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KEY INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON REFUGEES AND FREEDOM OF

EXPRESSION & COMMUNICATION

KEY INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON REFUGEES AND


FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND COMMUNICATIONS

1948 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS -UN


Statement of Principles

Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;


this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to
seek, receive and impart ideas through any media and regardless of
frontiers.

1951 CONVENTION RELATING TO THE STATUS OF REFUGEES


-UN Silent on Freedom of Expression

Article 15 protects "non-political" association

1966 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL


RIGHTS -UN Article 19

1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.

2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right


shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas of
all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article


carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be
subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are
provided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

(b ) For the protection of national security or of public order ( ordre


public ), or of public health or morals.

1967 PROTOCOL RELATING TO THE STATUS OF REFUGEES -UN


Expands Definition of Refugee

1969.OAU CONVENTION GOVERNING THE SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF


REFUGEE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA
Article III

Prohibition of subversive activities

1. Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself,


which require in particular that he conforms with its laws and
regulations
as well as with measures taken for the maintenance of public order. He
shall also abstain from any subversive activities against any member
state
of the OAU. 2. Signatory states undertake to prohibit refugees residing
in
their respective territories from attacking any State Member of the
OAU,
by any activity likely to cause tension between Member States, and in
particular by use of arms, through the press, or by radio.

1981 AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS


Article 9 .

1. Every individual shall have the right to receive information.

2. Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his
opinions within the law.

The World Association for Christian Communication supports the


democratisation of communications, communication for human dignity
and the
right to communicate in situations of censorship and oppression.
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International Human Rights Instruments

UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS APPLICABLE


TO REFUGEES

U.N. CHARTER, June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. 993, 3 Bevans 1153,
entered into force Oct. 24, 1945.
THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N.


Doc
A/810 at 71 (1948).

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural


Rights, G.A. res.2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N.
Doc. A/6316 (1966),
993 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force Jan. 3, 1976.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. res.


2200A
(XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999
U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976.

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and


Political
Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 59, U.N.
Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 302, entered into force March 23,
1976.

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil


and
Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty,
G.A. res.
44/128, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 207, U.N. Doc. A/44/49
(1989), entered into force July 11, 1991.

SELF-DETERMINATION
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and
Peoples, G.A. res. 1514 (XV), 15 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 66, U.N.
Doc.
A/4684 (1961).

Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, G.A. res. 1803 (XVII),


17
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No.17) at 15, U.N. Doc. A/5217 (1962).

PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF


MINORITIES

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial


Discrimination, 660 U.N.T.S. 195, entered into force Jan. 4, 1969.

Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/2/Add.1,


annex
V (1982).

Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution to


the
Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding,
to the
Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid
and
Incitement to War, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its
twentieth session, Paris, 22 November 1978, UNESCO's Standard-
Setting
Instruments, IV.C. (1994).
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of
Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, G.A. res. 36/55, 36 U.N.
GAOR
Supp. (No. 51) at 171, U.N. Doc. A/36/684 (1981).

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,


Religious or Linguistic Minorities, G.A. res. 47/135, annex, 47 U.N.
GAOR
Supp. (No. 49) at 210, U.N. Doc. A/47/49 (1993).

WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS


Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women, G.A. res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, U.N.
Doc.
A/34/46, entered into force Sept. 3, 1981.

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of


Discrimination
against Women, G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at
5,
U.N. Doc. A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000).

Convention on the Political Rights of Women, 193 U.N.T.S. 135, entered


into force July 7, 1954.

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency


and Armed
Conflict, G.A. res. 3318 (XXIX), 29 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 31) at 146,
U.N.
Doc. A/9631 (1974).

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, G.A. res.


48/104, 48 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 217, U.N. Doc. A/48/49 (1993).
Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, A/CONF.177/20 (1995) and
A/CONF.177/20/Add.1 (1995).

The Human Rights of Women: A Reference Guide to official United


Nations
Documents

Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All


Forms of Discrimination against Women, Commission on the Status of
Women
U.N. Doc. E/CN.6/1999/10 (1999).

SLAVERY AND SLAVERY-LIKE PRACTICES


Slavery Convention, 60 L.N.T.S. 253, entered into force March 9, 1927.

