 0.0212 1420.0 1.806 0.122
delay between
charges) b 500 0.0630 466.0 5.36 0.0954
1's 2610 0.0129 2430.0 1.IO 0.142
1005 0.03%) 936.5 3.40 0.140
llFC 3000 - 2800.0 - -
a T w o v a l u e s given b e c a u s e s i g n a l s h o w e d double peak.
b l l ~ = off e n d of r o w at which d e l a y s e q u e n c e began; i.e., s t a r t i n g end.
C
// = off end of r o w a t which d e l a y s e q u e n c e ended; i.e., f i n a l end of t w o v a l u e s given b e c a u s e s i g n a l s h o w e d
d o u b g peak.
d ~ s iog n a l .

row. F o r the simultaneously detonated 1000

Row D1, measurements were made
perpendicular to the row uphill (1U ),
perpendicular t o the row downhill (ID),
and off one end of the row.
In o r d e r to eliminate dependence on
charge weight and the effects of local
ambient p r e s s u r e , ranges and overpres-
sures must be scaled to a consistent
system. In this instance, all data a r e
scaled to a yield of 1 ton and an ambient
p r e s s u r e of 1,000 mbar.
t o scaled points (Rs, AP,) i s given by:
AP, = A P
Pg
where Po = ambient p r e s s u r e ( m b a r ) and
W = charge weight (tons). Using Po
= 810 mbar and W = total charge weight
( o r mean individual charge weight €or
row events), all the observed data points
(R, A P ) w e r e scaled to (Rs, A P s ) . The
The conversion scaled values for each experiment a r e
also compiled in Table D1, with the
 Table D2c. Close-i irblast observations f o r Detonations C 5 a rges).
Altitude = 6200 ft AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data scaled
Observed data t o 1 t o n a n d 1000 m b a r

‘~(3)
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
Detonation Source Azimuth RVt) AP(psi) APs(mbar) f

c5 Ground shock 4 00 0.024 373.0 2.044 0.0279

L
1535 0.0070 1430.0 0.596 0.0408
(five 1-ton 500 0.0183 466.0 1.56 0.0278
c h a r g e s of 1‘s 2430 0.0054 2263.0 0.46 0.0544
TD-2 buried 3.75 0.082
595 0.044 554.0
at 20.4 ft, ‘IF 1185 0.0258 1105.0 2.20 0.110
s p a c e d at
2 5 ft, G a s vent 400 0.047 373.0 4 .OO 0.0546
L
0.025-sec 1535 0.014 1430.0 1.193 0.0816
delay 500 0.034610 .02ga 466.0 2.95/2.47a 0.05259
between 0.0439
charges) 0.008 9 /O .007Za 2263.0 0.7 58 10. 6 14 a 0.0897k
2430
“S 0.0727
595 0.042 554.0 3.58 0.0784
“F 1185 0.0274 1105.0 2.335 0.117
C6 Ground shock 485 0.160? 452.0 13.63 0.234
L 1110 0.04 1 1035.0 3.40 0.162
2720 0.0203 2534.0 1.73 0.235
(two p a r a l l e l
r o w s of f i v e 428 0.080+ 399.0 6.82 0.100
1-ton c h a r g e s /I 1690 0.0211 1575.0 1 .SO 0.138
of T D - 2 , 3700 0.0092 3450.0 0.7 84 0.1 54
39-ft G a s vent 485 0.3 0 6 ?ba 452.0 26?b 0.45?b
separation 0 . 0 9 8 /O .O 51 1035.0 8.35/4.35a 0.3871
L 1110
between rows; 0.201
charges buried 0.048 /0.02Pa 2 534 .O 4.0!3/2.39a 0.556A
27 20
at 20.4 ft, 0.325
spaced at
25 f t ) 428 0.14 7 10.1 5Za 399.0 12.511 3 .Oa 0.1841
0.191
/I 1690 0 .0328/0.0476a 1575.0 2.7 9 14.0 5a 0.2149
0.3 1 1
3700 0.0 1 58 /O .O 2 03 a 3450.0 1.35/1.73a 0.265i
0.340
aT w o v a l u e s g i v e n b e c a u s e s i g n a l s h o w e d d o u b l e p e a k .

b L a r g e r of t w o p e a k s ; c a l i b r a t i o n u n s t a b l e , v a l u e u n c e r t a i n .

scaled o v e r p r e s s u r e s A P s expressed in = 25.5 mbar). A l l measured overpres-

m b a r (1.0 psi = 69 mbar). sures a r e related t o this standard line by
Using the scaled data, it i s possible a transmission factor, f :
t o compare airblast f r o m experiments
Measured APs(at R s )
with different explosives o r at different
depths of burial. A convenient means of f(at R s ) = Standard line A P s ( at Rs)
accomplishing this comparison is the
relating of all airblast data to an a r b i t r a r y Separate values of f a r e assigned t o
standard. One useful standard f o r com- the phenomenon of ground-shock-induced
parison is a straight line of slope Rs-1.2 airblast (f ) and the airblast resulting
gs
in a log-log plot of A P s vs An from gas venting (f ).
gv
a r b i t r a r y R 8 I s 2 line i s chosen through The transmission factor will be a
the point (Rs = 900 ft/t0n1I3, A P , function of R,, scaled depth of burial,

-68-
a Table D3. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations D1 through D3 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data scaled
Observed data to 1 ton and 1000 mbar
Peak:
Distance, overpr e m u r e ,
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) AP(psi) f

D1 Ground shock a43 0.084 962.0 7.16 0.303

ha 1482 0.0227 1690.0 1.93 5 0.161
(nine charges b 770 0.076 878.0 6.48 0.246
of A N F 0, ID 1900 0.0128 2170.0 1.09 0.123
charge size
2 0 0 lb to 700 0.0232 799.0 1.976 0.0672
2 0 0 0 lb, II 3280 0.0048 2740.0 0.409 0.0886
average
1090 lb, Gas vent 1 a43 0.005 962.0 0.426 0.0181
U 1482 0.0013 1690.0 0.111 0.0093
mean depth
of burial c 1 770 0.002 878.0 0.170 0.0065
23.9 ft/tonlP, D 1900 0,001 2170.0 0.085 0.0096
mean spaci g 700 0.0047 799.0 0.401 0.0136
15.9 ft/ton1/5 )' I1 3 280 0.0013 3740.0 0.111 0.0240
D2 Ground shock 1 1000 0.0606 932.1 5.16 0.211
3210 0.0196 2990.0 1.68 0.278
(five 1-ton
charges of 1020 0.0460 951.0 3.92 0.1 64
TD- 1, buried I1 2240 0.0170 2090.0 1.45 0.1 56
at 17.7 ft, 3740 0.0128 3490.0 1.09 0.217

ft) at Gas vent

spaced 1 1000 0.179 932.1 15.25 0.624
32 2990.0
3210 0.0411 3.50 0.579
1020 0.0350 951 .O 2 .Sa 0.125
II 2240 0.0135 2090.0 1.15 0.124
3740 0.00884 3490.0 0.753 0.150
D3 Ground c-ock 1 1000 0.05 932.1 4.26 0.174
(two-paral- 3210 0.0156 2990.0 1.33 0.220
rows, (I-ton row)
720 0.0195 671.0 1.66 0.046
each six
charges of II 2220 0.0067 2070.0 0.571 0.061
3815 0.00328 3555.0 0.279 0 .O 57
IR10; down-
hill row: 1- Gas vent 1 1000 0.0653 932.1 5.56 0.228
ton charges 3210 0.0210 2990.0 1.79 0.296
buried at (1-ton row)
720 0.0526 67 1.O 4.48 0.123
19.1 ft, spaced
at 3 5 f t ) It 2220 0.0185 2070.0 1.576 0.168
3815 0.0088 3555.0 0.750 0.153
(uphi11 "Ow: Ground shock - ti 740.0 -d -d
2-ton
charges (2-ton POW)
1 1000
3210 - 2375.0 - -
buried at 720 0.044 1 533 .O 3.76 0.0785
24.4 ft, I1 2220 0.186 1 6 4 3 .O 1.585 0.128
spaced at 3815 o .00938 2820.0 0.799 0.123
3 5 ft, 740.0 0.153
1000 0.0579 4.93
40-ft separa-Gas vent 1
3210 0.0235 2375.0 2 .oo 0.251
tion and (2-ton row)
0.2 5-sec 720 o.04 98 533.0 4.24 0.0885
delay between I1 2220 0.0203 1643 .O 1.73 0.139
the two rows) 3815 0.01035 2820.0 0.882 0.136

-
alu perpendicular to row, uphill side.
-
blD perpendicular t o row, downhill side.
C
Weighted by individual charge yields to overemphasize the larger charges; this weighting has almost no
effect on the data reduction. Weighting not normally used in prediction procedures.

a
'Tlnidentifiable; coincides with f i r s t negative phase from 1-ton row.

