APPENDIX-2(R)

UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
M.Sc. APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(With effect from 2018-2019)
REGULATIONS
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
A candidate who has passed B.Sc. Degree in Chemistry / Industrial Chemistry / Polymer
Science /Applied Chemistry / Industrial Polymer Chemistry/Applied Science Chemistry
as one of the major subject of this University or any other University accepted by the
Syndicate of this University as equivalent thereto is eligible for admission.
ANNEXURE-II
SEMESTER I
Course
Title of the Paper Credits CIA UE TOTAL
Components
Core Paper I Introduction to polymer science 04 25 75 100
Core Paper II Polymer Materials 04 25 75 100
Core Paper III Polymer Structure & Properties 04 25 75 100
Core Paper IV Polymer synthesis Practical 04 40 60 100
Elective Paper I Any One Elective
1.Natural and Synthetic Fibers 03 25 75 100
2.Inorganic and Organo metallic Polymers
Soft Skill-I 02 40 60 100
SEMESTER II
Core Paper V Polymer Physics 04 25 75 100
Core Paper VI Rubber Materials 04 25 75 100
Core Paper VII Polymer Testing Techniques 04 25 75 100
Core Paper VIII Identification, Analysis & Testing Practical 04 40 60 100
Elective Paper-II Any one Elective
1. Liquid Crystalline Polymers 03 25 75 100
2. Conducting Polymers
Extra Disciplinary-I Nano Materials 03 25 75 100
Soft Skill-II 02 40 60 100
Internship-Industrial training 02
SEMESTER-III
Core Paper IX Polymer Processing 04 25 75 100
Core Paper X Analysis and Characterization 04 25 75 100
Core Paper XI Polymer composite, Coating, Adhesives & 04 25 75 100
Sealant
Core Paper XII Polymer Processing Practical 04 40 60 100
Elective Paper III Any one Elective
1. Polymer Additives 03 25 75 100
2. Latex and Foam Technology
Extra Disciplinary-II Polymer Membranes 03 25 75 100
Soft Skill-III 02 40 60 100
SEMESTER-IV
Core Paper XIII Polymer blends & Alloys 04 25 75 100
Core Paper XIV Product & Mould Design 04 25 75 100
Core Paper XV Project Work 06 20 60 100
20
Elective Paper IV & V Any Two Electives 03 25 75 100
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Bio Polymers
03 25 75 100
Polymer Recycling
Polymer for Advanced Applications
Soft Skill-IV 02 40 60 100
*****
AC.F’18

Page 1 of 27
 APPENDIX-2(S)
UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
M.Sc. APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(With effect from 2018-2019)
SYLLABUS

Core Paper-I INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Monomers, functionality –bi functional systems – poly functional systems, degree of
polymerization, nomenclature and classification of polymers, Polymerization methods - addition
and condensation - step growth polymerization – Cross liked Polymerization mechanism – kinetics.

UNIT II
Mechanism of Polymerization: Radical chain (addition) polymerization. Vinyl polymerization:
generation of free radicals, initiation, propagation, termination, chain transfer, inhibition and
retardation. Control of molecular weight – prediction of gel point. Effect of temperature and
pressure on chain polymerization. Cationic, anionic polymerization, living polymerization,
coordination polymerization. Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta catalysis.

UNIT III
Copolymerization – Mechanism and Kinetics of free radical copolymerization – Ionic
copolymerization - types of copolymers - alternating, random, block and graft copolymers -
Copolymer composition – effects of monomer reactivity ratios - determination of Monomer
reactivity ratios.

UNIT IV
Techniques for polymerization - bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, interfacial poly
condensation. Types of polymerization reactors: batch reactors, tubular flow reactors, stirred tank
reactors. Reactors for typical polymers like PE.

UNIT V
Chemical reactions of polymers–Hydrolysis–Acidolysis–Aminolysis-Hydrogenation–Addition
and substitution reactions–cross linking reactions. Polymer Degradation & Stabilization -oxidative
degradation-thermal degradation- mechanical degradation and photo degradation.
(Polysaccharides, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) - Microbial degradation of synthetic polymers.

Text Books:
1. J.M.G. Cowie, Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, Blackie & Sons Ltd
Glassgow & London, 1991.
2. Joel R. Fried, Polymer science and Technology, Prentice Hall , NJ, 1995.
3. Polymer Science: Gowariker V R, New age International Publishers, Second Edition,2015.
4. Fundamentals of Polymers: Raw Materials to Finish Products Paperback,
Karak, Niranjan, 2009.

Reference Books:
1. Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology- Vol 1& 2 : Ferry, CBS Publ,2004.
2. A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation
Applications: Sharma, Wiley Publ,2011.
3. R.J. Young and P.Lovell, Introduction to Polymers, 2nd Ed., Chapman & Hall,

1991.

Page 2 of 27
Core Paper-II POLYMER MATERIALS (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to polymer materials – advantages – classification of polymer materials - plastics,
rubbers, fibres, adhesives and paints. Sources, raw materials, methods of manufacturing, properties
and applications of polyethylenes-HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, UHMWPE - polypropylene and
copolymers-vinyl polymers and co-polymers - polystyrene and copolymers – acrylic plastics -
cellulose polymers.

UNIT II

Sources, raw materials, methods of manufacturing, properties and applications of polyamides (PA-
6, PA-66, PA-6, 10, PA-11 & PA 12)-ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) - polycarbonate-
polyacetal & copolymers-thermoplastic polyesters (PET & PBT) - polyphenylene oxide -
thermoplastic polyurethane.

UNIT III

Sources, raw materials, Methods of manufacturing, properties and applications of polyphenyline

sulphide - polyphenylene ether - polyetherether ketone - polysulfones – fluoro polymers (PTFE,
PCTFE, PVDF)-polyimide and related polymers–aromatic poly amides and aromatic polyesters.
High energy absorbing polymer. Super absorbent polymers-their synthesis, properties and
applications.

UNIT IV
Sources, raw materials, methods of manufacturing, properties and applications of phenol
formaldehyde resins - urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins – unsaturated
polyester resins - epoxy resins – vinyl ester resins – polyurethanes and silicones.

UNIT V
Sources, raw materials, methods of manufacturing, properties and applications of bio based
polymers – PLA (Poly Lactic Acid), PHA (Polyhydroxy Alkanoates), PBAT[poly(butylene
adipate-co-terephthlate)] -bioplastics – bio-PE, bio-PP, bio-PET. Polymers for biomedical
applications

Text Books:
1. J. A. Brydson, Plastics Materials, Butterworth Heinemann Oxford, 1999.
2. L. H. Sperling,“Introduction to physical polymer science, 4thedn, Wiley, 2005.
3. Zehev Tadmor, Costas G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing, 2nd Edition, Wiley,
2006.
4. Charles A. Harper, Modern Plastics Hand Book, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.

Reference Books:
1. H. Domininghaus, Plastics for Engineers, Hanser Publishers, Munich - 1988.
2. K.J. Saunders, Organic Polymer chemistry, Chapman & Hall, 1988.
3. Feldman.D and Barbalata.A, Synthetic polymers, Chapman & Hall, 1996.

Page 3 of 27
Core Paper-III POLYMER STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Structure of polymers - Linear, branched, crosslinked, and network polymers - Homochain and
hetero atomic chain polymers - Copolymers - Linear and cyclic arrangement - Prediction of
polymer properties, group contribution techniques, topological techniques- Volumetric properties
- molar volume, density, Vander Waals volume - Coefficient of linear thermal expansion and
volumetric thermal expansion - Pressure volume temperature (PVT) relationship. Supermolecular
structure : Molecular aggregation & stable state of assemblage, two phase structure in solid
polymer, fringed micelle theory, structure of amorphous polymer.

