JOURNALOF GEOPHYSICALRESEARCH,VOL. 105,NO.

C9,PAGES22,035-22,047,
SEPTEMBER15,2000

Spectral analysisof turbulent flow and suspendedsediment

transport over fixed dunes
JeremyG. Venditti
Departmentof Geography,Universityof BritishColumbia,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada

Sean J. Bennett

NationalSedimentation
Laboratory,AgriculturalResearchService,U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,Oxford,Mississippi

Abstract. Laboratorymeasurements of turbulentfluctuationsin velocityand suspended sediment

concentrationwere obtainedsynchronously over fixed two-dimensionaldunesin a sediment-
starvedflow. Contourmapsof turbulentflow parametersdemonstrate that the flow separationcell
anda perturbedshearlayer are the main sourcesof turbulenceproductionandthatthe distribution
of suspended sedimentis controlledby spatiallydependentmacroturbulent flow structures.Spec-
tral analysisrevealsthat peakspectralenergiesgenerallyoccurat 1-2 Hz for the streamwiseve-
locity componentand 2-4 Hz for the cross-stream andverticalvelocitycomponents.Spectrashow
largerandbetterdefinedenergypeaksnearthe shearlayer. Peakspectralenergiesfor suspended
sedimentconcentrationoccurnear 1 Hz throughoutthe flow. Squaredcoherencyvaluesfor co-
spectralanalysisof velocityandsedimentconcentration are insignificant.Integraltimescalesfor
velocityrangefrom 0.20 s for the streamwisecomponentto 0.06 s for the cross-stream andverti-
cal components.Integrallengthscalesfor velocityrangefrom 0.065 to 0.135 m for the stream-
wisecomponent,whichis comparableto flow depth,andfrom 0.020 to 0.030 m for the cross-
streamandverticalcomponents, whichis comparableto duneheight. For suspended sediment
concentration, integraltimescalesandlengthscalesare similarto the streamwisevelocitycompo-
nent.

1. Introduction 1992; Kostaschukand Church, 1993]. Studiesusing optical and

acousticsensorsin estuariesand coastalwaters also have high-
Dunesare the mostcommonbed configurationin sand-bedded lighted the importanceof macroturbulenteventsin transporting
streams. The dimensionsand migration rates of dunes control sedimentin near-bedregions[Hay and Sheng, 1992; Lapointe,
bed load transportrates and their presencesignificantlyimpacts 1992, 1996; Thorne et al., 1993, 1996]. These observationshave
total flow resistance. Dunes also interact with the turbulent flow
demonstratedthat pure gradient diffusion is an inappropriate
field, and several studies have described the macroturbulent char-
model for predictingthe distributionof suspendedsedimentin
acteristics
of spatiallyvariedflow overthesebedforms[Nelson theseturbulentshearflows andthat periodicconvectionof sedi-
et al., 1993; McLean et al., 1994; Bennett and Best, 1995; ment within or associated with macroturbulent events must also
McLean et al., 1996]. Examining the complex interaction be considered[seeNielsen, 1992, 1994].
tweenturbulentflow, bed topography,and sedimentflux will lead In spiteof considerablesuccessin quantifyingmacroturbulent
to an improved understandingof bed form stability, transition, eventsand their effect on suspendedsedimenttransportthe dy-
and more generally, flow and sedimenttransportprocessesin namicsof this interactionremainspoorly understood.Moreover,
river channels [see Best; 1996, Ashworth et al., 1996; Parker, the frequencyand scalingof large-scalesediment-laden
turbulent
1996].
motionshavenotbeenresolved.Acquisition
of coincident
time
Macroturbulentflow over dunes strongly affects suspended seriesof turbulent fluctuationsin velocity and suspendedsedi-
sedimenttransportprocesses. Phenomenasuch as "kolks" and ment concentrationhave afforded opportunitiesto use spectral
"boils," which are circularupwellingsof both fluid and sediment, and cospectralanalysesto examine the link between turbulence
appear to be related to macroturbulentevents and to originate and suspended sedimentflux.
along the shearlayer downstreamof dune crestsand at the point Spectralanalysishas been applied to examinethe characteris-
of flow reattachment [Matthes, 1947; Korchokha, 1968; Cole- tics of suspendedsedimenttransportunder waves in near-shore
man, 1969; Jackson,1976; Miiller and Gyr, 1982, 1986; Iseya, environments. Osborne and Greenwood [ 1991a, 1991b, 1993]
1984;Iseyaand Ikeda, 1986;Babakaiffand Hickin, 1996]. These have used spectraland cospectralanalysesto determinethe link
periodic motions can cause orders of magnitudevariations in between sedimenttransportand near-bedwave velocity. Their
suspendedsedimenttransportrates at a point and are thoughtto results show that the vertical convection of sediment can be re-
be responsiblefor much of the verticalmixing in rivers [Lapointe, lated to ejectionsof fluid in the wave boundarylayer over bed
forms. Hay and Bowen [1994] have also applied time series
analysisto examine suspendedsedimenttransportscalingin the
Copyfight2000 by the AmericanGeophysical
Union.
surf zone. They have shown a relation between sedimentflux
Papernumber2000JC900094. and large-scaleeddies generatedunder longshorecurrentsover
0148-0227/00/2000JC900094509.00 dunes whose crests were oriented in a shore normal direction.

22,035
22,036 VENDITTI AND BENNETT: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Table 1. Summaryof HydraulicandBed Conditionsfor 2. Experimental Equipment and Procedure