-69-
Table D4. Close-in airblast observations for Detonation D4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed d a t a t o 1 ton and 1000 m b a r

Detonation Source Azimuth Distance,

R(ft) o vA
Peak
e rPp(rpessis) u r e , '~(5) Ps(mbar)

ma Ground shock 775 0.140 722 11.9

(1-ton r o w ) lb 2,168 0.097 2020 8.25
1,060 0.097 988 8.24
560 0.106' 522 9.04
11 3,800 0.0049 3 540 0.417
11,750 0.00196 10950 0.1 67
G a s vent 775 0.123d 722 10.5
lb 2.168 0.0616d 2020 5.25
(1-ton r o w )
lj060 - 988 -e
560 0.114' 522 9.7
/I 3,800 0.01 15' 3 540 0.98
11,750 0.00429 10950 0.365
Ground shock 77 5 0.123d 587 10.5
(2-ton r o w ) lb 2,168 0.0616d 1643 5.25
1,060 0.139 803 11.8
G a s vent 775 0.1 69 587 14.4
(2-ton r o w ) lb 2,168 0.131 1643 11.2
1.060 0.33tie 803e 28.6e
Unidentified 560 0.143'
3 r d peakf
3,800 0.0088
11,750 0.00361
560 0.060'
4th peakf 0.0085c
3,800
11,750 0.00315
I/ 560 0.124'
5th peakf 0.0187
3,800
11,750 0.00795

6th peakf 560 0.115'

3,800 0.0232'
11,750 0.0101

aThe D4 detonation was a double row of c h a r g e s , emplaced along t h e contour of a gentle slope.
T h e downhill r o w (1-ton row) consisted of 18 c h a r g e s , each of 1-ton yield. T h e uphill row
(2-ton r o w ) consisted of 14 c h a r g e s , 12 f 2-ton and 2 of 1-ton yield. The s p a c i n g between
r o w s was 46 ft (approximately 41 f t / t o n l b ) . The 1-ton r o w was detonated approximately 150 m s e c
b e f o r e t h e 2-ton row.
Mean yield of 1-ton r o w = 1.0 ton
T o t a l yield of 1-ton r o w = 18.0 tons
Mean DOBg of I-ton r o w = 19.7 ft/tO 113
Mean spacing of c h a r g e s in 1-ton r o w = 3 5 f t / t o n l b
Mean yield of 2-ton r o w = 1.86 ton
Total yield of 2-ton r o w = 26.0 t o n s
M e a n DOBg of 2-ton r o w . = 17.9 f t p o n l P
Mean s p a c i n g of 2-ton r o w = 28.5 f t / t ~ n l / ~
bPerpendicular o v e r p r e s s u r e s include v a l u e s m e a s u r e d along both p e r p e n d i c u l a r s ( c l o s e r t o the
1-ton row, and c l o s e r to t h e 2-ton r o w ) . The m e a s u r e d values a t a given r a n g e along t h e s e two
d i r e c t i o n s d i f f e r by about 30% in some cases, due t o p a r t i a l and v a r i a b l e overlap between p u l s e s
contributed by t h e two rows. T h e v a r i o u s contributions are usually i n s e p a r a b l e and p r e c i s e r e i n -
forcement factors cannot b e determined.
'Adjusted values - o v e r p r e s s u r e o r pulse identification may be uncertain.
dGas-vent pulse f o r 1-ton r o w o v e r l a p s ground-shock p u l s e for 2-ton r o w in t h i s direction.
eGas-vent p u l s e s f o r both r o w s coincide at t h i s station; s c a l e d values are s c a l e d on t h e b a s i s
of "2-ton row" alone.
T h e waveforms of t h e p u l s e s observed off t h e end of t h e rows were complex, consisting of
multiple peaks whose r e l a t i v e amplitudes and attenuation r a t e s v a r i e d significantly. Six d i s t i n c t
peaks w e r e observed; t h e third, fourth, fifth, and sixth peaks could not be assigned t o any s p e c i f i c
s o u r c e , due t o t h e g r e a t length and t h e t i m e delay of t h e two r o w s with r e s u l t a n t o v e r l a p and
v a r i a b l e reinforcement between v a r i o u s pulses. T h e fifth and sixth peaks w e r e apparently dominant
at all r a n g e s off t h e end of t h e rows. N o s c a l e d d i s t a n c e s o r reinforcment f a c t o r s could b e
determined due t o t h e fact t h a t t h e s o u r c e s of t h e dominant p u l s e s a r e not always identifiable.
gAll depths a r e m e a s u r e d t o the c e n t e r of t h e c h a r g e s . T h e c h a r g e s in t h e 1-ton r o w w e r e
emFlaced in u n d e r r e a m e d holes, and had a height-to-diameter r a t i o of about 1.0. T h e h o l e s f o r
the 2-ton r o w w e r e not underreamed, and t h e c h a r g e s had a height-to-diameter r a t i o of about
4 to 1. T h e s e c h a r g e s w e r e approximately 1 0 ft long. Thus, t h e upper portions of t h e 2-ton
c h a r g e s w e r e q u i t e close to t h e ground s u r f a c e , and t h e s e charges probably vented a t r a t h e r
e a r l y t i m e (causing high gas-vent o v e r p r e s s u r e s f r o m t h e 2-ton r o w ) .
-70-
medium, and explosive type (for single-
charge detonations). Close and inter-
mediate range peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for
most cratering experiments attenuate
with distance approximately as Rs
-1.2
. burial, as expected. A straight line i s
The l a r g e s t transmission factor observed
for a given experiment will thus provide
a n indication of the maximum expected
damage-producing airblast from any
experiment at the s a m e scaled burial
depth with the s a m e explosive in the same
medium.
Calculated transmission factors f o r
all buried Trinidad experiments are
listed in the last column of Tables D1
through D4. T h e s e values will be used t o
compare the various experiments.
SINGLE-CHARGE BURIED EVENTS
T h e most consistent airblast r e s u l t s
are generally obtained from single-charge
events. Therefore, it i s of interest to
examine Detonations BJ through B8. The
t h r e e ammonium nitrate f u e l oil (ANFO)
events, B1, B2, and B3, show consider-
able scatter. V a l u e s o f f are compar-
gs
able t o the other single-charge events,
although B2 and B3 appear r a t h e r low.
V a l u e s of f f o r B1 and B3 are higher
gv
than f o r any of the other (aluminized
s l u r r y ) experiments, but those for B2 are
lower. B2 w a s intermediate between B1
and B3 in scaled depth. The e r r a t i c be-
havior of the gas-vent airblast from
ANFO detonations i s believed t o be a
result of e r r a t i c vent times that are not
closely correlated with scaled depth of
16
burial.
T h e aluminized ammonium-nitrate
s l u r r y events show m o r e consistent be-
havior. V a l u e s of f f o r ground-shock
-71-
(f ) and gas-vent (f ) are plotted as a
gs gv
function of scaled depth of burial in
Fig. D l . In this case, f
decreases
gs
slowly with increasing scaled depth of
fitted through the maximum values of
f which a r e approximately twice those
gs
observed for TNT experiments at com-
parabble scaled depths. V a l u e s of f
gv
show m o r e deviation, indicating that some
s c a t t e r of the vent t i m e s occurs f o r these
experiments as well. However, f does
gv
decrease sharply with increasing depth,
as it should. The plotted values of f
gv
are greater than those observed for TNT
events at comparable scaled depths by a
factor of two t o ten. T w o curves are
drawn through the maximum values of f
gv'
the lower curve is considered the best
estimate of the maximum gas-vent t r a n s -
mission factors f o r typical events.
ROW-CHARGE EVENTS
Airblast from a row of equal-size
charges a t a given scaled depth is g r e a t e r
than the airblast that would be produced
by only one of the charges detonated at
the s a m e scaled depth. The reinforce-
ment of airblast f o r row-charge events
is usually measured by the r a t i o of the
peak overpressure ( o r value of f), a t a
given distance from the row, t o the peak
o v e r p r e s s u r e ( o r value of f ) a t the s a m e
distance from a single charge of the s a m e
weight as the average weight of the charges
in the row and at the s a m e average scaled
depth of burial. This ratio is known as
the "difference factor" between row and
single charge airblast.
The difference factors for past ex-
periments under partially controlled
 C
.-0
.- ul

5c
I-
e \
\

o. o A Ground shock, f
9s
o Gas vent, f
9V

0. oc

Fig. D1. Observed single-charge transmission factors as a function of scaled '

depth of burst f o r aluminized ammonium nitrate s l u r r y detonations,
P r o j e c t Trinidad.