UNIT II
Mechanical properties - Stress-strain properties of polymers - Effect of polymer structure on
modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, yield strength, fracture
toughness - Crazing in glassy polymers - Ductile brittle transition. Effect of additives on
mechanical properties of polymers - Creep, stress relaxation, and fatigue.

UNIT III
Chemical Properties - Cohesive energy, cohesive energy density, solubility parameter,
determination of solubility parameter of polymers - Prediction of solubility parameter -Effect of
polymer structure on solubility in solvents and oils - Influence of structure in prediction of flame
retardancy, water repellency - Chemical resistance of polymers - Polymer toxicity.

UNIT IV
Thermodynamic and transition properties - Transition temperature in polymers, glass transition
(Tg), melt transition (Tm), relationship between Tg and Tm - other transitions like β-transitions,
upper and lower glass transition temperatures - Prediction of Tg and Tm of polymers by group
contributions.
Calorimetric properties - Heat capacity, specific heat, latent heat of crystallization and fusion,
enthalpy and entropy - Calculation of heat capacities of polymers.

UNIT V
Electrical and optical properties - Effect of polymer structure on dielectric constant, power factor,
dissipation factor, and loss factor - effect of frequency of voltage and temperature on dielectric
properties - Prediction of molar polarization and effective dipole moment. Effect of additives on
electrical properties of polymers. Optical properties - Effect of polymer structure on optical
properties - clarity, transparency, haze, transmittance, reflectance, and gloss - Prediction of
refractive indices of polymers by group contributions.

Text Books:
1. Michael Rubinstein, Ralph H. Colby Polymer Physics,OUP Oxford, 2003 - Science.
2. Himadri B. Bohidar, Fundamentals of Polymer Physics and Molecular Biophysics, 2015.
3. Jozef.Bicerano, Prediction of Polymer Properties, 2 nd Edition, Marcel Dekker Inc.1995.

Reference Books:
1. J.E. Mark Ed. AIP, Physical Properties of Polymers Hand Book, Williston, 1996.
2. D.A.Seanor, ed., Electrical properties of polymers, Academic press, New York, 1982.
3. J.M.Margolis (Ed.), Engineering Thermoplastics Properties & Applications, Marcel
Dekker , New York 1985.

Page 4 of 27
Core Paper-IV POLYMER SYNTHESIS PRACTICAL (70 Hours)

I. Synthesis of polymers
a) Poly methyl methacrylate by bulk
polymerization
b) Polystyrene by bulk polymerization
c) Polyacrylonitrile by solution Polymerization
d) synthetic lattices by emulsion polymerization
e) Copolymerization addition polymers
f) Regenerated cellulose
g) Phenol formaldehyde resins ( Novalac and Resol)
h) Unsaturated polyesters
i) epoxy resins

Reference Books:
1. Polymer Synthesis : Theory & Practice : D. Braun et al., Springer,2005
2. Fundamentals of Plastics Testing: S K Nayak, S N Yadav & S Mohanty, Springer,2012
3. Practical in Polymer Science: Siddaramiah, CBS Publishers,2007
4. Vishu Shah, Hand book of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis, 3rd Edition, John-
Willey &Sons, New York, 2007.

Page 5 of 27
Elective-I NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to natural and synthetic polymers. Essential characteristics and molecular architecture
of fibre forming polymers. Concept of order in polymers, crystallinity, orientation, physical
structure of natural and man-made fibers.

UNIT II
Physical methods for investigating fiber structure. Optical properties of oriented polymers and
fibres, refractive index and birefringence. Fibre spinning process - Melt spinning, dry spinning
and wet spinning of fibers. Denier & Tex, crimping properties, length, twists and intermingling.
Mechanical Properties, Electrical properties, Shrinkage, uniformity, Frictional properties, Tactile
and optical properties.

UNIT III
Fiber drawing, heat setting, texturing, spun bonding and melt-blowing processes - brief idea about
auxiliary plants and Equipment. General principles of finishing and dying of fibers. Common types
of finishes applied to textile fibers. Brief outline of manufacture of textiles: Fibers to yarn, Yarns
to Fabrics- weaving, knitting, braiding, Compound fabric constructions, Finishing processes,
Dyeing and printing.

UNIT IV
Natural fibre: Cotton, linen, jute, hemp, sisal, coir, wool, silk, asbestos etc, chemical
structures, source, use and limitations. Quest for synthetic fibers. Conventional manmade fibers:
Rayon, Polyethylene terephthalate, Nylon 6 and nylon 66, Acrylic fibers, Polyolefin’s, Elastomeric.
Mechanical properties of fibers based on polyesters, nylons, acrylics, polypropylene.

UNIT V
Fibers for high performance - industrial and non-conventional applications of aramid fibres
-Nomex and Kevlar - aromatic polyesters, miscellaneous fibres - Carbon fibre, Glass fibre, Boron
fibre, Ceramic fibre, Alumina fibre, Metallic fibre, Optical fiber.

Text Books:
1. A.A. Vaidya, Production of synthetic fibres, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi,1988.
2. Billmeyer Jr.; Fred W., Synthetic Polymers, Doubleday and Co. Inc., New York ,2007.
3. Gupta, V.B., and Kothari, V.K., Manufactured Fibre Technology, Chapman & Hall, 2013.

Reference Books:
1. Fourne, Franz, “Synthetic Fibres, Machines and Equipment, Manufacture, Properties”,
Hanser 1999.
2. Corbman, Bernard P, “Textiles fibre to fabric”, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill, 1983.

Page 6 of 27
Elective -I INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction: Mineralogical type inorganic polymers. Covalent inorganic polymers. Polymeric
sulfur—Silicone polymers—Silicon-carborane polymers. Posphonate polymers. Polyazyl
coordination polymers.

UNIT II
Organic polymers with inorganic substituent grafts (basic principles only), Synthetic Inorganic
Polymers like Portland cement. Glass-silicates; boron nitride and boron carbide; their synthesis
and important structural characteristic and properties and applications

UNIT III
General survey of inorganic polymers, Comparision of organic polymers with inorganic polymers,
Inorganic chains, rings and cages, fluorocarbons, carbides, borazenes, isopoly and heteropoly acids
and their salts, silicates, zeolites. Natural inorganic polymers like sand, clay, asbestos, Quartz;
Zeolites; Polymeric Carbon [Diamond, Graphite etc.], Polymeric sulphur; their important
properties and applications.
UNIT IV
Polyphosphozenes: History, critical account of preparation, properties, structure and applications,
organo-metallic, co-ordination polymers (phthalocyanine).

UNIT V
Polysiloxanes, polysilanes Polyphosphazenes: Introduction, synthesis, properties, structure and
applications & its Technology.

Text Books:
1. Chandrasekhar, Vadapalli, Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers,2005
2. Inorganic Polymers , J.E.Mark, H.R.Alcock and R.West, Prentice Hall Publishers.2003

Reference Books:
1. Contemporary Polymer Chemistry- By J.E.Mark, H.R.Alcock and F.W.Lampe, Prentice
Hall Publishers, 3rd Edition; 2005.
2. Introduction to Polymer Chemistry-by Charles E.Carroher Jr., CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis, Boca Raton, 2010.