Protocol amending the Slavery Convention, 182 U.N.T.S. 51, entered


into
force December 7, 1953.

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave


Trade, and
Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 226 U.N.T.S. 3, entered
into force April 30, 1957.

Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the


Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 96 U.N.T.S. 271, entered into
force July 25, 1951.

RIGHTS OF PRISONERS AND DETAINEES


Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted Aug.
30,
1955, by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime
and
the Treatment of Offenders, U.N. Doc. A/CONF/611, annex I, E.S.C. res.
663C, 24 U.N. ESCOR Supp. (No. 1) at 11, U.N. Doc. E/3048 (1957),
amended
E.S.C. res. 2076, 62 U.N. ESCOR Supp. (No. 1) at 35, U.N. Doc. E/5988
(1977).
Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, G.A. res. 45/111, annex,
45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 200, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990).
Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of
Detention or Imprisonment, G.A. res. 43/173, annex, 43 U.N. GAOR
Supp.
(No. 49) at 298, U.N. Doc. A/43/49 (1988).

PROTECTION FROM TORTURE, ILL-TREATMENT AND DISAPPEARANCE


Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment,
G.A. res. 3452 (XXX), annex, 30 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 34) at 91, U.N.
Doc.
A/10034 (1975).

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading


Treatment
or Punishment, G.A. res. 39/46, annex, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 51) at
197,
U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984), entered into force June 26, 1987.

Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel,


particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, G.A. res. 37/194, annex, 37 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 51) at
211,
U.N. Doc. A/37/51 (1982).

Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced


Disappearances,
G.A. res. 47/133, 47 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 207, U.N. Doc.
A/47/49
(1992).

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE


Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, G.A. res. 34/169,
annex, 34
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 186, U.N. Doc. A/34/46 (1979).

Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement


Officials, Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime
and
the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27 August to 7 September 1990,
U.N.
Doc. A/CONF.144/28/Rev.1 at 112 (1990).

Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, Eighth United Nations


Congress on
the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27
August
to 7 September 1990, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.144/28/Rev.1 at 118 (1990).

Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, Eighth United Nations Congress


on
the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27
August
to 7 September 1990, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.144/28/Rev.1 at 189 (1990).

Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Seventh United


Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of
Offenders, Milan, 26 August to 6 September 1985, U.N. Doc.
A/CONF.121/22/Rev.1 at 59 (1985).

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures


(The
Tokyo Rules), G.A. res. 45/110, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A)
at
197, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990).

Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal,


Arbitrary and Summary Executions, E.S.C. res. 1989/65, annex, 1989
U.N.
ESCOR Supp. (No. 1) at 52, U.N. Doc. E/1989/89 (1989).

Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the


Death
Penalty, E.S.C. res. 1984/50, annex, 1984 U.N. ESCOR Supp. (No. 1) at
33,
U.N. Doc. E/1984/84 (1984).

Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse


of Power, G.A. res. 40/34, annex, 40 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 214,
U.N.
Doc. A/40/53 (1985).
JUVENILES
United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their
Liberty, G.A. res. 45/113, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 205,
U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990).

United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency


(The
Riyadh Guidelines), G.A. res. 45/112, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No.
49A)
at 201, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990).

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of


Juvenile
Justice ("The Beijing Rules"), G.A. res. 40/33, annex, 40 U.N. GAOR
Supp.
(No. 53) at 207, U.N. Doc. A/40/53 (1985).

RIGHTS OF THE CHILD


Declaration of the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N.
GAOR
Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959).

Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N.
GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into
force
Sept. 2, 1990.

WORLD CONFERENCES ON HUMAN RIGHTS


Vienna Declaration, World Conference on Human Rights , Vienna, 14 -
25
June 1993, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/24 (Part I) at 20 (1993).
Proclamation of Teheran, Final Act of the International Conference on
Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.
32/41 at
3 (1968).
FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise
Convention
(ILO No. 87), 68 U.N.T.S. 17, entered into force July 4, 1950.

Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (ILO No. 98),


96
U.N.T.S. 257, entered into force July 18, 1951.

Workers' Representatives Convention (ILO No. 135), 883 U.N.T.S. 111,


entered into force June 30, 1973.

Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention (ILO No. 151), 1218


U.N.T.S.
87, entered into force Feb. 25, 1981.

Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and


Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized
Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, G.A. res.53/144, annex, 53 U.N.
GAOR
Supp., U.N. Doc. U.N. Doc. A/RES/53/144 (1999).

EMPLOYMENT AND FORCED LABOUR


Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (ILO No. 29), 39
U.N.T.S. 55, entered into force May 1, 1932.
Equal Remuneration Convention (ILO No. 100), 165 U.N.T.S. 303,
entered
into force May 23, 1953.

Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (ILO No. 105), 320 U.N.T.S. 291,
entered into force Jan. 17, 1959.

Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (ILO No.


111), 362
U.N.T.S. 31, entered into force June 15, 1960.
Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122), 569 U.N.T.S. 65, entered
into
force July 9, 1965.

Convention concerning the Promotion of Collective Bargaining (ILO No.


154), 1331 U.N.T.S. 267, entered into force Aug. 11, 1983.

Convention concerning Occupational Safety and Health and the


Working
Environment (ILO No. 155), 1331 U.N.T.S. 279, entered into force Aug.
11,
1983.

Convention concerning Employment Promotion and Protection against


Unemployment (ILO No. 168), 71 ILO Official Bull. 80, entered into
force
Oct. 17, 1991.

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant


Workers and Members of Their Families, G.A. res. 45/158, annex, 45
U.N.
GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 262, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990).

MARRIAGE
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and
Registration of Marriages, 521 U.N.T.S. 231, entered into force Dec. 9,
1964.

Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage


and
Registration of Marriages, G.A. res. 2018 (XX), 20 U.N. GAOR Supp.
(No.
14) at 36, U.N. Doc. A/6014 (1965).

EDUCATION
Convention against Discrimination in Education, 429 U.N.T.S. 93,
entered
into force May 22, 1962.
Protocol Instituting a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to be
responsible for Seeking a Settlement of any Disputes which may arise
between States Parties to the Convention against Discrimination in
Education, 651 U.N.T.S. 362, entered into force Oct. 24, 1968.

ECONOMIC RIGHTS, PRIVACY AND PEACE


Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition,
adopted by the World Food Conference, Rome, U.N. Doc. E/CONF.
65/20, at 1
(1974).

Guidelines for the Regulation of Computerized Personal Data Files, G.A.


res. 44/132, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 211, U.N. Doc. A/44/49
(1989).

Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace, G.A. res. 39/11, annex,


39
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 51) at 22, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984).

The Practice of Forced Evictions: Comprehensive Human Rights


Guidelines On
Development-Based Displacement, adopted by the Expert Seminar on
the
Practice of Forced Evictions, Geneva, 11-13 June 1997.

Masstricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural


Rights, Maastricht, January 22-26, 1997.

Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights

Caux Round Table Principles for Business

Guidelines recommended by the expert participants for States on the


promotion and protection of fundamental rights and freedoms in the
context
of HIV/AIDS, welcomed in Comm. Hum. Rts. res. 1997/33 (11 April
1997).
OECD Development Assistance Committee Guidelines on Conflict,
Peace and
Development Co-operation (1995)

INDIGENOUS RIGHTS
Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent
Countries (ILO No. 169), 72 ILO Official Bull. 59, entered into force
Sept. 5, 1991.

Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,


E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2/Add. 1 (1994).

Constitution of the Iroquois Nation

DEVELOPMENT
Declaration on Social Progress and Development, G.A. res. 2542
(XXIV), 24
U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 30) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/7630 (1969).

Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the


Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind, G.A. res. 3384 (XXX),
30 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 34) at 86, U.N. Doc. A/10034 (1975).

Declaration on the Right to Development, G.A. res. 41/128, annex, 41


U.N.
GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 186, U.N. Doc. A/41/53 (1986).

Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment


(1994)

DISABLED PERSONS
Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, G.A. res. 2856
(XXVI), 26 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 29) at 93, U.N. Doc. A/8429 (1971).

Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illnesses and the
Improvement of Mental Health Care, G.A. res. 46/119, 46 U.N. GAOR
Supp.
(No. 49) at 189, U.N. Doc. A/46/49 (1991).

Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, G.A. res. 3447 (XXX), 30


U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 34) at 88, U.N. Doc. A/10034 (1975).

Americans with Disabilities Act


International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, U.N. C.H.R.
res.
1997/33, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1997/150 (1997).