-72-
 conditions have been found to fit a law
of the form:
B
Difference factor = n
where n = number of charges in the row
and B = a n exponent whose value depends;
upon the following:
0 The azimuth, relative to the align-
ment of the row, at which the a i r -
blast is observed. "B" will be a
maximum f o r observations perpen-
dicular t o the row, and will de-
crease at azimuths c l o s e r t o the
row axis.
m The scaled depth of burial.
QD The scaled spacing between charges.
m The rock type
I. The type of explosive
.I. The average charge weight
e The absolute length of the row
I
. The scaled range at which the air-
blast i s observed.
Difference factors and values of B
have been calculated for the Trinidad row
experiments. F i r s t , the average charge
weight and the average scaled depth of
burial f o r each row w e r e determined
(Table D1). The observed o v e r p r e s s u r e s

Table D5a. Ground-shockinduced o v e r p r e s s u r e reinforcement correction factors for

Trinidad row-charge detonations.
AP(row charge) = n BAP(sing1e charge at same scaled range)

Difference
B
Detonation Direction n factor, n B
~

C1 Perpendicular t o row 5 2.44 0.554

Parallel t o row 1.60 0.292
c2 Perpendicular t o row 5 3.31 0.744
Parallel t o row 1.23 0.128
c3 Perpendicular t o row 7 3.08 0.578
Parallel t o row 2.30,l .51a 0.428, 0.212a
c4 Perpendicular t o row 5 (0.622 Ib <O
(delay = Parallel t o starting end (0.727) <O
0.05 sec) Parallel to final end (0.781) <O
c5 Perpendicular t o row 5 (0.850)b <O
(delay = Parallel t o starting end 1.13 0.07 6
0.025 s e c ) Parallel t o final end 2.29 0.51 5
C6 Perpendicular t o row loc 4.90 0.690
Parallel t o row 3.21 0.506
D1 Perpendicular t o row, uphill 9 8.42 0.97
Perpendicular t o row, downhill 6.83 0.874
Parallel t o row 2.46 0.41
D2 Perpendicular t o row 5 4.55 0.940
Parallel t o row 3.56 0.789
D3 Perpendicular t o 1-ton row 6 4.07 0.784
Parallel to 1-ton row of 1 ton 1.13 0.068
Perpendicular t o 2-ton row 6 - -

'a
Parallel to 2-ton row of 2 tons 2.42 0.4 93
a
Two values given because signal showed double peak; l a r g e r value listed first.
b V a l u e s in parentheses indicate airblast overpressures less than comparable fitted
single-charge values; considered somewhat questionable.
C
T w o parallel 5-charge rows; data reduced as airblast from single 10-charge row.

-73-
and distances w e r e then scaled according
to the average charge weight, and values
o f f were calculated, The largest
observed value of f in each direction for
each experiment w a s compared t o the
value o f f for a single-charge experiment
at the same scaled depth of burial (see
Fig. Dl), and the difference factor w a s
calculated: difference factor = f row-
charge/f single charge f o r the s a m e
scaled depth. The ground-shock line in
Fig. D1 w a s used to obtain the value of
f f o r a single charge, and the lower of
gs
the .two curves through the gas-vent
values w a s used to obtain f f o r a Single
gv
charge. The calculated difference factor
are listed in Table D5a (ground-shock
observations) and Table D5b (gas vent
observations ).
Because the number of charges f o r
each experiment i s known, the value of
B can be calculated. The B-values are

Table D5b. Gas-vent-induced overpressure reinforcement correction factors for

Trinidad row-charge detonations.
AP(row charge) = n BAP(sing1e charge at s a m e scaled range)
Difference
Detonation Direction n factor, nB
B

c1 Perpendicular to row 5 1.63 0.304

Parallel t o row 1.19 0.108
c2 Perpendicular t o row 5 1.80 0.365
Parallel to row (1.o)a (0)
c3 Perpendicular t o row 7 3.50 0.644
Parallel t o row 0.396, 0.459
b
2.16, 2.44b
c4 Perpendicular to row 5 2.03 0.44'
(delay = Parallel t o starting end 2.37 0.536
0.05 s e c ) Parallel t o final end 2.33 0.526
c5 Perpendicular t o row 5 1.36 d 0.191
(delay = Parallel to starting end 1.50, 1.21 0.252, 0.117d
0.025 s e c ) Parallel t o final end 1.95 0.415
0.966,0.734 d
C6 Perpendicular t o row 1oe 9.26, 5.42d
Parallel t o row 5.66,4.42 0.753,0.645
D1 Perpendicular t o row, uphill 9 (1. O ) (0 )
Perpendicular t o ro*, downhill (0.505) <O
Parallel t o row 1.26 0.105
D2 Perpendicular t o row 5 3.67 0.808
Parallel t o row (0.88) <O
D3 Perpendicular t o 1-ton row 6 3.05 0.622
Parallel t o 1-ton row of 1 to 1.73 0.306
Perpendicular to 2-ton row 6 2.92 0.598
Parallel to 2-ton row of 2 tons 1.62 0.269
a
~

V a l u e s in parentheses indicate airblast overpressures l e s s than comparable Eitted

single-charge values; considered somewhat questionable.
bLarger of two listed values derives from questionable airblast measurement.
C
Questionable because of the very rapid attenuation of gas-vent overpressures with
distance perpendicular t o the C4 row.
dTwo values given because signal showed double peak; l a r g e r value listed first.
e
Two parallel 5-charge rows; data reduced as airblast from single 10-charge row.