Page 7 of 27
 SEMESTER II
Core Paper-V POLYMER PHYSICS (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Potential energy and conformational energy of molecules - Staggered and eclipsed states -
conformations and configurations, isomeric states and isomerism in polymers - Tacticity,
stereoisomerism, geometric isomerism - Unperturbed and Gaussian chains - Random coils and
average end to end distance.

UNIT II
Types of mechanical deformation – Elastic materials – Viscous materials – Viscoelasticity – effect
of rate of strain, temperature and time on mechanical behaviour of polymeric materials – creep –
stress relaxation – Boltzman principle – time temperature super position principle – Williams
Landal –Ferry (WLF) equation.
Mechanical models – stress strain response of spring and dashpot–viscoelstic models – Maxwell
element – Voigt kelvin element – response to creep and stress relaxation – four-parameter model
– dynamic mechanical properties.

UNIT III
Fluid flow – types of fluid flow – time dependant fluids, shear rate dependant fluids, Newtonian
and Non Newtonian fluids – viscosity of polymer melts – shear thinning and shear thickening –
zero-shear rate viscosity – laminar flow of Newtonian fluids – power law – general treatment of
isothermal viscous flow in tubes.

UNIT IV
Transition temperatures - Glass transition temperature - Free volume, kinetic, and thermodynamic
views of glass transition - Factors influencing glass transition temperature. Cryatalline Polymers –
degree of crystallinity, factors affecting crystallinity- Melting transition, Crystallization kinetics.

UNIT V
Chain orientation - Concept of chain orientation - orientation in amorphous and crystalline
polymers - Uniaxial and biaxial orientation, practical significance - Orientation processes - fibre
spinning, blown film extrusion, solid state extrusion, profile extrusion - Properties of oriented
polymers - Birefringence.

Text Books:
1. Michael Rubinstein, Ralph H. Colby Polymer Physics,OUP Oxford, 2003 - Science.
2. Himadri B. Bohidar, Fundamentals of Polymer Physics and Molecular Biophysics, 2015.
3. Polymer Melt Rheology, F.N. Cogswell, Woodhead Publishing, 1983.

Reference Books:
1. Richard C. Progelhof and James L. Throne, Polymer Engineering Principles, Hanser
Publishers, Munnich Vienna New York, 1993
2. J. D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York,1980.
3. Paul C. Painter and M. Michael Coleman, Fundamentals of Polymer Science, Technomic
Publishing Co. Inc., Lancaster, USA 1994.

Page 8 of 27
Core Paper-VI RUBBER MATERIALS (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Tapping - latex collection - Processing of Latex - Dry rubber production (Smoked sheet, air dried
sheet, Crumb rubber) - Grading of rubbers - Modified natural rubber, Reclaimed rubber - process
of reclamation – applications.

UNIT II
Manufacturing, structure, properties, compounding, curing and applications - Polyisoprene,
Polybutadiene, SBR, EPDM, Butyl rubber, Neoprene, Nitrile rubber, Silicone rubber, Fluoro
elastomer, Polysulphide rubber, polyurethane rubber, Acrylic rubber.

UNIT III
Basic structure, Manufacture, Morphology, Commercial grades and Applications – Thermoplastic
styrene block copolymers, Polyester thermoplastic elastomers, polyamide thermoplastic elastomer,
Polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers.

UNIT IV
Sulphur vulcanization – mechanism of vulcanization –conventional vulcanization – efficient
vulcanization,Semi- vulcanization of rubber -non-sulphur vulcanization- peroxide vulcanization -
radiation curing - designing of compound for desired hardness. Rubber rheology and Rubber
testing

UNIT V
Rubber engineering, Compounding ingredients, Inorganic and Organic materials, Raw materials
specification, Mixing, Extrusion, Calendering, Moulding, Manufacturing techniques. Outline of
manufacturing of tyres, conveyor belts, hoses, footwear, rubber metal bonded items, cellular rubber
products.

Text Books:
1. R.B. Seymour and C.E.Carraher, Jr., Polymer Chemistry – An Introduction, Marcel Dekker
Inc., New york, 2010.
2. Maurice Morton, Rubber Technology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 2002.
3. J.A. Brydson, Plastics Materials, Newness - Elsevier, Seventh Edn, London, 2014.
4. C.M. Blow , Revised by C. Hepburn, Rubber Technology and Manufacture,1982.

Reference Books:
1. Tom French, Tyre Technology, Adam Hilger, New York, 1989.
2. F.J. Kovac, Tire Technology, 4th edition, Good year Tire and Rubber company, Akron,
1978.

Page 9 of 27
Core Paper VII POLYMER TESTING TECHNIQUES (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Standards and Specimen Preparation: Standards and specifications and their importance with
reference to polymers. Preparation of test specimen by various techniques for thermoplastics,
thermosets, and elastomers. Conditioning and test atmospheres.

UNIT II
Mechanical properties: Tensile, compression, flexural, shear, tear, impact, abrasion, hardness,
permanent set, resilience, flex and cut growth resistance. Basic concept of stress and strain; Short
term tests; Viscoelastic behaviour [simple models: Kelvin model for creep and stress relaxation,
strain recovery and dynamic response brief idea of other useful models. Effect of structure and
composition on mechanical properties; Behaviour of filled and reinforced polymers.

UNIT III
Thermal Rheological Properties: Transition temperatures, melt flow index, Vicat softening
temperature, heat distortion temperature, coefficient of expansion, specific heat, thermal
conductivity, shrinkage, brittleness temperature, thermal stability, and flammability. Plasticity,
viscosity (plastimeter, Mooney viscometer, ODR, MPT, capillary rheometer, and torque
rheometer)
Product Testing: Testing of Products - Plastic films, sheeting, pipes, laminates, foams, containers,
and cables. Rubber hose, wire and cables, foams, gloves, tyres and tubes.

UNIT IV
Electrical, Optical and other Properties: Volume and surface resistivity, dielectric constant and
power factor, dielectric strength, arc resistance, tracking resistance. Dielectric behaviour of
polymers [dielectric coefficient, dielectric polarization (mechanism), Dissipation factor and its
importance etc.]; Refractive index, transparency, haze, gloss clarity, and birefringence.

UNIT V
Environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) - water absorption, weathering and chemical
resistance, aging, ozone resistance, permeability, adhesion.
Text Books:
1. S. K. Nayak, S. N. Yadav, S. Mohanty, Fundamentals of Plastic Testing, Springer, 2010.
2. Vishu Shah, Hand book of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis, 3rd Edition, John-Willey
&Sons, New York, 2007.
3. A. B. Mathur, I. S. Bharadwaj, Testing and Evaluation of Plastics, Allied Publishers Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 2003.

Reference Books:
1. Vishu Shah, Handbook of Plastics Testing Technology, John Wiley, NY, 1998.
2. G. C. Ives & J. A. Mead, and N. M. Riley Handbook of Plastics Test Methods, ILIFEE,
London, 1971.
3. Roger P. Brown, Physical Testing of Rubber, interscience, New York, 1966.
4. Nicholas P.Cheremisinoff, Product Design and Testing of Polymeric Materials, Marcel
Dekker, inc, New York, 1990.

