Phyton Preparation

Python Preparation
MOD
7%3=4
2**3=8
type(a) ##shows type of variable
String
print(“hello \n World”)
result:
hello
World
print(“hellow \t world”)
Result:
Hellow world
len(“I am”)
Reuslt:
Syntax of string
[start:stop:step]
a[2:3:4] # in this example it will start to count from 2 till 3 and jumping 4
a=”Hi Kamran”
print(a[2:]) ##shows from 2 till end
Result: Kamran
a[::] ##shows everything
a[::2] ## it will jump from every 2 character
'H arn'
a[::-1] ## changes the string to the reverse
'narmaK iH’
Input and format
Input(“bir sayi girin”) Input almaq ucun isdifade edilir
print("{} {} {}".format("Salam","Kamran","Necesen"))
Result:Salam Kamran Necesen
print("{0} {0} {0}".format("Salam","Kamran","Necesen"))
Result:Salam Salam Salam
print("{s} {n} {k}".format(s="salam", k="Kamran", n="Necesen"))
Result: salam Necesen Kamran
result=101.214
print("{r:1.2f}".format(r=result))
101.21
name="Xose"
>>> print(f'his name is {name}')
his name is Xose
>>>
List in Python
my_list=[1,2,3,4]
my_list1=[5,6,7,8]
my_list+mylist1=[1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8]
list(range(0,10,2) ##shows all even numbers
-------------
my_list[0]=999
result: my_list=[999.2.3.4]
------------
my_list.append(121)
result: my_list=[999, 2, 3, 4, 'List', 121]
---------------
my_list.pop() ##removes last character in list
result: my_list=[999, 2, 3, 4, 'List']
my_list.pop(0)
result:my_list=[2,3,4,’List’]
------------------
my_file=['d','t','b','a','k']
>>> my_file.sort()
>>> my_file
['a', 'b', 'd', 'k', 't']
---------------------
my_list=[1,4,2,3]
my_list.reverse()
Result: 4.3.2.1
Dictionary in python
prices={'orange':2.25,'banana':1.23,'grape':2.01}
>>> prices
{'orange': 2.25, 'banana': 1.23, 'grape': 2.01}
>>> prices[‘banana’]
1.23
We can insert list and other dictionary inside one dictionary
prices
{'orange': 2.25, 'banana': 1.23, 'grape': 2.01}
>>> prices["banana"]
1.23
>>>
>>> prices1={'k1':[0,2,3,4]}
>>> prices1
{'k1': [0, 2, 3, 4]}
>>> prices1['k1'][1]
2
prices1={'k1':[0,2,3,4],'k2':{'insideKey':100}}
print(prices1['k2']['insideKey'])
prices1={'k1':[0,2,3,4],'k2':{'insideKey':100},'k3':['a','b','c']}
print(prices1['k2']['insideKey'])
print(prices1['k3'][2].upper())
C
>>> prices1.keys()
dict_keys(['k1', 'k3', 'k2']) (shows key values of dictionary)
------------------------------
>>> prices.values()
dict_values([2.25, 1.23, 2.01]) (Shows values of dic)
-----------------------
>>> prices.items()
dict_items([('orange', 2.25), ('banana', 1.23), ('grape', 2.01)]) (shows all dic tree)
>>>
Tulpe (it does not support reassignmnent)
t=('a','b',1,2,3,4)
print(type(t))
Result: <class 'tuple'>
------------------
print(t[0])
Result:a
SET in python. In set all elemnts must be unique and one character can be added at one time
st=set()
st.add(1)
Result: {1}
Booleans
It has value True False and None

Working with files:
myfile=open('myfile.txt')
myexcellfile=open('Gi_SGi_20200320_152800.csv')
print(myexcellfile.read()) (it will show all file context)
print(myfile.read()) (it will show all file context)
When we want to read the file for the second time, need to seek the cursor at the begging of
the line
myfile.seek(0)
print(myfile.read())
--------------------
myexcellfile.readlines() (is used to read file line by line)
print(myexcellfile.readlines())
------------------------------
myfile.close() ( its used to close the file)