-74-
a listed in the last column of Tables D5a
and D5b.
Experiment D3 consisted of two six-
charge rows, but the separation and time
delay between the rows were sufficiently
g r e a t that almost no airblast interaction
o r reinforcement occurred; therefore, the
pulses from each row w e r e treated as if
they originated from two separate six-
charge rows and were analyzed separately.
The C6 double row, on the other hand, had
no interrow delay. Separate signals from
the two rows could not be identified, and
the event w a s treated as a single ten-
charge row ( r a t h e r than two five-charge
rows 1.
It should be noted that, except for D1,
all rows consisted of aluminized ammonium- possible t o establish completely consistent
nitrate s l u r r y charges in rock very
s i m i l a r t o that of the B-series tests.
Therefore, the comparison of single-
charge values of f from Fig. D1 to f
values for the row-charge events should
be valid. Experiment D1 used ANFO and
may show the e r r a t i c gas venting behavior
noted f o r the single charge ANFO experi-
ments. The value of f f o r D-1 did in-
gv
-
deed t u r n out t o be very low (Table D5b),
being comparable t o that expected f o r a
single-charge (B 0).
The B-values in Tables D5a and D5b
show an enormous amount of scatter,
varying all the way from B = 0 (single-
charge airblast) t o B =: 1.0 (perfect
acoustic reinforcement). The average
values tend t o be somewhat g r e a t e r ( m o r e
reinforcement) than those previously
a
determined f o r relatively large- yield
r o w s (charge weights -10 tons), but less
than the observed reinforcement for
small-yield rows (charge weights -64 lb).22
No definite correlation could be established
-7 5-
with scaled depth of burial, number of
charges in the row, o r scaled spacing
between charges.22 The reasons for this
e r r a t i c behavior a r e not fully understood,
but a r e believed t o be related to the in-
homogeneous nature of the medium,
relatively s m a l l charge weights, and
i r r e g u l a r venting behavior, Many of the
experiments showed highly complex wave-
f o r m s in which some peaks could not be
positively identified o r interpreted.
Irregular and unexplained variations in
vent t i m e s between the individual charges
in a row may have contributed t o the
s c a t t e r in the data. The ground-shock-
induced pulses showed complex multiple
peaks for some experiments. It i s im-
relationships bet ween single- and row-
cha.rge airblast s i m i l a r t o those found for
experiments in more uniform media,
However, best estimates of the row-
charge difference factors are given in
Table D6. The conclusions discussed
below must be considered tentative at
best:. A m o r e extensive discussion of
the observed o v e r p r e s s u r e s and attenua-
tion r a t e s f o r individual row-charge
events i s given in Ref. 1 6 .
Waveforms observed off-the-end-of
and perpendicular to the D4 (RR1) double
row w e r e of extraordinary complexity.
The length of the rows and the interrow
delay, a s well as the inconsistent venting
behavior from charge t o charge within a
row, caused various pulses t o overlap
and reinforce in a complex manner'
dependent on azimuth and range. Overlap
rendered the s o u r c e of s o m e peaks
unidentifiable, particularly off the end of
the rows. F o r these reasons, scaling of
the overpressures and determination of
 Table D6. Airblast amplitudes for row-charges expressed in t e r m s of single-charge
airblast amplitudes.
Conditions
Simultaneous row- charge
Perpendicular
Off-the-end
I Delayed (intercharge) row-charges
Perpendicular: delay A T = 0.25 sec/ton ' p
Off-the-starting end
Off-the-finish end A T = 0.025 sec/ton ' p
I r
A T = 0.050 secfton'/J
aEstimate based on v e r y limited data.
the reinforcement factors cannot be
accurately accomplished. It is hoped
that t h i s situation w i l l improve when
m o r e data from long rows become avail-
able. Meanwhile, the D4 data cannot be
included in the "reinforcement factor"
analysis, and we can only predict
approximate "maxim um" expected rein-
forcement factors for very long o r
complex rows based on the particular
c a s e in question.
Other problems with the D4 measure-
ments include inconsistent attenuation
I
rates in a given direction (related t o the
problems mentioned above), and s o m e
questionable data points as noted in'the
16
table.
The principal characteristic of the
airblast data f o r row-charges i s the
l a r g e amount of s c a t t e r . However, the
observed difference factors (i.e., airblast
reinforcement) for all experiments in this
s e r i e s have a fairly well-defined upper
bound f o r each component of the airblast
pulse (gas vent and ground shock). These
estimated upper limits, as listed in
Table D6, may be used t o predict reliably
the airblast amplitudes for s i m i l a r experi-
Ground-shock-induced Gas-vent-induced
overpressures overpressures
A P r = n0.75 A P s A P r = n 0.6 A P s
AP = n0.5 A P s A p = n0.45 A P s
r r
A P r gaps APr
a
- n 0.45t00.55 A pS
AP; = AP,
= n0 . 5
A P ~ npS Ap g n0.45 A P s
n r
APr APs
ments. Estimates of the difference factors
presented in Table D6 should apply most
accurately f o r detonations s i m i l a r t o those
at Trinidad; i.e., five t o ten charge rows,
charge weights from 0.5 to 2 tons, near-
'
optimum intercharge spacing (16 to
3 5 f t / t ~ n ' / ~ )and
, aluminized ammonium-
nitrate s l u r r y explosive in weak rock.
These difference factors apply either t o
the peak single-charge overpressures
A F s at intermediate ranges, o r t o the
maximum single-charge values of f .
F o r single row-charges, Table D6
relates o v e r p r e s s u r e s generated by the
row-charge ( A P r ) to those generated by
a single charge ( A P s ) weighing the s a m e
as the average charge in the row and at
the s a m e scaled depth of burial. The
number of charges in the row i s n.
F o r simultaneous double row-charges
near optimum interrow spacing, the
o v e r p r e s s u r e s and difference factors
w e r e approximately the s a m e a s for a
single row containing the s a m e number of
charges as both double rows; i.e., n i s
the total number of charges in both rows.
The single -charge t r a n s m i s s ion
factors (Fig. D1) and row-charge
-7 6-
difference factors discussed in this means of predicting airblast from future
22
chapter may be used as an approximate events of a similar nature.

-77-
 Appendix E
Laboratory Testing of Fallback Material
J. M. Duncan"' and C. K. Chan t
4
,
A program of laboratory tests w a s con-
ducted at the Rockfill Test Facility at the
.I, I.,
University of California".". to m e a s u r e the
physical properties of the fallback in the
D4 c r a t e r .
The t e s t s described w e r e performed
f o r two purposes. The p r i m a r y objective
w a s t o obtain information that could be
used t o estimate the amount of time-
dependent settlement of the fallback, and
the amount of settlement that would result
f r o m saturation of the fallback by surface
water o r groundwater. A second objective
of the test program w a s to provide infor-
mation concerning other physical prop-
erties of the fallback, such as grain-size
distribution, relative density, and s h e a r
strength characteristics, that would add
t o the available information concerning
the engineering characteristics of fallback
m a t e r i a l s in general.
The rocks, which are composed of
quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase feld-
s p a r s , clay, and minor amounts of
ferromagnesian minerals, a r e soft and
poorly cemented. Although they do not
slake when placed in w a t e r , they are
softened by water and many sandstone
fragments could be broken easily by hand
after soaking in water. The average
in s i t u d r y density of the rock before the
3
blast was 150.8 lb/ft . A s described in
3
Chapter 6, the m a s s density of 128.8 lb/ft
-8-
4,
Associate P r o f e s s o r of Civil Engi-
neering, University of California, Berkeley.
?Research Engineer, University of
California, Berkeley.
,J, 1-
I. 4
,
T h e Rockfill T e s t Facility, located at
the Richmond Field Station. i s operated
by the University of California for the
California Department of Water Resources. ! rocks before the blast. Using a water
-78-
was determined by excavating 107.2 yd 3
from a trench and weighing the material.
The grain-size was measured using the
i o
point-count technique. 1 1 The fallback
contained a f e w rocks a s l a r g e a s 4 o r 5 ft,
but about 99% of the particles w e r e s m a l l e r
than 1 5 in. The smallest particles w e r e
finer than the No. 200 sieve.
Thirty-four tons of the excavated fall-
back material w e r e trucked t o the Rockfill
Test Facility f o r testing. Samples w e r e
taken f r o m the material t o determine its
water content. The entire 3 4 tons w e r e
sieved t o determine the grain- size distri-
bution and to separate the material into
a number of size fractions, the smallest
consisting of material passing the No. 200
sieve. The size fractions w e r e subse-
quently recombined to f o r m "model"
materials with grain-size distribution
curves parallel t o the lield curve, but
with s m a l l e r maximum particle sizes.
T e s t s were conducted on these model
m a t e r i a l s to determine maximum and
minimum densities f o r relative density
determinations, and triaxial and one -
dimensional compression tests w e r e per-
formed to determine the stress- s t r a i n
and strength characteristics. Tests w e r e
conducted on specimens compacted t o the
in s i t u relative density and t o looser
densities .
WATER CONTENT A N D IN SITU
DRY DENSITY
Samples from the material received for
testing a t the Rockfill T e s t Facility were
found t o have an average water content of
4.870, which is about the s a m e value as
determined from c o r e samples of the 1
content of 4.8% and the moist unit weight
determined by trenching in the fallback
3
= 128.8 lb/ft ) the in situ d r y unit
('In
weight (yd) w a s calculated to he 123.0 l b /
ft3.
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION,
PARTICLE COMPOSITION, AND
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The grain-size distribution curve
determined by sieving the fallback mate-
r i a l received at the Rockfill T e s t Facility
is shown in Fig. E l , together with curves
determined by the point-count technique
at the east and the west ends of the c r a t e r .
The curve determined by sieving l i e s
between the other two curves f o r the
range of s i z e s l a r g e r than about 0.2 in.,
but shows l a r g e r percentages of the finer
sizes. It is s e e n that 23% of the fallback
is finer than the No. 4 sieve, and about
270 is finer than the No. 200 sieve.
The grain-size distribution curves f o r
the "model" materials a r e shown in
These curves a r e parallel to
Fig. E2.
the grain-size curve of the material
received for testing, and were selected
s o that the largest s i z e particles u s e d in
each type o f test were about one-sixth zs
l a r g e as %heminimum dimension of the
t e s t specimen.
The material w a s examined after
sieving t o determine the cornpositions
and specific gravities of the various s i z e
fractions, as shown in Table E l . The
shale and siltstone w e r e softer than the
sandstone and were ::herefore broken into
s m a l l e r particles by the blast. As a
resjtllt, the s m a l l e r particles tend to be
somewhat softer than the l a r g e r ones.
The s a m e would probably be true of any
fallback containing rocks with varying
hardness, The specific gravities deter-
mined f o r the various s i z e fractions

U.S. sieve size - in.