Page 10 of 27
 Core Paper-VIII IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS & TESTING PRATICAL (70 Hours)

I. Identification of polymers by simple methods like density (displacement method), melting

point, burning characteristics, solubility and confirmatory test by chemical analysis.
Plastics: Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyamide,
Polyethylene terephthalate, Polybutylene terephthalate, Polycarbonate, Polyacetal, Phenol
Formaldehyde, Urea formaldehyde, Melamine formaldehyde.
Rubbers: Natural Rubber, Polybutadiene Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Isoprene Rubber,
Chloroprene Rubber, Nitrile Rubber, Silicone Rubber.
II. Analysis of Polymers

1. Determination of molecular weight of polymers by viscosity method.

2. Determination of epoxy equivalent.
3. Determination of acid value of polyester resin.
4. Determination of K – value of PVC resin.
5. Determination of apparent density and bulk density of polymers.
6. Determination of moisture and volatile content in polymers.
7. Determination of water absorption.
8. Determination gel time and peak exothermic temperature for thermosetting resins.
9. Determination of filler content in polymers.
10. Determination melt flow index.
11. Determination of soluble fraction of phenolics by acetone extraction.
III. Testing of Polymer
1. Tensile, Flexural, Compressive properties
2. Impact Strength
3. Hardness-Rockwell, Barcol, shore A
4. Tear Strength, Abrasion Testing
5. Melt Flow Index, Density
6. HDT-VSP Determination
7. Dielctric Strength

Reference Books:
1. Billmeyer, Experiments in polymer Science, Jhon Wiley & Sons, NY.
2. Plastics Testing & Failure Analysis, Vishu Shah, John Wiley & Sons
3. Fundamental of Plastics Testing, S K Nayak, S N Yadav & S Mohanty , Springer
4. Experimental Methods in Polymer Chemistry - Rabek, John Wilely & sons,
5. ASTM – 8.01, 8.04, 9.02.
6. ISO Handbook on Plastics.

Page 11 of 27
Elective Paper-II LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Definition of LCP, Types of liquid crystalline polymer, Local order and classification, Chemistry
and physics of liquid crystalline polymer, Synthesis of liquid crystalline polymer, Properties of
liquid crystalline polymer.

UNIT II
Thermotropic liquid crystals-Rigid-rods to main-chain polymers, development of side-chain liquid
crystalline polymers, Stability of liquid crystalline polymers, Factors limiting liquid crystallinity
in rigid rod-like molecules, Control of mesophase stability in main-chain thermotropic liquid,
crystalline polymers, Lyotropic rigid-rod polymers, Polymers with mesogenic side-chains, Liquid
crystalline polymers with more complex molecular architectures.

UNIT III
Theories of liquid crystallinity in polymers: Steric theory of rod-like liquid crystals, Virial theories:
the Onsager approach Flory’s lattice model, Orientation dependent interactions: the Maier–Saupe
theory, Theories for main-chain polymers with semi-rigid chains, Theories of side-chain liquid
crystalline polymers, Phenomenological theories of phase transitions.

UNIT IV
Processing of structural liquid crystalline polymers: Rheology, Processing and the consequences
of flow alignment, Liquid crystalline polymers as structural materials, Liquid crystalline polymers
in blends and composites, Identification of LCP by DSC, Microscopy and XRD.

UNIT V
Applications of functional liquid crystalline polymers: Liquid crystalline polymers as
optoelectronic materials, Liquid crystalline polymers in displays, Semiconducting liquid
crystalline polymers, Laser writeable devices, Non-linear optical applications, Sensors and
actuators. Applications and uses [Electrical/Electronic Applications, Automotive Applications,
Engineering Parts, Appliances, Food Containers,), Business Equipment, Industrial Applications
etc.]

Text Book:
1. Ingo Dierking ,Liquid Crystalline Polymers,2017
2. A. M. Donald, A. H. Windle, and S. Hanna Second Edition, Cambridge University
Press.2000.
3. John W. Goodby , Peter J. Collings ,Takashi Kato Carsten Tschierske ,Helen Gleeson ,Peter
Raynes , Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set, 2nd Edition, 2014.

Reference Books:
1. Liquid crystals, S Chandrasekhar, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2. Liquid crystalline order in polymers, Alexander Blumstein,1986.

Page 12 of 27
Elective Paper- II CONDUCTING POLYMERS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction, need of conducting polymers, Classification of conducting polymer, Concept of
doping,n-Type,P-Type, Electrochemistry of electronically conducting polymers-source of
electronic conduction in polymers, polaron ,bipolaron conduction mechanism, Synthesis methods
of Conducting polymers, Properties of conducting polymers, Structure-property relationship,
Types of conducting polymers, e.g. Polyaniline (PANi), Polypyrrol (PPy), Polythiophene (PTh),
Discovery of polyacetylene.

UNIT II
Synthesis of conducting polymer-Chemical synthesis, electrochemical synthesis, template
synthesis, precursor synthesis, soluble polymers (Colloid and dispersion), advantage and
disadvantage of various synthesis methods. General Methodology; Synthesis and processability of
selected conducting polymers.

UNIT III
Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Conducting polymers IR ,UV, Impedance
spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra red spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Electrochemical
quartz crystal micro balance(EQCM).

UNIT IV
Application –Rechargeable batteries, LED, Gas sensors, bio sensors, photovoltaic energy
device ,micro electronics, PCB fabrication, electro catalyst. Application proposed antistatic coating,
electrochemical mechanical device, super capacitor, Telecommunication system, Electromagnetic
screening material, Analytical sensor.

UNIT V
Recent trend in conducting polymer, functionalized conducting polymer (Second generation
polymer), Super conductor (Inorganic, organic hybrid structure), Conducting polymer based on
nanocomposite.

Text Books:
1. Terje A. Skotheim, John Reynolds, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2 Volume
Set,2007
2. Helmut Kiess, Conjugated Conducting Polymers, Springer Science & Business Media,
2012.
3. Hand book of organic conductive molecules and polymers, Hari singh Nalwa (ed.) ,4-
volume set, John willy and sons, England 1997.

Reference Books:
1. Hand book of Conducting Polymers: Terje A. Skoyheim (Vol.l), Dekker,1998.
2. Sensors: Principles and Applications: Peter Hauptmann, Prentice Hall,1993
3. Polymer Science and Technology: Premamoy Ghosh, Tata McGraw Hill,2001.

Page 13 of 27
Elective Paper-III NANO MATERIALS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction, synthetic routes for polymeric nanoparticles, imperial critical fluid based particle
production, droplet and aerosol techniques, gas atomization approaches dendrimers, hyper
branched polymers or star polymers, molecular imprint polymers, applications of polymeric
particles. nano clays, nano oxides, nanowires, nanotubes and nanofibres, polymer nanofilm,
nanostructured polymers with special architectures.

UNIT II
Introduction, preparation of nanocomposites, characterization and properties of Nanocomposites,
structure of clay and its modification with surfactants, preparative methods and structure of
polymer/clay nanocomposites, types of polymers used for polymer/clay nanocomosites preparation,
material properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites, processing operations of nanocomposites.

UNIT III
Structural aspects, preparation of nano tubes: arc process, catalytic assisted pyrolysis, laser
technique, electro chemical method, purification of carbon nanotube (CNT), properties of
nanotubes, Single walled nanotubes, multi walled nanotubes, application of nanotubes, CNT-
polymer-matrix composites – processing of polymer nano composites- properties of polymer
nanocomposites.

UNIT IV
Introduction, features of polymeric materials, preparation and characterization of nanoparticles,
recent developments in nanoparticles technology and applications.