In windows 10, it works like this
mytestfile=open("C:/Users/k80044720/Desktop/x.txt")
we can open the file as briefly and later no need to close it back
with open('myfile.txt') as mynewfile:
context=mynewfile.read()
print(context)
-------------------------------
with open ('myfile.txt', mode='r') as f:
context=f.read()
print(context)
with open('myfile.txt', mode='a') as f:
f.write('Hello papa almanyadan geldi saban')
Comparation operators
2==2 and ‘hello’=’xhello’
2==2 and ‘hello’=’xhello’
not 2==2
Statements in python
if loc=="Auto Shop" :
print(" i love cars")
elif loc=="Shops" :
print("Welcome to our shop")
elif loc=="Supermarket" :
print("Supermarjet is cool!")
else:
print("i dont know much")
Loops in Pyhton
mylist=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for num in mylist:
if num % 2 == 0:
print(f'Even Number: {num}')
else:
print(f' Odd Number: {num}')

for number in mylist:
print("Hello the world ")
mylist1=[(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,10)]
for a,b in mylist1:
print(a)
print(b)
dic={'k1':1,'k2':2,'k3':3,'k4':4}
for key,value in dic.items():
print(key,":",value)
While in Python
x=0.0
print(type(x))
while x<=5:
if x!=3:
print(f'X number is: {x}')
x=x+1
else:
x=x+1
else:
print("count is stopped")
-----------------------------
mylist=[1,2,3,4,5]
for num in range(5, 10):
print(f'{num}')
Result:
------------------------
for num in range(5, 10,2):
print(f'{num}')
Result:
----------------------------
Generate numbers
x=list(range(0,10,1))
print(x)
Result: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
---------------------------
for item,index in enumerate(word):
print(item,"-:-",index)
Result:
0 -:- a
1 -:- b
2 -:- c
3 -:- d
4 -:- e
5 -:- f
6 -:- g
7 -:- h
8 -:- l
-------------------------------
If we have multiple lists, we can cast them with zip function
list1=[1,2,3,]
list2=['a','b','c']
list3=[100,200,300]
for item in zip(list1,list2,list3):
print(item)
Result:
(1, 'a', 100)
(2, 'b', 200)
(3, 'c', 300)
Another example which shows zip is used to cast lists as tuples
x= list(zip(list1,list2,list3))
print(x)
Result:
[(1, 'a', 100), (2, 'b', 200), (3, 'c', 300)]
-----------------------------------
Great method of checking if the letter exist in list, dictionaries and for others
word='abcdefghlmnopqrstwxzaaa'
if 'y' in word:
print("the letter exist")
else:
print("the letter does not exist:")
-----------------------------------
We can find minimum and max number in the list
min(list4)
max(list4)
---------------------------------------
One of the most important topic is to import library
Firstly lets import python built in library. In this example we imported shuffle library
from random import shuffle
list1=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
shuffle(list1)
print(list1)
-----------------------------------------
(
string1='hello'
list1=[]
for letter in string1:
list1.append(letter)
Is the same as this
string1='hello'
list1=[letter for letter in string1]
list2=[num**2 for num in range(0,100) if num%2==0 and num%4==0]
print(list2)
celcius=[50,100,30.40,12,3.5,10]
faranheyt=[((9/5)*temp+32) for temp in celcius]
print(faranheyt)
faranheyt1=[]
for temp1 in celcius:
faranheyt1.append((9/5)*temp1+32)
print(faranheyt1)
--------------------------------------
Functions
Some examples:
def test_function():
'''
DOCSTRING:THis is just test function which shows hellow
NO input
-------
output:hello.
'''
print("Hello")
test_function()
def say_fuc(name):
print("hello", name)
say_fuc('Kamran')
def say_func1(name='David'):
print("hello",name)
say_func1("Kamran By")
def add(n1=0,n2=0):
return n1+n2
print(add(123,321))
def dog_check(mystring):
return 'dog' in mystring
print(dog_check(' dog run away'))
------------------------------------------
Args accepts all input without limit. And it shows the result as tuple
def sumup(*args):
return sum(args)
print(sumup(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,0,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,))
spam also do the same thing
def sumup(*spam):
return sum(spam)
print(sumup(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,0,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1))
--------------------------------
def sumup(*args):
result=[]
for items in args:
result.append(items)
return result
print(sumup(1,2,3,4,5))
------------------------------
kwargs is like args but it show result as dicrionary
def veg(**kwargs):
print(kwargs)
if "fruit" in kwargs:
print("I am going to by they package of fruit")
else:
print("i will try another time")
veg(fruit="apple")
dic={'fruit':'qeni'}
print(dic['fruit'])
----------------------------------
Lets combine args and kwargs together.
dic={'fruit':'qeni'}
print(dic['fruit'])
def myfunc(*args,**kwargs):
print(args)
print(kwargs)
print(myfunc(1,2,3,4,56,fruit="apple",food="bread"))
Result:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 56)
{'fruit': 'apple', 'food': 'bread'}
None
-------------------------------------
.join is used to join some parameters and it changes the format of list to the string
l2=['hello', 'Kamran','From','Zaqatala']
l3=" ".join(l2)
print(l3)
print(type(l2))
Result: hello Kamran From Zaqatala
--------------------------------
abs(100-200)=100 (returns actual number )
--------------------------------------
map function is used to map operations
def square(num):
return num**2
mystring=[1,3,5,9,11,13]
for items in map(square,mystring):
print(items)
print(list(map(square,mystring))) Result:
Result:
25
81
121
169
[1, 9, 25, 81, 121, 169]
-----------------------
def myfunc(a, b):
return a + b
x = map(myfunc, ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'), ('orange', 'lemon', 'pineapple'))
print(x)
#convert the map into a list, for readability:
print(list(x))
---------------------------
Filter does the same thing but it returns value if the result of function is true(Boolean)
def funnkc1(num):
return num%2==0
print(res1=list(filter(funnkc1,mystring)))
Result: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
-----------------------------
Mysting=[1,2,3,4]
Very interesting Lambda. It the same as result is x*x
list1=list(map(lambda num:num**2,mystring))
print(list1)
Result: [1,4,9,16]
OOP in python
class Calculation():
def __init__(self,num1,num2):
self.add=num1+num2
self.minus=num1-num2
self.devide=num1/num2
self.multiply=num1*num2
multi=Calculation(num1=12, num2=2)
print(multi.multiply)
Result:24
------------------------
Class Object attribute
names="they are numbers"
self.add=num1+num2
self.multi=num1*num2
res=Calculation(12, 3)
print(res.names)
Result: they are numbers
---------------------------
Method inside the class
self.add=num1+num2
def description(self):
print("Method inside the class")
res.description()
Result: Method inside the class
------------------------
We can execute method inside of the class
self.add=num1+num2
def description(self):
result1=self.add+self.minus+self.multi+self.devide
return result1
print(res.names)
print(res.description())
Result=64.0
-------------------------
Methods in the class can accept external input