#200 #lo0 150 I 3 0 #16 #8 #4 3/8 3/4 1-1/2 3 6 12 24

/'
--I Determined by East end of crater
c
I: point count technique West end of crater,,y

L
al Trinidad fa1 Iback
.-
C
u-
40
I
t

E
C
al
dl
II- '34-ton sample-
deterrnined.by sieving

*0 O L
0.01 0.1 1 10
Opening --in.
Fig. E l . Comparison of grain-size distribution curves determined by
point count technique arid by sieving.

-79-
 U.S. s i e v e s i z e - in.
1

+
L
.-alrn
3
x
11

.-t
S
cc
c
C
al
2
al
a

Opening - in.
Fig. E2. Grain-size distribution curves f o r material as received and
f o r t e s t specimens.

Table E l . Composition and specific gravities of various sized fractions of Trinidac

fallback.
Size fraction Percent P e r cent shale Specific
(in.) sandstone and siltstone gravity
6 to 3 91 9 2.60
3 t o 1-1/2 98 2 -
1-1/2 to 314 a4 16 2.64

314 t o 318 67 33 -
318 t o No. 4 - - 2.66
No.4 t o No. 8 50 50 -
All material - - 2.60
finer than No. 4

varied from 2 - 6 0 to 2.66, with an average four "model" materials having grain-SiZe
value of 2.63. distribution curves parallel t o that .for
the field material, but s m a l l e r maximum
RELATIVE DENSITY particle sizes. T e s t s w e r e performed
on materials with maximum particles sizes
Tests w e r e performed t o determine equal t o 2 in., 1 in., 1/2 in., and the No. 4
the maximum and minimum densities f o r sieve s i z e . The results of these tests

-80-
a are shown in Fig. E3.
and minimum densities increase with
The maximum
increasing maximum particle size.
Extrapolating the experimental curves to
a maximum particle s i z e of 15 in., it w a s
estimated that the maximum density of
the material with the field gradation would
be about 130.0 lb/ft 3, and the minimum
about 109.5 lb/ft
3
. Using these values of
maximum and minimum density, it w a s
determined that the relative density of
the fallback in the field was about 7070,
This relative density of the fallback in
the field i s somewhat higher than w a s
anticipated. However, studies by Walker
23
and Whitaker21 and Silver and Seed
have shown that uniform sands can be
compacted efficiently by "pluvial com-
paction," o r dropping into place.
and Seed found that a uniform, angular
silica sand that they tested could be
compacted t o as high as 95% relative
density by pluvial compaction. To the
writers' knowledge, no studies have been
performed t o determine the effectiveness
of pluvial compaction f o r well-graded
materials like the Trinidad fallback.
TRIAXIAL TESTING
Most of the triaxial and one-dimensional
compression test specimens were formed
a t relative densities close to those deter-
mined for the fallback in the field, in
order. that the results of the t e s t s could
be used t o evaluate the properties of the
material at its in situ density. A few
t e s t s on s m a l l e r size specimens were
performed at looser densities t o investi-
Silver gate the effects of changes in density on
the strength, compressibility, and com-
pression due to wetting,

U.S. seive size - in.

c
#200 #lo0 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8 3/4 1-1/2 3 6 12
1301 I I I I I I I I I I I /

'O" n

90 -

80
-
I
specified by
ASTM D 2049-69

I 1 I -Minimum density

Fig. E3. Variations of maximum and minimum density with maximum

particle size.

-81 -
 F o u r drained triaxial t e s t s w e r e per-
formed on 36-in. diameter specimens
containing particles a s large as 6 in.
The grain-size distribution curves for the
material tested a r e shown in Fig. E2.
The specimens were compacted to dry
3
densities ranging from 119.6 lb/ft t o
120.6 lb/ft 3 , which corresponds to
relative densities of 71 f 20J0, very close
t o the field value.
Two t e s t s were conducted on material
that w a s compacted and tested at water
contents of 570, essentiallythe s a m e as
the field value. The second two specimens
w e r e saturated after compaction by
circulating w a t e r through them and by
applying back p r e s s u r e . The permeability
of the material w a s quite low, and con-
siderable time w a s required t o saturate
the specimens. After the tests the wet
specimens did not drain; they had con-
siderable cohesion and were able t o
stand unsupported, as shown in Fig. E4.
The s t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change
curves f o r the two t e s t s performed using
u3 = 15 psi a r e shown in Fig. E5, and
those for tests conducted with u3 = 30 psi
are shown in Fig. E6. The s t r e s s - s t r a i n
curves shown in Figs. E 5 and E6 and in
other figures in this report have not been
corrected f o r the loads c a r r i e d by the Fig. E4. Wet specimen (36-in. diameter)
rubber membranes used to confine the after testing.
specimens. The loads are not very large,
however, and applying the appropriate of internal friction, which a r e discussed
correction t o the axial stress results in in a subsequent section.
a reduct ion in the maximum principal It may be noted that the wet specimens
stress ratio of the o r d e r of 0.1, o r about were considerably weaker than the dry
2%. Although the values of principal ones. The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r the
stress ratio shown on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n wet specimens a r e flatter than f o r the
curves have not been corrected, the dry ones tested at the same pressure,
stresses at failure have been corrected and the peak values of principal s t r e s s
for the purpose of calculating the angles ratio a r e smaller. It may also be seen

-82-
 that the wet specimens compressed m o r e
I I I I during s h e a r than the dry ones. The
material is quite compressible; even a t
the low confining p r e s s u r e s employed in
Wet
the tests, the volumes of all the specimens
decreased during s h e a r .
Trinidad fallbock -
36 i n . dia . specimens Four drained triaxial tests were con-
maximum w r t i c l e size = 6 i n .
[ Dr = 71 %’ ducted on 6-in. diameter specimens. A s
0 = I5 psi
3 was the c a s e in the t e s t s on 36-in. diam-
e t e r specimens, two specimens were
tested wet and two were tested dry, using
Dry confining p r e s s u r e of 15 and 30 psi. The
maximum particle s i z e in the 6-in diam-
.-V e t e r specimens was 1-in. The specimens
L
-15 were prepared at densities of 114.1 t o
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3
-
-% 114.8 lb/ft , correspond t o relative
*
A x i a l strain
9 densities of 7 7 1%.
Fig. E5. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r the t e s t s
change curves f o r specimens a r e shown in Figs. E7 and E8. A s in the
compacted t o 71% relative
density (confining p r e s s u r e , case of the 36-in. diameter specimens,
1 5 psi).

‘m

b
1 5
.-+0
: 4
Y)
Y)

?
z 3
-
Trinidad fallbock

x
rinidad fallback 6 i n . d i a . specimens
6 i n . dia . specimens
.- maximum a r t i c l e size
muximum particle size =
u 2
.-S
I
a
1
--t

0 5 20 25 0 20 . 2 5
-5
10 15
-9
1
5 5 10 15

9 - -%
A x i a l strain A x i a l strain
3
Fig. E6. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume Fig. E7. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume
change curves f o r specimens change curves for specimens
compacted t o 717’0 relative compacted t o 77% relative
density (confining pressure, density (confining pressure,
30 psi). 1 5 psi).

-83-
 b
1 5
.-+0
2 4
VI

2
-
2 3 Trinichd fallback
2.8 i n . dia . specimens
K
6 i n . d i a . specimens
.- maximum particle size
v 2
.-8
L-

& 1

I -5

*G -15P I 1 I 1 1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25
E,
- -
2
Axial strain

Fig. E9. Stress-strain and volume

Fig. E8. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change curves f o r specimens
change curves f o r specimens compacted to 73% relative
compacted t o 77% relative density (confining pressure,
density (confining p r e s s u r e , 1 5 psi).
30 psi).
*m
the specimens tested wet w e r e consider-
ably weaker than the d r y ones, and com-
p r e s s e d m o r e during s h e a r .
Eight drained triaxial t e s t s w e r e con-
ductkd on 2.8-in. diameter specimens,
with materials having a maximum rinidod fallbock

particle s i z e of 0.47 in. Two of these

tests were conducted on wet specimens
that w e r e compacted t o d r y densities of
3 3
108.8 lb/ft and 109.3 lb/ft , correspond-
ing t o relative densities of 7170 and 73%.
The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r these tests
are shown in Figs. E9 and E10, together
with s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves for d r y mate-
5
rial at the s a m e relative density estimated 5
-
0 10
A x i a l strain
15
- ?h
2 0 . 25

from the r e s u l t s of tests on d r y specimens 9

at higher and lower densities. Fig. E10. Stress-strain and volume
The remaining s i x tests on 2.8-in. change curves for specimens
compacted t o 7370 relative
diameter specimens were conducted on density (confining pres'sure,
d r y specimens with relative densities 30 psi).