UNIT V
Polymer based nanocomposites - Preparation and characterization of di-block Copolymer based
nanocomposites; Polymer-carbon nanotubes based composites, their mechanical properties and
industrial possibilities.

Text Books:
1. Y.C. Ke, P. Stroeve and F.S. Wang, Polymer layered silicate and silica nano composites,
Elsevier, 2005.
2. B. K. G. Theng. Formation and properties of clay-polymer complexes. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1979.
3. B.K.G. Theng. Chemistry of clay-organic reactions. Wiley, New York, 1974.

Reference Books:
1. V.Chirala, G.Marginean, W.Brandl and T.Iclanzan, Vapour grown carbon nanofibres-
polypropylene, 2004.
2. V.N. Popov and P.Lambin, Composites and their properties in Carbon nanotubes, 2006.
3. S. Thomas, G.E. Zaikov and S.V. Valsaraj, Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites;
2009.

Page 14 of 27
 SEMESTER III
Core paper -IX POLYMER PROCESSING (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to polymer processing – selection of correct grade of polymers – suitable MFI, K-
value – suitable additives - master batch – powder concentrate - Processing techniques for
thermoplastics – plastication and fusion mechanism of thermoplastics – homogeneous melts.

UNIT II
Processing Techniques for thermoplastics - injection moulding –terminology – Process
description- Theory of injection moulding –moulding cycle - Blow moulding – terminology – Basis
in blow moulding - Process variables – Injection & stretch blow moulding- Extrusion – Principle
– Types of Extruders – Single screw and twin-screw extruders- compression and transfer
moulding- rotational moulding – Thermoforming.

UNIT III
Pre-polymers – curing agents and hardeners – other additives - processing techniques of
thermosetting plastics – hand layup – spray up – filament winding – pulltrusion – compression and
transfer moulding - resin transfer moulding - SMC & DMC.

UNIT IV
Mastication of rubber – additives for rubber – vulcanization -compression moulded rubber products
– footwear, seals, O -ring - extrusion – tyre, hose, and conveyor belts – Latex products – gloves,
condom, rubber band, elastics thread, and foam.

UNIT V
Fibre spinning process - Dry spinning and wet spinning of fibers- Fiber drawing, heat setting,
texturing, Spun bonding and melt-blowing processes - brief idea about auxiliary plants and
Equipment. General principles of finishing and dying of fibers.

Text Books:
1. D.H. Morton-Jones, Polymer Processing, Springer verlaggmbh, 2014.
2. Tim A. Osswald Georg Menges “Material Science of Polymers for Engineers”, Hanser
Publications, 2012.
3. Crawford R.J. Plastics Engineering, Butterworth - Heinemann, 3rd Edition, 2005.
4. L.C. Hollaway , Handbook of Polymer Composites for Engineers ,1994.

Reference Books:
1. L. H. Sperling,“Introduction to physical polymer science, 4thedn, Wiley, 2005.
2. ZehevTadmor, Costas G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing, 2nd Edition, Wiley,
2006.

Page 15 of 27
Core paper -X ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION (70 Hours)

UNIT I
UV/Visible Spectroscopy - Introduction, principle, Lambert law, Beer’s law, theory,
instrumentation, procedure, advantages, disadvantages, interpretation of spectrogram,
applications-qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis; purity, cis- and trans- conformation.
Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy - Introduction, principle, theory,
instrumentation- sample preparation, advantages & disadvantages, interpretation of spectra -
applications - establishment of chemical structure of polymers, reaction kinetics, polymer linkage,
hydrogen bond formation, purity, copolymerization, qualitative and quantitative results .

UNIT II
X-ray diffractometry: X-ray diffraction analysis, experimental methods, applications-Chain
conformations, chain packing, disorder in the crystal, degree of Crystallinity, micro structural
parameters, degree of orientations. Principles of microscopy: Optical, SEM, TEM, AFM;
Morphology of polymers, Crystallization behavior, phase separation and applications.

UNIT III
Thermal Analysis of Polymers: Differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA),
dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA).

UNIT IV
Determination of molecular weight, viscometry, end group analysis, colligative property,
osmometry, light scattering technique, determination of molecular weight and molecular weight
distribution, gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

UNIT V
Rubber latex and dry rubber – cup viscosity, total alkalinity, total solids, dry rubber content,
volatile matter, KOH number, mechanical stability and heat stability, plasticity, plasticity retention
index (PRI), scorch time and cure characteristics (plastimeter, Mooney viscometer, oscillating disc
rheometer) Resins – acid value, hydroxyl value, isocyanate index, epoxy equivalent.

Text Books:
1. Panneerselvam, R., Research Methodology, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.
2. Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology –Methods and techniques, New Age International
2004.
3. Sam Zhang, Lin Li, Ashok Kumar, Materials Characterization Techniques, December 22,
2008 by CRC Press

Reference Books:
1. Chermisinoff, Polymer Characterization – Laboratory Techniques and Analysis,2001.
2. Hunt & James, Polymer Characterization, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.
3. Hoffman, Rubber Technology Handbook, Hanser Publishers, Munich 1996.

Page 16 of 27
Core paper-XI POLYMER COMPOSITE, COATING,
ADHESIVES & SEALANT (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to composite material – classification - advantages - polymer composites-
Thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix materials , Reinforcements- Types and Forms-
particulate, flake, fibrous etc-Effect of reinforcement on composite properties ,Processing of
polymer composite.

UNIT II
FRP processing - important methods - hand layup, spray up, filament winding, compression
moulding, injection moulding, resin, transfer moulding, reaction injection moulding, pultrusion,
miscellaneous methods - machinery, operation, advantages and disadvantages.

UNIT III
Introduction to surface coatings –Components of paints. Pigments, pigment properties, different
types, extenders, solvents, oils, driers, diluents, lacquers, varnishes, paint preparation, formulation,
factors affecting pigment dispersion, preparation of pigment dispersion. Different types of paints-
classification based on polymeric resin, emulsion, oil and alkyd paints, acrylic paints, epoxy
coatings, polyurethane, silicones, formaldehyde based resins, chlorinated rubbers, and
hydrocarbon resins. Classification based on application, fluropolymers, vinyl resins, appliance
furnishes, automotive finishes, coil coatings, can coatings, marine coatings, aircraft coatings.

UNIT IV
Adhesives – concepts and terminology, functions of adhesives, advantages and disadvantages of
adhesive bonding, Requirements for a good bond, criteria for selection of adhesives. Surface
topography, wetting and setting, thermodynamic work of adhesion – influence of constitution on
adhesion – interfacial bonding – coupling agents. Types of adhesives, structural adhesives,
Specialty adhesives, Inorganic adhesives, Water based – pressure sensitive – hot melt adhesives –
anaerobic adhesives; Principle of compounding – role of resin – fillers – antioxidants – accelerator
systems.

UNIT V
Sealing methods - Selection criteria for flexible packing materials. Product performance
requirements for laminates. Flexible pouches. Aluminum foil based laminates. Some special
properties and important application of co-extruded films / sheets- Pouches form/ fill/ seal,
Laminated Tubes. Barrier packaging, Laminates/ Multilayer films- parameters for acceptance
Text Books:
1. Astrom; B.T, Manufacture of Polymer Composites, Chapman and Hall, London,1997.
2. Bunsell; A. R. and J. Renard, Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced CompositeMaterials,
Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd.,2003.
3. Bristol Hollaway; Leonard (Ed.), Handbook of Polymer Composites for Engineers,2005.
4. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge,2007.
5. Adams; R.D. (Ed.), Adhesives Bonding: Science, Technology and Applications,
Woodhesd Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005.

