“A pre experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness Of structure teaching

programme regarding balanced diet Amongschool children( 12to15 years) in

selected govt School at Navimetral ,Khedbrahma ”

Prepared by : Group B

Soham kapadiya Tejas patil Upasana bariya

Rinkal vaghela Srushti saksena Riddhi kotwal
Nikita navakar Sejal katara Renuka bhuriya
Disha patel

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE

HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, PATAN

.In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR SCIENCE IN NURSING OF

Under the guidance of

Miss. KOMAL CHAUHAN

(H.O.D- Obstetrics & gynecology Nursing)

EKTA NURSING COLLEGE NAVIMETRAL, KHEDBRAHMA

2019
 DECLERATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled“A pre

experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness Of structure teaching
programme regarding balanced diet Among school children ( 12to15years ) in
selected govt .School at Navimetral , khedbrahma ”Is bona fide and genuine
Research work carried out by as under the guidance of Miss .Komal Chauhan
Nursing tutor , EKTA Nursing College , Navimetral .

Date:

Place:

Signature of candidates.
Miss Soham Kapadiya
Miss Tejas Patil
Miss Rinkal Vaghela
Miss Srushti Saksena
Miss Disha Patel
Miss Upasana Bariya
Miss Riddhi kotwal
Miss Nikita navakar
Miss sejal Katara
Miss Renuka bhuriya
 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE

TEACHING PROGRAMME REGARDING BALANCED DIET AMONG
SCHOOL CHILDREN ( 12 TO 15YEARS ) IN SELECTED GOVT SCHOOL
AT NAVIMETRAL , KHEDBRAHMA .”A bona fide research Work done by the
group members in partial fulfilment of requirement for The degree of Bachelor of
science in Nursing.

Date:

Place:

Signature of Guide: -

MISS.KOMAL CHUAHAN
(Nursing Tutor)
Ekta Nursing College Navi Metral
Khedbrahma
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Almighty God for his abundance of grace And

blessings. His felt presence gave us the strength to successfully Complete this study.

At the very outset , we wish to acknowledge and thank to Mr . Hemant

Bhagora , Principal , EKTA nursing college , Navimetral , Khedbrahma . Who has
given us guidance founder graduation training in Nursing . Our sincere gratitude to
our guide Miss . Komal Chauhan, Tutor Of Nursing , EKTA nursing college ,
Navimetral , Khedbrahma for her kind Help , co-operation and encouragement
through the period of study.

We express our heartfelt gratitude to Mr . Nikhil Patel, Mr . Anadh Patel

and all B.Sc Nursing faculty for validating the too landGiving necessary corrections
. We also grateful to colleagues for their Guidance and help.

We own our success to our family members . The smooth sail In our
endeavour was the result of their constant support , encouragementPatience and
prayers . Above all we are deeply indebted to all our classmate Who have made this
task possible through their never ending concern Unconditional support and
encouragement.
 Our sincere thanks and gratitude to all those who have Directly or
indirectly helped in successful completion of thesis.

Thanking you .

Signature of candidates.

Miss. Srushti Saksena

Miss.Soham Kapadiya

Miss.Tejas Patil

Miss.Rinkal Vaghela

Miss.Patel Disha

Miss.Upasana Bariya
 ABSTRACT

Balanced diet is very important to promote health of. School

children's This study was designed to examine the knowledge regarding Balanced
diet among School children's in EKTA nursing college , Navimetral ,Khedbrahma.
A pre Experimental study design was used .A total of 20 students were included in
the study. Probability Convenient sampling technique was adopted to collect the
data .The Knowledge was measured by 20 items of a health teaching knowledge
questionnaire. Data was analysed according too bjectives of study using descriptive
and inferential statistics.

Objective :-

1. To assess the knowledge of student about the balanced diet.

2. To administer health teaching programmed regarding the balanced diet

Hypothesis

H1 : There is a significant difference between the pertest and post-test

mean Score on effectiveness of Health teaching program on the level of knowledge
regarding Balanced diet among school children's .

Assumptions

 It is assumed that school children's may have some knowledge on Balanced

diet.
 It is assumed that Health structure teaching program will helps to enhance
the Knowledge of students regarding Balanced diet.
Methodology

The study was survey in a school the questionnaire type tool was used to
Collect data . this study was conducted in Government school of Navimetral
Khedbrahma . The questionnaire contains multiple choice type of questions and
Convince sampling technique was used to select samples.

The major findings of the study

The pre-test level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school

children's,8(40%) had moderate level of knowledge , 12(60%) had low level of
knowledge and none Had high level of knowledge in experimental group.

Regarding the post-test level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet among

school children‟s, 15(75%) had high level of knowledge, 5(25%) had moderate
level of knowledge and none had low level of knowledge in experimental group.

The mean pre-test score 8.15(SD=1.31) was lower than the mean post – test
score 13.2 (SD=2.14) among adolescent. The overall mean difference in the level
of knowledge Regarding Balanced diet among school children was 26. using the
paired „t‟ test, the Obtained pre-test and post-test score of level of knowledge
regarding Balanced Diet Among school children's in experimental group revealed
the „t‟ value was 09 which showed a statistical significance at p < 0.01 level. It was
inferred that the structure Teaching programme was significantly effective in
increasing the level of knowledge Regarding Balanced diet among school
children's.
 INDEX
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLADGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION
Significance and need for the study
Statement of problem
Objectives of the study
Hypothesis
Operational definition
Assumptions
Projected out come
2 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
Studies related to school children's
Studies related to knowledge regarding Balanced diet
Conceptual frame work
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Approach
Research Design
Variable
Setting Of The Study
Population
Sample
Sample Size
Sampling Technique
Criteria For Sample Selection
Tool Description
Scoring Procedure
Validity
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
Reliability
Method Of Data Collection
Plan For Data Analysis
Ethical Consideration
4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRERTATION
5 DISSCUSSION
6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION
Implication
Conclusion
Recommendation
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
8 ANNEXURE

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Frequency and percentage distribution of
Demographic variables of schoolchildren's
2 Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test
and post-test level of knowledge regarding Balanced
diet among school children's in experimental group
3.a Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of
knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school
children's in experimental group.
3.b Paired 't' test showing the comparison of mean pre-
test and post-test score of knowledge regarding
Balanced diet among schoolchildren's
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Conceptual framework
2 Research design
3 Comparison of Pre-test and post-test level of
Knowledge on Balanced diet among school
children's In experimental group.

LIST OF ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO
A. Letter seeking permission for conducting research
study
B. Letter seeking experts opinion for content validity
C. Copy of tool for data collection in English and Hindi
D. Health teaching programme on Balanced diet
E. Snapshots
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

Balanced diet is a diet the help to maintain or improve over all health . A
healthy Diet provides the body with essential nutrition , fluid , macronutrients ,
micronutrients and adequate calories . There are so many diet that create confusion
about what is health an create unnecessary alarm about what might be un healthy .
These diets are aggressively marketed.

For people who are healthy, a healthy diet not complicated and contains
mostly Fruit and vegetables and include little to no processed food and sweetened
beverages.

Governmental institutions to adequate individuals on what they should also

be Eating to be healthy.

A healthy life - style includes getting exercise everyday along with eating.
A Healthy life - style may lower disease risk such as obesity, heart- disease , type-
2 Diabetes , hypotension and cancer.

NEED OF STUDY

Eating a healthy, balanced diet an important part maintaining good health and
Can help your best. This means eating proportion and consuming the right amount
of Food and drink to achieve and maintaining healthy body weight.
FOOD GROUP IN OUR DIET

The eat well guide shows that have a healthy balanced diet. People should try to

Base mealon starchy food like pota toes, bread, rice or pasta.

Have some dairy or dairy alternative (such as soya drink)

If you are heaving food and drink that are high in fat, salt and sugar have their less often and in
small amount.

Most people in the UK eat and drink too many calories too much fat , sugar and salt are not
enough fruit.

MILK AND DAIRY FOOD

Milk and dairy food such as cheese and yoghurts are good sources of proteins. They
also contain

Calcium, which help keep your bones healthy. To enjoy the health benefits of dairy
without

eating too much fat use semi slammed 1% fat or slammed milk.

Unsweetened calcium fortified dairy alternative like soya milk , soya yoghurts and
soya cheese

Also count as part of this food.

BEANS, PULSE, FISH, EGG, MEAT, AND OTHER PROTEINS

This food are all good source of proteins which is essential for the body to grow
and repair it Self.