the Experiment
The experimentwas conductedat the National Sedimentation
Parameter Value Laboratory,U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,Oxford,Mississippi,
using a tilting recirculatingflume 15.2 m long, 1 m wide, and
Dune heightH, m 0.040 0.25 m deep. Twenty-fourtwo-dimensionalsteel dunes0.6 m
Dune length2, m 0.600 long and0.04 m high, with a slip faceangleof 30ø,werefixed to
Duneheight-to-depth
ratio, H / d 0.229 the floor of the flume,coveringalmost95% of the flumelength.
Duneheight-to-length
ratio, H / 2 0.067 A necessaryprerequisitefor examiningturbulentflow over
Slip faceangle,deg 30
Width, m 1.000
fixed bed formsis employinga flow stagesimilarto that experi-
Mean depthd, m 0.175 encedby equilibriummobiledunesof identicalsize [seeBennett
Maximum depth,m 0.194 and Best, 1995]. On the basis of previousstudies[Guy et al.,
Meanflowvelocity•, m s4 0.458 1966; Flemming, 1988; van Rijn, 1994] a Froude number
Maximum flowvelocity,
m s4 0.625 (Fr = U-/(gd)ø.5,whereU' is meanstreamwise
flowvelocity,
g
Discharge,
m s'3 0.079
Water surfaceslopeS 0.00181 is gravitationalacceleration,and d is mean flow depth)of 0.35
Froude number Fr 0.350 wasselectedas an appropriate flow criterionfor thesebed forms.
Reynolds
numberRe 8.0x104 Meanflow velocity,meanflow depth,anddischarge
weresetto
Bed shearstressv0, Pa 2.31 0.458m s-•, 0.175m, and0.079m3 s-•, respectively,
sothatthe
ShearVelocityu., m s4 0.048
Darcy-Weisbachfriction factorff 0.088
duneheightto flow depthratio ( Hid = 0.229) andduneheight
From ReynoldsStressProfile: to lengthratio( H/2 = 0.067) agreewell with thoseobserved in
r,•, Pa 1.69 previousstudies(seereview givenby Bennettand Best[1995]).
u.,•, m s4 0.041 Flow dischargewas monitoredusinga differentialpressuretrans-
ff R 0.064
ducerconnectedto portsaboutan in-line orifice plate. Quasi-
Meansuspended
sediment
concentration,
mgL4 141.9
Meansuspended
sediment
transport
rate,kgm4 s4 0.065 equilibriumflow wasachievedby adjustingthe slopeto attainthe
sameflow depthto within +2 mm over five successive bed form
crests. Mean water surfaceslopeS over a length of 5.4 m of the
flume was 0.00181, mean boundaryshear stress(r 0 = pgRS,
where p is fluid densityand R is the hydraulicradius)was 2.31
Laboratoryexperimentsby Ikeda and Asaeda [1983] correlated Pa, shearvelocity(u. =(r0/,o)0'5) was0.041m s-j, friction
sediment concentration energy spectra peaks with turbulent factor(ff = 8r0/pU 2 ) was 0.087, and flow Reynoldsnumber
burstingperiodicityscaledby outerboundaryvariablesin the lee ( Re = Ud/v, where v is the kinematicviscosityof the fluid) was
of ripples. Similar attempts to link turbulent motions to sus- 8.0x10
4. Table1 summarizes
thehydraulic
andbedconditions
pendedsedimenttransportusing spectraland cospectralanalyses for the experiment.
have been made in rivers with modestsuccess[e.g., Lapointe, Approximately 20 kg of well-sorted sand with a median di-
1992, 1996]. ameter
of0.1mmandfallvelocity
co
s of0.008ms-• wasadded
The present paper examines turbulent flow over dune bed to the flow. While both bed load and suspendedload transport
forms in a laboratorychannel and the link betweenmacroturbu- were observed, the flow was starved of sediment. The addition of
lence and suspendedsedimentflux. The objectivesthe study sedimentto the flow has the potentialto alter the characteristics
were (1) to describe the characteristicsof turbulent flow and sus- of the turbulence(see review given by Best et al. [1997]). Al-
pended sedimenttransportover dunes, (2) to determinethe fre- though no measurementswere made in equivalentclear water
quency and size of coherent flow structures(macroturbulence) flows, turbulencemodulationis expectedto be minimal on the
usingspectraland cospectraltechniques,and (3) to definethe link basisof the grain size and the concentrationof sedimentused.
between turbulent fluctuationsin velocity and suspendedsedi- Some sedimentwas depositedon the dune slip facesduringthe
ment flux. experiment,and this was periodicallyremoved. Equilibrium

Two (2) AcousticDoppler

Current Meters
ADV B ADV A
Flow

Two (2) Optical

1• 0.115 m
t(ør
:-
ECM)
Backscatter Probes

OBS B OBS A

uneProfile

ß 0.6 rn •

Figure 1. Schematic
of thedunetopography
andinstrument
positions.
 VENDITFI AND BENNETt: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 22,037

vertical profiles of suspendedsedimentconcentration

for a flat
bed flow is expectedat a distanceof •d/cos > 10m from the
flume headbox [Willis, 1969]. The mean suspendedsediment
concentration
through
thetestsection
was141.9mgL'• (0.065kg
m'• s'•' seebelow).
All flow sensorsand turbidityprobeswere mountedon a mov-
able carriageon rails mountedon the flume sidewalls. Velocity
measurementswere obtainedusing two acousticDoppler veloci-
meters (ADVs) and one electromagneticcurrent meter (ECM).
The ADVs measurethree-componentflow velocitiesat 25 Hz,
havea reported
accuracy mms-•, andhavefocallengths dicular
of _+0.1
of 0.053 and 0.058 m. These probeswere mountedin a plane
parallelto theflow directionandspaced0.115 m apart(Figure1).
ADV signalsare affectedby Dopplernoise,or whitenoise,asso-
ciated with the measurementprocess[Lohrmannet al., 1994].
The presenceof this noise at high frequenciesmay create an
aliasingeffect in frequenciesgreaterthan the Nyquistfrequency
(herein fn = 12.5Hz ). To removepossiblealiasingeffects,a
Gaussianlow-passfilter with a half-powerfrequencyof 12.5 Hz
was appliedto the velocitytime series,removingall varianceat
frequencies above fn [Bironet al., 1995;Lane et al., 1998]. To
correctfor misalignmentof the velocityprobe,it is alsocommon
to rotate velocity signalsto maximize the mean streamwiseve-
locity. However,the sensorpositionwas carefullyalignedwith
reference to the flume centerline so no rotations were applied.
The ECM measurestwo-componentflow velocitiesat 5 Hz about
its 12.5 mm diameterprobeheadand has a reportedaccuracyof
_+9mms'l. In thepresent
application,
onlythestreamwise
com-
ponentwasmeasuredin thenear-surface
flow region.
Two opticalbackscatterprobes(OBS) were mountedperpen-
to the flow direction and oriented toward the ADV sam-
pling volumesat a distanceof 0.2 m (Figures1 and 2). OBS
probesmeasurewater turbidity, hence sedimentconcentration,
and a samplingrateof 10 Hz wasused. Theseprobesoperateby
transmittingan infrared signal and measuringthe strengthof
backscatterance by particlesin the flow; hencethe probesneedto
be at least0.2 m from any solidobject. For sedimentof uniform
size their responseis linear over a wide rangeof concentrations
[e.g., Lapointe, 1992]. OBS probesare unaffectedby visible
portionsof the electromagnetic spectrumbut are susceptibleto

20

0 00 •0 0 •0 0 0• 00 0 00 0 00 00 0 •0 • 0 0 -
15 0 00 00 0 •0 0 00 00 0 00 0 •0 00 0 00 • 0 0 --
0 00 00 0 00 0 00 00 0 0• 0 00 0• 0 00 0 0 0 -
--

o o o o -
10 o o o o _

> 20
- --- ..........................
• 0 O0
0 O0 O0
O0 0 O0
0 O0 00 O0
O0 O0 0
O0 0 O0 0 0
00O0 O0
O0 0 O0
0 O0 0
0 0
0 0 ---
0

• 0
0 O0
O0 O0
O0 0 O0
0 O0 00 O0 O0
O0 O0 00 O0
O0 0 O0
0 O0 O0
O0 0 O0
0 O0 0
0 0
0 0 --
0

• 0 O0
0 0 0 O•0 00 0O•0 000•
0 0 O0
0 0 •
0 O•0 00•
0 0 0 0 O0
0 0 •
0 O• 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 --

-•l I I,i,,I,,,,I,,i,l,,•, I,•,•ll•,,I,,,,I,,,,l''

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DistanceAlong Dune Profile(cm)
Figure 2. Locationsof (a) ADV (circles)andECM (diamonds) velocityand (b) OBS turbiditymeas-
urements.The solidcirclesindicatepointswherespectralanalysiswasperformed,andthe circledsym-
bolsindicatewherecospectralanalysiswasperformed.The solidline is thebedprofile,andthe dashed
line is the water surfaceprofile.
22,038 VENDIT-FI AND BENNET-F: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

computer.The OBS signalsweretime-synchronized

with thetwo
600 I .... I .... I' '7' _
ADVs usinga configuration
whereoneADV senta 5 V signalto
_
_

initiate data collection at all probes. Time drift in the computer

clockswas considerednegligiblebecauseeachconcomitantdata

500 stringwas only 120 s long.