self.add=num1+num2
def description(self,a):
result1=(self.add+self.minus+self.multi+self.devide)*a
return result1
print(res.names)
print(res.description(10))
Result:640
------------------------------------
Another example
class circle():
pi=3.14
def __init__(self,radius):
self.radius=radius
def cal(self):
return self.radius*self.radius*circle.pi*2
myres=circle(10)
print(myres.cal())
Result:628
------------------------------
Inheritance
class Animal():
def __init__(self):
print("Animal is created")
def who_am_i(self):
print("I am animal")
def eat(self):
print("I am eating")
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self):
Animal.__init__(self)
print("Dog is created")
def color(self):
Animal.who_am_i(self)
print("and my color is black")
mydog=Dog()
mydog.eat()
mydog.color()
Result:
Animal is created
Dog is created
I am eating
I am animal
and my color is black
-------------------
Polymorpysim in pyhton
class Dog():
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def speak(self):
return self.name+" Says Woof!"
class Cat():
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def speak(self):
return self.name+" Says mouw"
reks=Dog("Reks")
tom=Cat("Tom")
def pet_speak(pet):
print(pet.speak())
pet_speak(reks)
pet_speak(tom)
Result:
Reks Says Woof!
Tom Says mouw
----------------------
another example
class India():
def capital(self):
print("New Delhi is the capital of India.")
def language(self):
print("Hindi is the most widely spoken language of India.")
def type(self):
print("India is a developing country.")
class USA():
def capital(self):
print("Washington, D.C. is the capital of USA.")
def language(self):
print("English is the primary language of USA.")
def type(self):
print("USA is a developed country.")
obj_ind = India()
obj_usa = USA()
for country in (obj_ind, obj_usa):

country.capital()
country.language()
country.type()
------------------------------
Magic function
mylist=[1,2,3,4,5]
class Book():
def __init__(self,title,author,page):
self.title=title
self.author=author
self.page=page
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.title} is written by {self.author} and has {self.page} pages"
def __len__(self):
return self.page
def __del__(self):
print("THe book has been deleted")
b=Book("Python","Kamran Carayev",500)
print(b) #represent __str__
print(len(b)) #represent __len__
del(b) #represent __del__

