EVELAND CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

San Mateo, Isabela

LEARNER’S GUIDE 2

SUBJECT: SCIENCE 9 GRADE/SEC: Loyalty, Flexibility, Hospitality, Punctuality

Name: ____________________________________________ LRN: _____________________ Date: ____________

UNIT 1
BREATHING MECHANISMS

Introduction
Our environment is increasingly deteriorating as people continue to contaminate the air
with pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and ground level
ozone.
Oxygen is only 21% of the atmosphere, and yet it is an important gas. Unfortunately, this
gas mixes with a lot of pollutants, affecting the proper functioning of our respiratory and
circulatory systems. How can we protect our respiratory and circulatory systems from pollutants?
In this chapter, you will examine important concepts that deal with the respiratory and the
circulatory systems and how these systems interact to facilitate gas exchange in the body.

At the end of the Unit, you will be able to answer the following
key questions:

 Differentiate inspiration and expiration.

 Identify some diseases of the respiratory system.
 Infer the importance of having a healthy body.

Elaborate the following statement in short definition.

1. Inhale
2. Exhale
3. Contracts
4. Expands

Breathing Mechanism

 Inspiration is an active process that starts with the contraction of

the diaphragm. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves
downward, causing the chest cavity to be pulled upward and
forward. Thus, the chest cavity increases in volume.
Air then rushes into the branching airways,
filling up the lungs.

 Expiration is a passive event because muscle is not

required during this process. In expiration, the
diaphragm relaxes while the chest cavity contracts.
Thus, pressure increases, making the lungs small in size.
This decrease in size forces air out of the lungs.

External respiration is the exchange of gases from the

external environment to the alveoli and the blood.
When air enters the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the walls
of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, and carbon
dioxide diffuses out of the alveoli and into the air.
 Internal respiration is the exchange of gases at the cellular
level. When oxygen molecules diffuse into capillaries,
they bind with the hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBCs)
and are carried to individual cells. Hemoglobin diffuses
into cells to be used in cellular respiration.

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases at the cellular

level. When oxygen molecules diffuse into capillaries, they bind with the hemoglobin
of red blood cells (RBCs) and are carried to individual cells. Hemoglobin diffuses into
cells to be used in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration takes place in the
mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria). This is the cell organelle where most of
the oxygen is used up to produce energy and carbon dioxide. As a result, each
cell releases carbon dioxide which is then picked up by the blood and returned
to the alveoli, to be released outside the human body and into the air.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Sometimes, the normal functioning of the respiratory system is affected by diseases. Refer to the
table for common respiratory diseases. Each disease is described by its symptoms, causes, and treatment.

Table 1.1.1 Some diseases of the respiratory system

Disease Symptoms Causes Treatments Given by
Physicians
Bronchitis Coughing up mucus, High levels of pollution, Paracetamol and
wheezing, shortness of bacteria mycoplasma nonsteroidal anti-
Infection and breath, chest discomfort pneumonia, Bordetella inflammatory drugs
inflammation of pertussis (NSAIDs) to help lessen
bronchial tubes fever

Asthma Shortness of breath, Allergies, may also be Beta2-agonist (such as

wheezing, coughing, inherited. salbutamol) and oral
Inflammation, chest tightness corticosteroids.
narrowing, and
obstruction with mucus
of the airways.

Emphysema: One of the Shortness of breath, Smoking, air pollution Quitting smoking,
diseases that comprises cough with mucus rehabilitation,
chronic obstructive production, wheezing, bronchodilator,
pulmonary disease gradual damage of lung vaccination, long term
(COPD) tissue, specifically oxygen therapy, or lung
thinning and transplant
Gradual damage to air destruction of alveoli
sacs due to smoking
ACTIVITY 2
You are a medical book writer. A publishing company would like to publish an updated
edition of a medical book that they have been selling in the market for many years. They hired a
group of writers to do the writing job. You have been hired to write the chapter on respiratory
disorders. Your goal is to write the symptoms, treatment, and prevention of different respiratory
diseases. Your manuscript should have a good layout design and make use of appropriate images.
Citations should also be included at the last page of the chapter.

Prepared by:
April Joyce R. Asis
Subject TeachER

EVELAND CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

San Mateo, Isabela
LEARNER’S WORKSHEET

SUBJECT: SCIENCE 9 GRADE/SEC: Loyalty, Flexibility, Hospitality, Punctuality

Name: ____________________________________________ LRN: _____________________ Date: ____________

BREATHING MECHANISM
 A. Direction: Match the following events in breathing according to what happens when we breath in
or out. Choose your answer on what is inside the parenthesis. Each item will require you to explain
your answer.
SEQUENCE WHAT HAPPENS BREATHING IN BREATHING OUT
(INHALATION) (EXHALATION)
1 Intercostal muscles
(contract/relax)
2 Ribs move
(up/down)
3 Diaphragm muscles
(contract relax)
4 Diaphragm
(raised/lowers)
5 Volume in the chest
(increases/decreases
6 Pressure in the chest
(increases/ decreases)
7 Air pressure in the lungs is
(greater/lower) than the
atmospheric pressure.
8 Air rushes (in/out) of the
lungs

B. Write the number for the correct order in the box next to the sentences.

ORDER SENTENCES
Then it goes into your lungs.
Your diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
Warm damp air from your nose and mouth goes into your windpipe.
The space inside your chest gets bigger and you breathe in.
This is called gas exchange.
Oxygen is taken from the air into the blood vessels surrounding your lungs.
The space inside your chest gets smaller.
The air goes into the bronchi.
Your diaphragm contracts and moves down.
The air is squeezed out of your lungs and you breathe out.
Air moves through your nose and mouth.
The blood loses waste carbon dioxide into the air in your lungs.