FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets: Protection For Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems

FM Global
Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 8-34

July 2017
Interim Revision January 2020
Page 1 of 59
PROTECTION FOR AUTOMATIC STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 How to Use this Data Sheet .............................................................................................................. 4
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 4
2.1 Mini-Load Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems ...................................................................... 4
2.1.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Construction and Location ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Occupancy ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1.4 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements ................................................................................. 25
2.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.2 Construction and Location .................................................................................................... 27
2.2.3 Occupancy ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.2.4 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 28
2.3 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Arrangements .......................................................................... 35
2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 35
2.3.2 Storage Trays for Vertically Enclosed Storage Units ............................................................ 36
2.3.3 Protection Options for Vertically Enclosed Storage Units ..................................................... 36
2.4 Top-Loading Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) Using Solid-Walled
(Open- and Closed-Top) Containers ............................................................................................... 37
2.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 37
2.4.2 Construction and Location .................................................................................................... 38
2.4.3 Occupancy ............................................................................................................................. 42
2.4.4 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 42
2.4.5 Electrical Systems for Top-Loading ASRS ............................................................................ 50
2.4.6 Control Systems for Top-Loading ASRS ............................................................................... 51
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 51
3.1 Description of Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) ................................................ 51
3.1.1 Mini-Load ASRS Storage Arrangements ............................................................................... 51
3.1.2 Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements ...................................................................... 56
3.1.3 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Arrangements ................................................................ 56
3.1.4 Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements with Solid-Walled Containers ........................... 56
3.2 Loss History of Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) ............................................... 57
4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 57
4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 57
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 57
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ...................................................................................... 58
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Example of mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with open-top cellulosic and unexpanded
plastic containers ............................................................................................................................... 5
Fig. 2. Example of mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with cartoned commodity on unexpanded
plastic trays .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Fig. 3. Flowchart for determining the protection options for mini-load ASRS storage arrangements ........... 7
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8-34 Protection for Automatic Storage
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Fig. 4. Determining whether protection options for mini-load ASRS storage arrangements can be
obtained from Data Sheet 8-9 or must be obtained from this section (2.1) ....................................... 9
Fig. 5. Determining if in-rack sprinklers are required for a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement ............ 13
Fig. 6. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers when required at every transverse flue space ................. 18
Fig. 7. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers when not required at every transverse flue space ........... 18
Fig. 8. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers from the face of the ASRS storage array ......................... 19
Fig. 9. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers within transverse flue spaces ........................................... 19
Fig. 10. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers within transverse flue spaces using a staggered
arrangement ................................................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 11. Maximum 2 ft (0.6 m) horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers in a maximum 2 ft (0.6 m)
wide longitudinal flue space ........................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 12. Example of which in-rack sprinklers to choose when the in-rack sprinkler design is based
on 9 sprinklers and longitudinal in-rack sprinklers are 2 ft (0.6 m) apart ...................................... 23
Fig. 13. Example of rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement with roller-type conveyor supports .......... 26
Fig. 14. Rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement with traditional horizontal supports ........................... 26
Fig. 15. Example of a vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit ...................................................................... 35
Fig. 16. Example of a top-loading ASRS arrangement showing maximum 100 ft (30 m) depth in one
direction .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Fig. 17. Example of solid-floored elevated mezzanine levels when span of top-loading ASRS exceeds
100 ft (30 m) in each direction ....................................................................................................... 40
Fig. 18. Example showing the installation of monitor nozzles at ceiling level as an alternative to
elevated mezzanines ...................................................................................................................... 41
Fig. 19. Example showing the use of vertical barriers within a top-loading ASRS arrangement ............... 41
Fig. 20. Top-loading ASRS arrangements where the maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m) .................. 42
Fig. 21. Example of top-loading ASRS arrangement with monitor nozzles on perimeter mezzanine level . 46
Fig. 22. Example showing the use of vertical barriers within a top-loading ASRS arrangement ............... 47
Fig. 23. Top-loading ASRS arrangements where the maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m) .................. 48
Fig. 24. Example of open-top plastic containers in mini-load ASRS storage arrangementi ....................... 52
Fig. 25. Example of an empty mini-load ASRS storage arrangement where rack uprights are about
2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) wide and about 2 ft (0.6 m) horizontally apart ....................................... 53
Fig. 26. Example of rack-supported ASRS storage arrangement ............................................................... 54
Fig. 27. Example of motorized automated picking robot in a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement
with open-top unexpanded plastic containers ................................................................................ 55
List of Tables
Table 1. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under Unobstructed Ceiling Construction ............... 11
Table 2. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Noncmbustible Containers in Mini-Load ASRS Storage
Arrangements ................................................................................................................................. 15
Table 3. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Trays and Combustible Containers in Mini-Load ASRS
Storage Arrangements ................................................................................................................... 15
Table 4. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines ...................................................... 16
Table 5. Acceptable Conditions Where Vertical IRAS Increments can be 15 ft (4.5 m) Maximum ............. 21
Table 6. In-Rack Sprinkler Design Guidelines .............................................................................................. 22
Table 7. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Noncombustible Containers Protected by In-Rack Sprinklers ........ 24
Table 8. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Trays and Combustible Containers Protected by In-Rack Sprinklers . 24
Table 9. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines ...................................................... 25
Table 10. Hydraulic Design for In-Rack Sprinkler (IRAS) System Protecting a Rack-Structure ASRS
Storage Arrangement .................................................................................................................... 30
Table 11. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under Unobstructed Ceiling Construction ............. 32
Table 12. Determining the Hydraulic Design for Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Systems Protecting
Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements .............................................................................. 33
Table 13. Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Designs for the Protection of Rack-Structure ASRS Storage
Arrangements Supplemented with In-Rack Sprinklers ................................................................ 34
Table 14. Hose Demand Design Guidelines for the Protection of Rack-Structure ASRS Storage
Arrangements ................................................................................................................................ 35
Table 15. Sprinkler Pressure Requirements for the Protection of Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Units
Over 25 ft (7.6 m) and up to 55 ft (16.8 m) Tall ........................................................................... 37
Table 16. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under Unobstructed Ceiling Construction ............. 43
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Protection for Automatic Storage 8-34
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3
Table 17. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements Using
Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; Storage Height up to and Including 20 ft (6.1 m) .................... 45
Table 18. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements Using
Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; Storage Height in Excess of 20 ft (6.1 m) ............................... 45

1.0 SCOPE
This document provides loss prevention guidelines for mini-load, rack-structure, and vertically enclosed
automatic storage and retrieval systems (ASRS). This data sheet also provides loss prevention guidelines
for top-loading ASRS arrangements that use solid-walled (open- and closed-top) containers. The loss
prevention guidelines specific to this data sheet include Class 1 through 4 and plastic commodities.
Commodity hazards higher than plastics, such as Level 2 and 3 aerosols, ignitable liquids, flammable gasses,
and other special hazards are outside the scope of this data sheet.
Top-loading ASRS arrangements that use containers with walls that are not solid are currently outside the
scope of this data sheet. However, loss prevention guidelines for these types of containers are expected to
be added in 2021.
1.1 Changes
January 2020. Interim revision. Significant changes include the following:
A. Added loss prevention guidelines for top-loading ASRS arrangements that use solid-walled (open- and
closed-top containers).
B. Reformatted the document so each ASRS storage arrangement now has its own section.
1.2 How to Use this Data Sheet

As with any FM Global loss prevention data sheet, a complete and comprehensive understanding of the
information in this document can only be achieved by a thorough review of its contents. Data Sheet 8-34
provides recommendations pertaining to mini-load, rack-structure, vertically enclosed, and top-loading (with
solid-walled containers) automatic storage and retrieval systems (ASRS). Recommendations specific to each
ASRS arrangement are provided in the following sections:
• Section 2.1: Mini-load ASRS arrangements
• Section 2.2: Rack-structure ASRS arrangements
• Section 2.3: Vertically enclosed ASRS arrangement
• Section 2.4: Top-loading ASRS arrangement with solid-walled (open- and closed-top) containers
All the recommendations for a particular ASRS arrangement are provided within the section specific to that
ASRS arrangement.
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

Coordinate the facility’s construction, occupancy, and protection details in the planning stages so they are
all compatible.
2.1 Mini-Load Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems
2.1.1 General
2.1.1.1 Section 2.1 provides protection guidelines for mini-load automatic storage and retrieval systems
(ASRS) storage arrangements. See Figures 1 and 2 for examples of this type of storage arrangement.
What differentiates these storage racks from traditional pallet load type storage racks are the following:
• Rack uprights that are typically only about 2 ft (0.6 m) apart horizontally as opposed to about 8 ft (2.4
m),
• Tiers that are only about 12 to 18 in. (300 to 450 mm) high as opposed to about 5 ft (1.5 m),
• Product handling that consists of 18 in. x 24 in. (450 mm x 600 mm) trays or open-top containers as opposed
to 4 ft x 4 ft (1.2 m x 1.2 m) pallets,
• Material handling support accomplished by angle irons as opposed to horizontal supports
While the first three bullet points create a unique storage arrangement for the mini-load ASRS, it is the
presence of the angle irons within the mini-load ASRS rack structure that has a major impact on the protection

requirements for them. This is because the angle irons divert most of the sprinkler discharge out to the face
of the rack, thus limiting the amount of sprinkler discharge that can be distributed into the flue spaces of
the storage rack.
Fig. 1. Example of mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with open-top cellulosic and unexpanded plastic containers
2.1.1.2 As with any FM Global loss prevention data sheet, a complete and comprehensive understanding
of the information in this document can only be achieved by a thorough review of its contents. To assist with
the proper use of this section of the data sheet, however, a flowchart has been created. Use the flowchart
provided in Figure 3 in combination with the written text of Section 2.1 to determine the potential automatic
sprinkler protection options for a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement.

Fig. 2. Example of mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with cartoned commodity on unexpanded plastic trays

Fig. 3. Flowchart for determining the protection options for mini-load ASRS storage arrangements

2.1.1.3 Information Needed

In order to use this section of the data sheet to determine the available protection options for a mini-load
ASRS storage arrangement, the following information is needed (see Appendix A, Glossary of Terms, for any
term that is unclear):
A. Maximum commodity hazard to be protected (see Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification)
B. Depth of the ASRS unit (row depth)
C. Material composition (i.e., chemical construction) of the trays and/or containers used for material
handling
D. Type of containers (open-top, closed-top, vented, solid-walled, or mesh)
E. Transverse flue space width
F. Horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces
G. Longitudinal flue space width (if provided)
H. Tier height
I. Maximum storage height
J. Maximum ceiling height over the storage area
2.1.1.4 Which Data Sheet to Use?
Use Figure 4 to determine if the sprinkler protection options for the mini-load ASRS storage arrangement
is determined from Section 2.1 of this data sheet or from Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4, and
Plastic Commodities, with supplemental instructions from this data sheet.
2.1.1.5 Use FM Approved equipment, materials, and services whenever they are applicable and available.
For a list of products that are FM Approved, see the Approval Guide, an online resource of FM Approvals.
2.1.2 Construction and Location
2.1.2.1 General
2.1.2.1.1 Construct storage facilities in accordance with the relevant FM Global property loss prevention data
sheets. See the 1-series data sheets for guidelines relevant to the construction features of most storage
facilities.
2.1.2.1.2 Adhere to the recommendations in the relevant data sheet to ensure the construction features of
the facility are compatible with the ceiling-level storage sprinkler being used.
2.1.2.1.3 Properly anchor all mini-load ASRS rack structures to prevent them from falling over and causing
nearby racks to fall over (i.e., a “domino” effect). Take into consideration the effects of rack loads, the
additional load created by the collection of fire protection water by the stored commodity and its container
(see 2.1.2.1.6), the weight of water-filled, in-rack sprinkler piping (if provided), and any seismic conditions (see
Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes).
2.1.2.1.4 Design mini-load ASRS rack-supported structures taking into consideration the effects of weather
(wind, snow, rain, hail, etc.), rack loads, seismic conditions (see Data Sheet 1-2), and the additional load
created by the stored commodity and/or its container collecting or absorbing fire protection water (see
2.1.2.1.6), the weight of water-filled sprinkler piping (from ceiling or in-rack sprinklers), and any other loads
to which the rack or structure may be exposed.
2.1.2.1.5 Additional Weight Due to Collection and/or Absorption of Sprinkler Discharge

2.1.2.1.5.1 If corrugated containers are present, assume a value of 0.012 lb (5.44 g) per 1 ft3 (0.028 m3)
will be added to the overall weight of the load due to the absorption of sprinkler water.
2.1.2.1.5.2 If open-top noncombustible containers are present, assume all containers stored vertically within
the footprint of the in-rack sprinkler design will be filled with water up to the point where they will vent. The
weight of water is 8.33 lb (3.78 kg) for every 1.0 US gallon (3.8 L).

Fig. 4. Determining whether protection options for mini-load ASRS storage arrangements can be obtained from Data Sheet
8-9 or must be obtained from this section (2.1)
2.1.2.1.5.3 If open-top combustible containers are present, assume roughly one-third of the containers stored
vertically within the footprint of the in-rack sprinkler design will be filled with water up to the point where they
will vent, but the other two-thirds of containers will be completely consumed during a fire. The weight of water
is 8.33 lb (3.78 kg) for every 1.0 US gallon (3.8 L).
2.1.2.2 Building Structural Steel Protection

Adhering to the design guidelines in this data sheet eliminates the need for both building column and overhead
steel protection.