-84-
e ranging from 54.570 t o 80.570. The stress-
s t r a i n and volume change curves f o r these
t e s t s are shown in Figs. E l l and E12. e1
I 5
.+-0--
ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION :? 4
TESTS "1
"7

:!
Eight one-dimensional compression t;
--
3 Trinidad fallback
2.8 i n . dia. s p e c i m e n s
t e s t s were conducted on material having .!L-- rnax. p a r t i c l e s i z e = 0.47 ii
u 2
a gradation curve parallel t o the field .CI--
gradation curve and a maximum particle a- 1
0
s i z e equal t o the No. 4 sieve. The t e s t s
w e r e conducted on specimens confined in I -5
4-in. diameter, 1-in. high Teflon-lined CJ

consolidation rings. Two series of t e s t s

.u--
were performed, one on specimens com- t- I
E -15
UJ 5 10 15 20 25
pacted t o 8070 relative density, and the .
__
a A x i a l strain -%
other on specimens compacted to 5070 =.
relative density.
Fig. E l 1. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume
The compression-time curves for one change curves f o r specimens
of these t e s t s is shown in Fig. E13. The compacted t o t h r e e relative
dens it ies (confining p r e s sure,
s p e c i m en w a s c om pact e d dry - t o - 80% 1 5 psi).
relative density and w a s then subjected
t o a p r e s s u r e of 10 psi. Application of
this p r e s s u r e resulted in an immediate b
axial compression of about 0.870, followed 1 5
by a s m a l l amount of time-delayed com- .-
c
0

p 4
pression. Similarly, increasing the VI
m

p r e s s u r e to 20 psi and then to 30 psi F

z 3
-
r e s u l t e d in f u r t h e r immediate compres- x
*z 2
sion followed by c r e e p at a slow rate.
.-
A s shown in Fig. E13, adding water a
L

1
t o the specimen while the p r e s s u r e w a s 0
maintained at 3 0 psi caused a large in-
c r e a s e in the settlement rate. Over a .-c
period of 100 min. after the water was
added, the settlement increased from
$ -15
about 2.8 t o about 9.4%. 0
-
5 5 10 15 20
Axial s t r a i n - %
25
The results for all four one-
3
dimensional compression t e s t s per- Fig. El:?. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume
formed on specimens compacted t o 80% change curves f o r specimens
compacted t o t h r e e relative
relative density a r e shown in Fig. E14. densities (confining pressure,
These four specimens were wetted while 30 psi).

-85-
 10 psi t
20 psi
30 psi c
- Water added

.-
5

e
c
wl
-
.E 6
X
Q Trinidad fallback
Maximum particle size = No. 4
Dr = 80%

I I I I I I I I I I I 1
0.1 1 10 1 00 400
Time after loading - rnin.

Fig. E13. Compression t i m e curves f o r specimens compacted to 80%

relative density.

0
lid Swelling due to wetting a t 0.1 psi

8
I -4
.-C
e
+
-0 -a
v)

.-
X
-

Q
t
r;Ei;g
Trinidad fallback
particle size = NO. 4

Fig. E14. One-dimensional compression curves for specimens com-

pacted to 80% relative density.

-86-
subjected t o p r e s s u r e s of 30, 20, 10, PARTICLE BREAKAGE
and 0.1 psi. The specimen which w a s
wetted at 0.1 psi swelled about 2.6% when Several specimens were sieved t o
the water w a s added, but all the others determine the amount of particle breakage
compressed upon wetting. Similar r e - during testing. The results a r e shown
sults for specimens compacted t o 50% in Table 2 in t e r m s of the particle break-
relative density a r e shown in Fig. E15. age factor B, defined by M a r ~ a l . ' ~This
~
A s would be expected, the amount of factor is the sum of the differences (of
s w e l l induced by wetting at the lowest the s a m e sign) in the percentages retained
p r e s s u r e was smaller, and the amounts on each sieve before and after a test.
of compression due t o wetting at higher L a r g e r values of B indicate m o r e change
p r e s s u r e s were l a r g e r for these l o o s e r in gradation and m o r e particle breakage
specimens. during the test. The data in Table E2
As for other soils tested previously, indicate that the particle breakage was
the amounts of compression induced by
Table E2. V a l u e s of particle breakage
wetting the specimens after loading were
factor B determined by re-
approximately equal t o the difference in sieving triaxial specimens
after testing.
the amounts of compression for wet and
Specimen d i a m e t e r
dry specimens at the s a m e p r e s s u r e .
3 6 in. 6 in. 2.8 in.
Thus the amount of compression due to Confining
pressure Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet
wetting at any p r e s s u r e can be estimated (psi) (%) (70) (%) (70) (70) (%)

with compression curves f o r wet and I. 5 6 18 11 26 10 21

30 6 15 10 23 9 17
d r y specimens.

L Swelling due to wetting a t 0.1 psi

compression

,Wet compression

Maximum particle size = No. 4

1 Dr = 5 0 y 0 '

. -

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
A x i a l pressure - psi
Fig. E l 5. One-dimensional compressiori curves f o r specimens com-
pacted t o 50% relative density.

-87-
g r e a t e r f o r the wet than f o r the d r y
specimens. It may a l s o be noted that there
w a s m o r e breakage f o r the s m a l l e r
specimens that contained smaller, softer
particles . internal friction a r e about 6 deg lower
SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST
PROGRAM
The relative density of the fallback in
the field is perhaps the most important
factor controlling its s h e a r strength,
compressibility, compress ion upon
wetting, and susceptibility t o settlements
o r liquefaction during earthquakes. Mate-
rials with relative densities as high as
that determined f o r the Trinidad fallback
(70700) a r e nearly as dense a s well-
engineered fills and should thus not be
susceptible t o s e v e r e problems of settle-
ment and stability.
In o r d e r to determine the relative
density of the fallback in the field, it w a s
necessary to extrapolate on the basis of
minimum and maximum density values
determined f o r model materials with
s m a l l e r maximurn particle sizes. Be-
cause of the importance of knowing the
relative densities accurately, it would
be desirable to study the effectiveness of
pluvial compaction for well-graded fall-
back materials. If enough data could be
obtained for various types of materials,
it might be feasible to predict the relative
density based on small-scale laboratory
and/or field tests conducted before the
crater w a s made.
The results of all the triaxial tests
performed are summarized in Table E3,
and the measured values of $ are plotted
against the relative densities of the test
specimens in Fig. E16. All of the values
shown in Fig. E16 are for t e s t s conducted
-88-
with u3 = 1 5 psi; as shown in Table E3,
the values of Q are about 1 t o 2 deg lower
for tests conducted with a3 = 30 psi.
It may be seen that the angles of
onathe average for wet specimens than
for dry ones. The values o f $ measured
for all three specimen s i z e s are in fairly
good agreement, indicating that it would
be possible t o determine the angle of
internal friction with reasonable accuracy
by testing "model" materials, even though
the particles in the various size ranges
vary in hardness.
F o r the in situ relative density of 700/0,
the angle of internal friction for the
material in a d r y condition is about
43 deg, and f o r the material in a wet
condition, about 3 6 . 5 deg. These values
correspond t o a3 = 1 5 psi as in Fig. E16;
the values of 4 for both wet and dry con-
ditions would be somewhat s m a l l e r f o r
higher confining p r e s s u r e s .
The values of volumetric s t r a i n due t o
wetting measured in the triaxial and
one-dimens ional compress ion tests a r e
shown in Fig. E17, plotted against the
maximum particle sizes. Tt may be s e e n
that the specimens composed of s m a l l e r
s i z e s underwent much more compression
due t o wetting than did those containing
l a r g e r particles. By extrapolating the
curves t o the maximum particle s i z e in
the field (about 15 in.), it is possible to
estimate the amount of settlement which
would be induced by wetting. A s may be
seen f o r the data obtained in one-.
dimensional compression t e s t s on speci-
mens composed of material with No. 4
maximum particle size, the compression
induced by wetting under at-rest p r e s -
sure conditions is about 20% g r e a t e r than
 Table E:!. Summary of triaxial t e s t results.