Reference Books:
1. Comyn; J., Adhesion Science, Royal Society of Chemistry Outline of Paint Technology,
W.M. Morgans (3rd Edition – Recently CBS Publishers,1997.
2. R. Woodbroidge (Ed), Principle & Paint Formulation,– 1991

Page 17 of 27
Core Paper XII POLYMER PROCESSING PRACTICAL (70 Hours)

1. Compounding of thermoplastics:
a) Physical blending – ribbon blender, tumbler, high speed mixer.
b) Melt mixing – two roll mill, extruder.
2. Compounding of Thermoset resins – Phenol formaldehyde molding powders,
3. Melamine- formaldehyde molding powders, dough molding compounds.
4. Compounding and Moulding of Rubbers NR, SBR, CR, BR and NBR.
5. Compression moulding of phenolic molding powders and DMC& SMC.
6. Injection moulding of thermoplastics.
7. Blow moulded products.

Reference Books:
1. Stanley Middleman; Jehuda Greener; Michael Malone, Fundamentals of polymer
processing, 1977.
2. Luis F. Ramos-De Valle, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and
Processing, 2013.
3. Ostas G. Gogos, Principles of polymer processing second edition,2006

Page 18 of 27
Elective Paper III POLYMER ADDITIVES (45 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to additives- Technological requirements, classification of additives, chemistry,
function and mechanism, principles of mixing. Relevant Standards and specifications such as
REACH. Fillers and reinforcements – mineral fillers – fibre reinforcements – glass fibre, carbon
fibre, aramide fibre, natural fibres - Coupling agents.

UNIT II
Plasticizers and softeners, lubricants, Polymer processing aids. Anti ageing additives:
Antioxidants, antiozonants, heat stabilizers, UV absorbers, light stabilizers. Flame retardants,
coloring materials, blowing agents, cross-linking agents, toughening agents and impact modifiers.
Principles of designing formulations for plastics products.

UNIT III
Additives for Rubber: Manufacturing, properties and uses of carbon black- classification of carbon
blacks- non-black fillers, plasticizers, accelerators, activators, cross linking agents, reclaimed
rubber, factice and special purpose additives. Principle for designing formulations for rubber
products.

UNIT IV
Advanced Additives-Micro, Milli, Nano additives, special compounding techniques – Ultra
sonication, Recent advances in additives, developments in compounding technology.

UNIT V
Mixing and compounding techniques : Equipments : Batch mixers and continuous mixers,
two roll mills, Internal mixers, ribbon blender, planetary mixer, single screw and multiple
screw mixer, extruders. Principles and operating details of the above mentioned equipment.

Text Books:
1. John Murphy, Additives for Plastics Handbook (Second Edition), 2001.
2. Enrique Saldívar-Guerra and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima , Polymer Additives,2013.
3. Zweifel, H., Maier, R., Schiller, M. Plastics Additives Handbook, 2009.

Reference Books:
1. John.S.Dick, Hanser, Rubber Technology : Compounding & Testing for
Performance,1998.
2. Gatcher and Muller, Hand Book of Additives, 2011.
3. Brydson J A, Butterworth Heinmann , Plastics Materials Ed. 7: Publ.2009.

Page 19 of 27
Extra Disciplinary-I LATEX AND FOAM TECHNOLOGY (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to NR & Synthetic Lattices - Molecular and physical structure; vulcanized latex,
Artificial dispersion, SBR, Nitrile, Neoprene, Thiokol, High styrene resin, PVAc, PVC, Acrylic,
Carboxylated SBR & vinyl pyridine latex.

UNIT II
Compounding of Latex - Methods of manufacture and machineries, stabilization of dispersion.
Micro and nano fillers, vulcanizing ingredients, Dispersing agents, Stabilizing agents.
Compounding for Neoprene latex.

UNIT III
Testing on Latex - Mechanical stability, pH, particle size of dispersion and size distribution,
chemical stability, state of cure, DRC, TSC.

UNIT IV
Foam technology - Urethane foam, Cold foam, integral skin foam, Semi - rigid foam, Rigid PU
foam. Foam testing, concepts of micro-cellular structure and open cell structures. Industrial uses
of latex and foam technologies.

UNIT V
Manufacture of Latex Based Products - Latex thread, Dipped goods, casting spraying, spreading,
adhesives, rubberized coir, rubberized hair, Micro-porous Ebonite, Can sealing, Latex cements,
Latex foam, Latex laminated paper & boards, Latex coated fabrics & cords, , Neoprene latex coated
paper, latex mixed with cement, Emulsion paints, Electro deposition of latex.

Text Books:
1. Latex Foam Rubber, E.W. Madge, , MacLaren and Sons Ltd., London, 1962.
2. Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology, 2nd Ed., Daniel Klempner and Vahid
Sendijarevic (eds.), Hanser Gardner, 2004.

Reference Books:
1. Basic Elastomer Technology, Edited by K.C. Baranwal and H.L. Stephens, Rubber
Division, Published by American Chemical Society.2001.
2. Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology, Daniel Klempner, Vahid
Sendijarevi, Roza Mikhaĭlovna Aseeva Hanser Publishers, 2004.

Page 20 of 27
Extra Disciplinary-II POLYMER MEMBRANES (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to membranes– definition- classification of membranes- Homogenous dense
membranes- Heterogeneous asymmetric membranes –thin film composite membranes – liquid
membranes-ion exchange membranes –polymer selection for development of membranes-polymer
selection for development of membranes polymer property-strength-viscosity chemical resistance-
processing temperature- factors membrane performance.

UNIT II
Development of polymer membranes – modification – blending – cross linking – grafting -
copolymerization-characterization of membranes-solution techniques; viscosity, density,
ultrasonic velocity-thermal methods; TGA, DSC, TMA – spectroscopy methods; UV, FT-IR,
NMR-optical methods; SEM, TEM and XRD.

UNIT III
Various applications and uses of membranes; Micro filtration –ultra filtration –Reverse osmosis-
Gas permeation-Pervaporation-Nano filtration-Dialysis-electro dialysis.

UNIT IV
Introduction-various self assembled aggregates as carriers-surfactants Micelles-Liposomes-
polymeric aggregates –polymeric Micelles-polyion complexes-functional properties of polymeric
carriers- Morphological criteria-solubility and stability- Biocompatibility-drug loading and
releasing characteristics-Biological aspects – pharmacokinetics at the systemic level – cellular
uptake – release of drugs in the cell

UNIT V
Introduction- currently available polymers; diffusion-controlled systems-solvent-activated
systems–chemically controlled systems – Magnetically controlled systems –soluble polymers as
drug carriers: pinocytosis- Ideal soluble polymers – Biodegradable or bioerodible polymers: Drug
release by matrix solubilization- Erodible diffusional systems – Monolithic systems -
Mucoadhesive polymers – polymer containing pendent bioactive substituents- Matrix systems.

Text Books:
1. Jizhong Ren, Rong Wang, Preparation of Polymeric Membranes,2010
2. Perparation membrane separation processes – RYM. Huang, Elsevier Publications.2001.
3. Sam Zhang, Lin Li, Ashok Kumar, Materials Characterization Techniques, December 22,
2008.