print(b)
Result:
Python is written by Kamran Carayev and has 500 pages
500
THe book has been deleted
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton\untitled5.py", line 30, in <module>
print(b)
NameError: name 'b' is not defined
----------------------------------------------------
How to import modules to the pyton script
C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton\sub\sub1
main file myprogram.py is created in C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton
sub.py is created in C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton\sub
sub1py is created in C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton\sub\sub1
mymodule.py is created in in C:\Users\k80044720\Desktop\phyton
mymodule.by file:
def myfunc():
print("Hey i am in mymodule.py file")
myprogram.py file:
from mymodule import myfunc
myfunc()
from sub import sub
sub.funksub()
from sub.sub1 import sub1
sub1.subfunc1()
sub.py file:
def funksub():
print("I am in subdirector")
sub1.py file:
def subfunc1():
print("i am in sub1 directory")
-------------------------------------------------
Error Handling
try:
#This block execits script
def add(n1,n2):
return n1+n2
num1=10
num2=int(input("enter NUM2:"))
result=add(num1,num2)
except:
#block executes when error occurs
print("it did not work. check again")
else:
#this block executes when error not occurs
print("Succesfuly executed")
print(result)
-------------------------------
try:
f=open("test1234",'r')
f.write=("THis is the new line")
except TypeError:
print("You have type error")
except OSError:
print("You have OS related error")
finally:
#This bloch runs always
print("I always run")
----------------------------------------
Another example
def ask():
tr=0
while True:
try:
result=int(input("Please enter number: "))
except:
if tr>=5:
print("you have reached max number attempts")
break
else:
print("THis is not the number, plz try again")
tr+=1
continue
else:
print("THank you for entering the number")
break
finally:
print("Tranzaction has finished")
ask()
---------------------------------------------
Python decoration
def hello(name="Kamran"):
print('Hello has been executed')
def greet():
return "\t \t\t\t\t THis is the geet funch which is executed"
def Welcome():
return "\t \t\t\t\t Welcome to this function bey buddy"
#it will return function inside the function
if name=="Kamran":
return greet
else:
return Welcome
myfunk=hello("Kamran")
print(myfunk())
----------------------
Lets input function into the function as argument
def hello():
return 'Hi i am hello()'
def other(some_def_func):
# print("Other code runs here")
print(some_def_func())
print(other(hello))
Result:
Hi i am hello()
-----------------------------------------
Another decoration example
def new_decerater(original_funck):
def wrap_funck():
print("some scripts before decoration")
original_funck()
print("Some scripts after decoration")
return wrap_funck
def i_need_decoration():
print("decorate me")
my_value=new_decerater(i_need_decoration)
print(my_value())
Result:
some scripts before decoration
decorate me
Some scripts after decoration
None
--------------------------------
Decoration with @
def new_decerater(original_funck):
def wrap_funck():
print("some scripts before decoration")
original_funck()
print("Some scripts after decoration")
return wrap_funck
@new_decerater
def i_need_decoration():
print("decorate me")
print(i_need_decoration())
Result:
some scripts before decoration
decorate me
Some scripts after decoration

None
--------------------------------
Yield function is used to make the calculation without storing in memory
def create_cubs(n):
for i in range(n):
yield i**3
for x in create_cubs(10):
print(x)
Result:
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
--------------------
When we use yield, we can use next() to query the value
def create_cubs(n):
for i in range(n):
yield i**3
g=create_cubs(4)
print(g)
print(next(g))
print(next(g))
print(next(g))
print(next(g))
Result:
<generator object create_cubs at 0x000002C74982BCC8>
27
-------------------------
Iteration of string
s='hello'
s_iter=iter(s)
print(next(s_iter))
Result:
Djange Web
pip install Django==3.0.5

django-admin startproject django_app
2.1 Djang o 2
Che at She e t .p d f.p d f
URLS:
Everything about URLS are processed in urls.py file. Basically the url syntax is like below
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
Lets create one example for this URL: in this case we need to create options.py and import it to urls.py
from . import options
urlpatterns = [
path('', options.home),
]
It means that when user firstly enter the web page the request is coming to urls.py file. Then it will
redirect the request to the home() function which is located in options.py file
In home() function example we will return one string as the web page
from django.http import HttpResponse
def home(request):
return HttpResponse("THis the home Page function")
Using templates:
First thing we should do is that create one folder which allows to insert all web page documentations. So
in this case we need to create one folder (for example 'folderdir' on root directory and then create
index.html file.
Then we need to input below line in settings.py file
'DIRS': ['folderdir'],
Then we need to input render into the options.py file end redirect request in home function
from django.shortcuts import render
def home(request):

return render(request, "index.html")
In addition we can pass any argument in with render to the next page
def kamran(request):

return render(request,"kamran.html", {'key1':"THis is the Value of key
1"})
in Kamran.html file:
{{key1}}
IN THE NEXT STEP LETS REDIRECT TO ANOTHER WEB PAGE
Firstly need to create form and input area for text
<html>
<body>