They are also good sources of range of vitamin and minerals.Mean is a good
sources of protein , vitamin and minerals including iron , zinc and Vitamin B.
NEED TO LOSS WEIGHT

Most adult in England are overweight or obese check whether you are
healthy weight using the BMI calculator.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: -

“A pre experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness Of structure

teaching programme regarding balanced diet Among school children( 12to15
years) in selected govt School at Navimetral ,Khedbrahma ”

OBEJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:-

1. To assess the knowledge of student about the balanced diet.

2. To administer health teaching programmed regarding the balanced diet.

HYPOTHESIS: -

H1: there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post test mean
score on

Effectiveness of health teaching programmed on the level of knowledge regarding

among secondary students.

ASSUMPTION: -

It is assume that sec. students may have lake of knowledge toward balanced diet.

It is assumed that their knowledge level regarding balanced diet may increasing
through

Health teaching programmed on balanced diet.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: -

ASSESS:

In this study it refers to the process to determine the level of the knowledge
regarding the

Balanced diet among the secondary student.

KNOWLADGE:

In the study knowledge refers „s to the awareness of the secondary student

regarding.

The balanced diet as major by questionnaire and interpreted in term„s adequate and
inadequate level Of knowledge.

BALANCED DIET: -

A diet consist of the proper quantities and properties of food needed to maintain
health and growth.

SECONDRY STUDENT: -

In this study secondary student who are in the age group ( 12 to 15 year ) in
selected in secondary school.

HEALTH TEACHING: -

Health teaching is any combination of learning experience designed to help and

increasing their knowledge and influencing attitude.

DILIMITATION: -

Secondary student who are in age group between (12 to15yr).

Secondary student who are studying in“in selected govt School at Navimetral
,Khedbrahma ”
LIMITATION: -
Sample size in this study is 20.

In this including only secondary student.

PROJECT OUT COME: -

The study gives the clear understanding of the knowledge regarding balanced diet
among secondary student. .
Awareness of balanced diet through health teaching programmed may improve the
knowledge about balanced diet.
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITTERATURE

Review of literature is considered as the most important pre requisite to actual

planning and conduct the study. Review of literature helps in selecting appropriate
methodology, developing tool, analyzing data and relating the findings of one study
to another. It involves systematic identification, location, scrutiny, and
summarization of written materials that contain information regarding research
problem.

In this study the investigator has probed certain relevant aspects of literature which
explore the causes and effects and need for emotional support and its consequences
and structured teaching programs.

The related literature has been categorized and discussed on the basis of their
priority and contribution to the study under the following headings.

I. Studies related to incidence and prevalence of nutritional disorders among

Children.

II. Studies related to role of nutrition and activities of children

III. Studies related to knowledge, practice and education regarding nutrition among
children

I. Studies Related To Incidence And Prevalence Of Nutritional Disorders

Among Children

Mohammad I El Mouzan ,Peter J Foster, Abdullah S Al Herbish, Abdullah A

Al Salloum, Ahmad A Al Omar and Mansour M Qurachi (2010) conducted a
study on Prevalence of malnutrition in Saudi children. The number of children
younger than 5 years of age was 15 516 and 50.5% were boys. The prevalence of
moderate and severe underweight was 6.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The prevalence
of moderate and severe wasting was 9.8% and 2.9%, respectively. Finally, the
prevalence of moderate and severe stunting was 10.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The
prevalence was lower in girls for all indicators. Comparison of the prevalence of
nutritional indicators in selected countries demonstrates large disparity with an
intermediate position for Saudi Arabia. This report establishes the national
prevalence of malnutrition among Saudi children. Compared to data from other
countries, these prevalence rates are still higher than other countries with less
economic resources, indicating that more efforts are needed to improve the
nutritional status of children.

B. K. Das and S. Bisai (2009) conducted a study on Prevalence of under nutrition

among Telaga adolescents in India. Under nutrition among adolescents is of public
health importance in developing countries including India. However, there is little
information on nutritional status of adolescents in urban West Bengal. In view of
this present study was conducted to ascertain the level of under nutrition among
Telaga adolescents in Kharagpur town. A total of 930 (472 boys and 458 girls)
children were measured. The mean BMI of children had shown a consistently
increasing trend in both sexes from age of 13 years onwards. Moreover, there is a
gender bias in favor of girls in higher mean BMI at all ages except 10 and 13 years.
The overall prevalence of under nutrition was

28.60%. The rates were significantly higher among boys (37.59 %) compared with
girls (19.43%). In conclusion, nutritional status of the studied children is not
impressive especially among early adolescent and boys, respectively. There is
urgent need intervention strategy through community based nutrition awareness.

K F Joosten, H Zwart, W C Hop and J M Hulst (2009) conducted a study on

National malnutrition screening days in hospitalized children in The Netherlands
states that Overall 19% of the children had acute and/or chronic malnutrition at
admission (academic 22% and general 17%). The proportion of children with
chronic malnutrition was significantly higher in academic hospitals (14% vs. 6%).
Logistic regression analysis allowing for age, underlying disease, ethnicity, surgery
and type of centre showed a significant relation between the presence of
malnutrition at admission and underlying disease (odds ratio (OR) 2.2). For chronic
malnutrition both underlying disease and nonwhite ethnicity were significantly
related to a higher prevalence (OR 3.7 and OR 2.8, respectively). Multiple
regression analysis showed that children with acute malnutrition stayed on average
45% longer (95% CI 7% to 95%) in the hospital than children without such
malnutrition.

Marcelle M .M, Mariya A and Erica C M (2008) conducted a study on the

prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors in children, Brazil states that the
overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 18.1, 15.5 and 10.7%,
respectively, with reference to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth curves,
and 14.3, 17.3 and 4.4%, respectively, with reference to National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) growth curves. The overall prevalence of wasting was statistical
higher according to the CDC reference than that estimated using the NCHS
reference (P=0.02). The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was 58.8%. Risk
factors associated with malnutrition were: low educational level of guardian
respondent (OR=4.55), energy intake <54.5 kcal/kg (OR=4.55), children in age
group 6-10 years (OR=3.54), and attendance at outpatient clinic for pediatric visit
(OR=2.71). In the studied population, malnutrition (stunting, 22underweight and
wasting) and parasite infection still represent serious public health problems. The
risk factors identified in the present study confirm the influence of socioeconomic
factors on the nutritional status of children.

L V Marino, E Goddard, L Workman (2006) conducted a study on determining

the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized pediatric patients. A total of 227
children participated in the study. Thirty-five per cent of patients were moderately
malnourished (-2 z-score), of whom 70% had no road to health card with them.
Thirty-four percent of children fewer than 60 months of age received supplements
in addition to a normal ward diet, 7.8% were enterally fed and less than 1% was
parenterally fed. Almost 14% of children were found to be overweight/ obese,
which is higher than the national average of 6%. The prevalence of HIV infection
on the day of the audit was 18% across all age groups compared with the Western
Cape antenatal prevalence of 15.7% (2005). The overall prevalence of under
nutrition was 34%, which is comparable with similar studies. However, the
proportion of overweight children (14%) was greater than the national average.

Salah E.O. Mahgoub, Maria Nnyepi and Theodore Bandeke (2006) conducted
a study on factors affecting prevalence of malnutrition among children at Botswana.
The results show that the level of wasting, stunting, and underweight in children
under three years of age was 5.5 %, 38.7 %, and 15.6 % respectively. Malnutrition
was significantly (p < 0.01) higher among boys than among girls. Underweight was
less prevalent among children whose parents worked in the agricultural sector than
among children whose parents were involved in informal business. Children
brought up by single parents suffered from underweight to a significantly (p < 0.01)
higher level than children living with both parents. The prevalence of underweight
decreased significantly (p< 0.01) as family income increased. The higher the level
of the mother‟s education, the lower the level of child underweight observed.
Breastfeeding was found to reduce the occurrence of underweight among children.
J Armstrong, A Dorosty, J Reilly, H Child, and P Emmett (2003) conducted a
study on Coexistence of social inequalities in under nutrition and obesity in
preschool children Both under nutrition (3.3%) and obesity (8.5% above 95th
percentile; 4.3% above 98th percentile) significantly exceeded expected frequencies
from UK 1990 reference data. Under nutrition and obesity were significantly more
common in the more deprived families. Odds ratios in deprivation category 7
relative to category 1 were 1.51 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.87) for under nutrition (BMI <2nd
percentile) and 1.30 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.60) for obesity (BMI >98th percentile). The
cumulative prevalence of under and over nutrition (malnutrition) in the most
deprived group was 9.5% compared to 6.9% in the least deprived group. Under
nutrition and obesity are significantly more common than expected in young
children and strongly associated with social deprivation. Both under nutrition and
obesity have adverse short and long term health effects.