Reference Books:
1. Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology –Methods and techniques, New Age International
2004.
2. Vasant V.Ranade, A.Mannfred Hollinger ,Drug delivery systems ( second edition) –,2016

Page 21 of 27
 SEMESTER IV
Core Paper XIII POLYMER BLENDS & ALLOYS (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction to polymer blends & alloys – Definitions and nomenclature – Criteria for making
polymer blend –Selection of polymer for blend components –mechanism of mixing and dispersion,
mixing of solid-solid, liquid-liquid and liquids-solids, dispersive mixing, distributive mixing and
laminar mixing, mixing entropic measures and its applications- mixing indices preparation of
alloys & blends – economy of blending.

UNIT II
Introduction–compatibilization mechanisms–Compatibilization methods–compatibilization by
addition of copolymer reactive blending –General principles of phase equilibria calculation-
theories of liquid mixtures containing polymer: Huggins-Flory theory, Gas lattice model, etc;
Mechanisms of phase separation-general types of Polymer blends polymer crystallization-
measurement of polymer/polymer interaction.

UNIT III
Introduction – Principles of polymers miscibility and compatibility, inter-chain forces,
Interpenetrating
network- Thermodynamics of polymer miscibility- Miscibility and flow behavior of polymer
blends – Immiscible blends – Flow behavior of immiscible and miscible polymer blends. Complex
flow processing of polymer blends -Blend Preparation techniques - Melt blending - Solution
blending - Latex or dispersion mixing.

UNIT IV
High performance polymer blends- Blends of PBI with polyimides-
Polybenzimidazoles/polyarylate (PBI/PAr) Blends- Polybenzimidazoles/ Fluro containing
polyamide-imide Blends- Fluro containing polyimide Blends- LCP/ Conventional Polymer Blend-
LCP/LCP Blend.

UNIT V
Morphology and phase separation in polymer blends - properties- Fourier transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) – X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Microscopic Techniques – Optical microscopy
–Electron Microscopy: scanning electron microscopy –Transmission electron microscopy,
Thermal analysis – Differential scanning calorimeter, Glass transition temperature, Light scattering
– X-Ray Scattering Technique.

Text Books:
1. L.A.Utracki, Polymer Blends Handbook, 2003.
2. R.P. Singh, C.K. Das, S.K. Mustafi, Polymer Blends and Alloys an Overview, Asian
Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3. D. R. Paul, R. R. Tiwari, Polymer Blends Handbook,2014

Reference Books:
1. Utracki, L.A., Wilkie, Charles (Eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 2014.
2. Octavio Manero, Saul Sanchez, Polymer Blends, 2013.

Page 22 of 27
Core Paper-XIV PRODUCT & MOULD DESIGN (70 Hours)

UNIT I
Orthographic projection-Projection of solids—vertical and horizontal surfaces-Inclined Surfaces-
Curved Surfaces-Sectional views and assembly drawing.

UNIT II
Basic Principles-Shrinkage-Flash lines-Undercuts-suggested Wall thickness-Draft- Tolerance-
moulded holes-threads-radius- moulded hinges-integral hinge-snap fits - product design thumb
rules - case studies and product design.

UNIT III
Parting line-Construction of core and cavity-types of gate-types of ejection - Mould temperature
control - cooling - Mould alignment Mould ancillary parts.

UNIT IV
Types of moulds-two plate - three plate - split moulds - Machine selection-Principles of shrinkage
allowances - materials for mould parts-life of mould-mould maintenance-case studies on mould
design.

UNIT V
Extrusion - extruder parts - extrusion screw - design features - design variables. Injection Moulds
for threaded components – automatic unscrewing – various unscrewing methods

Text Books:
1. Plastic Design & Processing - By Sharma, S.C.2001.
2. Plastics Product Design & Process Engineering - By Belofsky, Harold, 2009.
3. Injection Mould Design Fundamentals (Vol. I& II) - By Glanvill & Denton, 2000.

Reference Books:
1. Injection Mould Design for Thermoplastic - By Pye, R.G.W.2003
2. Injection Moulds – 130 Proven Design - By Gastrow, H., 1968.
3. Plastics Product Design Engineering Hand Book - By Dubois, H, 1984.

Page 23 of 27
Elective Paper IV & V COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Plastics Product Design using CAD:2D and 3D modelling of plastic components.

UNIT II
Mold Design using CAD: Injection Mould design-Design calculations for No. of cavities, Selection
of injection moulding machine, shot capacity, plasticizing rate, Clamping force and 2 D / 3 D
Modelling for Two plate, Three Plate and split Moulds.

UNIT III
Compression Mould Design-Design calculations for No. of cavities, Flash thickness allowances,
Design of loading chamber, Bulk factor, Pressure pad, Heaters and 2 D / 3 D Modelling for
Compression Mould. Transfer Mould Design-Design calculations for Pot, Bulk factor, Heaters and
2 D / 3 D Modelling for Pot and Plunger transfer Moulds.

UNIT IV
Blow Mould Design-Design calculations for Clamping force, pinch-off, Head die design, Parison
dimensions and 2 D / 3 D Modelling for Blow Mould. Extrusion Die Design- Design calculations
and 2 D / 3 D Modelling for Extrusion Die

UNIT V
Mould flow Analysis- Design Optimization of Plastic Part, Mould and Process parameters
optimization using Mold flow Software
 Modelling, Mesh Creation, Mesh Checking, Surface repair , Creating Feed system and
cooling system.
 Analysis: Gate location, Molding window Fill, Flow, Cool, Pack, Warp, Shrinkage, Stress.

Text Books:
1. Design calculations for Compression moulds, Machinery publications, Yellow series, U.K.
2. Herbert Rees, Mould Engineering, Hanser publishers, Munich, Vienna N.Y. 1994.
3. Jay Shoemaker “Moldflow Design Guide: A Resource for Plastics Engineers”, Volume
10, Hanser, 2006
4. LaszcoSors and ImreBlazs, Design of Plastic Moulds and Dies, Elsevier, Amsterdam -
Oxford - Tokyo - NY, 1989.

Reference Books:
1. Mould Flow Manual & Part - Adviser Manual - mould flow.2000
2. P.S.Cracknell and R.W.Dy son, Hand Book of thermoplastics injection mould design,
Chapman & Hall, 1993.

Page 24 of 27
Elective Paper-IV & V BIOPOLYMERS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Biopolymers- Definition, Importance, Classification, Biodegradable& Compostable polymers
Polymers derived from renewable resources, Oils and fats of plant and animal origin,
Hydroxylation (ring opening) of vegetable oil, vegetable oil as feedstock for Polyurethane
polymers, properties and applications of botanically derived polymers. Polynucleotides [DNA,
RNA]; Polypeptides [Collagen, Keratin, elastin etc.,]; Structural hierarchy and its importance
Present scenario of Biopolymer based industries in India and Abroad.
UNIT II
Cellulose: Wood and other cellulose sources, Cellulose isolation, Use of native Cellulose,
Cellulose properties, Dissolution of Cellulose, Use of regenerated Cellulose, Hemicelluloses:
Sources and different chemical structures of hemicelluloses, Chemical derivatives of
hemicelluloses, Properties and use of hemicelluloses and their derivatives, Actual market
importance and future chances Chitin & Chitosan: Chemical structure, Sources and extraction of
chitin, Extraction and characterization, Physico-chemical properties, Chemical modifications,
Functional properties and applications- Film & coating applications.