2.1.2.3 Heat and Smoke Venting

See Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for recommendations related to the
use of heat and smoke venting in the presence of Storage sprinklers.
2.1.2.4 Draft Curtains

See Data Sheet 2-0 for recommendations related to the use of draft curtains in the presence of Storage
sprinklers.
2.1.3 Occupancy
2.1.3.1 Commodity Hazard

2.1.3.1.1 Use Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification, to determine the commodity classification of the
products being maintained within the mini-load ASRS storage arrangement.
2.1.3.1.1.1 Base the protection for the mini-load ASRS storage arrangement on the most severe commodity
hazard present, taking into consideration both the commodity hazard and the composition of the product
material handling (i.e., trays and/or containers).
2.1.3.1.2 Clearances Between Storage and Sprinkler Deflectors

2.1.3.1.2.1 Maintain a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance between the top of the storage and the ceiling-level
sprinkler deflectors.
2.1.3.1.2.2 Maintain a minimum 4 in. (100 mm) clearance between the top of the storage and the in-rack
2.1.4 Protection
2.1.4.1 General
2.1.4.1.1 It is critical that no objects between the top of storage and the ceiling-level sprinklers interfere with
the sprinkler’s proper discharge pattern. See Data Sheet 2-0 for guidelines related to obstructions of storage
sprinklers.
2.1.4.1.2 In addition to the recommendations in this data sheet, follow the sprinkler, ceiling and in-rack,
installation guidelines indicated for storage sprinklers in Data Sheet 2-0.
2.1.4.1.3 For facilities located in earthquake-prone regions, refer to Data Sheet 2-8, Earthquake Protection
for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
2.1.4.1.4 To aid in manual firefighting and after-extinguishment mop-up operations, install small hose station
connections within the ASRS storage area. Consult with the local fire service or authority having jurisdiction
to determine their recommendations regarding (1) the use of wet- or dry-barrel connections, (2) the size of
the connection, and (3) the horizontal distance between stations. Arrange water supplies for these hose station
connections in one of the following ways:
A. A piping system dedicated solely for the small hose station connections
B. From a sprinkler system that is different than the one feeding the ASRS storage area
It may be preferable from an operations standpoint to locate hose station connections on the ends of racks.
2.1.4.1.5 Install smoke or heat detection to allow for early notification of a potential fire event. Arrange for
automatic shutdown of material handling systems upon detection activation.
2.1.4.2 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Protection

2.1.4.2.1 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler System Types
2.1.4.2.1.1 Depending on the ambient temperature of the area being protected, ceiling-level sprinkler systems
protecting mini-load ASRS storage arrangements can be either wet-pipe, single-interlock preaction, or a
maximum 30% propylene glycol in water antifreeze solution.

2.1.4.2.1.2 When installing a single-interlock preaction sprinkler system, it must be arranged to be the
equivalent of a wet-pipe sprinkler system. See Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection, for
recommendations related to the installation of detection devices in order to achieve this equivalency.
2.1.4.2.1.3 See Data Sheet 2-0 for additional recommendations related to the installation of all sprinkler
system types.
2.1.4.2.2 Ceiling-Level Sprinklers

2.1.4.2.2.1 Unless the ambient temperature of the mini-load rack-structure ASRS storage area will exceed
100ºF (38ºC), install 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated, minimum K11.2 (K160) FM Approved Storage sprinklers
for any ceiling-level sprinkler options offered in this section. When the ambient temperature of the mini-load
ASRS storage area will exceed 100ºF (38ºC), the installation of 212ºF (100ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level
sprinklers is acceptable using the design indicated for 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level sprinklers.
2.1.4.2.2.2 Install ceiling-level Storage sprinklers under unobstructed ceiling construction in accordance with
the linear and area spacing guidelines in Table 1. See Data Sheet 2-0 for ceiling-level sprinkler spacing
guidelines under obstructed ceiling construction.
Table 1. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under Unobstructed Ceiling Construction

SprinklerK- Sprinkler Sprinkler RTI Sprinkler Linear Spacing, ft (m) Sprinkler Area Spacing, ft2 (m2)
Factor Orientation Listing Min. Max. Min. Max.
K11.2 (K160) Pendent or Quick or 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
Upright Standard
K14.0 (K200) Pendent Quick or 8 (2.4) 12 (3.6) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K16.8 (K240) Standard
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 12 (3.6) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
K25.2EC Pendent or Quick 10 (3.0) 14 (4.3) 100 (9.3) 196 (18.2)
(K360EC) Upright
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
K22.4 (K320) Pendent Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
2.1.4.2.2.3 Mixing Different Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Within the Same Protected Area
2.1.4.2.2.3.1 For a sprinkler system protecting a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement, install ceiling-level
storage sprinklers having the same K-factor, coverage listing (i.e., standard or extended), orientation,
response time index (RTI) rating, and temperature rating throughout the protected area, whenever possible.
See Sections 2.1.4.2.2.3.2 through 2.1.4.2.2.3.5 for possible exceptions.
2.1.4.2.2.3.2 Sprinkler K-Factor. Mixing sprinklers that have different K-factors on the same ceiling-level
sprinkler system within the same ASRS protected area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling
height in the same area that requires a different ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the
higher sprinkler system design a minimum of 15 ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler
system design.
2.1.4.2.2.3.3 Sprinkler Coverage Listing. Mixing sprinklers that have different coverage listings (e.g, standard-
coverage and extended-coverage) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS
protected area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling height in the same area that requires a
different ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the higher sprinkler system design a minimum
of 15 ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler system design.

2.1.4.2.2.3.4 Sprinkler Orientation. Mixing sprinklers that have different orientations (i.e., pendent and upright)
on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS protected area is acceptable when it is
for the purpose of eliminating obstructions to sprinkler discharge in accordance with Data Sheet 2-0.
2.1.4.2.2.3.5 Temperature Rating. Mixing sprinklers that have different nominal temperature ratings (e.g.,
160°F [70°C], 212°F [100°C], and 280°F [140°C]) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same
ASRS protected area is acceptable when ambient conditions, such as the immediate area around unit
heaters, require a higher temperature-rated sprinkler to avoid the potential for premature operation.
2.1.4.2.3 Ceiling-Only Sprinkler System Design Criteria
2.1.4.2.3.1 See Figure 5 to determine if a ceiling-only sprinkler protection option is a possibility for the
mini-load ASRS storage arrangement or if in-rack sprinklers are required.
2.1.4.2.3.2 Protect the mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Section
2.1.4.3 when Figure 5 indicates in-rack sprinklers are required.
2.1.4.2.3.3 When Figure 5 indicates that a ceiling-only protection option is available, see Table 2 for the
ceiling-level sprinkler design options protecting noncombustible containers, or Table 3 for ceiling-level
sprinkler design options protecting trays and combustible containers.Note that the design options offered in
Tables 2 and 3 highlighted in green are ceiling-level sprinkler designs where the hose demand is 250 gpm
(950 L/min) and the water supply duration is 60 minutes.
2.1.4.2.3.4 The ceiling-level sprinkler system designs in Tables 2 and 3 are determined based on the maximum
ceiling height of the ASRS protected area. The applicable protection options are based on any ceiling height
indicated in Tables 2 and 3 that is equal to or greater than the maximum ceiling height of the ASRS protected
area.

Fig. 5. Determining if in-rack sprinklers are required for a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement

2.1.4.2.3.5 The ceiling-level sprinkler system design options in Tables 2 and 3 use a design format based
on an indicated number of operating sprinklers at a given minimum operating pressure from the hydraulically
most remote sprinkler. Do not interpolate or adjust the protection values obtained from these tables.
2.1.4.2.3.6 Extend the ceiling-level sprinkler system design at least 15 ft (4.6 m) beyond all edges of the
mini-load ASRS storage area, or to a wall, whenever there is a mixed-use occupancy. However, if the adjacent
storage area has a higher ceiling-level sprinkler system design than that recommended for the mini-load
ASRS storage area, extend the design for the higher hazard 15 ft (4.6 m) into the mini-load ASRS storage
area.
2.1.4.2.3.7 The minimum design area (i.e., the number of sprinklers in the design multiplied by the spacing
of the sprinklers) is 768 ft2 (71.3 m2), except when sprinklers are required in every channel created by
obstructed ceiling construction. When the design area is less than 768 ft2 (71.3 m2) in the presence of
unobstructed ceiling construction, increase the number of sprinklers in the ceiling design to meet or exceed
the required minimum design area.
2.1.4.2.3.8 The units for K-factor given in Tables 2 and 3 are gpm/psi0.5 ([L/min]/bar0.5).

Table 2. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Noncmbustible Containers in Mini-Load ASRS Storage Arrangements
Max. Max. Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers Wet System, Upright Sprinklers
Storage Ceiling Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response
Height Height K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
ft (m) ft (m) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
10 (3.0) 30 (9.0) 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 10 @ 10 @ 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 @ 7
(0.5) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) 16 (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) 7 (0.5) (0.5)
15 (4.5) 20 (6.0) 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 12 @ 12 @ 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 12 @ 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7
(0.5) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) 16 (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
30 (9.0) 20 @ 12 @ 12 @ 12 @ 12 @ 6 @ 30 20 @ 20 @ 12 @ 12 @ 20 @ 12 @ 12 @ 6 @ 30 20 @ 20 @ 12 @
30 (2.1) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) (2.1) 30 (2.1) 18 (1.2) 16 (1.1) 7 (0.5) 30 (2.1) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) (2.1) 30 (2.1) 13 (0.9) 20 (1.4)
Table 3. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Trays and Combustible Containers in Mini-Load ASRS Storage Arrangements
Max. Max. Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers Wet System, Upright Sprinklers
Storage Ceiling Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response
Height Height K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC 11.2 K16.8 K25.2
ft (m) ft (m) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 20 @ 12 @ 12 @ 10 @ 10 @ 10 @ 20 @ 20 @ 20 @ 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 @ 20 @ 10 @ 20 @ 20 @ 20 @ 7
30 (2.1) 25 (1.7) 18 (1.2) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) 22 (1.5) 30 (2.1) 18 (1.2) 16 (1.1) (0.5) 30 (2.1) 18 (1.2) 13 (0.9) 22 (1.5) 30 (2.1) 13 (0.9) (0.5)
15 (4.5) 25 @ 10 @ 10 @ 10 @ 10 @ 12 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 12 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @
50 (3.5) 35 (2.4) 25 (1.7) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) 38 (2.6) 50 (3.5) 32 (2.2) 16 (1.1) 10 (0.7) 50 (3.5) 32 (2.2) 22 (1.5) 38 (2.6) 50 (3.5) 22 (1.5) 10 (0.7)
Protection for Automatic Storage
10 (3.0)* 15 (4.5) 25 @ 10 @ 10 @ 10 @ 10 @ 12 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @ 12 @ 25 @ 25 @ 25 @
50 (3.5) 35 (2.4) 25 (1.7) 15 (1.0) 15 (1.0) 38 (2.6) 50 (3.5) 32 (2.2) 16 (1.1) 10 (0.7) 50 (3.5) 32 (2.2) 22 (1.5) 38 (2.6) 50 (3.5) 22 (1.5) 10 (0.7)
20 (6.0) 12 @ 12 @ 12 @ 12 @
50 (3.5) 35 (2.4) 20 (1.4) 20 (1.4)

Page 15
8-34
2.1.4.2.4 Hose Demand and System Duration

2.1.4.2.4.1 See Table 4 to determine the recommended hose demand for system design purposes. Allow a
minimum of 100 gpm (380 L/min) for inside hose stream usage, 50 gpm (190 L/min) at two small hose station
connections, when small hose station connections are provided as recommended in Section 2.1.4.1.4. Add
the remaining balance of the hose demand to the overall ceiling-level sprinkler demand at their point of
connection.
2.1.4.2.4.2 Size the water supplies so they can provide the flow requirements of the ceiling-level sprinkler
system and the hose demand at adequate pressure per the duration guidelines in Table 4.
Table 4. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines

No. of Sprinklers in Ceiling
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Type Design Hose Demand, gpm (L/min) Duration, minutes
Standard-Coverage Up to 12 250 (950) 60
13 to 19 500 (1900) 90
20 or More 500 (1900) 120
Extended-Coverage Up to 6 250 (950) 60
7 to 9 500 (1900) 90
10 or More 500 (1900) 120
2.1.4.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
2.1.4.3.1 General
Use the following procedure to determine the recommended protection options that include both ceiling and
in-rack sprinkler systems:
A. Determine the recommended in-rack sprinkler system types per Section 2.1.4.3.2.
B. Determine the recommended in-rack sprinklers per Section 2.1.4.3.3.
C. Determine the recommended location and positioning of in-rack sprinklers per Section 2.1.4.3.4.
D. Determine the recommended minimum and maximum horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers per
Section 2.1.4.3.5.
E. Determine the recommended maximum vertical distances between in-rack sprinklers per Section
2.1.4.3.6.
F. Determine the recommended in-rack sprinkler designs per Section 2.1.4.3.7.
G. Determine the recommended ceiling sprinkler designs when supplemented with in-rack sprinklers per
Section 2.1.4.3.9.
2.1.4.3.2 In-Rack Sprinkler System Types