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND RIGHT TO CULTURE


Convention on the International Right of Correction, 435 U.N.T.S. 191,
entered into force Aug. 24, 1962.

Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation,


adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its fourteenth session,
Paris,
4 november 1966, UNESCO's Standard-Setting Instruments, IV.C.
(1994).

Recommendation concerning Education for International


Understanding,
Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference
at its
eighteenth session, Paris, 19 November 1974, UNESCO's Standard-
Setting
Instruments, I.B. (1994).

REFUGEES AND ASYLUM


Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 U.N.T.S. 150,
entered
into force April 22, 1954.

Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 606 U.N.T.S. 267, entered


into force Oct. 4, 1967.

Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for


Refugees, G.A. res. 428 (V), annex, 5 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 20) at 46,
U.N.
Doc. A/1775 (1950).

Declaration on Territorial Asylum, G.A. res. 2312 (XXII), 22 U.N. GAOR


Supp. (No. 16) at 81, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967).

Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, U.N. Doc.


E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2 (1998), noted in Comm. Hum. Rts. res. 1998/50
(17
April 1998).

UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee


Status

International Case Law Relating to Refugees and Asylum Seekers

NATIONALITY, STATELESSNESS AND RIGHTS OF ALIENS


Convention on the Nationality of Married Women, 309 U.N.T.S. 65,
entered
into force Aug. 11, 1958.
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 989 U.N.T.S. 175,
entered
into force Dec. 13, 1975.

Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 360 U.N.T.S.


117,
entered into force June 6, 1960.

Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals


of
the Country in which They Live, G.A. res. 40/144, annex, 40 U.N. GAOR
Supp. (No. 53) at 252, U.N. Doc. A/40/53 (1985).

WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, INCLUDING


GENOCIDE

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of


Genocide, 78
U.N.T.S. 277, entered into force Jan. 12, 1951.

Nuremberg Rules, in Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of


the
Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 82 U.N.T.S. 279, entered
into
force Aug. 8, 1945.

Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of War


Crimes,
Crimes Against Peace and Against Humanity, 3 Official Gazette Control
Council for Germany 50-55 (1946).
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War
Crimes
and Crimes Against Humanity, G.A. res. 2391 (XXIII), annex, 23 U.N.
GAOR
Supp. (No. 18) at 40, U.N. Doc. A/7218 (1968).

Principles of International Co-Operation in the Detection, Arrest,


Extradition and Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes and
Crimes
Against Humanity, G.A. res. 3074 (XXVIII), 28 U.N. GAOR Supp. (30A) at
78,
U.N. Doc. A/9030/Add.1 (1973).

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rules of Procedure and


Evidence, U.N. Doc. ITR/3/REV.1 (1995), entered into force 29 June
1995.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc.
A/CONF.183/9
(1998).

LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT


Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and
Sick in Armed Forces in the Field , 75 U.N.T.S. 31, entered into force
Oct. 21, 1950.
Français || ratification information
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded,
Sick
and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 75 U.N.T.S. 85,
entered
into force Oct. 21, 1950.
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75
U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in


Time
of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 287, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and


Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol I), 1125 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force Dec. 7, 1978.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and


Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed
Conflicts
(Protocol II), 1125 U.N.T.S. 609, entered into force Dec. 7, 1978.

Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference, Geneva, October


26-29,
1863.

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in


Armies
in the Field, 18 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 1) 607, 129 Consol. T.S.
361, enterd into force June 22, 1865.

Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War, 18


Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser.1) 612, 138 Consol. T.S. 189.

Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of certain Explosive


Projectiles, 18 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 1) 474, 138 Consol. T.S.
297, entered into force November 29/December 11, 1868.

Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and


Customs of
War, Brussels, August 27, 1874.

The Laws of War on Land, Manual published by the Institute of


International Law (Oxford Manual), Adopted by the Instutute of
International Law at Oxford, September 9, 1880.
Final Act Of the International Peace Conference, 26 Martens Nouveau
Recueil (ser. 2) 258.

Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
and
its annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and Customs of War on
Land,26
Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 2) 949, 187 Consol. T.S. 429, entered
into
force Sept. 4, 1900.