UNIT III
Production, Chemistry & Properties of Polylactides, Production methods for Polylactides,
Polycondensation of Lactic acid, solvent assisted polycondensation, chain extension of lactic acid
based polymers, ring opening polymeristion, Properties & applications of PLA blends
Production, Chemistry & Properties of Poly hydroxyalkanoates, synthesis- bacterial biosynthesis
of polyhydroxyalkanoates , Production by genetically modified bacteria Chemical synthesis ,
Properties & applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates blends Poly caprolactone, Poly β hydroxyl
butyrate.

UNIT IV
Natural fibres as fillers / reinforcements in thermoplastics, fibre content, type of coupling, high
fibre filled composites, Starch-Polymer composites, Thermoplastic starch, Creep and dynamic
mechanical properties, water absorption, recycling and reprocessing, accelerated environment
tests.

UNIT V
Production technologies for Biopolymers, Extrusion and compounding, Injection moulding, other
processing methods, additives, organic recycling compared to mechanical recycling Food
packaging applications of Biobased films, specifications, safety, edible films & coatings.
Environmental Impact of biopolymers.

Text Books:
1. Jens Nielsen, John Villadsen and Gunnar liden, Bioreaction Engineering Principles, 3rded,
Springer. 2011.
2. Charles Gebelein, Biotechnological Polymers: Medical, pharmaceutical and industrial
applications, CRC press,2003.
3. Jens Nielsen, John Villadsen and Gunnar liden, Bioreaction Engineering Principles, 3rded,
Springer. 2011.

References:
1. Severian Dumitriu ,Polymeric Biomaterials , CRC Press,1998.
2. Nick Tucker & mark Johnson, Low Environment Impact Polymers, RAPRA Technology
Ltd, 2000.
3. R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker , Biopolymers,1968.

Page 25 of 27
Elective Paper IV & V POLYMER RECYCLING (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Need for recycling – Environmental issues-Source of Plastic waste – depolymerization - Thermal
depolymerization –Ceiling temperature and its importance – Degradation – Biodegradation,
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary recycling.

UNIT II
Sorting and separation techniques – Density based – Optical sorting – Electrostatic sorting –
Sorting
by melting temperature – Sorting by selective dissolution- sorting of Metal contaminants, size
reduction - cutting – Densification – Pulverization – Chemical methods, melt filtration of
contamination in recycled plastics – screen changers – filtration requirements of different recycled
plastics.

UNIT III
Recycling of PET – PET separation – Melt reprocessing – Chemical reprocessing – Energy
recovery
– application. HDPE recycling – Application of HDPE recycled – LDPE recycling – Application
of LDPE, recycled LDPE – film recycling – Polypropylene recycling – Application of recycled
Polypropylene – Recycling of polystyrene - Application of Recycled EPS. Nylon recycling –
Chemical recycling – Mechanical recycling – applications and depolymerization of PMMA.

UNIT IV
Recycling of Engineering Thermoplastics – PC – ABS Mechanical and chemical recycling of
polyacetals – Uses, recycling of polyurethanes – Physical methods – Chemical methods, Feed stock
recycling and energy recovery. Recycling of Thermoset composites – grinding of SMC – selective
chemical degradation of SMC scrap – solvent recycling – pyrolysis – Energy recovery from SMC
scrap – Recycling of thermoplastics composites. Recycling of PVC - Separation techniques for
PVC and PET – size reduction – melt filtration – Mechanical recycling – chemical recycling –
Energy recovery – applications. Feed Stock Recycling – Pyrolysis – kiln / Retort – Fluidized bed
– application – Hydrogenation of plastics waste – Gasification – different gasification process –
economic aspects – Incineration of plastic waste with energy recovery.

UNIT V
Tyre size reduction – Application of ground Rubber crumb – Filler – Bound Rubber products –
Thermoplastics binder – Civil engineering applications – Surface treated crumb rubber –
applications – Rubber reclaiming and devulcanization scrap rubber and fuel source (Tyre derived
fuel TDF) – Pyrolysis.

Text Books:
1. Francesco La Mantia, Handbook of Plastics Recycling, Rapra Publishing, 2002 - Science
2. Raju Francis, Recycling of Polymers: Methods, Characterization and Applications,2016
3. Gerald D Andrews and Pallatheri M Subramanian, Emerging Technologies in Plastics
Recycling, ACS Symposium Series, 513, 1992.

Reference Books:
1. John Scheirs, Polymer Recycling Science, Technology and Applications,
JohnWiley&Sons, 1998.
2. Mustafa.N. Plastics Waste Management Disposal Recycling and Reuse, Marcel DekkerInc,
1993.

Page 26 of 27
Elective Paper IV & V POLYMER FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS (40 Hours)

UNIT I
Introduction, history, structural requirements, types of liquid crystalline (LC) phases, types of
liquid crystalline polymers, anisotropic properties, characterization of LC phases (DSC, POM,
XRD,NMR, FTIR, Dielectric etc.), LC blends and composites, LC elastomers, rheology of liquid
crystalline polymers, applications of LC polymers- optical, high strength fibers, MEMS etc.
UNIT II
Theory of conduction, semi-conductors and conducting polymers, band theory, requirements for
polymer to work as conductor, types of conducting polymers - intrinsic and extrinsic, doping of
polymeric systems, synthesis, processing and testing of conducting polymers, applications and
recent advances – electroluminescence, corrosion inhibition, microelectronics, membranes,
sensors, textiles, electro-chemo mechanical devices, coating etc.
UNIT III
Combustion of polymeric materials and methods to reduce it, requirements for heat resistance,
determination of heat resistance, synthesis, structure-property relationships, fire retardant fillers,
applications of heat resistant polymers like polyamides, polyimides and its derivatives,
polyquinolines, polyquinoxalines, PBT, PBO, PBI, PPS, PPO, PEEK, chlorinated polymers,
engineering plastic blends.
UNIT IV
Introduction to smart polymers, temperature responsive polymers, pH responsive polymers, photo
responsive polymers, magnetically responsive polymers, enzyme responsive polymers, shape
memory polymers, hydrogels, self-healing polymers. Applications of smart polymers in various
fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical devices, bioseparation, optical data
storage, packaging, textiles and Aerospace applications.
UNIT V
Biopolymers - Study of biopolymers - bioassays, biocatalysts, need of biomaterials and
biopolymers, biodegradation, overview of biodegradable polymers, degradation study, factor
affecting biodegradability, classification – natural, synthetic, modified, starch based, PHAs, PLA,
synthetic biodegradable polymers- PBS, PCL, PGA, etc., environmental impact, biomaterials and
their 16 medical applications, control release theory, scaffold materials, orthopedic applications,
rehabilitation aids, etc., ASTM methods of testing.
Text Books:
1. Additive for coatings, John Bieleman, Wiley-VCH, 2000
2. Additives in waterborne coatings, Gerry Davison, Bruce Lane, Royal society of
Chemistry, 2003
3. Encyclopedia of Polymer science and Engineering Vol.1-17, Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz,
2007.
4. Engineering Polymers; R.W. Dyson, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1990
5. Fire Properties of Polymeric Composites Materials, A.P. Mouritz, A G. Gibson, Springer,
2006.
Reference Books:
1. Modern Biopolymers science: Bridging the divide between fundamentals treatise and
industrial application, Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Nortan, Johan B Ubbink, Elsevier Inc., 2009.
2. Polymers for High Technology Electronics and Photonics; M.J. Bowden and S.R.
Tumer,
Amer. Chem. Soc., 1987
3. Recent Advances in Liquid Crystalline Polymers; L. Lawrence Chapoy, Ed. Elsevier
Science, New York, 1985
******
ACF’18

Page 27 of 27