Jean-François Schémann, Albert A. Banou,, Ando Guindo, Vincent Joret,

Lamine

Traore and Denis Malvy (2002) conducted a study on Prevalence of Under

nutrition and Vitamin A Deficiency in the Dogon Region, Mali Of the studied
children, 4.3% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 3.2–5.3) reported night blindness
and 2% (95% CI: 1.3– 242.7) had Bitot spots. Prevalence of xerophthalmia attested
by at least one of these signs was 5.4% (95% CI: 4.2–6.5). The prevalence reached
10.5% at three years of age. The MRDR test proved abnormal in 77.1% of the
subjects (95% CI: 70.3–82.7). Serum retinol was lower than 0.35 µmol/L in 43.8%
(95.6% CI: 36.9–51.3) and less than 0.70 µmol/L in 92.7% of the children (95% CI:
87.8–95.8). Weekly consumption of vitamin A rich food was rare: 75.8% had not
eaten any animal vitamin A rich food, and 22.1% had consumed less than seven
times a vitamin A rich food of either vegetable or animal origin. These data define
vitamin A deficiency as a severe public health problem in the Bandiagara area of
Mali.

Joyce K. Kikafunda, Ann F. Walker, David Collett, and James K. Tumwine

(1998) conducted a study on Risk Factors for Early Childhood Malnutrition in
Uganda. A large minority (21.5%) of the children surveyed were found in poor
health after clinical examination: 3.8% being classified as suffering from
kwashiorkor and 5.7% with marasmus. A high proportion of children were stunted
(23.8%), underweight (24.1%), or had low MUAC (21.6%). Although rural living,
poor health, the use of unprotected water supplies, lack of charcoal as fuel, lack of
milk consumption, and lack of personal hygiene were shown as risk factors for
marasmus and underweight, different factors were found to be associated with risk
of stunting and low MUAC, despite these three parameters being significantly
correlated. For stunting the risk factors were: age of the child, poor health,
prolonged breastfeeding (from >18 months to <24 months), low socioeconomic
status of the family, poor education of the mother of infants <12 months, lack of
paraffin as fuel, consumption of food of low energy density (<350 kcal/100 g dry
matter), presence of eye pathology, and consumption of small meals.

El Taguri Adel, Rolland-Cachera Marie-Françoise, Mahmud Salaheddin,

Elmrzougi Najeeb, Abdel Monem, Betilmal Ibrahim and Lenoir Gerard (1995)
conducted a study on Nutritional Status Of Under-Five Children In Libya
Prevalence rates of underweight, wasting, stunting, and overweight were
determined using standard definitions in reference to newly established WHO
growth charts. The study revealed that 4.3% of children were underweight, 3.7%
wasted, 20.7% stunted, and 16.2% overweight. Seventy percent of children had
normal weight. Under nutrition was more likely to be found in males, in rural areas,
and in underprivileged groups. Overweight was more likely found in urban,
privileged groups. Wasting was more common in arid regions; stunting was more
common in mountainous regions of Al-Akhdar, Al-Gharbi, and in Sirt. Al-Akhdar
had the highest prevalence of overweight. The country had a low prevalence of
underweight and wasting, moderate prevalence of stunting, and high prevalence of
overweight. The country is in the early stages of transition with evidence of dual-
burden in some regions. Similar surveys are needed to verify secular trends of these
nutritional problems, particularly overweight.

II. Studies Related To Role Of Nutrition And Activities Of Children

J. McCary (2006) conducted a study on Improving Access to School-Based

Nutrition Services for Children with Special Health Care Needs states that lack of
proper nutrition can be considered a barrier to optimal learning, justifying nutrition
services for schoolaged children in the school setting. Nutrition may be especially
important for children with disabilities and special health care needs (3). Children
with disabilities and special health care needs often have more physical health-
related problems that impact their education and nutrition status. It is estimated that
at least 40% of children with special health care needs are at risk for nutrition-
related challenges (4). Common issues include growth alterations, oral-motor
problems that adversely affect feeding, medication– nutrient interactions, altered
energy and nutrient needs, and partial or total dependence on enteral or parenteral
nutrition (5). In addition, children with special needs have been shown to have three
times as many school absence days as their age-matched peers (6). Absenteeism
further threatens the ability for students to meet educational goals and when absence
results from illness, poor nutrition status may be a contributing factor.
Unfortunately, despite the documented need, access to and delivery of nutrition
services for children with special needs presents challenges.

Howard Taras (2005) conducted a study on Nutrition and student performance at

school and found that children with iron deficiencies sufficient to cause anemia are
at a disadvantage academically. Their cognitive performance seems to improve with
iron therapy. A similar association and improvement with therapy is not found with
either zinc or iodine deficiency, according to the reviewed articles. There is no
evidence that population-wide vitamin and mineral supplementation will lead to
improved academic performance. Food insufficiency is a serious problem affecting
children's ability to learn, but its relevance to US populations needs to be better
understood. Research indicates that school breakfast programs seem to improve
attendance rates and decrease tardiness. Among severely undernourished
populations, school breakfast programs seem to improve academic performance and
cognitive functioning.

J. Bryan (2004) conducted a study on Nutrients of Cognitive Development in

Schoolaged Children., states that Under nutrition and deficiencies of iodine, iron,
and folate are all important for the development of the brain and the emergent
cognitive functions, and there is some evidence to suggest that zinc, vitamin B12,
and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may also be important. Considerations for
future research include a focus on the interactions between micronutrients and
macronutrients that might be influential in the optimization of cognitive
development; investigation of the impact of nutritional factors in children after
infancy, with particular emphasis on effects on the developing executive functions;
and selection of populations that might benefit from nutritional interventions, for
example, children with nutrient deficiencies or those suffering from attention
deficit-hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia.

Mukudi E (2003) conducted a study on nutrition status, education participation,

and school achievement among Kenyan middle-school children. Data collected
from 851 students from 5 elementary schools included height, weight, attendance
records, and raw scores from standardized tests.29% of students fell below 90%
cutoff of acceptable weight for height (described as a measure of nutrition). The
measure of "weight for height" was the second strongest predictor of achievement
on standardized tests (school attendance was the strongest predictor).
D. Ivanovic (2002) conducted a study on Nutritional status, brain development and
scholastic achievement of Chilean high-school graduates from high and low
intellectual quotient and socio-economic status, sates that independently of socio-
economic status, high-school graduates with similar IQ have similar variables of
nutritional status, brain development and scholastic achievement. Past nutritional
status, brain development, child IQ and scholastic achievement are strongly and
significantly intern-related. These finding are relevant in explaining the complex
interactions between variables that affect IQ and scholastic achievement and can be
useful for nutritional and educational planning.

S. Grantham-McGregor and C. Ani (2001) conducted a study on a review of

studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children sates
that associations between iron-deficiency anemia and poor cognitive and motor
development and behavioral problems. Longitudinal studies consistently indicate
that children anemic in infancy continue to have poorer cognition, school
achievement, and more behavior problems into middle childhood. However, the
possible confounding effects of poor socioeconomic backgrounds prevent causal
inferences from being made. In anemic children <2 y old, short-term trials of iron
treatment have generally failed to benefit development. Longer trials lacked
randomized placebo groups and failed to produce benefits. Only one small
randomized controlled trial (RCT) has shown clear benefits. It therefore remains
uncertain whether the poor development of iron-deficient infants is due to poor
social backgrounds or irreversible damage or is remediable with iron treatment.

R.O. Abidoye, D.I. Eze( 2000)conducted a study on Comparative school

performance through better health and nutrition in Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria, Two
hundred and eighty five (73.1%) of the pupils selected, participated in the final
studies. There was predominance of malnutrition among the pupils. Only 28.9% of
the pupils were of normal weight for height (using Z-scores on Nutritional Center
for Health Statistics Values). 47.1% were mildly underweight, 20.1% were
moderately underweight while 4.0% were severely underweight. Overall nutritional
status (using weight-for-age Zscores) significantly affects school performance
(p<0.05). Only 26.0% of the pupils were of normal height-for-age, the rest were
stunted. Complications for pregnancy was found to significantly affect later school
performance (p<0.05). Birth complications also significantly affected later school
performance (p<0.05). There was no significant association between duration of
breast feeding and later school performance (p>0.05). Of the social factors that
influence health and nutrition, level of maternal education was found to have a
significant effect on school performance of pupils (p<0.05).
Hutchinson SE, Powell CA, Walker SP,Chang SM, Grantham-McGregor SM
(1997) conducted a study on Nutrition, anemia, and school achievement in rural
Jamaican primary school children. sates that school achievement (arithmetic) was
associated with height for age. School achievement was not associated with body
mass index (measure of relative weight). Anemic children and those with parasites
in their stool had lower attendance and achievement scores (reading and spelling).