3. Mean Turbulent Flow and Suspended

• 400 Sediment Concentration

3.1. Mean Flow Field

• 300
g The mean and turbulent flow structures over fixed dunes have
beendescribedpreviously[Nelsonet al., 1993;McLeanet al.,
1994; Bennett and Best, 1995]. The main characteristicsof the
200 flow are (1) convergent,accelerated
flow separation
flow overthe dunestoss,(2)
at the dunecrest,(3) flow reattachment
at -3.5-
4.5 H [Engel, 1981], (4) a turbulentwakeand shearlayer origi-
m100 •
•
R2.99.8%
- natingat thecrest,extendingandexpandingdownstream,and(5)
P-value<0.001 an outer, overlyingwake region. Each region has diagnostic
o turbulencesignaturesthat are importantin sedimenttransport
o lOO 200 300 o lOO 200 300 processes
[Nelsonet al., 1993;McLeanet al., 1994;Bennett
and
Mean OBS Signal (mV) Best,1995]. Of particularinteresthereis theshearlayeror wake
regionand its turbulencecharacteristics. This wakeregionre-
Figure3. Calibrationcurvesrelatingthe meananalogOBS semblesflow behind a cylinder [McLean, 1990], and three-
signalto time-averaged
suspended
sandconcentration. dimensional rollers, kolks, and internal boils occur along the
shearlayer,dominatingthemacroturbulent flow structure.
Contour maps for all flow and turbulenceparameterswere
constructed[Venditti, 1997], but only selectresultsare presented
the infrared band. Sediment-ladenlaboratory flows have low here. Figure 4 showsprofilesof time-averaged
streamwiseU,
infraredtransmission
andare not susceptible
to contamination
by cross-streamV, and vertical W flow velocitiesdefined as
externalsources[van Rijn, 1994].
Instrumentgain and zero valuesfor eachOBS probewere ad-
justed for the presentconditions. Calibration was accomplished 1n i, V=7E¾
S=7Eu i=1
1ni, W=71• W
i, i=1 i=1
(1)
by obtaining vertical profiles of turbidity in conjunctionwith
direct samplingof the suspendedsedimentconcentrationsat 14-
whereui , vi ,andwi are individualvelocitiesandn is the total
18 positions. A mixture of water and sedimentwas siphonedat number of measurements. These profiles show the diagnostic
each point using a 4 mm diametercoppertube that was placed characteristicsas describedabove, including a well-developed
into the flow and oriented parallel to the mean flow direction. shearlayer. Rms velocitiesfor the streamwiseu, cross-stream
v,
Approximately0.5 L of fluid and sedimentwere extractedover a andverticalw components, definedas
period of-60 s, and each samplewas decanted,oven dried, and
weighed to determinetotal sedimentmass. Regressionanalysis
derived the relationshipbetweenturbidity and sedimentconcen-
tration
foreachprobe
in mgL-• (Figure
3). Thezerovalueforthe
1 n )2 ,
rmsu=
.•E½i-U i=1
OBS probes was user-definedand zero voltage did not corre-
spond to zero sedimentconcentration. Becausethe experiment
was conductedover severaldays, water quality, henceturbidity, rmsv= --1 (vi- V)2 , (2)
varied, causingsome drift in the concentrationdata. Therefore
t't i=1
each concentrationprofile was normalized by the profile mean
and then multiplied by the spatiallyaveragedconcentration.This rms w = -- 1 n wi - W )2 ,
water quality correctionadjustedthe time seriesso that accurate t'ti=1
values of mean sediment concentration could be obtained. The
characteristics
of signalvarianceremainedunaffected. aregreatestnearthe separation
cell,alongtheshearlayer,andin
A 0.90 m test section was established over the twentieth dune, near-bedregions(Figure 4), consistentwith observations
from
12 m downstreamof the flume entrance. A total of 28 profilesof previousstudies[Nelsonet al., 1993; McLean et al., 1994;
velocity and sedimentconcentrationwere taken along the center- Bennett and Best, 1995].
line of the flume and spaced0.025-0.035 m apart, each profile Profilesof velocity and their rms valuescomparefavorably
consistingof 15-20 vertical measurementlocations (Figure 2 with thoseobservedin the fixed bedexperiments of Bennettand
shows ADV and OBS positions). Velocity and concentration Best[1995]. Althoughtheprofilesarenormalized by d and u,R,
were sampledfor 120 s at each point. The lowest point in each thesedataare not identical,suggesting thatquantitativesimilarity
velocity profile was 0.005 m above the bed. Becauseof their is restrictedto smallvariationsin duneshape,H/d, HI,t, and
minimum working depth, theseADV probeswere restrictedto Fr.

thelower0.12 m ( z/d _<0.69, wherez is heightabovethebed)of 3.2. Turbulent Flow Field

the flow field.
Each ADV had a dedicatedcomputer,and the ECM and all The spatialcharacteristics
of turbulence
overdunescanbe de-
OBS probeswere linked to a data acquisitionboard in another finedby examiningsimplebut informativeturbulenceandveloc-
 VENDITTI AND BENNET'F: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 22,039

x=l, x=O. 80, x=O. 55, x=O. 34, x=O. 15,

0.1

0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12 16 -4 0 4 8 12 16

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

0.1

-' 0 1 2 3 4 -' 0 1 2 3 4 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 -1 0 1 2 3

NormalizedVelocity
Figure 4. Selectverticalprofilesof streamwise(U) andvertical(W) flow velocityandtheir rms values
(opensymbols)normalizedby u,R andcomparedto profilesmeasured by BennettandBest[ 1995] (solid
symbols). Circles are mean values,and trianglesare rms values. Also shownare the mean and rms val-
ues for the normalizedcross-stream (V) velocitycomponent.Positionsare given relativeto the dune
length•.