Principal
stress
Angle of
Maximum Confining Density, Relative ratio, internal
particle pressure, density,
(5 'd friction,
size 3 Dr 4
Test (in.) (psi) (1b /ft ) (70) (deg)
36-in. Dry 6 15 120.3 71.5 5.32 43.1
36-in. Dry 6 30 120.3 71.5 4.95 41.5
3 6-in. Wet 6 15 120.6 7 3 .o 3.82 3 5.8
36-in. Wet 6 30 11.9.6 69.0 3.58 34.3

6-in. Dry 1 15 11.4.1 76.0 5.92 45.3

6-in. Dry 1 30 11.4.3 76.0 5.44 43.6
6-in. Wet 1 15 11.4.8 78.0 4.08 37.3
6- in. W e t 1 30 11.4.5 77.0 3.98 36.7

2.8-in. Dry 0.47 15 11.1.3 80.5 5.23 42.8

2.8-in. Dry 0.47 30 11.1.0 79.5 4.93 41.5
2.8-in. Dry 0.47 15 106.8 63.5 4.76 40.8
2.8-in. Dry 0.47 30 106.1 61 .O 4.81 40.0
2.8-in. Dry 0.47 151 105.0 56.5 4.87 41.2
2.8-in. Dry 0.47 30 104.5 54.5 4.65 40.2
2.8-in. Wet 0.47 151 108.8 71.0 4.21 38.0
2.8-in. Wet 0.47 30 109.3 73 .O 3.65 34.7

the volumetric s t r a i n induced by wetting With this curve, calculations have

in triaxial tests with the specimens
confined under equal all-around p r e s -
s tires.
Using the extrapolated curves shown
in Fig. E17 and allowing f o r about 2070
higher volumetric s t r a i n s under a t - r e s t
p r e s s u r e conditions, it is estimated that
the c o m p r e s s ion due to wetting would
amount t o about 0.9% with overburden
p r e s s u r e ( a l ) equal t o 15 psi, and about
1.570 with overburden p r e s s u r e equal t o
30 psi. These values a r e plotted in
Fig. E18, which shows the relationship
between the overburden p r e s s u r e and the
percent compression due to wetting under
at- rest p r e s s u r e conditions.
been made t o determine the settlements
t o be expected in fallback l a y e r s of
various thicknesses if the groundwater
r o s e to within 5 f t of the ground surface.
The results of these calculations a r e
shown in Table E4. It may be s e e n that
the expected settlements due to ground-
w a t e r r i s e exceed one-tenth of a foot for
l a y e r s m o r e than 20 f t thick, and that they
a r e m o r e than 0.2 f t f o r l a y e r s thicker
than about 30 f t . The results would be
somewhat different if the groundwater
rose to some level other than 5 f t beneath
the surface, but the settlements due to
wetting could b e estimated using the s a m e
procedures.

-89-
 50 I I I I I I I I
o Dry
36-in. diam ,ecimen

/
o Wet
Dry
0 6-in. diam 2ecimen
a,
-0
46. Wet -
I 28-in. d iam specimen a Dry
. 42
a Wet
-8

.-0
C

.-V
c

-0
rc
L

E 38
aJ
.-C
c
Trinidad fa1 lback
cc o3 = 15 psi
0
-al0
C 34
4

30
tI 1
1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Relative density - YO

Fig. E16. Variations of angle of internal fri.ction with relative density.

U.S. sieve size - in.

#200 # l o 0 #50 #30 116 #8 #4 3/8 3/4 1-1/2 3 6 12 24
10 I I I I I I I I I I I

o Triaxial tests (03 =

x 1-D compression tests

al)

-Maximum particle size

1
(03= KO01 ) X of fallback in-situ

Maximum particle size - in.

Fig. E17. Variation of volumetric s t r a i n due t o wetting with maximum

particle size.

-90-
 I I
1 1
I I
I I
I I
1 I
I I I

r - -
\
r
a 1.6- -

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Effective overburden pressure - psi
Fig. E18. Variation of compression due t o wetting with overburden pres-
s u r e f o r a t - r e s t p r e s s u r e conditions.

A s m a l l amount of c r e e p settlement of Table E4. Surface settlement due t o

groundwater r i s e within 5 ft
the fallback would be expected even if the of ground surface for various
groundwater did not r i s e . The curves fallback layer thicknesses.
shown in Fig. E13 indicate that the com- I nit ial
effective
pression of the dry fallback continues t o
increase approximately linearly with the
Layer
thickness,
T
~ ~
water rise,
Er
~ \ o v~e r bdu r d ~e n f
pressure’
Pb
ti) Settlement,
AI1
logarithm of time. The time curves
5 0 0 0.00 0.00
shown in Fig. E13 indicate that the settle-
10 5 6.25 0.40 0.02
ment r a t e i s independent of pressure, 15 10 8.32 0.52 0.05
and amounts t o about 0.1% p e r log cycle 20 15 10.4 0.64 0.10
25 20 12.5 0.76 0.15
of time. Thus the c r e e p settlement of a 30 25 14.6 0.87 0.22
10-ft thick l a y e r would be expected t o NOTe:
E f f e c t s of r e b o u n d d u e t o b u o y a n c y a r e n e g l e c t e d .
amount t o about 0.01 f t in the period from
3 t o 30 days, an additional 0.01 ft in the
period from 30 days t o about 1 yr, another
0.01 f t in the period from 1 to 10 yr, and f r o m fills placed on the fallback o r from
s o on. These c r e e p settlement rates a r e slowly moving trains. The magnitudes
quite small and are not considered t o be of these settlements could be estimated
significant. using the compression curves shown in
Settlement of the fallback would a l s o Fig. E14 for wet o r dry material, which-
be caused by increased static p r e s s u r e s e v e r is appropriate.

-91-
 References

1. D. Fitchett, Middle Course I Cratering Series, U . S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore,
Calif., Rept. NCG TR-35, June 1971.
2. C. Gardner and T. Shackleford, Project MINIMOUND, U . S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif., Rept. EERO/TM 71-10, March 1972.
3. K. Sprague, Middle Course I1 C r a t e r Series, U . S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore,
Calif., Rept. TR E-73- (in preparation).
4. J. Lattery, Project TRINIDAD: Railroad Relocation, Cuts R R 2 and RR3, U . S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. TR E-73- (in preparation).
5. R . Gillespie, Hole Springing, U . S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. , Rept.
TR E-72-24, June 1972.
6. D. U . Deere, in Rock Mechanics in Engineering Practice (John Wiley & Sons,
New Y o r k , 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 15-17.
7. 13. Deere and R . Miller, Engineering Classification and Index Properties for
Intact Rock, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., Rept. AFWL-TR-65-16,
December 1966.
8. R . Bourque, C r a t e r Data: A Computer Code for Analyzing Experimental Cratering
Tests, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation
Research LFhoratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TM 70-15, October 1970.
9. B. Redpath "A Concept of Row C r a t e r Enhancement, in Engineering with Nuclear
Explosives (Proceedings, American Nuclear Society Symposium, L a s Vegas,
Nev., January 1970, vol. 1, CONF - 700101, 1970).
10. S. Johnson, Explosive Excavation Technologx, U . S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore,
Calif., Rept. NCG-TR-21, June 1971, pp. 16-18.
11. S. Johnson, -
ibid, Chapter 5.
12. K. King, Project TRINIDAD, Delta Series Number 1, 2 , and 3, Sopris, Colorado,
U . S. Dept of Com., NOAA, National Ocean Survey, Special Projects Party, L a s
Vegas, Nev., Rept. CGS-746-9, December 1970.
13. T. ?'ami, Analysis of Ground Motion Peak Particle Velocities from Cratering
Experiments a t Trinidad, Colorado, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. , Rept.
MP-E-73- (in preparation).
14. M. Kurtz and B. Redpath, Project Pre-GONDOLA, Seismic Site Calibration, U . S .
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosives Excavation Research
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. PNE 1100, Majr 1968.
-92-
15. J. A. Blume and Assoc., San Francisco, personal communication ( 1 H 7 1 ) .
16. L. Vortman, Airblast from Project TRINIDAD Detonations, Sandia Cor.:,oration,
Albuquerque, N . Mex., Rept. SC-RR-71 0056, June 197 1 .
17. B. D. Anderson, A Simple Technique to Determine the Size Distribution of C r a t e r
Fallback and Ejecta, U . S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. , Rept.
NCG-TR-18, March 1970.
18. A. D. Frandsen, Analysis and Reevaluation of Bulking Factors, U . S . Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research L*abora- .
tory, Livermore, Calif., NCG/TM 70-1, March 1970.
19. M. G. Wolman, "A Method of Sampling Coarse River-Bed Materials,"
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, -
35, 951-956 (1954).
20. N . D. Marachi, C. K . Chan, H. B. Seed, and J. M. Duncan, Strength and De-
formation Characteristics of Rockfill Materials, University of California,
Berkeley, Rept. TE-69-5, September 1963.
21. B. P. Walker and T. Whitaker, "An Apparatus for Forming Uniform Beds of
Sand for Model Foundation Tests," Geotechnique -
17, 161-167 (1967).
22. C. Snell and D. Oltmans, A Revised Empirical Approach to Airblast Prediction,
U . S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. EERO TR-39, November 197 1.
23. M. L. Silver and H. I3. Seed, The Behavior of Sand Under Seismic Loading Con-
ditions, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, Rept. EERC 69-16, December 1 9 6 9 .
24. R. J . Marsal, Discussion, Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Montreal 1965 (University of Toronto
P r e s s , Toronto, 1965) Vol. 3, pp. 310-316.