Convention (III) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles


of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864, 26 Martens Nouveau
Recueil
(ser. 2) 979, 187 Consol. T.S. 443, entered into force Sept. 4, 1900.

Declaration (IV, 1), to Prohibit, for the Term of Five Years, the
Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons, and Other
Methods
of Similar Nature, 26 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 2) 994, 187
Consol.
T.S. 456, entered into force Sept. 4, 1900.
Declaration (IV, 2) concerning Asphyxiating Gases,26 Marten Nouveau
Recueil (ser. 2) 1002, 187 Consol. T.S. 453, entered into force Sept. 4,
1900.

Declaration (IV, 3) concerning Expanding Bullets, 26 Martens Nouveau


Recueil (ser. 2) 998, 187 Consol. T.S. 459, entered into force Sept. 4,
1900.

Convention for the Exemption of Hospital Ships, in Time of War, from


The
Payment of all Dues and Taxes Imposed for the Benefit of the State, 2
Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 213, 197 Consol. T.S. 331, entered
into
force March 26, 1907.

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and


Sick
in Armies in the Field, 11 L.N.T.S. 440, entered into force August 9,
1907. No longer in force.

Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil


(ser.
3) 323, 205 Consol. T.S. 216.

Convention (III) relative to the Opening of Hostilities, 3 Marten


Nouveau
Recueil (ser. 3) 437, 205 Consol. T.S. 264, entered into force Jan. 26,
1910.
Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and
its
annex: Regulation concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 3
Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 461, 187 Consol. T.S. 227, entered
into
force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (V) respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and
Persons in Case of War on Land, 3 Marten Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3)
504, 205
Consol. T.S. 299, entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (VI) relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the


Outbreak of Hostilities, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 533, 205
Consol. T.S. 305, entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (VII) relating to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into


War-Ships, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 557, 205 Consol. T.S.
319,
entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (VIII) relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine


Contact
Mines, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 580, 205 Consol. T.S. 331,
entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (IX) concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of


War, 3
Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 604, 205 Consol. T.S. 345, entered
into
force Jan. 26, 1910.
Convention (X) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles
of
the Geneva Convention, 15 L.N.T.S. 340, enterd into force Jan. 26,
1910.

Convention (XI) relative to certain Restrictions with regard to the


Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War, 3 Martens Nouveau
Recueil
(ser. 3) 663, 205 Consol. T.S. 367, entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Convention (XII) relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court,


3 Martens Nouveau Recueil 688, 205 Consol. T.S. 381 (1907).

Convention (XIII) concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in


Naval War, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 713, 205 Consol. T.S.
395,
entered into force Jan. 26, 1910.

Declaration (XIV) Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and


Explosives
from Balloons, The Hague, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 745,
205
Consol. T.S. 403, entered into forceNov. 27, 1909.

Final Protocol to the Naval Conference of London, 208 Consol. T.S. 338
(1909).

Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War, 208 Consol. T.S. 338
(1909).
Additional Protocol to the Convention relative to the Establishment of
an
International Prize Court, 7 Marten Nouveau Recueil (ser. 3) 73, 212
Consol. T.S. 173 (1910).

Manual of the Laws of Naval War, Oxford, Adopted by the International


Institute of International Law, August 9, 1913.
Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in
Warfare,
Washington, 25 L.N.T.S. 202 (1922).

Rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War


and Air
Warfare, Drafted by a Commission of Jurists at the Hague, December
1922 -
February 1923.

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or


Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, Geneva, 94
L.N.T.S. 65, entered into force Feb. 8, 1928.

Convention on Duties and Rights of States in the Event of Civil Strife,


134 L.N.T.S. 45, entered into force May 21, 1929.
Convention on Maritime Neutrality, 135 L.N.T.S. 187, entered into force
Jan. 21, 1931.

Final Act of the Diplomatic Conference, Geneva, July 27, 1929.

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and


Sick
in Armies in the Field, 118 L.N.T.S. 303, entered into force June 19,
1931.

Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 118 L.N.T.S.


343, entered infor force June 19, 1931.

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armaments, (Part IV,
Art.
22, relating to submarine warfare), 112 L.N.T.S. 65, entered into force
Dec. 31, 1930.

First draft Convention adopted in Monaco (Sanitary cities and


localities),
July 27, 1934.