Del Rosso, Joy M. and Tonia Marek (1996) conducted a study on “Class Action:
Improving School Performance in the Developing World through Better Health and
Nutrition.” sates that healthier and better-nourished children have higher enrollment
and attendance rates, and perform better than children suffering from malnutrition.
They also discuss long-term benefits to the wider community beyond the children
fed. The authors outline three cost-effective nutrition and health interventions and
provide lessons learned for policymakers on successful management of school-
based nutrition programs.

Ahmed, A. and K. Billah (1994) conducted a study on “Food for Education

Program in Bangladesh states that. The Food for Education Program project was
launched by the Government of Bangladesh on a pilot basis in 1993, with the goal
of linking vulnerable group income supplements to primary school enrollment of
children. The objectives of the program were to increase school enrollment,
promote school attendance, and prevent dropouts. The assessment demonstrated
strong results for the Food for Education Program. Enrollment in schools, with the
food for education program is increased, by 20 percent. Attendance rates for boys
and girls increased, and were higher in FFE schools than in non-FFE schools.

Ivanovic D, Vasquez M, Aguayo M,Ballester D, Marambio M, Zacarias I

(1992) conducted a study on Educational achievement and food habits of Chilean
elementary and high school graduates sates that Significant and inverse correlations
were found between academic achievement and consumption of fruits and
vegetables. Food habits explained 24% (elementary) and 17% (high school) of
variance in academic achievement. Dairy products had greatest independent
influence on achievement for height. Chronic under-nutrition affects educational
achievement.

Nelson M, Naismith DJ, Burley V (1990) conducted a study on . Nutrient intakes,

vitamin-mineral supplementation, and intelligence in British schoolchildren states
that 227 children (7-12 years of age) consumed food and drinks, and weight was
recorded for 7 consecutive days. Nonverbal and verbal IQ tests were performed.
Each child was randomly allocated to 1 of 2 groups; matched for age, sex, IQ, and
height; and given either vitamin-mineral supplement or placebo for 28 days. No
correlation was found between test scores and micronutrients consumed with
weighted records. No significant differences were found in performance between
those taking placebo and those on supplements.

III. Studies Related To Knowledge, Practice And Education Regarding

Nutrition Among Children

S. Puri, V. Bhatia, H. Swami, S. Rai & C. Mangat (2008) conducted a study on

Impact of a Diet and Nutrition Related Education Package on the Awareness and
Practices of School Children of Chandigarh. Over half the adolescents were
consuming less than 1500 kcal/per day in the pre intervention phase which came
down to 31.3% in the post intervention. The knowledge regarding the right amount
of calories required by the adolescents was hardly known to them but after
intervention 88.7% could mention correctly. Health Education resulted in increase
in awareness about balanced diet from 42.4% to 82.2%. Awareness about poor diet
as cause of Anemia increased from 29.8% to 58.1%. Only 7.6% were aware of
normal Hb and after intervention it increased to 77.6%. The intervention increased
the knowledge about causes of malnutrition from 23.5% to 88.1%, Initially 30% of
adolescents were aware regarding health problems related with obesity which
increased to 90% after educational campaign. Overall a significant increase in
knowledge regarding various nutrients and its sources was observed as a result of
intervention.

Cristina Gaglianone and José Augusto Aguiar Carrazed(2006) conducted a

study on Nutrition education in public elementary schools of São Paulo, Brazil. The
results revealed an improvement in the food choice among students and a reduction
in the intake of foods with high energy density. An improvement in the knowledge
and attitudes of the teachers towards the prevention of obesity was also observed.
Even with a positive attitude regarding the development of this proposal, there was
a lack of support from the studied schools. Future studies and a greater involvement
by the Health and Education sectors could overcome such barriers, improving the
results of school-based programs to prevent obesity.
Anca Codruta; Evans, Alexandra (2005) conducted a study on Nutrition
knowledge, attitudes, and practices among nutrition educators in the south. .
Teachers had fair knowledge levels and positive nutrition attitudes. Media was the
preferred approach for training, panel discussions the most effective method of
teaching. Over three fourths were concerned about their weight and 33.5% were
overweight/obese. During the past month, 4.6% used diet pills and 45% used other
methods to control weight. Results provide baseline data for planning nutrition
education programs. Current data regarding nutrition behaviors among children
suggest that the majority of children in America do not meet the minimum national
dietary recommendations, which include the consumption of less than 30% of
calories from fat and the consumption of at least five fruit and vegetables (FV) per
day, as depicted by the Food Guide Pyramid (Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Hannan, &
Croll, 2002). Data from a recent study conducted with children in the South indicate
that only 16% met the recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake, and 31% of
children in 5th grade did not meet any of the Food Guide Pyramid
recommendations.

Morris Jennifer (2002) conducted a study on Garden-enhanced nutrition

curriculum improves fourth-grade school children's knowledge of nutrtition and
preferences for some vegetables The goal of this study was to determine whether
nutrition lessons in combination with gardening activities would have a greater
effect on children's vegetable preferences than nutrition lessons alone. Exposure to
nutrition education lessons significantly increased vegetable preferences of students
at interventions sites. When combined with garden activities, increase was greater.

C Pérez-Rodrigo, L Ribas, Ll Serra-Majem and J Aranceta (2000) conducted a

study on Food preferences of Spanish children and young people : Bananas and
apples were the fruit items preferred by Spanish children and young people across
all age and gender groups. Within the vegetable group tomato sauce and salads,
particularly lettuce and tomato salad scored highest, followed by carrots in all age
and gender groups. However, 47% (95% confidence interval 46–48%) of the sample
reported dislike for vegetables and

an additional 5.7% (95% confidence interval 4.9–6.5%) a dislike for fruit. The
proportion of individuals with low consumption of vegetables or fruit was
significantly higher among those reporting a dislike either for vegetables(x²
=127.69; P<0.001); fruit (x² =24.62; P<0.001) or for both groups (x² =81.53;
P<0.001). There is a significant relationship between the likes/dislikes for fruits and
vegetables and usual consumption of this food group among children and young
people.
Auld G.W (1998) conducted a study on Outcomes from a school-based nutrition
education program found that , if 16 nutrition lessons taught alternately by special
resource teachers (SRT) and classroom teachers, could produce outcomes
equivalent to 24 SRT lessons; and 2) teachers' reactions to the program. Treatment
students showed greater knowledge and self-efficacy scores and consumed 0.36
more servings of fruits and vegetables at lunch. Teachers supported the program
and anticipated teaching more nutrition on their own, but noted serious structural
barriers. Findings support the need for long-term contact to induce behavior change
and the advantage of using teachers specifically trained in nutrition and experiential
education.

Kelder (1995) conducted a study to examine the effect of nutrition education

occurring in the class room and in the community in a cohort of students throughout
their junior and senior high years in Minnesota. Result show that females in the
intervention condition reported healthier food choices as compared to females in
the control grouping all but the 12th grade year. Males in the intervention group
reported healthier food choices than males in the control grouping all but 11 and
grade 12. Significantly less salting behaviour was seen in the intervention condition
for males and females and significant gains in knowledge were seen in males and
females in the intervention condition for every year except for males in the 8th
grade.

Domel (1993) conducted a study on nutrition education intervention to increase

school children‟s consumption of fruits and vegetables in Georgia. Fruit and
vegetable consumption was assessed by having children complete food diaries for
two weeks before and after the intervention. Results show that fruit and vegetables
consumption was not significantly affected by the intervention. Fruit consumption
was significantly greater in the intervention school as compared to the control
school. Significant gains in knowledge and in increase preferences for fruits and
vegetable snacks, were achieved in the intervention school.

King (1988) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a three week nutrition
education curriculum designed for 10th grade students in Caucasian. Twelve
classrooms in two schools were randomized in to treatment and control condition.
This research showed positive changes in dietary knowledge and self reported
dietary behavior following a five week behaviorally based nutrition education
curriculum. Knowledge gains were maintained at one year follow up. In addition,
analysis of the self report data indicated that home availability and changes in
knowledge and attitude were significant predictors of self reported dietary
behaviors.

Luepker (1988) conducted a study on the effectiveness of nutrition education

program in thirty one schools in Minnesota and North Dakota. Schools were
randomized in to one of four conditions: control, school only, home only, and
school plus home. A pre- post design with one year follow up was used to evaluate
outcomes. the effectiveness of the program was assessed by measuring knowledge ,
behavioral skills, self reported food selection, height , weight, and skin fold
thickness. Result for the knowledge measurement show that students in the school
only condition and students in the school plus home condition showed significant
knowledge gain as compared to the control group.

CONCEPTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Explaining health behaviours

The health belief model is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict
health behaviors. This is done by focusing on that attitude and belief of individuals. The HBM
was Ist developed in the 1950 by social psychologist Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels
working in the U.S. public health services. The modal was developed in response to the failure
of a free tuberculosis health screening program. The HBM has been adapted to explore a variety
of long and short term health behavior.

Scope and applications

The health belief model has been applied to a broad range of health behavior and subject
population. Three broad areas can be identified (conner & Norman,1996):1) preventive health
behaviors, which including health promoting (e.g. diet, exercise) and health risk (e.g. smoking)
behaviors as well as vaccination and contraceptives practices. 2) sick role behaviors, which refer
to compliance with recommended medical regimens, usually following professional diagnosis
of illness .3) clinic use, which include physician visits for a variety of reasons.
 The present study is intended to evaluate the effectiveness of health
teaching programme on knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school children's in Navi
metral at Khedbrahma.

The three phases of the model are individual perception, modifying factors, causes of action.

The main concepts of general system theory are individual perception, modifying and
causes of action. The individual perception refers to any others form of information, energy or
material that enters into the system through in boundary. Modifying refers to the whereby system
transforms creates and organizes, cause of action refers to energy, information or matter that is
transferred as a result of the process

Individual perception:

Individual perception refers to the target group of school children's and their level of
knowledge regarding Balanced diet. The factors affecting individual perception includes
demographic variable such as Age, Sex, Educational status of father and mother, occupation of
father and mother, monthly income, religion, uses of leisure time, health teaching knowledge
questionnaires and preparation of health teaching programme on knowledge regarding Balanced
diet.

Modifying factors:

It refers to the different operational procedures in the overall programme implementation

and includes the factors that facilitate or block the implementation at various stages of programme
implementation. The modifying factors refers to the adequate, moderat, inadequate level of
knowledge on Balanced diet and the effectiveness of the health teaching programme.

Modifying factors is the process whereby the system transforms, creates and organizes
individual perception. In this study modifying factors refers to the administration of health
teaching knowledge questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of school children‟s knowledge
regarding Balanced diet and provide the health teaching programme on knowledge regarding
Balanced diet.
Uses of action:

Uses of action refers to individual perception evaluation, modifying factors evaluation,

product evaluation & impact evaluation. In this study the uses of action is to measure the gain in
knowledge by comparing the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge score and uses of action
refers to the increase in the level of knowledge of school children‟s regarding Balanced diet.

FEEDBACK

It is the process by which information is received from each level of the system. Feedback
refers to the product evaluation, where the programme achievements are evaluated to know
whether the objectives are met. In this study the feedback is to evaluate the health teaching
programme in term of gain in knowledge acceptability scores.
 CHAPTER-III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: -

This chapter deals with description of different steps undertaken by

the Investigator for this study. It include the Research approach, Research design ,
Setting of study, population sample , sample size, method of sampling , criteria of
sample selection, development and Description of tool , validity and reliability of
tool. Procedures for data analysis and Production of human right.

RESEARCH APPROCH:

A quantitative approach was used to assess the knowledge regarding balanced diet
among School children ( 12 - 15 year ) government school of Navimetral ,
Khedbrahma.
RESEARCH DESIGN:-

In this study pre examined design is was adopted.

RESEARCH DESIGN :-

SETTINGOFSTUDY:

The setting selected for pretesting government school Navimetral, Khedbrahma.

POPULATION: -

 Target population: -

It refers to the population under the study to which the researcher

Want to generalize there search finding target population of the study in
Government school Navimetral,Khedbrahma.

 Accessible population:

It refers to the part of population that is available for the research .The accessible
population in this study was these condary school children of(12-15)years in
selected government school Navimetral,Khedbrahma.

SAMPLE:

A sample is a portion of population interest the sample comprises of

school children(12-15year) in government school Navi metral ,Khedbrahma.

SAMPLE SIZE:

Sample size is the number of element of population. The main

purpose of researcher is to obtain of sample enough to show statistical significance
and Economical at the Same time.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

It refers to the process of selecting portion of the population to represent the Entire
population, in this study non probability convenient sample technique was used.
CRITERIA OF SAMPLE SELECTION:

Inclusion criteria:

 Adolescent child.
 Who are willingly to participant in the study?
 Who are studying in the age group (12–15year).
 ·Who are available at the time of data collection.

Exclusive criteria:

Who are psychologically and physiologically un healthy during the time of the
data Collection.

Tool Description:

The tool used in this study was health teaching knowledge questionnaire
regarding Balanced diet to assess the knowledge on school children.

PART-1

Demographic data.

Part-2

Health teaching knowledge questionnaire regarding balanced diet.

SCORING PROCEDURE: -

The level of knowledge among secondary school children was Measured in 20

students.

Terms of scores. Each item has a score of high level, moderate level and low
Level of knowledge. This highest score possible for the students health teaching
knowledge questionnaire is above score is 20.
DEVEOPMENT OF TOOLS:-

The health teaching knowledge questionnaire constructed by there searcher is

Based on the facts about balanced diet. This consists of health education, knowledge
Regarding balance diet and rehabilitation total10 items to use to assess the
knowledge.

TESTING OF THE TOOLS:

VALIDITY:

Knowledge of secondary school children was measured by health

teaching knowledge questionnaire . However,both the demographicand Structured
questionnaire validated by to nursing expert and statistician.Experts evaluated the
tools for clarify appropriate adequacy relevant were Considered and modification
of the tool was according to the origin of experts.The entire tool was translated into
Hindi language expect and language validity was established.

Reliability:

The degree of consistency or accuracy with which an instrument

measures The attribute it is design to measure the reliability of the tool which was
Found to be highly reliable.

Method of data collection:

The main study was conducted after obtaining the formal permission
from the Principal of government senior secondary school Navimetral,Khedbrahma
the period of data collection Was 2 week the investigator selected 20 sample which
fulfilled the inclusion criteria Using non probability convenient sampling after
getting their constant pre-test data was carried out by the investigation by using
health teaching knowledge questionnaire the doubt to were clarified and the average
theme taken for administrating the questionnaire was 40 minutes. All the participant
was very cooperative and the Investigator expressed his gratitude their cooperation.

STEP OF DATA COLLECTION:·

STEP–I

Introduction.

STEP–II

Explanation of the purpose of the study.

Pre-test done for data collection.

STEP–III

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:

Data analysis helps the researcher to organizing summaries evaluate

interpret And communicate the numerical fact. For the pre-test study the collected
data from the Participant were grouped and analysed using pre excremental study.

ORGANISED THE DATA IN MASTER SHEET:

Health teaching program application frequency and presenting distribution

to Analysed the demographic variable.

Pre-test level of knowledge among school children (12–15year).

ETHICAL CONSIDRATION:

The study was done after the approve of the dissertation committee
permission Was obtain from the weed master of each school verbal consist was
obtain from the Subject and assurance was given to the subject that confidential
would be maintained.
 CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data to study to

evaluate The effectiveness of Heal the teaching programme on knowledge
regarding balanced diet Among school children(12-15yr.) in selected in government
senior secondary school Navimetral,Khedbrahma. The data finding have been
tabulated and inter preted according To the Plan for data analysis.

The data collected From 20 samples were group analysed using

descriptive and Inferential statistics. The results are presented following.

ORGANIZATION OF DATA

Section A :- Data on description of demographic variables of school children's in

Experimental group.

Section B :-Data on assessment of level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet

among school children's in experimental group.

Section C : Data on effectiveness of health teaching programme on the level of

Knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school children's in experimental
group.

Section A : Data on description of demographic variables of school children's in

experimental group

Table1: Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables.