2.1.4.3.2.1 Use only wet-pipe in-rack sprinkler systems for the protection of mini-load ASRS storage
arrangements.
2.1.4.3.2.2 When the ambient temperature of the mini-load ASRS storage area will be maintained at or above
32°F (0°C) but not greater than 40°F (4°C), install an in-rack sprinkler system filled with a maximum 30%
concentration of propylene glycol in water.
2.1.4.3.2.3 See Data Sheet 2-0 for additional guidelines related to the installation of wet-pipe and antifreeze
solution sprinkler system types.
2.1.4.3.3 In-Rack Sprinklers

Install quick-response, 160°F (70°C) nominally rated, minimum K11.2 (K160) FM Approved standard-
coverage Storage Sprinklers (Ceiling) for any in-rack sprinkler options offered for the protection of mini-load
ASRS storage arrangements.
2.1.4.3.4 General Guidelines for the Location and Positioning of In-Rack Sprinklers

2.1.4.3.4.1 When installing in-rack sprinklers in accordance with the recommendations for horizontal
arrangements of in-rack sprinklers (Section 2.1.4.3.4) and their allowable vertical increments (Section
2.1.4.3.5), also incorporate the guidelines provided in Sections 2.1.4.3.4.2 through 2.1.4.3.4.7. Note that this
data sheet provides figures showing plan views for in-rack sprinkler arrangements protecting mini-load ASRS
storage arrangements to assist in the proper location and spacing of the in-rack sprinklers. These figures
use blue rectangles and squares to represent trays or containers and the flue spaces between them.
2.1.4.3.4.2 Locate all in-rack sprinklers (longitudinal and face) horizontally within the footprint of the ASRS
rack storage structure. Note that in-rack sprinklers installed within a longitudinal flue space that does not
exceed 2 ft (0.6 m) in width are considered installed within the footprint of the storage structure.
2.1.4.3.4.3 Locate all in-rack sprinklers (longitudinal and face) within the flue spaces they are intended to
protect and a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm) horizontally from rack uprights.
2.1.4.3.4.4 Locate longitudinal flue sprinklers (where needed) no more than 12 in. (300 mm) horizontally
from the edge of storage.
2.1.4.3.4.5 Locate all in-rack sprinklers (longitudinal and face) in accordance with the minimum and maximum
horizontal distances indicated in the applicable figure.
2.1.4.3.4.6 Locate the in-rack sprinkler’s deflector at or below the bottom of the rack’s horizontal support
member, when it is under full-load conditions, at each tier level where in-rack sprinklers are recommended.
2.1.4.3.4.7 Arrange in-rack sprinklers, and their associated sprinkler piping, to avoid mechanical damage
while still allowing for proper in-rack sprinkler distribution. Prior to installing the in-rack sprinklers, check the
proposed in-rack sprinkler locations to ensure both adequate protection against mechanical damage and
proper sprinkler discharge can be achieved.
2.1.4.3.5 Horizontal In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

2.1.4.3.5.1 Determine the horizontal in-rack sprinkler arrangement for mini-load ASRS storage arrangements,
taking into consideration the following parameters:
• Container composition (noncombustible, cellulosic, or unexpanded plastic)
• Container type (solid-walled open-top or vented open-top)
• Commodity hazard
• Horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces
• Whether a longitudinal flue space will be provided
2.1.4.3.5.2 Install in-rack sprinklers in every transverse flue space, as demonstrated in Figure 6, when any
of the following will be present within the ASRS storage array:
• Cellulosic open-top containers, or
• Expanded plastic trays or containers, or
• Uncartoned, expanded plastic commodities maintained on trays, in vented containers, or in combustible
solid-walled open-top containers
If the horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces does not exceed 12 in. (300 mm), in-rack sprinklers
can be installed in every other transverse flue space. If the horizontal distance between transverse flue
spaces exceeds 4 ft (1.2 m), install in-rack sprinklers in every transverse flue space as well as between
transverse flue spaces on horizontal spacing, measured parallel to the loading aisle, that does not exceed
4 ft (1.2 m).
2.1.4.3.5.3 For conditions not defined by Section 2.1.4.3.5.2, install in-rack sprinklers in every other transverse
flue space while not exceeding a maximum horizontal spacing of 4 ft (1.2 m) as demonstrated in Figure 7.
If the horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces exceeds 4 ft (1.2 m), install in-rack sprinklers in
every transverse flue space as well as in-between transverse flue spaces on horizontal spacing, measured
parallel to the loading aisle, that does not exceed 4 ft (1.2 m).
2.1.4.3.5.4 Locate in-rack sprinklers a minimum of 10 in. (250 mm) and a maximum of 18 in. (450 mm)
horizontally from the face of the storage rack as demonstrated in Figure 8.

Fig. 6. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers when required at every transverse flue space
Fig. 7. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers when not required at every transverse flue space
2.1.4.3.5.5 The maximum allowable horizontal in-rack sprinkler spacing within transverse flue spaces is 6 ft
(1.8 m) as demonstrated in Figure 9.

Fig. 8. Horizontal location of in-rack sprinklers from the face of the ASRS storage array
Fig. 9. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers within transverse flue spaces

2.1.4.3.5.6 Where ASRS storage arrays can be protected with in-rack sprinklers installed at every other
transverse flue space in accordance with Section 2.1.4.3.5.3, arrange the in-rack sprinklers on a horizontal
stagger, as demonstrated in Figure 10, such that every transverse flue space is provided with in-rack
sprinkler protection.
Fig. 10. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers within transverse flue spaces using a staggered arrangement
2.1.4.3.5.7 When a longitudinal flue space, up to a maximum width of 2 ft (0.6 m), will be provided between
ASRS rows, as demonstrated in Figure 11, install in-rack sprinklers within the longitudinal flue space on a
maximum spacing of 2 ft (0.6 m). Treat any flue space wider than 2 ft (0.6 m) as an aisle (i.e., a space in which
in-rack sprinklers are not installed).
Fig. 11. Maximum 2 ft (0.6 m) horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers in a maximum 2 ft (0.6 m) wide longitudinal flue
space

2.1.4.3.6 Vertical In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

2.1.4.3.6.1 Except for the conditions indicated in Table 5, the maximum vertical distance between in-rack
sprinklers is 10 ft (3.0 m). When any of the conditions indicated in Table 5 are satisfied, the maximum vertical
distance between in-rack sprinklers can be increased to 15 ft (4.6 m).
2.1.4.3.6.2 The maximum storage height above the top level of in-rack sprinkler protection is 10 ft (3.0 m).
See Section 2.1.4.3.9 to determine the recommended ceiling-level sprinkler system designs in combination
with in-rack sprinklers.
Table 5. Acceptable Conditions Where Vertical IRAS Increments can be 15 ft (4.5 m) Maximum
Material Handling
Material Handling Composition Container Arrangement Commodity
Trays Noncombustible, Cellulosic, DNA Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Cartoned
or Unexpanded Plastic Plastics or Uncartoned
Unexpanded Plastics
Containers Noncombustible Closed-Top or Open-Top Any
Mesh Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Cartoned
Plastics or Uncartoned
Unexpanded Plastics
Cellulosic Closed-Top Class 1, 2, 3, 4 or Plastics
Vented Open-Top Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Cartoned
Unexpanded Plastics
Unexpanded Plastic Closed-Top Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Cartoned
Unexpanded Plastics
Vented Open-Top Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Cartoned
Unexpanded Plastics
2.1.4.3.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Designs

2.1.4.3.7.1 Obtain the following parameters to determine all in-rack sprinkler design options:
• The depth of the ASRS row
• The material composition of the tray or container
• The vertical height of the tier levels
• The vertical distance between in-rack sprinkler levels
2.1.4.3.7.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Design Guidelines
2.1.4.3.7.2.1 See Table 6 to obtain the in-rack sprinkler design (i.e., number of in-rack sprinklers and the
minimum flow from the most remote in-rack sprinkler) depending on the parameters indicated in the table.

Table 6. In-Rack Sprinkler Design Guidelines

Maximum
Design Flow from Most Remote IRAS,
Vertical
gpm (L/min)
Distance
Vertical Distances Vertical Distances
Depth of Between No. of
Between Tier Levels Between Tier Levels
ASRS Tray or Container Material In-Rack IRAS in
≥ 9 in. (225 mm) < 9 in. (225 mm)
Row Composition Sprinklers Design
Up to 3 ft Noncombustible Closed-Top 10 ft (3.0 m) 4 30 (115) 50 (190)
(0.9 m) Container 15 ft (4.5 m) 6 60 (230) 80 (300)
Corrugated or Expanded 10 ft (3.0 m) 6 60 (230) 80 (300)
Plastic Trays or Containers
Everything Else 10 ft (3.0 m) 4 60 (230) 80 (300)
15 ft (4.5 m) 6 100 (380) 120 (455)
Over 3 ft Noncombustible Closed-Top 10 ft (3.0 m) 6 30 (115) 50 (190)
(0.9 m) Container 15 ft (4.5 m) 9 60 (230) 80 (300)
and up to Corrugated or Expanded 10 ft (3.0 m) 8 60 (230) 80 (300)
6 ft (1.8 Plastic Trays or Containers
m) Everything Else 10 ft (3.0 m) 6 60 (230) 80 (300)
15 ft (4.5 m) 9 100 (380) 120 (455)
Over 6 ft Noncombustible Closed-Top 10 ft (3.0 m) 8 30 (115) 50 (190)
(1.8 m) Container 15 ft (4.5 m) 12 60 (230) 80 (300)
Corrugated or Expanded 10 ft (3.0 m) 10 60 (230) 80 (300)
Plastic Trays or Containers
Everything Else 10 ft (3.0 m) 8 60 (230) 80 (300)
15 ft (4.5 m) 12 100 (380) 120 (455)
2.1.4.3.7.2.2 In addition to the minimum in-rack sprinkler design flow obtained from Table 6, the minimum
in-rack sprinkler design pressure is 7 psi (0.5 bar).
2.1.4.3.7.2.3 The design obtained from Table 6 applies to the single most hydraulically remote in-rack sprinkler
level.
2.1.4.3.7.2.4 For in-rack sprinkler system design calculation purposes, when more than one line of in-rack
sprinklers is provided at a tier level (occurs once rack rows are more than 3 ft [0.9 m] deep), split the number
of sprinklers in the design evenly between the face sprinklers and the next closest line of sprinklers. If the
number of sprinklers in the in-rack sprinkler design is an odd number, use an odd number of sprinklers at the
face and an even number of sprinklers one line adjacent to the face sprinklers. In addition, where in-rack
sprinklers are spaced 2 ft (0.6 m) or closer, the design can be based on every other in-rack sprinkler operating.
See Figure 12 for an example of this guidance.
2.1.4.3.7.2.5 When the in-rack sprinkler system is installed in accordance with Section 2.1.4.3.7, the in-rack
sprinkler demand does not need to be hydraulically balanced with the ceiling-level sprinkler system, nor does
it have to be accounted for operating simultaneously with the ceiling-level sprinkler system.

2.1.4.3.8.1 Include a hose demand flow of 250 gpm (950 L/min) to account for potential manual intervention.
Allow a minimum of 100 gpm (380 L/min) for inside hose stream usage, 50 gpm (190 L/min) at two small
hose station connections, when small hose station connections are provided as recommended in Section
2.1.4.1.4. Add the remaining balance of 150 gpm (570 L/min) to the overall in-rack sprinkler demand at their
point of connection.
2.1.4.3.8.2 Size the water supplies so they can provide the flow requirements of the in-rack sprinkler system
2.1.4.3.9 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler System Design Guidelines Supplemented with In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
2.1.4.3.9.1 See Section 2.1.4.2.1 regarding recommendations pertaining to the ceiling-level sprinkler system
and Section 2.1.4.2.2 regarding recommendations pertaining to the spacing and characteristics of the
ceiling-level sprinklers.

Trays or 2 ft 4 ft
containers (0.6 m) (1.2 m)
10 in. to 18 in.
(250 to 450 mm)
< 6 ft
(1.8 m)
< 2 ft (0.6 m)
IRAS to include
in hydraulic
calculation
IRAS IRAS (EO) Arrangement

Maximum one transverse flue space between face sprinklers
Fig. 12. Example of which in-rack sprinklers to choose when the in-rack sprinkler design is based on 9 sprinklers and
longitudinal in-rack sprinklers are 2 ft (0.6 m) apart
2.1.4.3.9.2 For noncombustible closed-top and open-top containers, design the ceiling sprinkler system in
accordance with Table 7 taking into account (a) the maximum storage height above the top in-rack sprinkler
level, and (b) the vertical distance between the top level of in-rack sprinklers and the ceiling above. Note
that the design options offered in Table 7 highlighted in green are ceiling-level sprinkler designs where the
hose demand is 250 gpm (950 L/min) and the water supply duration is 60 minutes.
2.1.4.3.9.3 For all trays and combustible containers, design the ceiling sprinkler system in accordance with
Table 8 taking into account (a) the maximum storage height above the top in-rack sprinkler level, and (b)
the vertical distance between the top level of in-rack sprinklers and the ceiling above. Note that the design
options offered in Table 8 highlighted in green are ceiling-level sprinkler designs where the hose demand is
250 gpm (950 L/min) and the water supply duration is 60 minutes.
2.1.4.3.9.4 The ceiling-level sprinkler system designs in Tables 7 and 8 are determined based on the maximum
ceiling height of the ASRS protected area. The applicable protection options are based on any ceiling height
indicated in Tables 7 and 8 that is equal to or greater than the maximum ceiling height of the ASRS protected
area.