Draft International Convention on the Condition and Protection of


Civilians of enemy nationality who are on territory belonging to or
occupied by a belligerent, Tokyo, 1934.

Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and


Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact), 167 L.N.T.S. 289, entered into force
Aug. 26, 1935.

Procès-verbal relating to the Rules of Submarine Warfare set forth in


Part
IV of the Treaty of London of 22 April 1930, 173 L.N.T.S. 353, entered
into force Nov. 6, 1936.

The Nyon Agreement, 181 L.N.T.S. 137, entered into force Sept. 14,
1937.
Agreement supplementary to The Nyon Agreement, 181 L.N.T.S. 137,
entered
into force Sept. 17, 1937.

Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New


Engines of War, Amsterdam, 1938.

Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War


Criminals of
the European Axis, and Charter of the International Military Tribunal,
82
U.N.T.S. 280, entered into force Aug. 8, 1945.

Affirmation of the Principles of International Law recognised by the


Charter of the Nüremberg Tribunal, Resolution 95 (I) of the United
Nations
General Assembly, 11 December 1946.

Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of


War, Geneva, 12 August 1949.

Resolutions of the Diplomatic Conference, Geneva, 12 August 1949.


Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the
Nüremberg
Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950.

Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Protection of


Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 14 May
1954.
Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of
Armed
Conflict, The Hague, 14 May 1954.

Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed


Conflict, The Hague, 14 May 1954.

Resolutions of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Protection of


Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 14 May
1954.

Draft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers incurred by the Civilian
Population in Time of War, New Delhi, 1957.

Protocol to the Convention on Duties and Rights of States in the Event


of
Civil Strife, Opened for signature on 1st May 1957.

Human Rights in Armed Conflicts. Resolution XXIII adopted by the


International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 12 May 1968.

Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War


Crimes
and Crimes Against Humanity, 26 November 1968.

Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflicts, Resolution 2444 (XXIII)


of
the United Nations General Assembly, 19 December 1968.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and


Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on
their
Destruction, Opened for Signature at London, Moscow and Washington,
10
April 1972.

European Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations


to
Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes, Strasbourg, 25 January
1974.

Convention on the prohibition of military or any hostile use of


environmental modification techniques, 10 December 1976.

Final Act of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1974-1977.


Resolutions of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1974-1977.
Convention of the OAU for the Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa,
Libreville, 3rd July 1977.

Resolution on Small-Calibre Weapon Systems, Geneva, 28 September


1979.
Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Prohibitions or
Restrictions
on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to
be
Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, 10
October 1980.

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain


Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively
Injurious or to
Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, 10 October 1980.

Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), Geneva, 10 October


1980.

Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-


Traps
and Other Devices (Protocol II), Geneva, 10 October 1980, as amended
on 3
May 1996.

Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary


Weapons
(Protocol III), Geneva, 10 October 1980.

European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and inhuman or


Degrading
treatment or Punishment, Strasbourg, 26 November 1987.

International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and


Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989.

Declaration on the Protection of Human Rights and the Principle of


Non-Intervention in Internal Affairs of States, 13 September 1989.

Declaration on the Rules of international humanitarian law governing


the
conduct of hostilities in non-international armed conflicts, San Remo, 7
April 1990.

Declaration of Turku, 2 December 1990.


U.N. ACTIVITIES AND EMPLOYEES
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1
U.N.T.S. 15, 13 February 1946.

Current ratifications available by U.N. subscription

REGIONAL CONVENTIONS
African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted June
27,
1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into
force Oct. 21, 1986.

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, OAU Doc.
CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990), entered into force November 29, 1999.

The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population


Displacements
in Africa, Adopted by the OAU/UNHCR Symposium on Refugees and
Forced
Population Displacements in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8 - 10
September 1994.

Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in


Africa,
1001 U.N.T.S. 45, entered into force June 20, 1974.
Declaration on a Code of Conduct for Inter-African Relations, Assembly
of
Heads of State and Government, Thirtieth Ordinary Session, Tunis,
Tunisia,
13-15 June 1994.
The Dar es Salaam Declaration on Academic Freedom and Social
Responsibility of Academics (1990).

The Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social


Responsibility
(1990).

The Khartoum Declaration on Africa's Refugee Crisis, September


(1990).
Charter of the Organizaton of American States, 119 U.N.T.S. 3, entered
into force December 13, 1951, amended 721 U.N.T.S. 324, entered into
force
Feb. 27, 1990.