ity relations. Contour maps of selectturbulenceparametersare Ruw can also be considered

as a locally normalizedReynolds
shownin Figure 5. stressor simply a correlationbetweenthe streamwiseand vertical
The spatialdistribution
of theReynoldsstressruw, definedas velocity signals. Hence its distributionover the dune is closely
correlatedto the distributionof ruw. In clear water, flat bed
ruw= -pu'w', (3) flows, Ruwvariesfrom0.5 in near-bedregionsandfrom0.3-0 at
0.7-1.0d [Nezu and Nakagawa, 1993]. At the reattachmentpoint
where u'= ui -U, w'= wi -W, andthe overbarindicatesa time
and within the internalboundarylayer, Ruw• 0.2-0.35, whereas
average,delineatesthe wake region downstreamof flow separa-
in the outerflow region, Ruw• 0.3- 0.5 (Figure5b). In eachof
tion. Maximumvaluesof ruw, asmuchas 3r0, occurwithinthe
theseregions,valuesof Ruw are similarto flat bed flows. Low
separationcell, along the shearlayer, and at flow reattachment
valuesof Ruw withinthe internalboundarylayerdownstream of
(Figure5a). Maxima of the otherReynoldsstresses,ruv and flow reattachmentmay be due to turbulenteddiesintermittently
rvw, alsooccurredwithin the separation cell andalongthe shear
impactingthe bed [see Nelson et al., 1993; Miiller and Gyr,
layer [Venditti,1997], but both stresses
tendedtowardzero in the
rest of the flow field.
1986]. In thewakeregion, Ruw• 0.5- 0.6, andwithinflow sepa-
ration, Ruw•0.6-0.7. In these two regions, turbulenceis
The distributionof ruw wasusedto calculatea spatiallyaver-
stronglyassociated with ruw andthe directresultof shearlayer
agedbed shearstressr R. This was accomplished by averaging
development. The separationcell and shearlayer are the most
ruw along constantheights above the trough over one dune
turbulentareasover dunes,and structuralcoherenceasdefinedby
length and constructinga single Reynolds stressprofile of the
(4) is the greatest. Correlationcoefficientsusing the otherRey-
spatiallyaveragedvalues [seeMcLean et al., 1994; Bennettand
noldsstresseswere closeto zero and displayedno spatialdepend-
Best, 1995]. A linear regressionthroughruw projectedto the
ency [ Venditti,1997].
meanbedheightresulted in rR=1.69 Pa, u.• =0.041 m s-•, The turbulentenergyextractedfrom the meanflow by the mo-
rR = 0.73r0, u.• = 0.85u., and ff• = 0.064 (Table 1).
tion of turbulenteddies [Tennekesand Lumley, 1972] is the tur-
A measure of structural coherence of the turbulence is the
bulentkineticenergy(TKE), definedas
boundarylayercorrelationcoefficientRuw, definedas
-- U'W'
TKE= 1
R•w=
rms u ß rms w
. (4) "•PU'2+v,2+ , (5)
 22,040 VENDITTI AND BENNET'F: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

ReynoldsStress-p u'w'(Pa) Turbulence

Production
(m2s
'3)

1:2 ..............................

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
..• ' '. :;!•:.,,
:'i.':';:i.•:•.?:
!•4::.•i.';.::•;
....';'
-1 o I 2' 3 4 5 6 7 -0.002 0.025 0.07.5 0.125 0_175

BoundaryLayerCorrelation(R,w) Eddy
Vi__•scosity
(m2s'1)

r..,•.•.
•-.--......•
..•..-. V '. •.•.
:.L--J.
:•....¾•'0'•'•"2'-•"
.-•" •:'•.' '.-••
:•i
•?"':"•'•.,.,?;-•-:•:::-'::ii4:•',•C;•.•i•':•-,•::'•i;:?..•:".....'..•i?;.i:•?"
•{5•'•;•;
':,.'?',---.-•.•; 5-i;..:.
"'-•;•"T :.---•.
';:•;.'.::";;:•.:•'•'•,•';•
........ ' '.?&..::
:...'•"'...•:....,
. '--........'%.::::.'½- ;:;•,•
..........
..;.-;'-%." "..""•:"•:;•'
' •/-•-"•
...."-:-•--•-•-•-.-•:'.'....
• •'•'

:'•'•"•'•" '•-•• .'•:•:'-9k.'•;•:.;•

•
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.20 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.• 0.50 0.• 062 0.68 0 0.0004 0.0008 0.001 0.002

TurbulentKineticEnergy(Pa) Suspended
Sediment
Concentration
(rag!-)
c

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
[':•"
::-'":
•:.
•::•
::':•
:::
•::J"--::::':i:•:•i•!':'•:-:'•i:'!l'•::
.'•":':•:•i[•":•:•.•f':•-•
F-• "'•'f-•
•t•1 50 90 130 170 210 250 290 330 370
0.0 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.0 17.5 21.0 24.5 29.0

Figure 5. Contourmapsof time-averaged turbulencequantities:(a) Reynoldsstressruw, (b) boundary

layer correlation Ruw, (c) TKE, (d) turbulenceproductionby verticalshearP, (e) eddy viscosity • (dif-
fusivity), and (f) suspendedsedimentconcentration.Flow is from right to left, andhorizontaland vertical
axes are in centimeters.

and its productioninvolvesinteractionsof the Reynoldsstresses Thuseddyviscosityis stronglydependent

uponbedformposition
with the mean velocity gradients(seebelow). Maximum values andcanvaryby as muchas an orderof magnitude(Figure5e).
of TKE occur at reattachment,and large values occur within the Over the dune crest the distribution of • resembles a flat bed
separationcell (Figure 5c): at 5H and TKE •, 17r•. This TKE flow. In the flow separationcell, in the outerflow region,and
distributionhighlightsthe importanceof reattachmentin the gen- near the bed, • tends toward a minimum. The core of high •
eration of highly turbulent eddies [lseya and lkeda, 1986; values over the dune crest extendsout over the separationcell,
Kostaschukand Church, 1993;Nezu and Nakagawa, 1993]. shiftingdownwardtowardthe bed pastreattachment as the inter-
The magnitudeof turbulenceproductionby vertical shearP is nal boundarylayer initiatesand grows. Fartherdownstream,this
defined as coreextendsup and outwardtowardthe next crest[seealsoNel-
son et al., 1993].
, ,OU
P = -u w •. (6) The parametersdescribedaboveshowthat the separationcell
& and its associated flow structures dominate the turbulence char-
acteristicsover dunes. Large valuesof ruw, Ruw, and TKE
Becausevelocity gradientsare nonlinear,high-orderpolynomials
characterizethe separationcell and the shearlayer. In thesere-
werefittedto determineOU/Oz. Figure5d showsthat maximum
turbulenceproductionoccurswithin the flow separationcell and
gions, ruw• 3r0 and ruw• 4r•. Largevaluesof TKE and P
at flow reattachment. clearlyindicatethe locationof the reattachmentpoint. The other
Eddy viscosity •, as definedin the mixing lengthconcept,is Reynoldsstresses,ruv and rvw, havelittle influenceon fluid
momentumtransfer and macroturbulencegeneration. The struc-
the strengthor magnitudeof the turbulenteddieswithin the flow
tural coherence of the flow related to vertical shear is much
and is defined as
higher within and near flow separationthan in flat bed flows.
-- t,t•W• Eddy viscositycan vary by an orderof magnitude,and its distri-
,s'= •. (7) butionalsoshowsthis spatialdependence on bed form position.
au/az
3.3. SuspendedSediment Concentrations
The distributionof eddy viscosityshouldbear a strongrelation-
ship to P because • = P/(OU/0z) 2. However, P varies over 3 Suspendedsediment concentrationvaries both vertically
ordersof magnitude,while • variesby a factor of 10, limiting any within the flow and spatiallyalong the dune (Figure 5f). Con-
substantialcomparisonbetweentheir distributionsin Figure5. In centration reaches a maximum over the dune crest as bed load
flat bed flows the distributionof eddy viscosityis generallypara- sedimentmovingalongthe stossis suspended at flow separation
bolic, reachinga maximumnear0.5d [Bennettet al., 1998]. This and as sedimenttrappedwithin the separationcell is recirculated.
parabolicdistributionis the resultof a linear decreasein ruw In fact, the launch of sedimentoff the dune brink appearsto ac-
with z and a linear increasein U with In z. As already shown, countfor nearly all the suspension (Figure 5f). The sediment
neitherthedistributionof ruw or of U is similarto flat bedflows. concentration is high at flow reattachmentwherethereis a double
 VENDITFI AND BENNETT: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 22,041