Table 7. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Noncombustible Containers Protected by In-Rack Sprinklers
Max. Vertical
Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers Wet System, Upright Sprinklers
Distance
8-34
Page 24
Max. Storage Between Top Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response

Height Above IRAS Level and
K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
Top Level of the Ceiling, ft
(K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
IRAS, ft (m) (m)
0 (0) Any 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 @ 7
(0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) 7 (0.5) (0.5)
10 (3.0) 30 (9.0) 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 @ 7
(0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) 7 (0.5) (0.5)
15 (4.5) 20 (6.0) 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 12 @ 15 12 @ 15 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7
(0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
30 (9.0) 20 @ 30 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 12 @ 15 12 @ 15 6 @ 30 20 @ 30 20 @ 18 12 @ 16 12 @ 20 @ 30 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 6 @ 30 20 @ 30 20 @ 13 12 @ 20
(2.1) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (2.1) (2.1) (1.2) (1.1) 7 (0.5) (2.1) (1.7) (1.2) (2.1) (2.1) (0.9) (1.4)
Table 8. Ceiling Sprinkler Designs for Trays and Combustible Containers Protected by In-Rack Sprinklers
Max. Vertical
Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers Wet System, Upright Sprinklers
Distance
Max. Storage Between Top Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response
Height Above IRAS Level and
K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC 11.2 K16.8 K25.2
Top Level of the Ceiling, ft
(K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
IRAS, ft (m) (m)
0 (0) Any 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 6 @ 20 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7
(0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.7) (1.2) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 20 @ 30 12 @ 25 12 @ 18 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 10 @ 22 20 @ 30 20 @ 18 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 30 20 @ 18 20 @ 13 10 @ 22 20 @ 30 20 @ 13 20 @ 7
(2.1) (1.7) (1.2) (1.0) (1.0) (1.5) (2.1) (1.2) (1.1) (0.5) (2.1) (1.2) (0.9) (1.5) (2.1) (0.9) (0.5)
15 (4.5) 25 @ 50 10 @ 35 10 @ 25 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 22 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10

(3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.0) (1.0) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
10 (3.0)* 15 (4.5) 25 @ 50 10 @ 35 10 @ 25 10 @ 15 10 @ 15 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 50 25 @ 32 25 @ 22 12 @ 38 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10
(3.5) (2.4) (1.7) (1.0) (1.0) (2.6) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (2.2) (1.5) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
20 (6.0) 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12@20
(3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4)

2.1.4.3.9.1 See Table 9 to determine the recommended hose demand for system design purposes. Allow a
minimum of 100 gpm (380 L/min) for inside hose stream usage, 50 gpm (190 L/min) at two small hose station
connections, when small hose station connections are provided as recommended in Section 2.1.4.1.4. Add
the remaining balance of the hose demand to the overall ceiling-level sprinkler demand at their point of
connection.
2.1.4.3.9.2 Size the water supplies so they can provide the flow requirements of the ceiling-level sprinkler
system and the hose demand at adequate pressure per the duration guidelines in Table 9.
Table 9. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines

No. of Sprinklers in Ceiling
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Type Design Hose Demand, gpm (L/min) Duration, minutes
Standard-Coverage Up to 12 250 (950) 60
13 to 19 500 (1900) 90
20 or More 500 (1900) 120
Extended-Coverage Up to 6 250 (950) 60
7 to 9 500 (1900) 90
10 or More 500 (1900) 120
2.2 Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements
2.2.1 General
2.2.1.1 Section 2.2 provides protection guidelines for rack-structure automatic storage and retrieval systems
(ASRS) storage arrangements. See Figures 13 and 14 for examples of this type of storage arrangement.
m),
• Product handling that consists of either conveying rollers (see Figure 13) or automated robots that operate
on a track system integrated into the horizontal supports (see Figure 14),
• The lack of flue spaces, parallel to the loading aisle, between pallet loads
While the first two bullet points create a unique storage arrangement for the rack-structure ASRS, it is the
lack of flue spaces parallel to the loading aisle that has a major impact on the protection requirements for this
type of ASRS storage arrangement. While the transverse flue spaces are typically a minimum 6 in. (150
mm) wide and vertically aligned, the lack of flue spaces parallel to the loading aisle create the potential for
a long, shielded area under which fire can potentially spread horizontally unabated.
2.2.1.3 Which Data Sheet to Use
2.2.1.3.1 Determine the protection options for a rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement from Data Sheet
8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities, when the following conditions are satisfied:
• The depth of the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement does not exceed 16 ft (4.9 m), and
• The pallet loads are stored on the top rail of the horizontal support
2.2.1.3.2 Determine the protection options for a rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement from Data Sheet
8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities, when the following conditions are satisfied:
• Minimum 3 in. (75 mm) net wide flue spaces are provided a maximum of every 5 ft (1.5 m) horizontally,
or minimum 6 in. (150 mm) net wide flue spaces are provided a maximum of every 8 ft (2.4 m) horizontally,
and
• The flue spaces are aligned vertically, and

Fig. 13. Example of rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement with roller-type conveyor supports
Fig. 14. Rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement with traditional horizontal supports
• The pallet loads are stored on the top rail of the horizontal support
2.2.1.3.3 When the requirements of Section 2.2.1.3.1 or Section 2.2.1.3.2 are not satisfied, use Section 2.2.4
of this data sheet to determine the ceiling and in-rack sprinkler protection recommendations for the protection
of the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement.

2.2.2.1 General
facilities.
2.2.2.1.3 Properly anchor all rack-structure ASRS rack structures to prevent them from falling over and
causing nearby racks to fall over (i.e., a “domino” effect). Take into consideration the effects of rack loads,
the additional load created by the collection of fire protection water by the stored commodity and its container
(see 2.2.2.1.6), the weight of water-filled, in-rack sprinkler piping (if provided), and any seismic conditions
(see Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes).
2.2.2.1.4 Design rack-structure ASRS rack-supported structures taking into consideration the effects of
weather (wind, snow, rain, hail, etc.), rack loads, seismic conditions (see Data Sheet 1-2), and the additional
load created by the stored commodity and/or its container collecting or absorbing fire protection water (see
2.2.2.1.6), the weight of water-filled sprinkler piping (from ceiling or in-rack sprinklers), and any other loads
to which the rack or structure may be exposed.
2.2.2.1.5 Additional Weight Due to Collection and/or Absorption of Sprinkler Discharge

2.2.2.1.5.1 If corrugated containers are present, assume a value of 0.012 lb (5.44 g) per 1 ft3 (0.028 m3)
will be added to the overall weight of the load due to the absorption of sprinkler water.
2.2.2.1.5.2 If open-top noncombustible containers are present, assume all containers stored vertically within
the footprint of the in-rack sprinkler design will be filled with water up to the point where they will vent. The
weight of water is 8.33 lb (3.78 kg) for every 1.0 US gal (3.8 L).
2.2.2.1.5.3 If open-top combustible containers are present, assume roughly one-third of the containers stored
vertically within the footprint of the in-rack sprinkler design will be filled with water up to the point where they
will vent, but the other two-thirds of containers will be completely consumed during a fire. The weight of water
is 8.33 lb (3.78 kg) for every 1.0 US gal (3.8 L).

Adhering to the design guidelines in this data sheet eliminates the need for both building column and overhead
steel protection.

See Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for recommendations related to the
use of heat and smoke venting in the presence of Storage sprinklers.

See Data Sheet 2-0 for recommendations related to the use of draft curtains in the presence of Storage
sprinklers.
2.2.3 Occupancy

2.2.3.1.1 Use Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification to determine the commodity classification of the
products being maintained within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement.
2.2.3.1.2 Base the protection for the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement on the most severe commodity
hazard present, taking into consideration both the commodity hazard and the composition of the product
material handling.

2.2.3.2 Flue Spaces

2.2.3.2.1 Provide either (1) minimum net 3 in. (75 mm) wide flue spaces a maximum of every 5 ft (1.5 m)
horizontally, or (2) minimum net 6 n. (150 mm) flue spaces a maximum of every 8 ft (2.4 m) horizontally.
2.2.3.2.2 Align flue spaces vertically.
2.2.3.2.3 When the guidelines in Sections 2.2.3.2.1 and 2.2.3.2.2 cannot be met, install in-rack sprinkler
protection as outlined in Section 2.2.4.
2.2.3.3 Open-Top Containers

Unless all open-top containers are either (1) located entirely on the bottom tier of the storage array, or (2)
provided with venting that will avoid the accumulation of any water within the container, protect open-top
containers with a combination of ceiling and in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Sections 2.2.4.
2.2.3.4 Clearances Between Storage and Sprinkler Deflectors

2.2.3.4.1 Maintain a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance between the top of the storage and the ceiling-level
2.2.3.4.2 Maintain a minimum 6 in. (150 mm) clearance between the top of the storage and the in-rack
2.2.4 Protection
2.2.4.1 General
2.2.4.1.1 It is critical that no objects between the top of storage and the ceiling-level sprinklers interfere with
the sprinkler’s proper discharge pattern. See Data Sheet 2-0 for guidelines related to obstructions of storage
sprinklers.
2.2.4.1.2 In addition to the recommendations in this data sheet, follow the sprinkler, ceiling and in-rack,
installation guidelines indicated for storage sprinklers in Data Sheet 2-0.
2.2.4.1.4 To aid in manual firefighting and after-extinguishment mop-up operations, install small hose station
connections within the ASRS storage area. Consult with the local fire service or authority having jurisdiction
to determine their recommendations regarding (1) the use of wet- or dry-barrel connections, (2) the size of
the connection, and (3) the horizontal distance between stations. Arrange water supplies for these hose station
connections in one of the following ways:
B. From a sprinkler system that is different than the one feeding the ASRS storage area
It may be preferable from an operations standpoint to locate hose station connections on the ends of racks.
2.2.4.1.5 Arrange for automatic shutdown of material handling systems upon detection or sprinkler activation.
2.2.4.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
2.2.4.2.1 In-Rack Sprinkler System Types

2.2.4.2.1.1 Depending on the ambient temperature of the area being protected, in-rack sprinkler systems
protecting rack-structure ASRS storage arrangements can be wet-pipe, dry-pipe, preaction, or a maximum
30% propylene glycol antifreeze solution.
2.2.4.2.1.2 When installing a dry-pipe or similar in-rack sprinkler system, unless indicated otherwise in the
protection tables, the maximum water delivery time is 40 seconds with the operation of the most remote in-rack
sprinkler.
2.2.4.2.1.3 When installing an in-rack sprinkler system for freezer applications, see Data Sheet 8-29,
Refrigerated Storage, for additional recommendations regarding protection against ice plugs.

system types.
2.2.4.2.2 In-Rack Sprinklers

2.2.4.2.2.1 Install quick-response, 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated sprinklers for all in-rack sprinkler installations.
2.2.4.2.2.2 The installation of minimum K5.6 (K80) FM Approved Storage Sprinklers (In-Rack) is acceptable
for any in-rack sprinkler designs requiring a maximum flow of 30 gpm (115 L/min).
2.2.4.2.2.3 The installation of minimum K8.0 (K80) FM Approved Storage Sprinklers (In-Rack) is
recommended for any in-rack sprinkler designs requiring a flow in excess of 30 gpm (115 L/min).
2.2.4.2.3 General Guidelines for the Location and Positioning of In-Rack Sprinklers
2.2.4.2.3.1 When installing in-rack sprinklers in accordance with the recommendations for horizontal
arrangements of in-rack sprinklers (Section 2.2.4.2.4) and their allowable vertical increments (Section
2.2.4.2.5), also incorporate the guidelines provided in Sections 2.2.4.2.3.2 through 2.2.4.2.3.4.
2.2.4.2.3.2 Locate all in-rack sprinklers within the footprint of the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement.
2.2.4.2.3.3 Locate the in-rack sprinkler’s deflector at or below the bottom of the rack’s horizontal support
member, when it is under full-load conditions, at each tier level where in-rack sprinklers are recommended.
2.2.4.2.3.4 Arrange in-rack sprinklers, and their associated sprinkler piping, to avoid mechanical damage
while still allowing for proper in-rack sprinkler distribution. Prior to installing the in-rack sprinklers, check the
proposed in-rack sprinkler locations to ensure both adequate protection against mechanical damage and
proper sprinkler discharge can be achieved.
2.2.4.2.4 Horizontal In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