-93-
 Distribution

LLL Internal Distribution U. S. A r m y Engineer District,

Memphis
Roger E. Batzel Memphis, Tennessee
L. S. Germain
U. S. Army Engineer District,
M. A. Harrison New Orleans
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A. Holzer U. S. Army Engineer District,
J. S. Kahn St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
V. N. Karpenko
J. B. Knox U . S. Army Engineer Division,
Lower Mississippi Valley
C. A. McDonald Vicksburg, Mississippi
D. N. Montan
U. S. Army Engineer District,
M. D. Nordyke Vicksburg
H. L. Reynolds Vicksb urg, Mississippi
J. W. Rosengren U . S. Army Engineer Division,
R. W. Terhune Missouri River
Omaha, Nebraska
H. A . T e w e s
J. Toman U. S. Army Engineer District,
Kansas City
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LBL L i b r a r y
U. S. Army Engineer District,
TID File 30 Omaha
Omaha, Nebraska
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University of California Waltham. Massachusetts
Berkeley, California
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Washington, D. C. U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
N e w York
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Washington, D. C.
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Washington, D. C. Norfolk, Virginia
U. S . A r m y Engineer Waterways 5 U. S. Army Engineer District,
Experiment Station Philadelphia
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Huntsville North Central
Huntsville, Alabama Chicago, Illinois

-94 -
External Distribution (Continued) U. S. A r m y Engineer Division,
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U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Hawaii
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U. S . A r m y Engineer District, San Francisco, California
P o r t Land
Portland, Oregon U . S. A r m y Engineer District,
Los Angeles
LJ. S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, California
Seattle
Seattle, Washington U. S. Army Engineer District,
Sacramento
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Sacramento, California
W a l l a Wall a
Walla W a l l a , Washington U . S . A r m y Engineer District,
San Francisco
U. S. A r m y Engineer Division, San Francisco, California
Ohio River
Cincinnati, Ohio U. S. Army Engineer Division,
Southwestern
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Dallas, Texas
Huntington
Huntington, West Virginia U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
Albuquerque
U. S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, N e w Mexico
L , ou i s vi11e
Louisville, Kentucky U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
F o r t Worth
I J . S . A r m y Engineer District, F o r t Worth, Texas
Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
Galvest on
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Galveston, Texas
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

-95-
External Distribution (Continued) U. S. Army Engineer Training
Center
U. S. Army Engineer District, F o r t Leonard Wood, Missouri
Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas Board of Engineers for Rivers
and Harbors
U. S. Army Engineer District, Washington, D. C.
Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma U.S. Army Cold Regions Research
and Engr. Laboratory
U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Hanover, New Hampshire
Research Center
Washington, D. C. U. S. Army Const. Engineering
Research Laboratory
U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Cham pa i gn , 111inoi s
Command
Washington, D. C. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station
U. S. A r m y Engineer Topographic Explosive Excavation Research
Laboratories Laboratory, Livermore 62
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia
TID-4 50G Distribution, UC-3 5,
U. S. A r m y Engineer Center N u c l e a r Explosions -
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia Peaceful Applications 23 6
Commandant
U.S. A r m y Engineer School
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia

NBC Division
U.S. Army Engineer School
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia

U.S. Army Engineer Power G r o u p

F o r t Belvoir, Virginia

Printed in U. S. A. Available from the National Technical

Information Center, National Bureau of Standards
U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151
Price: Printed Copy 8!WM;__Microfiche$0.95.
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WTF /lc /IC

-96-
I.O R I G I N A T I N G A C T I V I T Y

¶.
(Corporateruthor)
IJSAE Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n E x p l o s i v e
E x c a v a t i o n Research L a b o r a t o r y
REPORT TITLE

P r o j e c t TRINIDAD -
+-
(Security cla8ailicetion 01 title. hody 01 ebstrect and indexin& annolation m u s l he antered w h e n the

I
2b. G R O U P

E x p l o s i v e Excavati.on T e s t s i n Sandstone and S h a l e

o v e r a l l report is c l a s s i f r e d )

IZe. R E P O R T SECLIRI T Y CL A b S l F l C A T l O h

Unclassified

4. D E S C R I P T I V E N O T E S <*ne O f ..part m d inclusiro date.)

F i n a l T e c h n i c a l Report
5. AUTHORISI (Fir8t M W . middle initial, ia8t name)

Bruce B. Redpath

I. R E P O R T D A T E ?a. T O T A L NO. OF P A G E S 76. N O . O F R E F S

July 1972 100 24
Y. C O N T R A C T O R G R A N T N O . Sa. O R I G l N A T O R * S R E P O R T N U M B E R I S )

b. P R O J E C T N O . TR-E-73-1
c. Ob. O T H E R R E P O R T N O ( S ) (Any other numbers thst may be a s s l m e d
thie report)

d.
10. O l S T R l B U T l O N S T A T E M E N T
I
Approved f o r p u b l i c r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d .

11. 5 U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S 12. S P O N S O R I N G M I L I T A R Y A C T I V I T Y

3. A B S T R A C T

A s e r i e s of s i n g l e - , row-, and m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r i n g d e t o n a t i o n s , w i t h
i n d i v i d u a l c h a r g e w e i g h t s of one t o two t o n s , were c a r r i e d o u t i n weak, i n t e r b e d d e d
s a n d s t o n e s and s h a l e s n e a r T r i n i d a d , Colorado, i n 1970 and 1971. The p r i n c i p a l
o b j e c t i v e s of t h e s e e x c a v a t i o n experiments were: t o o b t a i n s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r i n g
c u r v e s ; t o v e r i f y row-charge d e s i g n s f o r a c h i e v i n g a s p e c i f i e d e x c a v a t i o n ; t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s of m i l l i s e c o n d d e l a y s i n row-charge c r a t e r i n g ; t o experiment
w i t h c r a t e r i n g i n v a r y i n g t e r r a i - n ; . and t o compare t h e c r a t e r i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s of
s e v e r a l e x p l o s i v e s . Three v a r i e t i e s of a l u m i n i z e d ammonium-nitrate b l a s t i n g a g e n t s
and ANFO were used. A i r b l a s t arid s e i s m i c e f f e c t s o f e a c h d e t o n a t i o n were monitored
The s e r i e s c u l m i n a t e d w i t h t h e e x c a v a t i o n of a 400-foot l o n g r a i l w a y c u t w i t h 44
t o n s of e x p l o s i v e s d i s t r i b u t e d among 32 c h a r g e s .

UNCLASSIF'IED
Security Classification
 S e c u r i t y Classification
~

- - C

--
4. LINK A LINK 8 L I N K

-
KEY WORDS
ROLE
-ROLE ROLE W T

Cratering
Explosive Excavation
Explosives
Sandstone

UNCLASSIFIED
Security Classification