peakupstreamanddownstream of the peakin TKE (Figures5c and peaksin the broad spectrumcorrespondto the frequencyof
and5f). Distributionof concentrationalsoappearsto be affected an energetic mean or dominant eddy size passing the sensor
by theturbulentcharacteristics
of the shearlayer. As largevalues [Boppeand Neu, 1995]. Confidenceintervalsfor eachspectrum
of ruw and e extendoutwardinto the flow downstreamof reat- were calculatedusing the Z 2 method where upper and lower
tachment,suspendedsedimentis advectedalong with thesere- confidenceintervals are given by
gionsof highturbulence
(seethe130mgL-] contour
line,Figure
5f). Bw f.P(f) Bwf.P(f)
(9)
Shownin Figure 6 are profilesof suspended
sedimentflux 2'(•.95 ' 2'(•.05
qs(z)definedas
respectively[Jenkinsand Watts,1968]. For eachvelocityspec-
qs(z)= C(z)'U(z), (8)
trumthe upperconfidence intervalis 1.2795f. PIf) andthe
at-a-pointtime averagesand all necessary lowerconfidence
where(z) represents intervalis 0.8031f. P{f) at the95% confi-
correctionsfor unitsare made. The largestsedimentflux andthe dencelimit. Sincethe focusof the presentstudyis to evaluatethe
greatestvertical gradientin transportrate occurat the dunecrest.distributionof energyin the frequencydomain,theseconfidence
Sedimentflux decreases in thedunetrough(separa- intervalsarenot includedin theplotsof spectralenergy.
significantly
tion cell) becauseof low-flowvelocities.The outerflow region Spectrafor the velocitytime seriesall generallypeakfrom 1 to
showsvery little vertical variationin suspended sedimentflux. 4 Hz. The streamwiseenergyspectragenerallypeak at lower
Spatiallyaveragedsuspended sediment transportrateis 0.065kg frequencies (-1-2 Hz; e.g., 6-45) than the vertical and cross-
m-I s-1. streamenergy spectra(-2-4 Hz; e.g., 6-51, Figure 7). Differ-
encesbetweenthe peakfrequencies in the streamwise spectraand
othervelocitycomponents maybe dueto eddyshape:eddiesmay
4. Spectral Analysis be ellipticalas theyadvectanddiffuseaway from the shearlayer
presumablybecausestreamwiseeddy lengthsare stretchedand
4.1. Velocity time series
elongatedby the meanflow. In the near-bedand wakeregions,
Univariate spectralanalysiswas performedon velocity time spectralenergiesare generallylarger than in the rest of the flow
series,the locationsof which are identified in Figure 2. Since field andhavewell-definedrecurrenceperiods(e.g.,3-60, 3-51 6-
these locationshave an approximatelyequal spacingin the 36, 6-45, 9-51, and 9-45). Outsidetheseregions,energiesare
streamwisedirection,velocityspectraare plottedas eight sparse smearedacrossa large frequencyrangeand are generallysmaller;
profilesin Figure7. Each82 s time series,corresponding to 2048 that is eddiesare not passingthe sensors with a well-definedpe-
measurements,was detrended, and spectral estimatesfor each riod but rathera rangeof sizes,trajectories,andmagnitudes (e.g.,
velocitycomponentwere calculatedat 0.05 Hz intervalsfrom 0 to 12-36, 12-69, and 12-75). Near the bed, there is a clear decline in
12.5Hz usinga bandwidthBw of 0.8908Hz in thespectralalgo- the peak spectralenergyfrom the regionof flow reattachment.
rithm. By default, spectralresultsare biasedtowardthe low-fre- The spatial distributionof the velocity spectracan be inter-
quencyrange. Velocity spectraare plottedin variance-preserving pretedas characteristicof a perturbedshearlayer havingthe fol-
formwherespectral energydensityP{f) (cm 2 s'2 Hz-1) is lowing characteristics:(1) a "deadzone"or linear stabilityregime
multiplied by frequencyf [see Soulsby,1977; Panofskyand extendingdownstreamof the dune crestthat growsinto a wave
Dutton, 1984; KaimaI and Finnegan, 1994]. The area underthe structureand (2) a nonlinear instability regime where Kelvin-
spectrum of f. P{f) against logf represents thetotalvariance, Helmholtz waves develop and break along the shearlayer that

1.0

Crest Upper Stoss Mid Stoss Lower Stoss Trough

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 ß . i .... i i i , i

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.15

Suspended
Sediment
Flux(kgm-2s
Figure6. Selected
verticalprofilesof suspended
sediment
fluxasa functionof duneposition.
 22,042 VENDITTI AND BENNETT: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

400

300ju0.85
........
• [u1.20 u 1.65
12-45
u 0.90
OL
u 1.40 J u 1.05 [u 0.70 I:u 1.55
v 1.90 v 1.50

200ß
100 Jw
2.05 w 1.65 w 2.25

400

300
[u9;!8o
ø'200 8FW [uIv9-27
Iv 2.00
1.55W
1.35 9-36 W "9"-5i
W i 9-45
u 0.80
v 1.85
"V•........
u1:00
' 9-60osu 1.25
vU•:•50
[9-69
I:u
os
1:55
[9-75
FW J
I:u0:90
&2.20 ]
100
400
J'6':
•8'F"W
.........
J'l•::2?
'W'.........
JJ'•"-36"V• ........."6"-4S'"V•
.........
t I6:'5i"W
...........
:1[6-60
w ][6-69
Dz 6-75FW
300
[u2.05 r u1.85-4 I [:u1.65 •
ul.85
X t[u0'95 -•,' lru,.,o u0.95
v 2.20
' w 2.90

o .
0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10

Flow Reftions 1000 .............................. . ................. ß......................................................

