Basic Electronics Report

Submitted by Pink group

Group members 190770 ,190834 ,190832,
190572 ,191340
Submitted to Mam Rabia
Date of submission December 19, 2019
Grade/ Points

Lab Schedule

WEEK LAB OBJECTIVE

1 1 Study the characterstic curve of forward biasing
 2 2 Study the characterstic curve of reverse biasing
3 3 To study the operation of Half wave rectifier
4 4 To study the operation of full wave rectifier

5 5 To study capacitive filters to half and full wave rectification

circuit

6 6 To study the operation of clipper diode circuit

7 7 To study the operation of clamper diode circuit
8 8 To study the operation of voltage doubler

9 9 To study the characterstic curve of Zener diode

Lab 1:
 Objective:
To study the characteristic curve of germanium diode in forward biased condition.
 Apparatus:
 Breadboard,Germanium diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),Dc power supply
 Definition:
diode will conduct current only if its anode is at a positive voltage compared to its cathode; it
is then said to be forward biased.
 Procedure:
1. Make the following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and instruments
dc voltmeter and dc ammetre .
2. Specify the resister 10k ohm and battery to 12 v.

3. After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.

 Graph :
  Conclusion:
By this experiment we found out how current flows in diode in forward biased condition due
to majority charge carriers.

Lab 2:
  Objective:
To study the characteristic curve of germanium diode in reverse biased condition.
 Apparatus:
Breadboard,Germanium diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),Dc power supply
 Definition:
negligible current will flow through a diode when its cathode is made more positive than its
anode; the diode is then said to be reverse biased. 
 Procedure:
1.Make the following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and
instruments dc voltmeter and dc ammetre .
2.Specify the resister 10k ohm and battery to 12 v.

4. After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.

 Conclusion:
By this experiment we found out how current flows in diode in reverse biased condition due
to minority charge carriers.
 Lab 3:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Half wave rectifier
 Apparatus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function generater,multimetre
 Definition:
A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts the positive half cycle of the
input signal into pulsating DC(Direct Current) output signal.

 Procedure:
1.Make the following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and
instruments oscilloscope .
2.Specify the resister 10k ohm and ac supply to 12 v.

5. After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.
 Conclusion:
After performing this experiment we conclude that the output of this circuit of Half wave
rectification in oscilloscope is one full wave and one is at the mean position,and same case in
the negative half cycle.
 Lab 4:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Full wave rectifier to know about bridge rectifier
 Apparatus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function generater,multimetre
 Definition:
A full wave rectifier is a circuit which converts the positive as well as negative full wave
rectifier into pulsating DC

 Procedure:
1.Make the following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and
instruments oscilloscope .
2.Specify the resister 10k ohm and ac supply to 50 hz.

3.After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.

 Conclusion:
After this experiment we conclude that the output on oscilloscope is of sinusoidal type
and wave is generated continuously.
 Lab 5:
 Objective:
 To study the operation of capacitive filter on half and full wave rectification
 Apparatus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function generater,multimetre,capacitors
 Definition:
A filter capacitor is a capacitor which filters out a certain frequency or range of frequencies
from a circuit.
 Procedure:
 1- Test the diodes using diode tester in multimeter.
 2- Make the circuit as shown, on bread-board.
 3- After making the circuit should look like this.

 4-apply the output of each rectifier circuit to the filter circuit & observe the output
 waveform & parameters.
 5-Observe the output using Oscilloscope & note down Vpeak-peak, Frequency, rms
 value & average value.

 4.7 micro F capacitors:

 47 micro F capacitors:

470 micro F capacitors:

 Conclusion:
From the above experiment we are clear that. Use of filter in a rectifier decreases the
loss of voltage and gives an efficient output DC voltage to the given AC voltage.
 Lab 6:
 Objective:
To study the operation of Biased Diode Limiter.
 Appratus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function generater,multimetre,dc power
supply
 Definition:
A diode clipper is a wave shaping circuit that takes input waveform and clips or cut it off
These circuit are used to eliminate amplitude noise or voltage sparks
 Procedure:
 Make the following
circuit on proteus by using devices Ac source,Dc source,diode,resistors.
 Specify the
resistors 10k ohm andDC source to 4 v.
 The level to which
an AC voltage is limited can be adjusted by adding a bias voltage, VBIAS, in series with the
diode, as shown
The voltage at point A must equal VBIAS + 0.7 V before the diode will become forward-
biased and conduct. Once the diode begins to conduct, the voltage at point A is limited to
VBIAS + 0.7 V so that all input voltage above this level is clipped off.

 To limit a voltage
to a specified negative level, the diode and bias voltage must be connected as in Figure
In this case, the voltage at point A must go below VBIAS - 0.7 V to forward bias the diode
and initiate limiting action as shown.

 By turning the
diode around, the positive limiter can be modified to limit the output voltage to the portion of
the input voltage waveform above VBIAS - 0.7 V, as shown by the output waveform
 Similarly, the
negative limiter can be modified to limit the output voltage to the portion of the input voltage
waveform below -VBIAS + 0.7 V, as shown by the output waveform

 Conclusion:
From the above experiment it is seen that clippers eliminate amplitude noise or
voltage spikes
 Lab 7:
 Objective:
To study the operation of diode clampers.
 Appratus:
Breadboard, diode,Resistor (10kΩ ),oscilloscope,function generater,multimetre,capacitor
 Definition:
A Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a resistor and a
capacitor that shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without changing the actual
appearance of the applied signal.
 Procedure:
 1.Make the
following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and instruments dc
voltmeter and dc ammetre .
 2.Specify the
resister 100 ohm and battery to 12 v.
6. After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.

 Conclusion:
 From the above experiment it is seen that clampers shift the waveform to a desired dc
level is subtracted or added to the input signal.

Lab 8
Objective:
To study the operation of voltage multipliers.
Apparatus:
Breadboard, Capacitor (47uF), Diodes, Oscilloscope, Function , Generators
Procedure:
We make the circuit on proteus by using devices such as voltage supplier, diode, resister and
instrument dc voltmeter and ammeter.
We specify the amplitude at 5 and frequency 100.
Then we attached the oscilloscope at the output terminals and observe the output wave.

DOUBLER

After making the circuit then we run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.
TRIPLER

Quadrupler
 Lab 9:
 Objective:
To study the characteristic curve of zener diode in forward biased condition.
 Appratus:
Breadboard, Zener diode,Resistor (100Ω ),Dc power supply
 Definition:
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward
direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the
voltage is above a certain value – the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage
 Procedure:
1.Make the following circuit on proteus by using devices battery,diode,resister and
instruments dc voltmeter and dc ammetre .
 2.Specify the resister 100 ohm and battery to 12 v.

7. After making the circuit then run the simulation to get the values of voltage and current.

 Conclusion:
By this experiment we found out how current flows in diode in forward biased condition due to
majority charge carriers.