S.No Demographic variables Experimental

(n=20) No’s %
1. Age

a.11-12 years 0 0

b.13-14years 14 70

c.15-16years 04 20

d.16-17years 02 10
2. Religion

a.Hindu 18 90

b.Muslim 02 10

c.Sikh 00 00

d.Christian 00 00
3. Area

a.Urban 19 95

b.rural 01 05

c.town 00 00

d.other 00 00
4. Monthly income

a.Less then 5000 04 20

b.5000-10,000 11 55

c.10,000-15,000 03 15

d.Morethen15,000 02 10 02 10

5. Father education

a.Primary 04 20

b.secondary 12 60

c.college 02 10

d uneducated 02 10

6. Occupation of father

a.government 00 00

b. personal 10 50

c.business 05 25

d.other 05 25

7. Mother education

a.primary 08 40

b.secondary 04 20

c.college 02 10

d.uneducated 06 30
8. Occupation of mother

a.government 01 05

b.personal 02 10

c.House wife 15 75

d.Other 02 10

9. Uses of leisure time

a.T.v. 02 10

b.Mobile 07 35

c.other 11 55
TABLE .1 DATA ON DECRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHICS VARIABLES
OF SCHOOL CHILDRAN IN AGE GROUP

Demographic variables Experimental study on Age group

0%
10%

20%

70%

11 to 12 Years 13 to 14 Years 15 to 16 Years 16 to 17 Years

FIGHER 3- DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES EXPRIMENTAL STUDY ON

AGE GROUP
TABLE .1 DATA ON DECRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHICS VARIABLES
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AREA

Demographic variables Experimental study on Area

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Urban Rural Town Other

No of Person

FIGHER 4- DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES EXPRIMENTAL STUDY ON

AREA
TABLE .1 DATA ON DECRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHICS VARIABLES
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MONTHLY INCOME

Demographic Experimental study on Monthly

Income
No of Person Percentage of Experimental study

60

55
50

40

30

20
20

15
10
11

4 3
0
Less than 5000 5000 to 10000 10000 to 15000

FIGHER 5- DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES EXPRIMENTAL STUDY ON

MONTHLY INCOME

Table1: Shows frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables

such as Age, Religion, Area,Monthly income,Father‟s education,father‟s
occupation,Mother‟s education,mother‟s occupation,Uses of leisure time in
experimental group.

• With regarding age,majority of school children's in the experimental group 14

in13-14years (70%),4 in15-16 years (20%).

• With regarding religion, majority of school children‟s Hindu18(90%).

• With regarding Area, majority of school children‟s are in urban 19(95%).

• With regarding monthly income (5000-10,000),majority of school children's are

11(55%).

• With regarding father‟s education, majority of school children's are12(60%).

• With regarding father‟s occupation,majority of school children's are10(50%).

• With regarding mother‟s education, majority of schoolchildren's are 8(40%).

•With regarding mother‟s occupation,majority of school children's are15(75%).•

•With regarding uses of leisure time,majority of school children'sare11(55%)

Section B: Data on assessment of level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet

Among school children's in experimental group.

Table 2 : Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level on

Knowledge regarding oral hygiene among school children's in experiment.

EXPERIMENTALGROUP

Pre Test Post Test

LEVELOF KNOWLADGE
F % F %

High 00 00 15 75

Moderate 08 40 05 25

Low 12 60 00 00
Table :- 2 Depicts the frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-
test level of knowledge regarding oral hygiene among school children in
experimental group.

Figure 6 :- Level of knowledge on Balanced diet

Regarding the pre-test level of knowledge among school children's

,12(60%)had low Level of knowledge,8(40%) had moderate level of Knowledge
and none of them had High level of know ledge regarding balanced diet
experimental group. Considering the post-test level of knowledge regarding
balanced diet among school children's,15 (75%)had high level of
knowledge,5(25%)had moderate level of knowledge and none of them had low
level of knowledge after health teaching programme in experimental group.
Section C : Data on effectiveness of health teaching programme on the level of
Knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children's in experimental
group.

Table 3a: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding

balanced diet among school children's in Experimental group.

Table3a: depicts the pre-test and post-test mean, standard deviation and mean

Percentage score of experimental group.

Level of Knowledge on Balance diet

14

12

10

0
Experimental Pre-test Experimental Post-test

Maximum Score Mean SD

Figure 7:- Level of knowledge on Balanced diet on comparison of pre-test

and post –test in experimental group
Table3a :- reveals that total mean percentage pre-test score 40(SD=1.31) And total
mean percentage post-test score 66(SD=2.14) in experimental group.The overall
Mean difference level in the experimental group was 26.

Table3b:- Paired 't' test showing the comparis on of mean pre-test and post-test
score of Level of knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children's in
experimental group.

Table C (2) :- show the pre-test and post-test mean,standard deviation,mean

%,mean difference and„t„value on school children's in experimental group.

The mean pre-test score 8.15(SD=1.31) was lower than the mean
post-test score13.2(SD=2.14) Among school childrean.The overall mean difference
in the level of knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children's was
26.using the paired „t‟ test,the obtained pre-test post-Test score of level of
knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children in experimental Group
revealed the„t‟value was 09 which showed a statistical significance at p<0.01level.It
was inferred that the health teaching programme was significantly effective in
increasing the level of knowledge regarding balanced diet among schoolchildren.
 CHAPTER-V

DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the findings of the analysis in relation to

the objectives of The study.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level
of knowledge Regarding balanced diet among school children's at school
Navimetral,Khedbrahma..

The discussion is based on the objectives of the study.

The first objective was to assess the pre-test level of knowledge regarding
balanced diet among school children's

The health teaching knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the level
of knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children's.The pre-test level of
Knowledge among school children's revealed that,8(40%)had moderate level of
knowledge,12(60%) had low level of knowledge and none of them had high level
of knowledge in experimental group.

This study was supported by a study conducted to determine the

knowledge Regarding on balanced diet of adolescents attending schools within
Surlier, a local Government area in Latin America. A questionnaires enquiring
about knowledge Regarding balanced diet knowledge such as method of nutrients
and frequency and Attitude to professional prophylaxis was administered to 600
adolescents Data were Analysed and concluded that there is a need for nutritional
health education among the Population especially the lower social classes.

The second objective was to assess the post-test level of knowledge regarding
Balanced diet among schoolchildren's

The level of knowledge was assessed after health teaching program in

Experimental group.The post-test level of knowledge among school children's
revealed that15(75%)had high level of knowledge,5(25%)had moderate level of
knowledge and None of them had low level of knowledge in experimental group.
 This study was supported by a study conducted to evaluate the out comes
of(45minutes) knowledge regarding balanced diet vs. Normal diet education for
secondary school children‟s.50 adolescents participated in the health education
programme. Specific in striations on knowledge regarding balanced diet were
provided for 20 adolescents while nutritional education to were given to other 30
children.The maintain dietary pattern was assessed using body mass
index(BMI).4weeks after education, the nutritional status had improved for all
children.

The third objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of Health teaching

programme on Knowledge regarding balanced diet among school children's.

The mean percentage pre-test knowledge score 40(SD=1.31)was lower than the
Mean percentage post-test score66(SD=2.14)among school children's.The overall
mean Difference in level of knowledge was 26.Using the paired„t‟test,the obtained
the pre-test and post-test score of knowledge of school children's in experimental
group revealed the„t‟ value was 09 which showed a statistical significance at
p<0.01level.This in dicates that the mean difference level is true and had not
occurred by chance.This study was supported by afield study and in vestigation
conducted on Balanced Diet in America.This study will provide valuable
information and unique data set Regarding latin America that will enable cross
country comparisons of nutritional statuses that focus on energy macro and micro
nutrient in takes, Food patterns and energy expenditure.

Thus the study results shows that there was a significant difference in level
of Knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school children's after Health
teaching program. Hence there search hypothesis H1stated earlier that there is a
significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean score on effectiveness
of Health teaching program on the level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet
among school children's was accepted.
 CHAPTER–VI

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of health
Teaching programme on knowledge regarding balanced diet among school
children's in Navi metral Khedbrahma .

The objectives of the study were.

1. To assess the knowledge of student about the balanced diet.

2. To administer health teaching programmed regarding the balanced diet.

The research hypothesis stated were

H1:There is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean Score
on effectiveness of health teaching programme on the level of knowledge Regarding
Balanced diet.

Assumptions

· It is assumed that students may have some knowledge regarding Balanced diet.

· It is assumed that health teaching program will helps to enhance the knowledge
Of school children's on knowledge regarding Balanced diet.

The extensive review of literature enabled the researcher to develop the conceptual
Framework ,tool and methodology.Literature reviews was organized as follows.

I. Studies related to school children's.

II. Studies related to knowledge regarding Balanced diet.

The conceptual framework of this study was based on General System Theory.
There search design selected for the study was pre-experimental research design
with One group pre-test post-test design.Independent variable in the study was
health Teaching programme and Dependent variable was knowledge regarding
Balanced diet.The tool used in the study was a health teaching knowledge
questionnaire regarding Balanced diet among school children's. The main study was
conducted at government senior secondary school in Navi Metral Khedbrahma
.probability convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. The
total sample size was 20 in experimental group.The objectives and Purpose of the
study were explained and confidentiality was maintained.Pre-test was Done using
the heath teaching knowledge questionnaire and the health teaching program was
given to the experimental group.After two days,post-test was done with same health
teaching knowledge questionnaire.Data collected were analysed and interpreted
using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The findings of the study were

 The pre-test level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school

children's,8(40%) had moderate level of knowledge,12(60%)had low level of
knowledge in Experimental group.
 The post-test level of knowledge regarding Balanced diet among school
children‟s,15(75%)had high level of knowledge,5(25%)had moderate level
of knowledge in experimental group.
 The comparison of mean percentage pre-test knowledge score
40(SD=1.31)was Lower than the mean percentage post-test score
66(SD=2.14)among school children's.The over all mean difference in level
of knowledge was 26.Using the paired„t‟test , the obtained the pre-test and
post-test score of knowledge of school children's in experimental group
revealed the„t‟value was 09 which showed a statistical significance at
p<0.01level.This indicates that the mean difference level is true and had not
occurred by chance.
IMPLICATIONS

The investigator has drawn the following implication from the study that is of Vital
concern for nursing service, nursing education , nursing administration and nursing
research.