OL-oUterlayer
W-wake
FW-far wake
DZ-dead zone
IBL-internalboundarylayer
800
[u3;3856
600IBLIvIu3;,4oo5
Iv1.55 ,BLIv[u3;.S315
2:35 R ].3:60'S'•
2.20 .........
[u3,;•9
SC
R-reattachment
SC-separation cell
OS-over sep. cell
200
• 0
0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10
Frequency(Hz)

Figure 7. Spectralanalysisof selectedvelocitytime series(where12-18 refersto a heightof 12 cm

abovethe troughand 18 cm upstreamof the downstream endof the workingsection;seeFigure2a for
locations).The peakfrequencies for eachvelocitycomponent withineachspecificflow regionareshown
in the upperleft cornerof eachpanel. Thin solidlinesare the streamwise
spectra,dashedlines are the
cross-stream
spectra,andthick solidlinesarethe verticalvelocityspectra.

advect and diffuse vertically and downstream [see Ho and fl

Huerre, 1984]. This pattern is exemplified in energy spectra
fs = •, (10)
U
along the shear layer and wake regions. Immediately down-
streamof the dune crest (location 6-69, Figure 7), little evidence where 1 is a relevantlengthscale. For turbulentflow over dunes,
existsthat eddiespassthe sensorwith a singlerecurrenceperiod 1 can be the bed form height H, the mean flow depth d, or the
becausethe spectraare flat over a wide rangeof frequencies(0.5- innerboundarylayerdepth. In thelee of thebedform, mean fs
2 Hz). Farther downstreamof the crest, spectrareveal this wave for the u componentis 0.52 using 1= d and 0.12 using 1= H.
structuresignature:sharperand well-definedpeakscorresponding TheseStrouhalnumberscan be comparedto otherinvestigations
to larger variancesthan in the dead zone. This pattern suggests characterizingeddy sheddingfrom bed forms basedon spectral
that eddies are Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities along the shear and flow visualizationtechniques.For laboratorystudies,fs
layer asdiscussed in previousexperimental[e.g.,Milllet and Gyr, rangesfrom 0.33 to 0.50 using l=d and 0.10 to 0.25 using
1982, 1986; Bennettand Best, 1995] and field studies[e.g., Rood 1= H [Nezu et al., 1980; ltakura and Kishi, 1980; Ikeda and
and Hickin, 1989; Kostaschukand Church, 1993]. Asaeda,1983; M•iller and Gyr, 1986]. For field studies,fs
Moving downstreamand vertically from the perturbedshear rangesfrom 0.30 to 0.38 using 1= d and 0.10 to 0.12 using
layer, the magnitudeof energyrepresentedby the peak frequen- l = H [Kostaschukand Church, 1993; Venditti, 1997]. The con-
cies decreases,but the dominant frequency remains the same sistencyof valuesis quite remarkable,demonstratingfurtherthat
(Figure 7). Eddies producedalong the shearlayer diffuse and macroturbulenceassociatedwith a perturbedshearlayer has di-
advectturbulentenergyinto the restof the flow field, thusdeter- agnostic spectral characteristics. More detailed information on
mining the characteristicsof the velocity spectra. Above the thevariationof fs overdunebedformsis givenby J.G. Venditti
shear layer, eddies mix and amalgamatewith the mean flow and B.O. Bauer (manuscriptin preparation,2000).
structure,but relict frequencies(i.e., relict motions) still persist
4.2. Sediment Concentration Time Series
(Figure 7). Although turbulent energy may be derived from
boundarylayer and shearlayer interactions,the dominantspectral Time series of sediment concentration collected at the same
signal originatesalong the shearlayer, propagatingdownstreamtime and location as the velocity time serieswere also selectedfor
and vertically from this source. This spectralsignatureis pre-
spectral analysis. Each OBS time series was detrended, and
sumablymore distinctwith maximumheightbed formsthanwith spectralestimateswere calculatedat 0.05 Hz intervalsfrom 0 to 5
bed waves of low relief. Hz using a bandwidth of 0.4711 Hz. A total of 102.4 s of con-
The frequencyfs of eddiesandsheddingvorticesin turbulent centration measurementswas used correspondingto 1024 data
flows can be definedusinga Strouhalnumber[Levi, 1983] points in each time series.For each concentrationspectrumthe
 VENDI'I'TI AND BENNE'I'T: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 22,043

upperconfidence interval
is 1.4166f. P(f ) andthelowerconfi- seriesto be sampledat the samefrequency. Thereforethe 25 Hz
denceintervalis0.7439f. P(f ) atthe95%confidence limit. velocity time serieswere low-passfiltered to 10 Hz, interpolated
Energyspectrafor the concentration dataare shownin Figure to 100 Hz, and then resampledat 10 Hz. Comparisonof the time
8. Becausethe magnitudeof variancewas unchangedby the seriesused in the cospectralanalyseswith the spectralanalyses
correctionsapplied to the sediment concentrationrecords, all described above showed no difference in results. Each time se-
spectrawerenormalizedby the varianceof eachtime series,pro- ries was detrended, and cospectralestimateswere calculated at
ducing spectrawith a normalizedenergyrangingfrom 0 to 3. 0.05 Hz intervalsfrom 0 to 5 Hz using a bandwidthof 0.4711 Hz
The normalizationprocessappliednegatesany interpretation ofin the cospectralalgorithm. A total of 102.4 s of the velocityand
the relativeenergycontainedat a specificfrequency(i.e., the areaconcentrationmeasurementswere used correspondingto 1024
under the spectralcurve), but the frequencyinformationremains data pointsin eachtime series.
the same. Spectralenergy peaks around0.5 to 2 Hz, with the Cospectralanalysiswas performedat severallocationswithin
strongestpeaksgenerallyoccurringat 1 Hz (e.g., 9-75, 9-60, and the flow field, but only one exampleis describedhere at a point
3-36; Figure8). Theseenergypeaksappearto be coincidentwith near the bed and in the wake (6-45; see Figure 2 for location).
the spectralpeaksin the streamwisevelocitycomponent(Figure Spectraat this location show a defined peak in the u component
7). Given the stronglypeakedshapesof the concentration spec- at 1.85 Hz and peaks in the w componentat 1.90 and 3.80 Hz
tra, it appearsthat the suspendedsedimentis a very sharpdelim- (Figure 7). The cross spectrumof u and w showstwo strong
iter of themosteffectiveeddyscale.Valuesof fs are0.47 using peaks:at 1-2 (largestnegativecovarianceat 1.70 Hz) and 3-5 Hz
l = d and 0.11 using l- H, in agreementwith nondimensional (Figure 9a). The squaredcoherencyspectrumshowsgood corre-
frequenciesfor the u componentof velocitypresentedabove. lation on the rising limb of the spectrumand again at -1.65 Hz
(Figure 9b). The secondarypeak in the u againstw crossspec-
trum is not recognizedin the squaredcoherencyspectrum,sug-
5. Cospectral Analysis gestingit is relativelyunimportantwhen comparedto the primary
Cospectralanalysis,which included calculationof the cross peak.
spectrumand the squaredcoherencyspectrum,was appliedto the The concentrationspectrumat this measurementlocation dis-
time seriesto examinefurtherthe link betweensedimentsuspen- playsa strongpeak at 1.65 Hz in agreementwith the u againstw
sion and the production,advection,and diffusion of turbulence. crossspectrum(Figure9c). Crossspectraof u againstc, v against
Crossspectrashow whetherfrequencycomponentsin one time c, and w againstc all appearto d•splaysomeassociationbetween
seriesare associatedwith large or small fluctuationsat the same velocity componentsand concentration(Figure 9d). However,
frequencyin the other time series. The squaredcoherencyspec- the squaredcoherencyspectrafail to reveal any peak in the ve-
trum is a correlationcoefficientdefinedat each frequency[Jen- locity spectrathat can be correlatedwith the peak in the concen-
kins and Watts, 1968]. Cospectralanalysisrequirestwo time tration spectrum(Figure 9e). Althoughit would appearqualita-