2.2.4.2.4.1 Install in-rack sprinklers within each transverse flue space of a rack-structure ASRS storage
arrangement, as well as along the perimeter of the storage array, as follows:
A. When the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be Class
3 in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible open-top containers, the maximum horizontal
in-rack sprinkler spacing within the transverse flue space is 10 ft (3.0 m).
B. When the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be
cartoned plastics (unexpanded or expanded) in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible open-top
containers, the maximum horizontal in-rack sprinkler spacing within the transverse flue space is 8 ft (2.4
m).
C. When the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be
uncartoned plastics (unexpanded or expanded) in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible
open-top containers, the maximum horizontal in-rack sprinkler spacing within the transverse flue space
is 5 ft (1.5 m).
D. When the commodity within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be maintained in
combustible open-top containers, the maximum horizontal in-rack sprinkler spacing within the transverse
flue space is 5 ft (1.5 m).
2.2.4.2.4.2 In addition to the maximum allowable horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers indicated in Section
2.2.4.2.4.1, the maximum horizontal distance that the nearest in-rack sprinkler in each transverse flue space
can be from the face of the rack-structure ASRS storage array is 18 in. (450 mm).
2.2.4.2.4.3 The maximum horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces is as follows:
A. 10 ft (3.0 m) when the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement
will be Class 3 in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible open-top containers
B. 8 ft (2.4 m) when the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement
will be cartoned plastics (unexpanded or expanded) in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible
open-top containers

C. 5 ft (1.5 m) when the highest commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement
will be uncartoned plastics (unexpanded or expanded) in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible
open-top containers, or any commodity that will be maintained in combustible open-top containers
When the maximum allowable horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces indicated above is
exceeded, install in-rack sprinklers as outlined in Sections 2.2.4.2.4.1 and 2.2.4.2.4.2 in between the
transverse flue spaces so that the maximum allowable horizontal distance between in-rack sprinklers is not
exceeded.
2.2.4.2.5 Vertical In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

2.2.4.2.5.1 Maintain a minimum 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clearance between the top of storage and the in-rack
sprinkler deflector.
2.2.4.2.5.2 The maximum vertical distance between in-rack sprinklers is 15 ft (4.6 m) when the highest
commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be cartoned plastics (unexpanded
or expanded) in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible open-top containers.
2.2.4.2.5.3 The maximum vertical distance between in-rack sprinklers is 10 ft (3.0 m) when the highest
commodity hazard within the rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement will be uncartoned plastics
(unexpanded or expanded), or any commodity hazard maintained in combustible open-top containers.
2.2.4.2.5.4 The maximum storage height above the top level of in-rack sprinklers is 10 ft (3.0 m) when the
storage is maintained in either closed-top containers or in noncombustible open-top containers.
2.2.4.2.5.5 The maximum storage height above the top level of in-rack sprinklers is 5 ft (1.5 m) or one pallet
load, whichever is greater, when the storage is maintained in combustible open-top containers.
2.2.4.2.6 In-Rack Sprinkler Designs

2.2.4.2.6.1 Design the in-rack sprinkler system protecting a rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement in
accordance with Table 10.
2.2.4.2.6.2 The minimum design pressure for any in-rack sprinkler is 7 psi (0.5 bar).
2.2.4.2.6.3 Balance the in-rack sprinkler system water demand with the ceiling-level sprinkler water demand
at the point where the two sprinkler systems are connected.
Table 10. Hydraulic Design for In-Rack Sprinkler (IRAS) System Protecting a Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangement
Vertical Distance IRAS Design, Min.
Between IRAS Flow per IRAS, gpm No. of Installed IRAS IRAS Design, No. of
Commodity Hazard Levels, ft (m) (L/min) Levels IRAS
Class 1, 2 or 3 ≤ 5 (1.5) 30 (115) 1 6
2 or more 10 (5 on top 2 levels)
> 5 (1.5) 60 (230) 1 6
Class 4 or Plastics ≤ 5 (1.5) 30 (115) 1 8
> 5 (1.5) 60 (230) 1 8

protecting rack-structure ASRS storage arrangements can be wet-pipe, dry-pipe, preaction, or a maximum
30% propylene glycol in water antifreeze solution.
2.2.4.3.1.2 When installing a dry-pipe or similar ceiling-level sprinkler system, unless indicated otherwise in
the protection tables, the maximum water delivery time is 40 seconds. For obstructed ceiling construction
that requires sprinklers being in every channel, the maximum water delivery time is required with the operation

of the most remote two sprinklers on the most remote sprinkler branchline. For all other ceiling constructions,
the maximum water delivery time is required with the operation of the most remote two sprinklers on the
most remote two sprinkler branchlines (4 sprinklers total).
2.2.4.3.1.3 When installing a non-interlock or a double-interlock preaction ceiling-level sprinkler system, use
the dry-pipe protection options offered in the applicable protection table for design purposes.
2.2.4.3.1.4 When installing a single-interlock preaction ceiling-level sprinkler system, use the dry-pipe
protection options offered in the applicable table for design purposes. Note that wet-pipe protection options
can be utilized when ceiling-level heat detection is installed on spacing not exceeding the same spacing
used for the ceiling-level sprinklers. See Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection, for addition information
as well as potential other detection arrangements to achieve a wet-pipe sprinkler system design.
2.2.4.3.1.5 When installing a sprinkler system for freezer applications, see Data Sheet 8-29 for additional
recommendations regarding protection against ice plugs.
2.2.4.3.1.6 When installing a maximum 30% propylene glycol in water antifreeze solution, the ceiling-level
sprinkler system can be considered a wet-pipe for design purposes.
system types.

2.2.4.3.2.1 Install minimum K11.2 (K160) FM Approved Storage Sprinklers (Ceiling) for any ceiling-level
sprinkler options offered for the protection of rack-structure ASRS storage arrangements.
2.2.4.3.2.2 Unless the ambient temperature of the rack-structure ASRS storage area will exceed 100ºF (38ºC),
install 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level sprinklers for wet-pipe or equivalent sprinkler systems. When
the ambient temperature of the rack-structure ASRS storage area will exceed 100ºF (38ºC), the installation
of 212ºF (100ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level sprinklers is acceptable using the design indicated for 160ºF
(70ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level sprinklers.
2.2.4.3.2.3 Install 280°F (140°C) nominally rated, standard-response ceiling-level sprinklers when dry-pipe
or similar sprinkler systems will be installed.
2.2.4.3.2.4 The installation of dry-pendent sprinklers is acceptable on only wet-pipe or antifreeze solution
type sprinkler systems. The protection designs for the dry-pendent sprinkler are the same as those indicated
for ceiling-level pendent sprinklers having the same K-factor, RTI rating, nominal temperature rating, and
coverage type (standard-coverage or extended-coverage) attributes as the dry-pendent sprinkler.

SprinklerK- Sprinkler Sprinkler RTI Sprinkler Linear Spacing, ft (m) Sprinkler Area Spacing, ft2 (m2)
Factor Orientation Listing Min. Max. Min. Max.
K11.2 (K160) Pendent or Quick or 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
Upright Standard
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 12 (3.6) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
(K360EC) Upright
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
K22.4 (K320) Pendent Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
2.2.4.3.2.6.1 For a sprinkler system protecting a rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement, install ceiling-level
storage sprinklers having the same K-factor, coverage listing (i.e., standard or extended), orientation,
2.2.4.3.2.6.2 Sprinkler K-Factor. Mixing sprinklers having different K-factors on the same ceiling-level sprinkler
system within the same ASRS protected area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling height in
the same area that requires a different ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the higher
sprinkler system design a minimum of 15 ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler system
design.
2.2.4.3.2.6.3 Sprinkler Coverage Listing. Mixing of sprinklers having different coverage listings (i.e., standard-
coverage or extended-coverage) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS protected
area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling height in the same area that requires a different
ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the higher sprinkler system design a minimum of 15
ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler system design.
2.2.4.3.2.6.4 Sprinkler Orientation. Mixing of sprinklers having different orientations (i.e., pendent or upright)
2.2.4.3.2.6.5 Temperature Rating. Mixing of sprinklers having different nominal temperature ratings (i.e., 160°F
[70°C], 212°F [100°C], or 280°F [140°C]) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS
protected area is acceptable when ambient conditions, such as the immediate area around unit heaters,
require a higher temperature-rated sprinkler to avoid the potential for premature operation.
2.2.4.3.3 Recommended Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Designs

2.2.4.3.3.1 See Table 12 to determine which ceiling-level designated protection scheme number from Table
13 to use for the design of the ceiling-level sprinkler system protecting a rack-structure ASRS storage
arrangement.
2.2.4.3.3.2 The ceiling-level sprinkler system design options in Table 13 use a design format based on an
indicated number of operating sprinklers at a given minimum operating pressure from the hydraulically most
remote sprinkler. Do not interpolate or adjust the protection values obtained from these tables.
rack-structure ASRS storage area, or to a wall, whenever there is a mixed-use occupancy. However, if the

adjacent storage area has a higher ceiling-level sprinkler system design than that recommended for the
rack-structure ASRS storage area, extend the design for the higher hazard 15 ft (4.6 m) into the rack-structure
ASRS storage area.
2.2.4.3.3.5 Balance the ceiling-level sprinkler system water demand with the in-rack sprinkler water demand
at the point where the two sprinkler systems are connected.
2.2.4.3.3.6 The units for K-factor given in Table 13 are gpm/psi0.5 ([L/min]/bar0.5).
Table 12. Determining the Hydraulic Design for Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Systems Protecting Rack-Structure ASRS Storage
Arrangements
Maximum Storage
Height Above Top Clearance Between Designated Protection
In-Rack Sprinkler Top of Storage and Scheme Number in
Commodity Hazard Container Type Level, ft (m) Ceiling, ft (m) Table 13
Class 1, 2, or 3 Closed-Top or 10 (3.0) 20 (6.1) 1
Noncombustible
Open-Top
Combustible Open- 5 (1.5) 20 (6.1) 1
Top
Class 4 or Cartoned Closed-Top or 5 (1.5) 20 (6.1) 1
(Unexpanded or Noncombustible 10 (3.0) 5 (1.5) 1
Expanded) Plastics Open-Top 10 (3.0) 2
20 (6.1) 3
Combustible Open- 5 (1.5) 5 (1.5) 1
Top 10 (3.0) 2
20 (6.1) 3
Uncartoned Closed-Top 5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 4
Unexpanded Plastics 20 (6.1) 5
10 (3.0) 5 (1.5) 5
10 (3.0) 6
20 (6.1) 7
Open-Top 5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 4
20 (6.1) 5
Uncartoned Expanded Closed-Top 5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 8
Plastics 20 (6.1) 9
10 (3.0) 5 (1.5) 10
10 (3.0) 11
20 (6.1) 12
Open-Top 5 (1.5) 10 (3.0) 8
20 (6.1) 9

Table 13. Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Designs for the Protection of Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements Supplemented with In-Rack Sprinklers
Dry System, Upright, 280ºF
Wet System, Upright, 160ºF (70ºC); No. of AS @ Pressure, psi (140ºC); No. of AS @
8-34
Page 34
Protection Wet System, Pendent, 160ºF (70ºC); No. of AS @ Pressure, psi (bar) (bar) Pressure, psi (bar)
Scheme Quick Response Standard Response Quick Response Standard Response Standard Response
No. from K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K28.0 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2 K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
Table 12 (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K400) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K200) (K240) K360EC) (K160)* (K240) (K360) (K160) (K240) (K360)
1 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 6 @ 25 12 @ 40 10 @ 7 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 6 @ 25 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 12 @ 20 25 @ 7 25 @ 7 20 @ 7
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.7) (2.8) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (3.4) (2.4) (1.7) (0.5) (0.5) (1.4) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
2 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 6 @ 25 12 @ 40 15 @ 15 12 @ 16 12 @ 7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 6 @ 25 15 @ 25 15 @ 15 12 @ 20 20 @ 25 20 @ 15 20 @ 7
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.7) (2.8) (1.0) (1.1) (0.5) (3.4) (2.4) (1.7) (1.7) (1.0) (1.4) (1.7) (1.0) (0.5)
3 2 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 6 @ 25 12 @ 40 15 @ 35 12 @ 16 12 @ 10 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 6 @ 25 15 @ 50 15 @ 22 12 @ 20 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.7) (2.8) (2.4) (1.1) (0.7) (3.4) (2.4) (1.7) (3.4) (1.5) (1.4) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7)
4 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 7 12 @ 40 20 @ 7 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 10 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 25 @ 7 25 @ 7 25 @ 7
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.5) (2.8) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
5 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 12 12 @ 40 20 @ 10 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 10 20 @ 7 10 @ 12 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 25 @ 16 25 @ 7 25 @ 7
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (0.8) (2.8) (0.7) (1.1) (0.5) (0.7) (0.5) (0.8) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5)
6 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 22 12 @ 40 20 @ 20 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 20 @ 13 10 @ 22 20 @ 30 20 @ 13 20 @ 7 25 @ 30 25 @ 13 25 @ 7
(3.4) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.5) (2.8) (1.4) (1.1) (0.5) (1.4) (0.9) (1.5) (2.1) (0.9) (0.5) (2.1) (0.9) (0.5)
7 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 25 12 @ 25 12 @ 40 12 @ 40 25 @ 35 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 35 25 @ 25 12 @ 40 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10 30 @ 50 30 @ 22 30 @ 10
(3.4) (2.4) (1.7) (1.7) (2.8) (2.8) (2.4) (1.1) (0.7) (2.4) (1.7) (2.8) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7)
8 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 7 12 @ 40 20 @ 7 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 10 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 25 @ 7 25 @ 7 25 @ 7
(5.2) (3.6) (1.4) (1.4) (0.5) (2.8) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
9 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 12 12 @ 40 20 @ 10 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 10 20 @ 7 10 @ 12 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 7 25 @ 16 25 @ 7 25 @ 7
(5.2) (3.6) (1.4) (1.4) (0.8) (2.8) (0.7) (1.1) (0.5) (0.7) (0.5) (0.8) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.5)
10 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 22 12 @ 40 20 @ 20 20 @ 16 20 @ 7 20 @ 20 20 @ 13 10 @ 22 20 @ 30 20 @ 13 20 @ 7 25 @ 30 25 @ 13 25 @ 7
(5.2) (3.6) (1.4) (1.4) (1.5) (2.8) (1.4) (1.1) (0.5) (1.4) (0.9) (1.5) (2.1) (0.9) (0.5) (2.1) (0.9) (0.5)
11 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 25 12 @ 25 10 @ 40 12 @ 40 20 @ 35 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 35 20 @ 25 10 @ 40 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10
(5.2) (3.6) (1.7) (1.7) (2.8) (2.8) (2.4) (1.1) (0.7) (2.4) (1.7) (2.8) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7)
12 12 @ 75 12 @ 52 12 @ 25 12 @ 25 12 @ 40 12 @ 40 25 @ 35 25 @ 16 25 @ 10 25 @ 35 25 @ 25 12 @ 40 25 @ 50 25 @ 22 25 @ 10 35 @ 50 35 @ 22 35 @ 10

