Strength of Materials PPB 25403

Lecture 2: Strain
Learning Outcomes

 Strain
 Deformation
 Strain Concept

 Normal and Shear Strain

Deformation
 When a force is applied to a body, it will
change the body’s shape and size.
 These changes are deformation.

Note the before and after positions of 3 line

segments where the material is subjected
to tension.
Strain
Normal Strain
 The elongation / contraction of a line
segment per unit of length is referred to
as normal strain.
 Strain is defined as
L

 If the normal strain is known, then the approximate

final length is

+ε line elongate s' 1 s

-ε line contracts
Strain
Units
 Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity
since it is a ratio of two lengths.

Shear Strain
 Change in angle between 2 line
segments that were perpendicular to one
another refers to shear strain.
nt lim '
2 B
C
A along n
A along t

θ<90 +shear strain

θ>90 -shear strain
Example 2.1
 Consider a bar of length L=0.6m and
uniform cross section, which undergoes
a deformation 150x10 6 m , the
corresponding strain is;
150x10 6 m / 0.6m 250x10 6

L
Example 2.2
3 1/ 2
The slender rod creates a normal strain in the rod of z 40 10 z where z is in
meters. Determine (a) displacement of end B due to the temperature increase,
and (b) the average normal strain in the rod.

Solution:
Part (a)
Since the normal strain is reported at each point along the rod, it has
a deformed length of
3
dz' 1 40 10 z1/ 2 dz

The sum along the axis yields the deformed length of the rod is
0.2
3
z' 1 40 10 z1/ 2 dz 0.20239 m
0
The displacement of the end of the rod is therefore
B 0.20239 0.2 0.00239m 2.39mm (Ans)
Solution:
Part (b)
Assumes the rod has an original length of 200 mm and a change in length of 2.39
mm. Hence,
s' s 2.39
avg 0.0119 mm/mm (Ans)
s 200

Example 2.3
The plate is deformed into the dashed shape. If, in this deformed shape, horizontal
lines on the plate remain horizontal and do not change their length, determine (a)
the average normal strain along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the
plate relative to the x and y axes.
Solution:
Part (a)
Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus the
length of this line is

2
AB ' 250 2 32 248.018 mm

The average normal strain for AB is therefore

AB' AB 248.018 250 3

AB avg 7.93 10 mm/mm (Ans)
AB 240
The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.
Solution:
Part (b)
As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate, referenced
from the x, y axes, changes to θ’ due to the displacement of B to B’.

Since xy 2 ' then xy is the angle shown in the figure. Thus,

1 3
xy tan 0.121 rad (Ans)
250 2