[ 12-75 OL

2 c0.95
c0.95
[c1••c
0.90
/• j c1••[&l•
-•
[0'h .......
] .......
l .... .......... ............

•o ..
•3 .

O 0 .............................................................
0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 lO

Flow Re.qions
OL-outer layer
W-wake
FW-far wake
2 :0.0 [3-60
S(•
DZ-dead zone
IBL-internalboundarylayer
R-reattachment
SC-separation cell 0 ......
OS-over sep. cell 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10

Frequency(Hz)

Figure 8. Spectralanalysisof selectedconcentration

time seriesnormalizedasdescribedin text (where
o-2 is totalvariance;
seeFigure2bforlocations).
Peakfrequencies
forconcentration
spectra
areshown
in theupperleft cornerof eachpanel.
22,044 VENDITI'I AND BENNETI': TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

tively that somecorrelationbetweenvelocity and concentration

is
• 0 UVSW present,the cospectralresultsdemonstratethat no such correla-
tion exists. These cospectralresultswere observedsystemati-
e•u}-10
i
cally in all cases.

6. Integral Time and Length Scales

Autocorrelationsfor the velocityand concentrationtime series

,,_ -5o
-40 6-45 werederivedto determineintegraltimescaleandlengthscale. An
integraltimescaleis the time an eddy requiresto passa given
point in the flow, and an integrallength scaleis the characteristic
-60 eddy dimension. Correctionsappliedto the OBS time seriesfor
1.0 variable turbidity had no effect on the derived autocorrelation
functions.

0.8 The Eulerian integraltimescaleTE is definedas

k

•0 0.6 rœ
=lR(t)dt,
o
(11)
•(• 0.4 where R(t) is the autocorrelationfunction,dt is the lag distance,

0.2 and k is the time step at which R(t) is no longer significantlydif-

ferent from zero [Termekesand Lumley, 1972]. In general,R(t)
approachedzero asymptotically. In those caseswhen R(t) ap-
0.0 proachedand then oscillatedabouta zero value, k was determined
3.0 when R(t) = 0.01. With a Taylor [1935] approximationthe Eule-
rian integrallengthscale Le is definedas
2.5
Lœ=Te-U, (12)
2.0 where U is measuredat a point.
Integral timescalesfor the velocity componentsdid not vary
1.5
significantlywith bed form position[Venditti, 1997], thus spa-
tially averagedprofiles of Te are shown in Figure 10a. Time-
1.0
scalesfor the streamwiseTE(u), cross-stream T•(v), andvertical
0.5
Te(w) velocitiesare about 0.20, 0.06, and 0.06 s, respectively;
Tœ(u)> Tœ(v),Tœ(w) and Tœ(v)•T•(w). Values of Tœ for all
0.0 velocitycomponentsare-25% of the peak frequenciesdescribed
• 120 above. Moreover, the integral timescaleresultsparallel the spec-
i tral results:(1) the u componenthas a lower peak frequencyand
(/) 80 larger Te as comparedto the v and w components,and (2) the
E peak frequenciesand TE valuesfor v and w are the same. Inte-
• 40 gral timescalesfor sedimentconcentrationTœ(c)rangefrom 0.24
i

s near the bed to 0.30 s at 0.12 m above the trough (Figure 10a),
c)') o and thesevalues resemblemore closelythe u componentresults,
E i.e., T•(c) • Tœ(u).
-40
Streamwise
eddylengthscalesL•(u) rangefrom0.065 m near
the bed to 0.135 m at 0.12 m above the trough (Figure 10b) and
Q_ -80 are grosslyrelatedto heightabovebed, i.e., Lœ(u)• z. Cross-
streamL•(v) and vertical L•(w) integrallengthscalesare nearly
"•--120
1.0 invariant with distance from the trough, ranging from 0.020 to
0.030 m, and are grossly related to dune (step) height, i.e.,
L•(v) • L•(w)• H. The integrallengthscalefor concentration
0.8
LE(c) increaseswith flow depth,t¾om-0.085 m nearthe bed to
0.160 m at 0.12 m above the trough(Figure 10b), similar to the u
E 0.6 component,i.e., L•r(c)• L•r(u)• z.
(L)

j::: OA
0
Figure 9. Cospectralresultsfor a measurementlocation in the
0.2 near-bedregion (6-45; seeFigure 2) displaying(a) streamwiseu
velocity against vertical w velocity and (b) squaredcoherency
spectrum.Also shownare (c) the concentrationspectrumand (d)
0.0
u againstsuspendedsedimentconcentrationc (thin solid curve),
o.1 1 lO
cross-streamv velocity againstc (dashedcurve), and w againstc
Frequency (Hz) (thick solidcurve) with the (e) squaredcoherencyspectra.
 VENDITTI AND BENNETT: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 22,045