Protocol of Amendment to the Charter of the Organization of American


States "Protocol of Buenos Aires", O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 1-A, entered
into force March 12, 1970.

Protocol of Amendment to the Charter of the Organization of American


States "Protocol of Cartagena de Indias", O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 66,
entered into force November 16, 1988.

Protocol of Amendment to the Charter of the Organization of American


States "Protocol of Managua", 1-F Rev. OEA Documentos Oficiales
OEA/Ser.A/2 Add.4 (SEPF), entered into force January 29, 1996.

Protocol of Amendment to the Charter of the Organization of American


States "Protocol of Washington", 1-E Rev. OEA Documentos Oficiales
OEA/Ser.A/2 Add. 3 (SEPF), entered into force September 25, 1997.
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, O.A.S. Res. XXX,
adopted by the Ninth International Conference of American States
(1948),
reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the
Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 17 (1992).

American Convention on Human Rights, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36,


1144
U.N.T.S. 123 entered into force July 18, 1978, reprinted in Basic
Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System,
OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 25 (1992).

Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the


Area
of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 69
(1988), signed November 17, 1988, reprinted in Basic Documents
Pertaining
to Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6
rev.1 at 67 (1992).

Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the


Death
Penalty, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 73 (1990), adopted June 8, 1990,
reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the
Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 80 (1992).

Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, O.A.S.


Treaty
Series No. 67, entered into force Feb. 28, 1987, reprinted in Basic
Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System,
OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 83 (1992).
Statute of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, O.A.S.
Res. 447
(IX-0/79), O.A.S. Off. Rec. OEA/Ser.P/IX.0.2/80, Vol. 1 at 88, Annual
Report of the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights,
OEA/Ser.L/V/11.50 doc.13 rev. 1 at 10 (1980), reprinted in Basic
Documents
Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System,
OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82
doc.6 rev.1 at 93 (1992).

Regulations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,


reprinted in
Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American
System,
OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 103 (1992).

Statute of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights, O.A.S. Res. 448


(IX-0/79), O.A.S. Off. Rec. OEA/Ser.P/IX.0.2/80, Vol. 1 at 98, Annual
Report of the Inter- American Court on Human Rights, OEA/Ser.L/V.III.3
doc. 13 corr. 1 at 16 (1980), reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining
to
Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6
rev.1
at 133 (1992).

Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights,


Annual
Report of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 1991, O.A.S. Doc.
OEA/Ser.L/V/III.25 doc.7 at 18 (1992), reprinted in Basic Documents
Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System,
OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82
doc.6 rev.1 at 145 (1992).

[European] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and


Fundamental
Freedoms, (ETS No. 5), 213 U.N.T.S. 222, entered into force Sept. 3,
1953,
as amended by Protocols Nos 3, 5, and 8 which entered into force on
21
September 1970, 20 December 1971 and 1 January 1990 respectively.

Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and


Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS No. 9), 213 U.N.T.S. 262, entered into
force
May 18, 1954.

Protocol No. 2 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 44), entered into force Sept.
21,
1970.

Protocol No. 3 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 45), entered into force Sept.
21,
1970.

Protocol No. 4 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 46), entered into force May 2,
1968.
Protocol No. 5 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of
Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 55), entered into force Dec.
20,
1971.

Protocol No. 6 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 114), entered into force
March 1,
1985.

Protocol No. 7 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 117), entered into force Nov.
1,
1988.

Protocol No. 8 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 118), entered into force Jan.1,
1990.

Protocol No. 9 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 140), entered into force Oct.
1,
1994.

Protocol No. 10 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 146), March 25, 1992.

Protocol No. 11 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of


Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS 155), May 11, 1994.

European Social Charter, (ETS No. 35), 529 U.N.T.S. 89, entered into
force
Feb. 26, 1965.

Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter, (ETS 128), May 5,


1988, not in force.

Protocol Amending the European Social Charter, (ETS) 142, Oct. 21,
1991,
not in force.

European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or


Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, E.T.S. 126, entered into force Feb. 1, 1989.

Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention for the Prevention of


Torture
and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ETS No. 151)

Protocol No. 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of


Torture
and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ETS No. 152)

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