<h1>Index.htlm file is activated</h1>
<form action="{% url 'count' %}">
<textarea cols="40" rows="8" name="full_text"></textarea>
<br/>
<input type="submit" value="TEXT"></input>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Need to add one more path for count and redirect it to options.py
path('count/', options.count, name='count'),
Then create count function and render to count.html and forward the text
def count(request):
fulltext=request.GET['full_text']
return render(request,'count.html', {'KEY1':fulltext})
index.html
<html>
<h1>Count web page</h1>
{{KEY1}}
</html>
Working with GIT
First enter the project directory and start git there from command line
#git init
Then run below command from CMD
#git add –A
You can check status by below command
#git status
Then confirm changes or new created project by below command
#git commit –m “My first git project”
Then enter the github.com web site and create new repository. After that enter your project to the new
repository by below commands
echo "# tst" >> README.md

git init
git add README.md
git commit -m "first commit"
git remote add origin https://github.com/carayev/tst.git
git push -u origin master
or
git remote add origin https://github.com/carayev/tst.git

git push -u origin master
Lets start creating new Web site:

In first place we need to install visrtual environment
#pip3 install virtualenv
Then enter the directory and create virtual environment
#vurtualenv env1
In linux need to activate virtualenvironment like below command
#source env1/bin/activate
In Windows:
#env\bin\Scripts\activate
We can simple exit from envisonment by below command
#deactivate
After entering new environment lets create new peoject
#django-admin startproject portfolio
Even we have installed djnago on PC, we need to download and install Django after entering new
envisonment
after creating new web site we may want to stop uploading some important files to GIT
to do that need to create .gitignore file and specify all required files to omit
for more information visit https://www.gitignore.io/
APPs in python
When we initially add app in python, it will create new directory
#python manage.py startapp blog
MODELS in Django
In first step lets go to jobs/models.py and add below lines. It will be
used for working with images
from django.db import models
class jobs(models.Model):
image=models.ImageField(upload_to='images/')
summary=models.CharField(max_length=200)
then lets update models in python database

#python manage.py migrate
Then run below command to update special models
#python manage.py makemigrations
As a result it will not show any changes
To make it visible by Django we need to add this jobs app in
portfolio/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'jobs.apps.JobsConfig',

]
At the end of the portfolio/settings.py we need to add media path and

media url
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
Then form the command line we will make migration

If we find some error regarding image codes are not recognized, we
need to install Pillow
#pip install Pillow
Then we can run migration to update

If we want to make some changes in image directory or image
variable, after changes need to update by below commands in CMD
Admin in Django
First we need to create superuser from CMD
#python manage.py createsuperuser
Then we will be able to login admin web page
Its time to see the jobs in admin panel. To do that we need to imports
jobs from models.py in jobs directory
jobs/admin.py
from .models import jobs
then we need to enter below parameter so the jobs models will be

registered in admin panel
jobs/admin.py
admin.site.register(jobs)
The jobs main function is to upload image. After we upload the image
we need to enter it and see that picture
For that we need to add it urls.py in portfolio project
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
Then add below importing function in url.py

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static
PostgreSQL
Firstly need to install PostgreSQL db on server or computer then need
to open shell t login to the DB
then type below command to see current user
#\du
by fefault postgres user dont have password. lets set pasword
#\password postgres
then lets create database
#CREATE DATABASE portfoliodb
thats all for confiruation in DB. the next section we will go to change
DB settings in django prject
need to enter /portfolio/settings.py and change database settings
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
'NAME': 'portfoliodb',
'USER': 'postgres',
'PASSWORD': 'admin',
'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
'PORT': '5432',
}
}
then we need to migrate apps to new db adn create super user

#pyhton manage.py migrate
#python manage.py createsuperuser
Add model in blog app

Steps
1) Create a Blog model in models.py in blog app
a) give a title
b) give publication date
c) give body
d) give image
2) add Blog app to the settings