14 TKE, and turbulenceproductiondue to vertical shearP charac-

terize the separationcell, point of flow reattachment,and shear
layer. Structural coherence of turbulence within and near the
flow separationcell is muchgreaterthanthat observedin flat bed
-g,12 flows. Eddy viscosity• variesby an orderof magnitudeover
thedune,andits distribution
overthedunecrestapproaches that
of a flat bedflow. Suspendedsedimentconcentration
is highest
over the dune crest and at flow reattachment,and the advectionof
10 sediment into the outer flow is associated with the extension of
the shearlayer and its associatedflow structures.
8 Spectralanalysisof velocitytime seriesrevealspeakfrequen-
ciesof 1-2 Hz for the streamwise componentand 2-4 Hz for the
cross-streamand vertical components. In near-bed and wake
regions,spectrashow larger and betterdefinedpeaksas com-
paredto the rest of the flow field. The spatialdistributionof
energy spectrais interpretedas a perturbedshearlayer where
eddies form along a wave-like structure,likely a Kelvin-
Helmholtzinstabilitythatdominates the spectralsignatureof the
velocitytime series. Suspended sedimentconcentration spectra
reveal peak frequenciesnear 1 Hz, similar to the streamwiseve-
2 locity, but thesespectrashowlittle variationover the dunebed
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 form. Cospectralanalysisdemonstrates that no correlationexists
between the velocity componentsand concentration
despite
Integral Time Scale (s) similarunivariatespectralsignatures.
Integral timescalesfor the flow velocitiesrangefrom 0.20 s
for the streamwisecomponentto 0.06 s for the cross-stream and
14 vertical components,showing little variation along the dune.
These timescalesare •-25% of the observedpeak frequencies.
The integraltimescalefor concentration rangesfrom 0.24 to 0.30
s, similarto the streamwise component.The integrallengthscale
for thestreamwise
componentrangesfrom0.065m nearthebed

o
to0.135m at0.12m abovethebedandis grossly
related
to flow
depth.Cross-stream
andvertical
integral
lengthscales
range
from0.020to 0.030m andaregrossly
related
to duneheight.
Theintegral
lengthscaleforconcentration
ranges
from0.085m
nearthebedto 0.016 m at 0.12 m abovethebed,similarto the
½8 streamwise
velocitycomponent.

Notation
6
BW bandwidth.
C,Ct,C', C suspended sediment concentration, its in-
4 stantaneous value, its fluctuation about the
mean, and its mean value.
d flow depth.
2 frequency.
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor calculated
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 using r0and
Integral Length Scale (m) Nyquist frequency.
nondimensional
eddysheddingfrequency
Froude number.
Figure 10. Vertical profiles of spatially averagedintegral (a)
timescaleand (b) length scale.Refer to Figure 2 for locations. g accelerationdue to gravity.
Error bars are standard error of the mean. H dune height.
k time step used for the autocorrelationfunc-
tions.
I length scale.
7. Conclusions
L•r, T•: Eulerianintegrallengthscaleand timescale.
Laboratorymeasurements of turbulentfluctuationsin velocity P turbulenceproduction.
and suspendedsediment concentrationwere obtained synchro- spectralenergy.
nously over fixed two-dimensional dunes using a sediment- qs suspendedsedimentflux.
starvedflow. The observedturbulentflow field agreeswell with R hydraulicradius.
observationsin previous studies over both mobile and fixed Re Reynolds number.
dunes, High-magnitudeReynoldsstresses(particularly ruw), Ruw boundarylayer correlation.
 22,046 VENDI'ITI AND BENNETT: TURBULENCE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

R(t) autocorrelation function. Hay, A.E., and A.J. Bowen,Coherencescalesof wave-inducedsuspended

S water surfaceslope. sandconcentrationfluctuations,J. Geophys.Res., 99, 12,749-12,765,
1994.
t time.
TKE
Hay, A.E., and J. Sheng,Vertical profiles of suspendedsandconcentra-
turbulentkineticenergy. tion and size from multifrequencyacousticbackscatter,J. Geophys.
u, ui,U,•- streamwisevelocity, its instantaneous
value, Res., 97, 15,661-15,677, 1992.
its fluctuation about the mean, its mean value Ho, C., and P. Huerre, Perturbedfree shear layers, Annu. Rev. Fluid
Mech., 16, 365-424, 1984.
at a point,andits depth-averaged
value.
Ikeda, S., and T. Asaeda,Sedimentsuspension with rippled bed, J. Hy-
U,, U, R shearvelocitycalculated usingr0 and draM. Eng., 109, 409-423, 1983.
v, vi, V cross-stream velocity, its instantaneous Iseya, F., An experimentalstudyof dune developmentand its effect on
value, its fluctuation about the mean, and its sedimentsuspension, Environ.Res.Cent. Pap.5, 56 pp., Univ of Tsu-
meanvalueat a point. kuba, Tsukuba,Japan,1984.
Iseya, F., and H. Ikeda, Effect of dune developmenton sedimentsuspen-
w, wi, W vertical velocity, its instantaneousvalue, its
sionunderunsteadyflow conditions,paperpresentedat 30th Japanese
fluctuation about the mean, and its mean Conferenceon Hydraulics,Jpn.Soc.of Civ. Eng., 1986.
value at a point. Itakura,T., and T. Kishi, Openchannelflow with suspended sedimentson
z heightabovethe dunetrough. sandwaves,in Proceedingsof the Third InternationalSymposium on
eddy viscosity. StochasticHydraulics,editedby H. Kikkawa and Y. Iwasa,pp. 589-
598, Int. Assoc.of Hydraul. Res.,Tokyo, Japan,1980.
dunewavelength. Jackson,R.G., Sedimentologicaland fluid-dynamicimplicationsof the
kinematicfluid viscosity. turbulentburstingphenomenon in geophysicalflows, J. Fluid Mech.,
fluid density. 77, 531-560, 1976.
total variance of time series. Jenkins,G.M., and D.G. Watts, SpectralAnalysisand Its Applications,
525 pp., Merrifield, Va., 1968.
boundaryshearstress.
Kaimal, J.C., and J.J. Finnegan,AtmosphericBoundary Layer Flows:
spatiallyaveragedReynoldsshearstress. Their Structureand Measurement,289 pp., Oxford Univ. Press,New
Reynoldsshearstresses. York, 1994.
COs sedimentfall velocity. Korchokha,Y.M., Investigationof the dune movementof sedimentson
thePolometRiver, Sov.Hydrol.,11,541-559, 1968.
Acknowledgments.
We gratefully
acknowledge support Kostaschuk,R.A., and M.A. Church, Macroturbulencegeneratedby
thetechnical
dunes:Fraser River, Canada, Sediment.Geol., 85, 25-37, 1993.
of J. Tuttle,M. Nelson,J. Cox,andJ. Milan. P. Bironprovidedthealgo-
rithmto filtertheADV velocitysignals.Financial duringdata Lane, S.N., P.M. Biron, K.F. Bradbrook, J.B. Butler, J.H. Chandler, M.D.
support
analysiswasprovided toJ.V.through theDepartment of Geographyatthe Crowell, S.J. McLelland, K.S. Richards, and A.G. Roy, Three-
dimensional measurementof river channel flow processesusing
University of SouthernCaliforniaanda University GraduateFellowship
at the Universityof BritishColumbia.B. Bauerprovidedvaluedcom- acousticDoppler velocimetry,Earth Su.rl'2 ProcessesLandforms,23,
1247-1267, 1998.
mentsandsuggestions duringdataanalysis.The manuscript hasbene-
fited by the constructivereviews of M. Church, R. Kuhnle, and M. Lapointe,M.F., Burst-likesedimentsuspensioneventsin a sandbedriver,
Schmeeckle. Earth Su.rfProcessesLandforms,17, 253-270, 1992.
Lapointe,M.F., Frequencyspectraand intermittencyof the turbulent
suspension processin a sand-bedriver, Sedimentology,43, 439-449,
1996.
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