(5.2) (3.6) (1.7) (1.7) (2.8) (2.8) (2.4) (1.1) (0.7) (2.4) (1.7) (2.8) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7) (3.4) (1.5) (0.7)
* The protection options indicated for the standard response, K11.2 (K160) upright sprinkler also apply to the standard response, K11.2 (K160) pendent sprinkler as well as the quick response (pendent and
upright) K11.2 (K160) sprinklers
2.2.4.4 Hose Demand and System Duration

2.2.4.4.1 See Table 14 to determine the recommended hose demand for system design purposes. Allow a
minimum of 100 gpm (380 L/min) for inside hose stream usage when small hose station connections are
provided as recommended in Section 2.2.4.2.5. Add the remaining balance of the hose demand to the overall
sprinkler demand at the point of connection.
2.2.4.4.2 Ensure the water supplies can provide the combined ceiling-level sprinkler system, in-rack sprinkler
system, and hose demand at adequate pressure for a minimum of 120 minutes.
Table 14. Hose Demand Design Guidelines for the Protection of Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements
No. of Sprinklers in the Ceiling-Level
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Spacing Type Sprinkler Design Hose Demand, gpm (L/min)
Standard Coverage Up to 12 250
13 or more 500
Extended Coverage Up to 6 250
7 or more 500
2.3 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Arrangements
2.3.1 General
2.3.1.1 Section 2.3 provides protection guidelines for vertically enclosed automatic storage and retrieval
systems (ASRS) storage arrangements. See Figure 15 for an example of this type of storage arrangement.
Fig. 15. Example of a vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit
2.3.1.2 The protection options in this section for a vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit focus solely on the
protection provided within the unit itself. See the applicable FM Global data sheet for the surrounding
occupancy hazard to determine recommendations pertaining to the construction, occupancy, and protection
of the area in which the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit is located.
For a list of products and services that are FM Approved, see the Approval Guide, an online resource of FM
Approvals.

2.3.2 Storage Trays for Vertically Enclosed Storage Units

2.3.2.1 To help reduce the fire load within a vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit, use trays that are
noncombustible.
2.3.2.2 To aid in water penetration throughout the vertical height of the vertically enclosed ASRS unit, use
either trays with gridded bottoms or trays that are provided with a minimum 10% venting area uniformly around
the sides of the trays a maximum one in. (25 mm) above the bottom of the tray.
2.3.3 Protection Options for Vertically Enclosed Storage Units
2.3.3.1 General
2.3.3.1.1 In addition to the recommendations in this data sheet, follow the sprinkler installation guidelines
indicated for Storage sprinklers in Data Sheet 2-0,Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers.
2.3.3.1.3 To aid in manual firefighting and after-extinguishment mop-up operations, provide a small hose
station connection near the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit. Consult with the local fire service or
authority having jurisdiction to determine their recommendation regarding (1) the size of the connection, and
(2) the provision of hose lines. Water supplies for these connections can be either of the following:
A. A piping system dedicated solely for the small hose station connection
B. A sprinkler system that is adjacent to the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit
2.3.3.1.4 Arrange the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit for automatic shutdown upon fire/smoke detection
or sprinkler activation.
2.3.3.1.5 If the materials being maintained within the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit are (a) of high
value, and/or (b) could result in a major interruption to business if damaged, consider the installation of an FM
Approved total flooding gaseous suppression system in accordance with the applicable FM Global 4-Series
Data Sheet to supplement the sprinkler protection recommended in Section 2.3.3.3.
2.3.3.2 Sprinkler System Types

2.3.3.2.1 Depending on the ambient temperature of the area being protected, the sprinkler system protecting
the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit can be wet-pipe, dry-pipe, preaction, a maximum 30% propylene
glycol antifreeze solution, or a deluge sprinkler system.
2.3.3.2.2 When installing a dry-pipe or similar ceiling-level sprinkler system, the maximum water delivery
time is 40 seconds based on a maximum operation of the most remote 4 sprinklers.
2.3.3.2.3 See Data Sheet 2-0 for additional recommendations related to the installation of the sprinkler system.
2.3.3.3 Sprinklers and Sprinkler Design
2.3.3.3.1 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Units up to 25 ft (7.6 m) Tall

2.3.3.3.1.1 For vertically enclosed ASRS units up to a maximum height of 25 ft (7.6 m), provide sprinkler
protection at the top of the ASRS unit using quick-response, standard-coverage, 160°F (70°C) nominally rated,
minimum K11.2 (K160) Storage sprinklers on maximum 8 ft (2.4 m) linear spacing and maximum 64 ft2 (6.0
m2) area spacing.
2.3.3.3.1.2 If the top of the ASRS unit is open to the surrounding area, reduce the sprinkler spacing to a
maximum 4 ft (1.2 m) linear spacing and a maximum 16 ft2 (1.5 m2) area spacing.
2.3.3.3.1.3 Design the sprinkler system to account for all sprinklers within the vertically enclosed ASRS
storage unit operating at a minimum flow of 30 gpm (115 L/min) from the most remote sprinkler.
2.3.3.3.1.4 As part of the sprinkler system design include a hose demand allowance of 250 gpm (950 L/min)
for manual intervention and size the water supply so both the sprinkler system and hose demand flows are
available at adequate pressure for a minimum duration of 60 minutes.

2.3.3.3.2 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Units over 25 ft (7.6 m) Tall

2.3.3.3.2.1 For vertically enclosed ASRS units over 25 ft (7.6 m) and up to a maximum height of 55 ft (16.8
m) tall, provide sprinkler protection at the top of the ASRS unit using quick-response, standard-coverage,
160°F (70°C) nominally rated, minimum K14.0 (K200) pendent Storage sprinklers on maximum 8 ft (2.4 m)
linear spacing and maximum 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) area spacing.
2.3.3.3.2.2 See Table 15 to determine the recommended minimum design pressures for vertically enclosed
ASRS storage units over 25 ft (7.6 m) and up to 55 ft (16.8 m) tall. Account for all sprinklers within the
vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit operating at the indicated minimum pressure based on the sprinkler
chosen in Table 15.
Table 15. Sprinkler Pressure Requirements for the Protection of Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Units Over 25 ft (7.6
m) and up to 55 ft (16.8 m) Tall
Maximum Ceiling
Height of
Wet System, Quick Response, 160F (70C), Pendent Storage Sprinklers; Pressure, psi (bar)
Vertically
K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240) K22.4 (K320) K25.2 (K360) K28.0 (K400)
Enclosed ASRS
Unit, ft (m)
30 (9.1) 50 (3.4) 35 (2.4) 20 (1.4) 20 (1.4) 40 (2.8)
35 (10.7) 75 (5.2) 52 (3.6) 30 (2.1) 30 (2.1) 40 (2.8)
40 (12.2) 75 (5.2) 52 (3.6) 40 (2.8) 40 (2.8) 40 (2.8)
45 (13.7) 50 (3.4) 50 (3.4) 40 (2.8)
50 (15.2) 63 (4.3) 50 (3.4) 40 (2.8)
55 (16.8) 80 (5.5)
2.3.3.3.2.3 As part of the sprinkler system design include a hose demand allowance of 250 gpm (950 L/min)
for manual intervention and size the water supply so both the sprinkler system and hose demand flows are
available at adequate pressure for a minimum duration of 60 minutes.
2.3.3.3.2.4 As an alternative to the sprinkler options offered in Section 2.3.3.3.2.1, provide sprinkler protection
within the vertically enclosed ASRS storage unit as follows:
A. Install sprinklers at the top of the ASRS unit using standard-coverage, 160°F (70°C) nominally rated,
minimum K11.2 (K160) Storage sprinklers on maximum 8 ft (2.4 m) linear spacing and maximum 64 ft2 (6.0
m2) area spacing, and
B. Install intermediate levels of quick response, 160°F (7°C) nominally rated, minimum K8.0 (K115)
Nonstorage sidewall or extended-coverage sidewall sprinklers installed at both ends of the ASRS unit.
Locate the intermediate levels of sprinklers on a maximum vertical spacing of 10 ft (3.0 m) while leaving
no more than 15 ft (4.6 m) of storage above the top level of intermediate sprinklers, and
C. Design the sprinkler system to account for all sprinklers (ceiling and intermediate) within the vertically
enclosed ASRS storage unit operating at a minimum flow of 30 gpm (115 L/min) from the most remote
sprinkler, and
D. Include a hose demand allowance of 250 gpm (950 L/min) for manual intervention and size the water
supply so both the sprinkler system and hose demand flows are available at adequate pressure for a
minimum duration of 60 minutes
2.3.3.3.2.5 If the top of the ASRS unit is open to the surrounding area, reduce the sprinkler spacing indicated
in Section 2.3.3.3.2.4(a) to a maximum 4 ft (1.2 m) linear spacing and a maximum 16 ft2 (1.5 m2) area
spacing.
2.4 Top-Loading Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) Using Solid-Walled (Open- and
Closed-Top) Containers
2.4.1 General
This section provides protection guidelines for top-loading automatic storage and retrieval system (ASRS)
storage arrangements that use solid-walled containers.

What differentiates these storage arrangements from other ASRS arrangements is that the containers are
loaded and unloaded vertically from the storage array using automated robots that move about the storage
area on an elevated gridded track network. Since material handling is done in a vertical manner, traditional
material-handling equipment, such as fork-lifts, are not required, eliminating the need for storage aisles.
Due to the lack of aisles, the recommended protection in this section not only focuses on automatic sprinkler
protection for the top-loading ASRS storage array, but also includes recommendations that focus on
extinguishment of the fire by the local fire services.
2.4.2.1 General
facilities.
2.4.2.2 Top-Loading ASRS Arrangement

2.4.2.2.1 Arrange a top-loading ASRS storage system that uses solid-walled containers as follows:
A. Limit the horizontal distance between one end of the storage area and the opposite end to a maximum
of 100 ft (30 m) as shown in Figure 16.
B. Install perimeter mezzanines, at a minimum, along the longer walls of the ASRS unit as shown in Figure
16. Determine from the local authority having jurisdiction the minimum number of access points for each
perimeter mezzanine area they require.
C. Designate walls of the ASRS below the perimeter mezzanine levels to be entry points for manual fire
service access. Arrange these portions of the walls so they are easily removable in the event of a fire
emergency.
D. Establish designated “Robot Holding Areas” on the storage grid to which all robotics (robots) will move
during an emergency condition, such as a fire event. Maintain the storage columns of these designated
locations free of combustible storage and, ideally, locate them along the shorter perimeter mezzanine walls,
as demonstrated in Figure 16.
2.4.2.2.2 If the horizontal distance between one end of the storage area and the opposite end will exceed
100 ft (30 m), install solid-floored elevated mezzanine levels that will span over the length of the storage grid
at horizontal distances not exceeding 100 ft (30 m) as shown in Figure 17. See Section 2.4.3.3 regarding
the installation of fixed-in-place monitor nozzles and sprinkler protection when solid-floored elevated
mezzanine levels are provided.
2.4.2.2.3 If the horizontal distance between one end of the storage area and the opposite end will exceed
100 ft (30 m), the installation of elevated mezzanine levels, as outlined in Section 2.4.2.2.2, can be avoided
if any of the following are true:
A. Monitor nozzles are installed over the storage grid area at ceiling level (without obstructing ceiling
sprinklers) on maximum 100 ft (30 m) linear spacing as shown in Figure 18, with IR/visible flame detection
and remote operation of the monitor nozzles provided in accordance with Section 2.4.4.3.3.
B. Minimum 20-gauge (0.9 mm) sheet metal vertical barriers are installed from floor level to the underside
of the storage grid creating maximum 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) segregated storage areas as shown in Figure
19. At a minimum, attach the vertical barriers to each of the storage columns with 3 tech screws per column
(near the top, middle, and bottom). Provide a minimum 3 in. (75 mm) overlap, sealed with fire-rated
silicone, of the barriers with the floor and all sheet metal joints. Where the vertical barriers are required
at corners, bend the sheet metal around the corner to avoid any seams at these locations. In addition,
maintain one row of storage on one side and adjacent to each of the vertical barriers free of combustibles.