3) Create migration
4) Migrate
5) add to the admin (register in admin page)
Lets start:
1)Create class in blogs/models.py
class Blog(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=255)
pub_date=models.DateTimeField()
body=models.TextField()
2) add blogs app to portfolio/settings.py

'blog.apps.BlogConfig',
3) Create migration
4) migrate
5) add to the admin (register in admin page) in blods/admin.py
from .models import Blog
admin.site.register(Blog)
Use Bootstrap and query from DB
As you know we do modification on /jobs/ directory and lets get data

from DB
Need to add below script to get data from DB
from .models import jobs
def home(request):
jobs1=jobs.objects
return render(request, 'jobs/index.html', {'KEY1':jobs1})
Then need to query them from index.html
{% for i in KEY1.all %}
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="card mb-4 shadow-sm">
<img class="bd-placeholder-img card-img-top" width="100%" heig
ht="225" src="{{ i.image.url }}" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid slice" focu
sable="false" role="img" aria-label="Placeholder: Thumbnail
"><title>Placeholder</title><rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#55595c
"/><text x="50%" y="50%" fill="#eceeef" dy=".3em"></text>
<div class="card-body">
<p class="card-text">{{i.summary}}</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% endfor %}

Create blog page and query all data in separate blog page
as you know when we enter one page it coms to directly to the

/portfolio/urls.py file.
in this stage we will redirect from /portfolio/urls to /blogs/urls.py and
will strart procees the date. we can do this by the help of include()
function
/portfolio/urls.py
from django.urls import path, include
path('blog/', include('blog.urls')),
then we will start working in /blogs/urls.py
from django.urls import path

from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.allblogs, name='allblogs'),
then we need to add allblogs function in /blog/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Blog
def allblogs(request):
blogs=Blog.objects
return render(request,'blogs/allblogs.html', {'KEY2':blogs})
After that we will create /blog/templates/blog/allblogs.html file
then we can query data in allblogs.html
{% for y in KEY2.all %}
<a href=""><h3>{{y.title}}</h3> </a>
<h5>{{y.pub_date}}</h5>
<img src="{{ y.image.url }}" class="img-fluid" height="200"
width="250" >
<p>{{ y.body }}</p>
{% endfor %}
Its better not to query all data in summary page. So we will create
additional function def summary(self) in /blog/models.py to limit the
number of symbols
/blog/modules.py
class Blog(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=255)
pub_date=models.DateTimeField()
body=models.TextField()
def summary(self):
return self.body[:100]
then we will query it from allblogs.html
<p>{{ y.summary }}......</p>
In allblogs.html the publication date shown very detail. So we will sort

it by writing additional function in /blog/models.py
def pub_date_summary(self):
return self.pub_date.strftime('%b %e %Y')
st rft im e .d o cx
then lets change query method in allblogs.html

<h5>{{y.pub_date_summary}}</h5>
One very interesting method in admin page. If we add below script

in /blog/views.py it will chow tile in the admin blog page
def __str__(self):
return self.title
in the next step lets query all detail information when enter blog detail
page.
Firstly need to create new url in blog/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.allblogs, name='allblogs'),
path('<int:blog_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),

]
Firstly it will take blog_id and retdirect request to views.detail function

In blog/views.py we will create below function and import one more
function
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
def detail(request, blog_id):
detailblog=get_object_or_404(Blog, pk=blog_id)
return render(request,'blogs/detail.html', {'KEY4':detailblog})
then we need to create file in blog/templates/blogs/detail.html and

enter below key so it will query the result
{{ KEY4.title }}
In the index.html we need to send id so it will be able to query data in

the next page based on id
</div class="text-muted">
{% for y in KEY2.all %}
<a href="{% url 'detail' y.id %}"><h3>{{y.title}}</h3> </a>
<h5>{{y.pub_date_summary}}</h5>
<img src="{{ y.image.url }}" class="img-fluid" height="200" widt
h="250" >
<p>{{ y.summary }}......</p>

{% endfor %}
</div>

Lets create new static files in Django. This files are never changed.
We create one static folder in portfolio/static and put two files there.
One is resume in pdf format and another one is jpeg file
Then we need to add below scripts in portfolio/settings.py
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'portfolio/static/')
]
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
Then we need to type below command in CMD so it will create

additional static folder on top level and copy all static files into there
#python manage.py collectstatic
Then we need to load static files into the directory where we need
them. In this example we will load them in index.html file
{% load static %}
Then query them where we need