Nursing service

 Nursing service department should plan for health education session

for patients To improve their knowledge and create awareness
regarding Balanced diet.
 School nurses never fail to assess the children's.Balanced diet.
 Facilities to make available for managing children's with poor
knowledge Regarding Balanced diet in all hospital including the
community setup.
 Reward scan be given to the out standing nurses in each year in all
institute on Which will boost the nurses.

Nursing education

 Staff development program can be given awareness on knowledge

regarding Balanced diet and its importance of Balanced diet.
 Students can utilize the health teaching program regarding Balanced
diet to Prevent nutritional problem.

Nursing administration

 Nurse administrator should conduct free camp for BMI and nutritional
Education in hospitals and community

Nursing research

 Nursing research can be done to find out the factors responsible for
knowledge Regarding balanced diet.
 Further investigator can use this study as reference material.
  The study provides awareness for further studies among the student in
their area.

LIMITATION

 The study was limited to only school children's.

 Health Teaching Programme given only for1day.
 The sample size of the study was 20.

CONCLUSION

The main study concluded that the existing level of knowledge is assessed
Among school children‟s regarding balanced diet.The result revealed that there was
a Seventy five percent of school children‟s have high level of kn owledge and
remaining Have moderate level of knowledge and none had low level of
knowledge.So the Researchers plan for the health teaching programme.Many of the
school children's felt That health teaching programme is necessary.Hence the study
concluded that school children's need continuous knowledge regarding balanced
diet.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the study it recommends that-

 The same study can be conducted among BMI to assess the level of
knowledge Regarding balanced diet.
 The same study can be conducted as a comparative study to assess their
level Of knowledge regarding balanced diet among primary school
children's and Secondary school children‟s.
 The same study can be replicated on large scale samples there by
findings can Be generalized to a large population.
 REFERENCE

BOOK REFERENCE

Best J. W. Statistics in Psychology and Education. 10th edition. Bombay: Vakils

Feffer

and Simons Ltd. 1981.

Gopalan C., Ramasastri B. V. et al. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. 1st edition.

Hyderabad: Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition.

2000

Gupta L. C. et al. Food and Nutrition. 6th edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers
Medical

Publishers (P) Ltd. 2006

Kerlinger F. N. Foundations of Behavioral Research 2nd edition. Delhi: Surjeet

Publications. 1973

Nix S. et al. William's Basic Nutrition Diet Therapy. 13th edition. Noida: Reed
Elsevier

Indu Private Ltd. 2009

Ronzio R. et al. Essentials of Nursing Research. 5th edition. Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott Co. 1999

Sachdev H. P. S., Choudhary P. et al. Nutrition in Children. 1st edition. New Delhi:
B.

I. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1989

Sing A. K. Test Measurements and Research Methods in Behavioral Science. New

Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co. 1986

Smolin L. A., Grosvenor M. B. Nutrition Science and Applications. 3rd edition.

New

York : Saunders College Publishing. 2000

Srilakshmi B. Dietetics. 5th edition. New Delhi: New Age International (p) Limited

Publishers 2005

Srilakshmi B. Food Science. 3rd edition. New Delhi: New Age International (p)
Limited

Publishers. 2003

JOURNALREFERENCE

1. British Journal of Nutrition

2.American Journal of Nursing

3.Nurses of India

NET REFERENCE

1. Coulson NS,Eiser C,Eiser JR.Nutrition education in the nationalcurriculum.

Health educationJ.1998
2. Story M, Newmark-Sztainer D ,French S.Individual and environmental
influence on adolescent eating behaviors.2002
3. Shepherd J,HardenA ,Rees R, Bruntonton G, Garcia J, Oliver S, Young
people and healthy eating & Health education2006.
4. McCabe MP,Ricciardelli LA,Body image and strategies to lose weight
And Increase muscles among boys and girls.Health psychol.2003
5. Ricciardelli LA, Mc Cabe MP.Children‟s body image concerns and eating
disturbance: A review of literature.Clin psycho Rev.2001
6. 6. Gregory J, Lowes S , Bates, CJ , Prentice A , Jackson LV, Smithers
G.Volume1.Egham-UK:Stationery2000.National and Nutritional survey.
7. Lien N, Lytle LA, Klepp KI. Stability in Consumption of fruit,
vegetable,&Surgary food in a cohort from age14-21.Prevemed.2001
8. Lytle LA,Seifart H,Greenstein J,Mc Govern P. How do children‟s eating
Pattern & food choice change over time ? result from a cohort study.Am J
Health promote.2000
9. Peykari N ,Tehrani FR ,E ftekhari MB, Malekafzali H , Dejman M ,Neot R,et
al. A peer-based study on adolescence nutritional health : a lesson learned
From Iran.J Pak Med Assoc.2011
10.Mohammadi F,Mirmiran P,Bayagi F,Azizi F.The study of correlation of
Nutritional KAP with non contagious diseases risk factor.Res med Sci. 2002
 APPENDIX-A

From Principal
Ekta Nursing College
Navi Metral,Khebrahma

To,
Government School,
Navi Metral,Khedbrahma

Subject :- Request for permission to Conduct Research Pilot Study in Government school
Navi Metral,Khedbrahma

Respected Sir/Medam,

We the student of final year basic b.sc nursing studying in Ekta Nursing college Navi
Metral affiliated with Hemchandracharya North Gujarat university Patan ,as per the syllabus we
have subject of nursing research in that we have to do group research for the partial fulfilment of
b.sc nursing degree our research statement is “A pre experimental study to evaluate the
effectiveness Of structure teaching programme regarding balanced diet Among school children(
12to15 years) in selected govt School at Navimetral ,Khedbrahma ”

So kindly grant permission to conduct research pilot study.

Thanking You.

Name of Student.
1. Miss Soham Kapadiya
2. Miss Tejas Patil
3. Miss Rinkal Vaghela
4. Miss Srushti Saksena
5. Miss Disha Patel
6. Miss Upasana Bariya The Principal
 APPENDIX–B

4th year b.sc Nursing Student

Ekta Nursing College
Navi Metral,Khebrahma
Date :-

To,
Government School,
Navi Metral,Khedbrahma

Subject :- Request for permission to Conduct Research Pilot Study in Government school
Navi Metral,Khedbrahma

Respected Sir/Medam,

We the student of final year basic b.sc nursing studying in Ekta Nursing college Navi
Metral affiliated with Hemchandracharya North Gujarat university Patan ,as per the syllabus we
have subject of nursing research in that we have to do group research for the partial fulfilment of
b.sc nursing degree our research statement is “A pre experimental study to evaluate the
effectiveness Of structure teaching programme regarding balanced diet Among school children(
12to15 years) in selected govt School at Navimetral ,Khedbrahma ”

kindly grant permission to conduct research study in selected school Navi metral
khedbrahma

Thanking You.

Your‟s Faithfuly

Name of Student :
1. Miss Soham Kapadiya
2. Miss Tejas Patil
3. Miss Rinkal Vaghela
4. Miss Srushti Saksena
5. Miss Disha Patel
6. Miss Upasana Bariya The Principal
 APPENDIX-C

Inform Consent

Code No :………….

We are the student of Ekta Nursing college Navi Metral ,Khedbrahma we

started a research project while we are studying and we need your support
now.So,kindly accept our request and proceed and do not use your information
except the study.we give you assurance.

I ………………………………….reside accept this partnership on research

project.

Date : Signature of Participant

QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRODUCTION :

 Give the right answer according to you.

 Your answers would be used only for the research purpose and it will be kept
Secret.
 Try to give answer for all the questions.
 Write the right answer in the [ ] .
 The different section included in the questionnaire are,

Section A: Personal information

Section B: Assessment the level of knowledge on needle stick injury in staff

Nurses

SECTIONA:DEMOGRAHIC DATA

INTRODUCTION
This section seeks information regarding selected factors related to you. Kindly

Read each

Question and place a ( ) mark in the appropriate choice which is acceptable to you.