Fig. 16. Example of a top-loading ASRS arrangement showing maximum 100 ft (30 m) depth in one direction
C. The maximum ceiling height over the storage area is 25 ft (7.6 m) and the ceiling-level sprinklers are
quick-response, minimum K14.0 (K200) standard-coverage pendent Storage sprinklers as shown in
Figure 20.

Fig. 17. Example of solid-floored elevated mezzanine levels when span of top-loading ASRS exceeds 100 ft (30 m) in
each direction

2.4.2.3.1 Adhering to the design guidelines in this data sheet eliminates the need for both building column
and overhead steel protection.

2.4.2.4.1 See Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, for recommendations related
to the use of heat and smoke venting in the presence of Storage sprinklers.

2.4.2.5.1 See Data Sheet 2-0 for recommendations related to the use of draft curtains in the presence of
Storage sprinklers.
2.4.2.6 Drainage
2.4.2.6.1 Due to the expected water application duration during a fire event, when possible provide minimum
4 in. (100 mm) high curbing in combination with properly designed floor drainage (account for both ceiling
sprinkler discharge and an additional 500 gpm [1900 L/min] for manual firefighting efforts).

Fig. 18. Example showing the installation of monitor nozzles at ceiling level as an alternative to elevated mezzanines
Fig. 19. Example showing the use of vertical barriers within a top-loading ASRS arrangement

Fig. 20. Top-loading ASRS arrangements where the maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m)
2.4.3 Occupancy

2.4.3.1.1 Use Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification, to determine the commodity classification of the
products being maintained within the ASRS storage arrangement.
2.4.3.1.2 Limit the commodities being maintained within the ASRS storage arrangement to noncombustible,
Class 1 through 4, or plastic commodities.
2.4.3.1.3 Limit the commodity hazard of the storage containers to a maximum classification of uncartoned
unexpanded plastic.
2.4.3.2 Robots
2.4.3.2.1 Arrange the robots so they are void of as much exterior combustible materials as possible. Use
noncombustible materials whenever decorative covers, sidings or other similar identification methods are
needed for the robots.
2.4.3.2.2 When robots must be equipped with combustible exterior covers or sidings, provide a FM Approved
very-early warning fire detection system over the charging stations area and arrange for manual inspection
and release of the robot to the ASRS grid once the robot’s charge level has been reached.
2.4.3.2.3 Program the robots to proceed to the designated Robot Holding Area during a fire alarm condition.
2.4.4 Protection
2.4.4.1 General
2.4.4.1.1 It is critical that no objects between the top of storage and the ceiling-level sprinklers, including
the robots, interfere with the sprinkler’s proper discharge pattern. See Data Sheet 2-0 for guidelines related
to obstructions of storage sprinklers.

2.4.4.1.2 In addition to the recommendations in this data sheet, follow the sprinkler installation guidelines
indicated for Storage sprinklers in Data Sheet 2-0.

protecting top-loading ASRS storage arrangements can be wet-pipe, single-interlock preaction, or a maximum
30% propylene glycol in water antifreeze solution.
2.4.4.2.1.2 When installing a single-interlock preaction sprinkler system, it must be arranged to be the
equivalent of a wet-pipe sprinkler system. See Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection, for
recommendations related to the installation of detection devices in order to achieve this equivalency.
system types.

2.4.4.2.2.1 Unless the ambient temperature of the top-loading ASRS storage area will exceed 100ºF (38ºC),
install 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated, minimum K11.2 (K160) FM Approved Storage Sprinklers (Ceiling) for
any ceiling-level sprinkler options offered in this section. When the ambient temperature of the top-loading
ASRS storage area will exceed 100ºF (38ºC), the installation of 212ºF (100ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level
sprinklers is acceptable using the design indicated for 160ºF (70ºC) nominally rated ceiling-level sprinklers.
Max.
Sprinkler Linear Spacing, ft Sprinkler Area Spacing, ft2
Ceiling
(m) (m2)
Height, Sprinkler Sprinkler Sprinkler RTI
Min. Max. Min. Max.
ft (m) K-Factor Orientation Listing
30 K11.2 (K160) Pendent or Quick or 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
(9.1) Upright Standard
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 12 (3.6) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 12 (3.7) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
(K360EC) Upright
35 K14.0 (K200) Pendent Quick or 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
(10.7) K16.8 (K240) Standard
K19.6 (K280) Upright Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
K22.4 (K320) Standard 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 80 (7.4) 100 (9.3)
K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
45 K22.4 (K320) Pendent Quick 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 64 (6.0) 100 (9.3)
(13.7) K25.2 (K360)
K28.0 (K400)
2.4.4.2.2.3.1 For a sprinkler system protecting a top-loading ASRS storage arrangement, install ceiling-level
Storage sprinklers having the same K-factor, coverage listing (i.e., standard or extended), orientation,

2.4.4.2.2.3.2 Sprinkler K-Factor. Mixing sprinklers having different K-factors on the same ceiling-level sprinkler
system within the same ASRS protected area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling height in
the same area that requires a different ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the higher
sprinkler system design a minimum of 15 ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler system
design.
2.4.4.2.2.3.3 Sprinkler Coverage Listing. Mixing of sprinklers having different coverage listings (i.e., standard-
coverage or extended-coverage) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS protected
area is acceptable when there is a change in the ceiling height in the same area that requires a different
ceiling-level sprinkler design. When this occurs, extend the higher sprinkler system design a minimum of 15
ft (4.6 m) into the area protected by the lower sprinkler system design.
2.4.4.2.2.3.4 Sprinkler Orientation. Mixing of sprinklers having different orientations (i.e., pendent or upright)
2.4.4.2.2.3.5 Temperature Rating. Mixing of sprinklers having different nominal temperature ratings (i.e., 160°F
[70°C], 212°F [100°C], or 280°F [140°C]) on the same ceiling-level sprinkler system within the same ASRS
protected area is acceptable when ambient conditions, such as the immediate area around unit heaters,
require a higher temperature-rated sprinkler to avoid the potential for premature operation.
2.4.4.2.3 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler System Design Criteria
2.4.4.2.3.1 Use Table 17 to determine the ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for top-loading ASRS storage
arrangements using solid-walled containers having a maximum storage height of 20 ft (6.1 m).
2.4.4.2.3.2 Use Table 18 to determine the ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for top-loading ASRS storage
arrangements using solid-walled containers having a storage height in excess of 20 ft (6.1 m).
2.4.4.2.3.3 The ceiling-level sprinkler system designs in Tables 17 and 18 are determined based on the
maximum ceiling height of the ASRS protected area. The applicable protection options are based on any
ceiling height indicated in Tables 17 and 18 that is equal to or greater than the maximum ceiling height of the
ASRS protected area.
2.4.4.2.3.5 For ceiling heights over 45 ft (13.7 m), install a flat, continuous noncombustible false ceiling over
the ASRS storage area and for a minimum of 15 ft (4.6 m) beyond it in all directions. Design the false ceiling
to be capable of withstanding a minimum uplift pressure of 3 lb/ft2 (14.4 kg/m2). Provide sprinkler protection
under this false ceiling in accordance with the applicable protection table.
mini-load ASRS storage area, or to a wall, whenever there is a mixed-use occupancy. However, if the adjacent
storage area has a higher ceiling-level sprinkler system design than that recommended for the mini-load
ASRS storage area, extend the design for the higher hazard 15 ft (4.6 m) into the mini-load ASRS storage
area.

Table 17. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements Using Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; Storage Height up to and Including 20 ft (6.1 m)
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Protection Options for Top-Loading ASRS Arrangements Using Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; No. of AS @ psi (bar)
Max. Wet System, Pendent Storage Sprinklers, 160ºF (70ºC) Wet System, Upright Storage Sprinklers, 160ºF (70ºC)
Ceiling Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response
Height, ft K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K28.0 K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
(m) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K400) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
20 (6.1) 15 @ 25 9 @ 50 9 @ 35 9 @ 20 9 @ 20 7 @ 19 9 @ 40 15 @ 25 15 @ 16 15 @ 16 15 @ 7 15 @ 25 10 @ 50 10 @ 35 7 @ 19 15 @ 25 15 @ 11 15 @ 7
(1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (1.3) (2.8) (1.7) (1.1) (1.1) (0.5) (1.7) (3.5) (2.4) (1.3) (1.7) (0.8) (0.5)
25 (7.6) 15 @ 50 9 @ 50 9 @ 35 9 @ 20 9 @ 20 7 @ 38 9 @ 40 15 @ 50 15 @ 32 15 @ 16 15 @ 10 15 @ 50 10 @ 50 10 @ 35 7 @ 38 15 @ 50 15 @ 22 15 @ 10
(3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (2.6) (2.8) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
30 (9.1) 20 @ 50 9 @ 50 9 @ 35 9 @ 20 9 @ 20 10 @ 38 9 @ 40 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 50 10 @ 50 10 @ 35 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
(3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (2.6) (2.8) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
35 (10.7) 9 @ 75 9 @ 52 9 @ 29 9 @ 23 9 @ 40
(5.2) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.8)
40 (12.2) 9 @ 75 9 @ 52 9 @ 29 9 @ 23 9 @ 40
(5.3) (3.6) (2.0) (1.6) (2.8)
45 (13.7) 9 @ 75 9 @ 60 9 @ 50
(5.2) (4.1) (3.5)
Table 18. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements Using Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; Storage Height in Excess of 20 ft (6.1 m)
Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Protection Options for Top-Loading ASRS Arrangements Using Solid-Walled Plastic Containers; No. of AS @ psi (bar)
Max. Ceiling Wet System, Pendent Storage Sprinklers, 160ºF (70ºC) Wet System, Upright Storage Sprinklers, 160ºF (70ºC)
Height, ft Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response
(m) K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K22.4 K25.2 K25.2EC K28.0 K11.2 K14.0 K19.6 K25.2 K11.2 K14.0 K16.8 K25.2EC K11.2 K16.8 K25.2
(K160) (K200) (K240) (K320) (K360) (K360EC) (K400) (K160) (K200) (K280) (K360) (K160) (K200) (K240) (K360EC) (K160) (K240) (K360)
25 (7.6) 15 @ 50 10 @ 50 10 @ 35 10 @ 20 10 @ 20 7 @ 38 10 @ 40 15 @ 50 15 @ 32 15 @ 16 15 @ 10 15 @ 50 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 7 @ 38 15 @ 50 15 @ 22 15 @ 10
(3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (2.6) (2.8) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)
30 (9.1) 20 @ 50 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 12 @ 20 12 @ 20 10 @ 38 12 @ 40 20 @ 50 20 @ 32 20 @ 16 20 @ 10 20 @ 50 12 @ 50 12 @ 35 10 @ 38 20 @ 50 20 @ 22 20 @ 10
(3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (1.4) (1.4) (2.6) (2.8) (3.5) (2.2) (1.1) (0.7) (3.5) (3.5) (2.4) (2.6) (3.5) (1.5) (0.7)

35 (10.7) 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 12 @ 40
(2.0) (1.6) (2.8)
40 (12.2) 12 @ 29 12 @ 23 12 @ 40
(2.0) (1.6) (2.8)
45 (13.7) 12 @ 75 12 @ 60 12 @ 50
(5.2) (4.1) (3.5)
Page 45
8-34
2.4.4.3 Fixed Monitor Nozzle Protection

2.4.4.3.1 To assist in manual firefighting efforts, install fixed-in-place monitor nozzles throughout the perimeter
mezzanine level area. The perimeter mezzanine monitor nozzles can be either fixed-in-place to the perimeter
mezzanine or to the overhead ceiling structure. If the monitor nozzles are anchored to the perimeter
mezzanine structure, position the monitor nozzles a minimum 7 ft (2.1 m) above the top of the ASRS grid
as well as a minimum of 2 ft (0.6 m) below the underside of the ceiling. Space the monitor nozzles horizontally
a maximum of 100 ft (30 m) apart and staggered as shown in Figure 21.
Fig. 21. Example of top-loading ASRS arrangement with monitor nozzles on perimeter mezzanine level
2.4.4.3.2 When solid-floored elevated mezzanine levels are provided, install fixed monitor nozzles on them
in accordance with 2.4.4.3.1 and provide sprinkler protection under the elevated mezzanines in accordance
with 2.4.4.2.3. Similar to the perimeter mezzanine monitor nozzles, the monitor nozzles installed on the
elevated mezzanine can be either anchored to the elevated mezzanine or attached to the ceiling structure.
2.4.4.3.3 Arrange monitor nozzles to be controlled and operated from a dedicated remote location. Install
visible or infrared cameras over the entire storage grid with dedicated feeds to the remote location that will
allow for a means of detecting where the fire area is located. In addition, arrange the monitor nozzles with the
capability of being manually overridden by operators at the monitor nozzles.
2.4.4.3.4 The installation of fixed-in-place monitor nozzles can be avoided when one of the following
conditions are satisfied:
A. Vertical barriers are installed in accordance with Section 2.4.1.2.3(B) and as shown in Figure 22.
B. The maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m) and the ceiling-level sprinklers are quick-response, minimum
K14.0 (K200) standard-coverage pendent Storage sprinklers as shown in Figure 23.