<img src="{% static '540c0af4d612a.jpg' %}" height="150">
link" href="{% static 'Kamran_JarayevCV.pdf' %}">Resume</a>
Adding HTML header or as separate entity in Django
Firstly lets create base.html under
projecthunt/templates/base.html
(projecthunt is the project name)
Then add below scripts. It means that this html file is
the header or footer html where all other templates
will use it
Hello this is the header
{% block content %}
{% endblock %}
Hello this is the this is the footer
Then we need to add this in the settings in templates

section
'DIRS': ['producthunt/templates'],
Then we need to query it in from main home.html
file
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}
<br>
THis it the home.html file
<br>
{% endblock %}
The result will be like this
Sign Up function
Based on our design we will redirect all accounts
request to the accounts/urls.py page from main
urls.py
path('accounts/', include('accounts.urls')),
Then we will enter below script in accounts/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path('signup', views.signup, name='signup'),
]
Then import below library in accounts/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.contrib import auth
Then create below function in accounts/views.py for

signup
def signup(request):
if request.method=='POST':
if request.POST['password1']==request.POST['password2']:
try:
user=User.objects.get(username=request.POST['username'])
return render(request, 'accounts/signup.html', {'error':'U
sername has already taken'})
except User.DoesNotExist:
user=User.objects.create_user(

username=request.POST['username'],
password=request.POST['password1'],
first_name=request.POST['firstname'],
last_name=request.POST['lastname'],
email=request.POST['email'],
)
auth.login(request,user)
return redirect('home')
else:
return render(request, 'accounts/signup.html', {'error':'Passw
ord must match'})

else:
#user wants to enter info
return render(request, 'accounts/signup.html')
the lets design and configure signup.html in

producthunt-project\accounts\templates\accounts
{% block content %}
<br>
{% if error %}
{{ error }}
{% endif %}
<h1>Signup</h1>
<form method="POST" action="{% url 'signup' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
Username:
<br/>
<input type="text" name="username">
<br/>
Firstname:
<br/>
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br/>
Last name:
<br/>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
<br/>
E-mail:
<br/>
<input type="email" name="email">
<br/>

Password:
<br/>
<input type="password" name="password1"/>
<br/>
Confirm Password:
<br/>
<input type="password" name="password2"/>
<br/>
<br/>
<input class="btn btn-primary " type="submit" value="Sign UP!"/>
</form>
<br>
{% endblock %}
Log IN
Firstly need to work on login.html
{% block content %}
<br>
{% if error %}
{{ error }}
{% endif %}
<h1>Log-in page</h1>
<form method="POST" action="{% url 'login' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
Username:
<br/>
<input type="text" name="username">
<br/>
Password:
<br/>
<input type="password" name="password"/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<input class="btn btn-primary " type="submit" value="Login"/>
</form>
<br>
{% endblock %}
Then need to create login path in accounts/urls.py

path('login', views.login, name='login'),
Then need to work on login function in

accounts/views.py
def login(request):
user = auth.authenticate(username=request.POST['username'], passwo
rd=request.POST['password'])
if user is not None:
auth.login(request, user)
else:
return render(request, 'accounts/login.html', {'error':'Userna
me or password does not exsit, or account does not exist '})
else:
return render(request, 'accounts/login.html')
Then need to work on login.html

{% if user.is_authenticated %}
<li class="nav-item active">
<a class="nav-link enable" href="javascript:
{document.getElementById('logout').submit()}" onclick="">Log Out</a>
<form id="logout" method="POST" action="{% url 'lo
gout' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
<input type="hidden"/>
</form>
</li>
{% else %}
<a class="nav-link enable" href="{% url 'signup' %
}">Sign UP</a>
</li>
<a class="nav-link enable" href="{% url 'login' %}
">Sign in</a>
</li>
{% endif %}
Logout page
Need to create logout path in /accounts/urls.py
path('logout', views.logout, name='logout'),
then need to create logout function in

accounts/views.py
def logout(request):
auth.logout(request)
then lets work on base.html
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
<a class="nav-link enable" href="javascript:
{document.getElementById('logout').submit()}" onclick="">Log Out</a>
<form id="logout" method="POST" action="{% url 'lo
gout' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
<input type="hidden"/>
</form>
</li>
{% else %}
<a class="nav-link enable" href="{% url 'signup' %
}">Sign UP</a>
</li>
<a class="nav-link enable" href="{% url 'login' %}
">Sign in</a>
</li>
{% endif %}
Customization of admin
site when adding model
class Post(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=120, blank=True)
content=models.CharField(max_length=500)
created_date=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
update_date=models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