1Name-…………………………….

2 what is your is age ?

(a)11-12yr (b)13-14yr

(c)15-16yr (d)16-17yr ( )

3 what is your religion ?

(a) Hindu (b)Muslim

(c)Sikh (d)Christian

4 what type of place do you belong ?

(a)Urban (b)Rural

(c)Semiurban (d)other

5 what is the income of your family per month ?

(a)Lessthan5000 (b)5000-10,000

(c)10,000-15,000 (d)Above15,000

6 what is your father education ?

(a) Primarye ducation (b)Secondary education

(c) Graduate (d)Uneducated

7 what is your father occupation ?

(a)Govt.service (b)private service

(c)Business (d)Other

8 what is your mother education ?

(a)Primary education (b)Secondary education

(c)Graduate (d)Uneducated

9 what is your mother occupation ?

(a)Govt.service (b)private service

(c)Business (d)Other

10 how do you use your leisure time ?

(a)TV (b)Radio

(c)Social media (d)other

SECTION–B

QUESTIONNAIRE ON BALANCED DIET

Q.1Basic unit of protein ?

 (a) Fat (b)Aminoacid

(c)Minerals (d)Water

Q.2Which is source of protein ?

(a)Ghee (b)Wheat

(c)Honey (d)Egg

Q.3Main function of carbohydrates ?

(a) Provide energy (b)Provide immunity

(c)Hormone synthesis (d)Body building

Q.4 All are the nutrients following are except one ?

(a)Vitamin (b)Carbo hydrates

(c)Protein (d)Plasma

Q.5Which vitamin is provided by sunlight ?

(a)Vitamin A (b)Vitamin B

(c)Vitamin C (d)Vitamin D

Q.6Maximum carbohydrates are obtained from ?

(a)Whole grain food (b)Nuts

(c)Fatty fish (d)Plant oil

Q.7Carbo hydrates ,protein ,fat ,vitamin, water & minerals are included in

(a)Diet (b)Balanced diet

(c)Nutrient (d)Nutrition
Q.8Compounds which are made up of long chain of amino acid?

(a)Sugars (b)Proteins

(c)Lipids (d)Fats

Q.9Vitamin D is found in?

(a)Dairy products (b)Eggs

(c)All of them (d)Liver

Q.10Calcium plays an important role in?

(a)Muscle growth (b)Building bone&teeth

(c)Clotting of blood (d)All of them

Q.11 70% of body mass is?

(a)Water (b)Air

(c)Nerves (d)Blood

Q.12Vitamin B1 & vitamin C are?

(a)Water soluble (b)Fat soluble

(c)A&Bboth (d)None

Q.13 An average person should consume water in a day?

(a)2-4 glasses (b)6-8 glasses

(c)5 gallons (d)10-12 litter

Q.14 Sucrose is obtained from?

(a)Milk (b)sugar can

(c)Fish (d)Honey

Q.15 Night blindness is caused by?

(a)Vitamin A (b)Vitamin B1

(c)Vitamin C (d)Vitamin D

Q.16 What is daily requirement of carbo hydrates?

(a)80 gm/day (b)100 gm/day

(c)120 gm/day (d)150 gm/day

Q.17 What is daily requirement of protein?

(a)1gm/kg/body weight (b)2gm/kg/body weight

(c)3gm/kg/body weight (d)4gm/kg/body weight

Q.18 How much daily requirement of energy?

(a)2000kg.cal. (b)2200kg.cal.

(c)2400kg.cal. (d)2800kg.cal.

Q.19 Your body needed balanced diet because?

(a) Provide immunity (b)Provide energy

(c)Maintain growth &development (d) All of them

Q.20 Which disease caused by protein deficiency?

(a)Fever (b)kwashiorkor & marasmus

(c)Diarrheal (d)Pneumonia

HEALTHTEACHINGPROGRAMMEON

BALANCED DIET
SN. TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEAC A.V.AI EVALUATIO
ON OBJECTIVE HER‟S DS
S ACTIV
ITY
1. 3min Definition of A daily diet containing E BLACK Defined
Balanced diet Various food content (carbo balanced diet
X Board
hydrate,protein,fat,vitamins, and
minerals)inrequired amount understood
P
andcalories that are essential By children
for maintaining health L
andgeneral well being of a
A
person.

G
2. 30min Components · Carbohydrate
Of Balanced
· Protein
diet

· Fat

· Vitamins

· Minerals

· Water

Carbo hydrate:-

Carbo hydrate are

polyhydroxy aldehydes
orpolyhydroxy ketones or
substances that yield such
compounds. hydrolysis.

Carbo hydrates are

Organic compounds
Made up of carbon,
Hydrogen and oxygen.

e.g.Glucose,Sucrose.

Classification of Carbo
hydrates.
P Introduced of
· Monosaccharide Component of
O balanced diet
· Oligosaccharides
and
S understand by
· Disaccharides
school
T
· Polysaccharides children-

E
Daily Requirements of
Carbo hydrates:- R

Minimum100gm daily
and maximum 70% of
total calories/day.
Approximately 30-
40gm /day.

Sources of carbo
hydrates:Sugarcane,Jag
gery,Sago,Honey,Dried
fruit,roots And tubers.

Function of
carbohydrates :-
· Provide energy To
body.

· Complete Oxidation of
fat.

· Provide body Building

and energy.

· Broken down of Fat is

rapidly.

PROTEIN:- E

Proteins are large X

complex,organic
P
compound made up of
carbon,hydrogen,oxyge L
n and nitrogen.The
A
presence of nitrogen BLACK
distinguishes protein I
BOARD
from carbohydrates and
N
fat.

I
The basic unit of protein
of Amino acid. N

Classification of G
protein:-

Classification of

Proteinis two type–

· Classification by
structure

· Classification by
quality

Classification by
structure :-

Simple protein
Conjugated proteins
Derived proteins

Classification by
quality:-

· Complete protein

· Incomplete protein BLACK

BOARD
Function of protein:-

Growt hand body

building.

Functionas

hemoglobin

regulatory.

Maintain

plasma protein.

Made up of antibody.
Regulate osmotic
pressure.
E
Providing energy
X
tobody.

P
Sources of protein:-
L
· Animal source

A
· Vegetable source

I
· Food group
Eggs,meat,fish,oil N

Seeds and nuts etc. I

Daily requirement of N
protein:-
G
Man-1gm/kg body wt

Woman–1gm/kg body

Wt

Fat:-

Fat and oil belong to a

Group of compound
called lipids.They are

Characterized by greasy
feel,in solubility in
water and solubility in
some organic solvent.

Visible and invisible

fat :-

Visible fats are those

Which are separated
from There natural
sources

e.g. Ghee from milk,

Cooking oil from seeds
& Nuts etc.

Invisible fats are those

Which are not visible &
they Are present in
almost every Article
food

e.g.Cereals,Pulses,Nuts,
Milk etc

Function of fat:-

· Provide energy

· Thermal insulin

· Protein sparing action

· Protection of vital
organs
Vitamins:-

Vitamins are organic

Sub stance present in
small Quantities in the
different Natural
food.They do not
Provide energy but
required For carrying
out many vital function.

Vitamins is the term

used For a group of
potent Organic
compound other Then
protein, Carbohydrates

Which occur in minute

Quantities in food and
Which are essential for
Some specific body
Function regulation
Maintain growth and
protection.

Classification of
Vitamins:-

fat soluble vitamins

water soluble

vitamin
Fat soluble vitamins :-

The fat solubleVitamins

are vitamin
A,D&K.They require
fat there absorption and
can be stored in the
body.

Water soluble
vitamins :-

This group in clude B-

Complex and vitamin
C.They are not stored in
the body.

Function of vitamins:-

· promote skeletal
growth

· promote bone and

Tooth development

· protect body‟s store Of

vitamins

· provide healthy skin

· prevent oxidation
 Minerals:- E

Minerals is a naturally X
Chemical compound
P
usu ally of crystalline
form and not produced L
by life process.A
minerals has one A
3. 12 min Important of BLACK
specific chemical
I BOARD
Balanced diet composition.
N
The study of study is Provided

I knowledge
called mineralogy.
about

Water:- N importance of
balanced diet
Water is a transplant, G and improved

Taste less,odor less and knowledge Of

school
Nearly color less
children
chemical Sub
stance,Which is the
Main constituent of
earth‟s streams,lack and
ocean.

It is no provide nutrients
And calories.

Total 70% of water

present In body.

Importance of
balanced
Diet:-

· helps in weight control

· prevent obesity

· helps in kids growth

&learn

· development of
children

· control body weight

· reduced risk of illness

· decreasing depression

· improved energy

· provide better sleep

· more brain power

·