def __str__(self):
return (self.title)

class Meta:
verbose_name="Post Model control panel"
#verbose_name_plural="Main Control Unit"
ordering=['created_date']
When we create class in models.py we can create

additional class and refer it in main class
class Category(models.Model):
category_name=models.CharField(max_length=120)
def __str__(self):
return self.category_name

class Meta:
verbose_name='Categories'

class Post(models.Model):
post_category=models.ManyToManyField(Category)
title=models.CharField(max_length=120, blank=True)
content=models.CharField(max_length=500)
created_date=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
update_date=models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

def __str__(self):
return (self.title)

class Meta:
verbose_name="Post Model control panel"
#verbose_name_plural="Main Control Unit"
ordering=['created_date']
Then need register category class in admin page

from .models import Post, Category
admin.site.register(Post)
admin.site.register(Category)
Simple POST method example

In urls.py
from .views import post_create, post_update, post_list, post_delete, one_e
xample
path('form/', view=one_example),
In views.py
def one_example(request):

data={}
received_message=request.POST.get('test_message',None)
data={'received_message':received_message}
return render(request, 'posts/form.html',data)
print(data)
return render(request, 'posts/form.html')
in form.html
<html>
<form action="" method="POST">
{% csrf_token %}
<input type="text" name="test_message">
<input type="submit" value="send">
</form>
<br>
{% if received_message%}
<h1>{{ received_message }}</h1>
{% endif %}
</html>

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Python Preparation

type(a) ##shows type of variable

print(a[2:]) ##shows from 2 till end

a[::] ##shows everything

a[::2] ## it will jump from every 2 character

a[::-1] ## changes the string to the reverse

Input and format

Input(“bir sayi girin”) Input almaq ucun isdifade edilir

Result:Salam Kamran Necesen

print("{0} {0} {0}".format("Salam","Kamran","Necesen"))

Result:Salam Salam Salam

print("{s} {n} {k}".format(s="salam", k="Kamran", n="Necesen"))

Result: salam Necesen Kamran

>>> print(f'his name is {name}')

his name is Xose

list(range(0,10,2) ##shows all even numbers

result: my_list=[999, 2, 3, 4, 'List', 121]

my_list.pop() ##removes last character in list

result: my_list=[999, 2, 3, 4, 'List']

['a', 'b', 'd', 'k', 't']

{'orange': 2.25, 'banana': 1.23, 'grape': 2.01}

We can insert list and other dictionary inside one dictionary

{'orange': 2.25, 'banana': 1.23, 'grape': 2.01}

{'k1': [0, 2, 3, 4]}

dict_keys(['k1', 'k3', 'k2']) (shows key values of dictionary)

dict_values([2.25, 1.23, 2.01]) (Shows values of dic)

Tulpe (it does not support reassignmnent)

Result: <class 'tuple'>

It has value True False and None

print(myexcellfile.read()) (it will show all file context)

print(myfile.read()) (it will show all file context)

myexcellfile.readlines() (is used to read file line by line)

myfile.close() ( its used to close the file)

with open('myfile.txt') as mynewfile:

with open ('myfile.txt', mode='r') as f:

f.write('Hello papa almanyadan geldi saban')

2==2 and ‘hello’=’xhello’

2==2 and ‘hello’=’xhello’

print(" i love cars")

print("Welcome to our shop")

print("i dont know much")

for num in mylist:

print(f'Even Number: {num}')

print(f' Odd Number: {num}')

print("Hello the world ")

mylist1=[(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,10)]

for a,b in mylist1:

for key,value in dic.items():

print(f'X number is: {x}')

for num in range(5, 10):

for num in range(5, 10,2):

for item,index in enumerate(word):

If we have multiple lists, we can cast them with zip function

for item in zip(list1,list2,list3):

(1, 'a', 100)

(2, 'b', 200)

(3, 'c', 300)

Another example which shows zip is used to cast lists as tuples

[(1, 'a', 100), (2, 'b', 200), (3, 'c', 300)]

print("the letter exist")

print("the letter does not exist:")

We can find minimum and max number in the list

One of the most important topic is to import library

from random import shuffle

for letter in string1:

Is the same as this

print(b) #represent str

print(len(b)) #represent len

del(b) #represent del