C. At the discretion of the local fire service when they can discharge water to all points of the storage
grid area via the use of small hose streams.
Fig. 22. Example showing the use of vertical barriers within a top-loading ASRS arrangement

Fig. 23. Top-loading ASRS arrangements where the maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m)
2.4.4.3.5 Water supplies for the monitor nozzles can be arranged in one of the following methods:
A. A piping system dedicated solely for the monitor nozzles
B. From sprinkler systems that are different than the one feeding the ASRS storage area
2.4.4.4 Visible or Infrared Camera Installation for Fixed Monitor Nozzle Operation
2.4.4.4.1 To allow for guided discharge of the monitor nozzles to the point of fire origin, install infrared (IR)
cameras over the entire storage grid, in accordance with this section, using dedicated feeds to the remote
location designated for monitor nozzle operation.
2.4.4.4.2 Arrange the IR cameras as follows:
A. Install longwave infrared (LWIR) cameras, capable of panning and tilting, that have a spectral range
of 8-12 µm, a minimum spatial resolution of 15 pixels/ft (45 pixels/m), measured at the farthest position from
the camera along the top surface of the storage array, and a field of view (FOV) that does not exceed
25°. Avoid the use of IR cameras that use charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors.
B. Locate the cameras vertically as high as possible over the storage grid while also avoiding obstruction
to the camera’s view. Position the cameras horizontally as close as possible to the halfway mark
in-between the locations of the fixed-in-place monitor nozzles. Maintain a minimum horizontal distance
of 10 ft (3.0 m) from any camera to the nearest fixed-in-place monitor nozzle.
C. Install the cameras so that every column of the storage array can be viewed by a minimum of two
cameras.
D. When possible, incorporate data into the camera view that can communicate to the remote location
operator the specific location of the storage grid the camera is viewing.
2.4.4.4.3 The installation of visible imaging cameras can be used in lieu of infrared cameras under any of
the following conditions:

A. The maximum ceiling height will be 25 ft (7.6 m) and the ceiling-level sprinklers will be quick-response,
minimum K14.0 (K200) standard-coverage pendent Storage sprinklers, or
B. The space between the top of the storage grid and the ceiling will be unconfined and the ceiling-level
sprinklers will be quick-response, minimum K14.0 (K200) standard-coverage pendent Storage sprinklers,
or
C. The space between the top of the storage grid and the ceiling will be confined, but manually operated,
ceiling-level ventilation will be provided that can be turned on upon fire service arrival to clear the storage
grid area of visible smoke.
2.4.4.4.4 When visible imaging cameras are an acceptable option per Section 2.4.4.4.3, install visible imaging
cameras over the entire storage grid, using dedicated feeds to the remote location designated for monitor
nozzle operation, as follows:
A. Install cameras, capable of panning and tilting, that have a minimum spatial resolution of 15 pixels/ft
(45 pixels/m), measured at the farthest position from the camera along the top surface of the storage array.
B. Locate the cameras vertically as high as possible over the storage grid while also avoiding obstruction
to the camera’s view. Position the cameras horizontally as close as possible to the halfway mark
in-between the locations of the fixed-in-place monitor nozzles. Maintain a minimum horizontal distance
of 10 ft (3.0 m) from any camera to the nearest fixed-in-place monitor nozzle.
C. Install the cameras so that every column of the storage array can be viewed by a minimum of two
cameras.
D. When possible, incorporate data into the camera view that can communicate to the remote location
operator the specific location of the storage grid the camera is viewing.
E. Arrange the recording equipment so that review of the video is possible to help identify where flames
have been visually observed.
2.4.4.5 Small Hose Connection Stations

2.4.4.5.1 To aid in manual fire fighting efforts and after-extinguishment mop-up operations, install small hose
station connections near the floor-level access points established for the local fire service as well as on the
mezzanine levels (perimeter and elevated). Consult with the local fire service or authority having jurisdiction
to determine their recommendations regarding (1) the use of wet- or dry-barrel connections, (2) the size of the
connections, and (3) the horizontal distance between stations.
2.4.4.5.2 The installation of small hose station connections on the mezzanine levels (perimeter and elevated)
can be avoided when one of the following conditions are satisfied:
A. Fixed-in-place monitor nozzles are being installed in accordance with Section 2.4.4.3.
B. The maximum ceiling height is 25 ft (7.6 m) and the ceiling-level sprinklers will be quick-response,
minimum K14.0 (K200) standard-coverage pendent Storage sprinklers as shown in Figure 23.
C. The local fire service indicates that they would not anticipate utilizing the small hose station connections
during a fire event in accordance with the documented Pre-Incident Plan.
2.4.4.5.3 The installation of small hose station connections at floor level of the top-loading ASRS storage
arrangement can be avoided when the local fire service indicates that they would not anticipate utilizing the
small hose station connections during a fire event in accordance with the documented Pre-Incident Plan.
2.4.4.5.4 Arrange water supplies for the small hose station connections in one of the following ways:
B. From sprinkler systems that are different than the one feeding the ASRS storage area
2.4.4.6 Fixed Monitor Nozzle/Hose Stream Allowance Design

2.4.4.6.1 When fixed monitor nozzles are provided, include an allowance of 200 gpm (760 L/min) from each
of the two most remote monitor nozzle stations. In addition, account for an additional 100 gpm (380 L/min)
from local fire service hose stream application taken either (1) at the small hose station connections, or (2)
at the point of connection that will be used by the local fire services.

2.4.4.6.2 When fixed monitor nozzles are not provided, include an allowance of 500 gpm (1,900 L/min) for
local fire service hose stream application.
2.4.4.7 Fire Protection Water Supply Duration.

2.4.4.7.1 Design the water supply to feed the ceiling-level sprinkler system, the fixed monitor nozzles and
the small hose connections for the following durations:
A. A minimum duration of 2 hours for ceiling heights less than or equal to 25 ft (7.6 m), or
B. A minimum duration of 4 hours for ceiling heights over 25 ft (7.6 m)
2.4.4.8 Detection
2.4.4.8.1 Install a FM Approved very-early warning fire detection system at ceiling level over the top-loading
ASRS storage area that is intended to operate prior to sprinkler operation in accordance with Data Sheet
5-48. Arrange the detection system to (1) send an alarm to a constantly attended location, as well as (2) trigger
an alarm condition that automatically sends the robots to the Robot Holding Area. When the ceiling over
the storage grid area meets the definition of “obstructed ceiling construction” per Data Sheet 2-0, install
detection in every channel formed by obstructed ceiling construction when the vertical ceiling members are
deeper than 12 in. (300 mm).
2.4.4.8.2 Install a FM Approved smoke detection system specifically for the robot charging station area that
upon activation will (1) deactivate the robot charging stations, (2) deactivate the robots on the storage grid,
and (3) send an alarm to a constantly attended location.
2.4.4.9 Pre-Incident Planning

2.4.4.9.1 Establish a pre-incident plan in cooperation with the local fire service and your local FM Global
Engineering Operations Center to address the lack of direct access to the base of the ASRS storage array
during a fire event. See FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 10-1, Pre-Incident Planning, for
general guidelines related to a pre-incident plan. As a minimum, consider how access will be achieved to the
storage array and how it will be disassembled to get to the seat of the fire. Also, determine what resources
will be needed and how they can be implemented for restoration of the storage array to minimize business
interruption. In addition, identify and provide operational guidance on the specialized firefighting equipment
(hose station connections, fixed-in-place monitors, visible or infrared cameras, remote monitor nozzle
steering mechanisms, etc.) installed at the facility for protection of the ASRS storage array.
2.4.5 Electrical Systems for Top-Loading ASRS

2.4.5.1 As a minimum, on a weekly basis inspect the battery charging contacts for any signs of arcing.
Increase the frequency if operating history indicates arcing is a possibility. Take corrective action when signs
of arcing start to appear.
2.4.5.2 As a minimum, on an annual basis conduct infrared scanning for all top-loading ASRS electrical
components.
2.4.5.3 Establish an alarm management program in accordance with FM Global Property Loss Prevention
Data Sheet 10-8, Operators. Prioritize critical alarms including a robot power board hardware failure alarm as
well as robot battery management system temperature and state of health indicators.
2.4.5.4 Establish a robot battery replacement program for aged batteries. Review the battery replacement
program regularly and include, at a minimum, the following components:
A. Regular monitoring of the state of health of batteries which is generally available through the BMS,
particularly for li-ion batteries.
B. The OEM design life expectancy of the batteries. This will be based on the number of years and the
number of cycles that the battery is expected to perform adequately. After this point, the batteries will have
performance deterioration (i.e., capacity decrease) due to aging condition, the likelihood of thermal
runaway will also increase, and the batteries should be replaced.
2.4.5.5 Implement a Management of Changes (MOC) procedure in accordance with FM Global Property
Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-43, Process Safety, for any major changes planned for the top-loading ASRS
electrical system.

2.4.6 Control Systems for Top-Loading ASRS

2.4.6.1 To minimize potential property damage and business interruption due to loss of the control systems
responsible for the operation of the top-loading ASRS, review and implement the recommendations outlined
in FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-110, Industrial Control Systems, that are applicable to
the facility’s top-loading ASRS storage system.
2.4.6.2 Implement, as applicable, the following guidelines for control systems that are responsible for the
operations of a top-loading ASRS:
A. Restrict unauthorized physical access to the ASRS control system (USB, ethernet ports, robots, grid,
etc.).
B. Provide separation between the ASRS network and IT or other business networks using a firewall.
C. When possible, protect wireless communications by using authentication and encryption.
D. Avoid direct internet connections to the ASRS control system.
E. If remote access to the ASRS control system is unavoidable, utilize a dedicated and encrypted access
path that uses multi-factor authentication. In addition, provide monitoring of the remote access path.
F. Employ network monitoring solutions on the ASRS control system to detect unauthorized activity.
G. Generate security logs as well as system event logs. Have them reviewed on a continuous basis.
H. Keep antivirus software up to date.
I. Establish a backup and recovery plan that is documented, executed and audited periodically. As part
of the backup plan, include maintaining a history of offline backup data (physically separated from
operational network).
2.4.6.3 To minimize a total system failure due to a server failure, distribute and run software applications
over multiple application servers.
2.4.6.4 To help reduce potential downtime due to failure of a key component of the top-loading ASRS, identify
and maintain spares of the key components. Test them periodically to ensure they are functioning properly
and keep them up to date.
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Description of Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS)
3.1.1 Mini-Load ASRS Storage Arrangements

Mini-load ASRS typically consist of multiple levels of trays or containers that slide into a rack structure that
use angle irons for material handling support (see Figure 24). The rack structure generally consists of rack
uprights that are somewhat smaller, such as 2 in. (50 mm) wide by 3 in. (75 mm) deep (see Figure 25),
compared to traditional pallet-load type rack uprights. The rack uprights tend to be on the order of 18 in.
(450 mm) to 24 in. (600 mm) horizontally apart parallel to the loading aisle. Tier heights will vary but are usually
from 9 in. (225 mm) to 16 in. (400 mm) in height. While some systems can be small, others are used as
rack-supported structures where they act as the structural support for the building they are in (see Figure
26) and thus can be very tall.
Trays or containers used for product handling are removed from the rack by a motorized automated picking
robot (see Figure 27). Trays and containers are typically constructed of unexpanded plastic; however, some
containers are constructed of noncombustible, cellulosic, or expanded plastic materials. Containers are
usually open-top. The picking robot, located in the aisle on a set of rails, is typically operated via a computer
terminal. The robot can move in three directions: back and forth in the aisle, up and down the height of the
rack, and in and out of the rack when removing or returning a container to its location. Depending on the
size of the system, more than one robot may be used. Aisles are usually a minimum of about 3 ft (0.9 m) wide.
There are various types of containers in which parts may be stored within the retrieval system. For purposes
of providing protection guidelines they have been divided into the following three groups: noncombustible
containers, cellulosic containers, and plastic containers.

Fig. 24. Example of open-top plastic containers in mini-load ASRS storage arrangementi

Fig. 25. Example of an empty mini-load ASRS storage arrangement where rack uprights are about 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75
mm) wide and about 2 ft (0.6 m) horizontally apart

Fig. 26. Example of rack-supported ASRS storage arrangement
3.1.1.1 Noncombustible Containers

These containers are typically painted or galvanized sheet metal. When product is maintained in closed-top,
solid-walled containers, the fire hazard is greatly reduced due to the shielding of the product from direct flame
impingement and therefore in-rack sprinkler protection is not required. When the containers are open-top
and have solid walls, the fire growth is typically very slow, and the solid walls help reduce the likelihood of
horizontal fire spread. However, if the container walls or bottoms are mesh and/or gridded, then heat transfer
is more readily achieved and the protection needed is driven more by the product inside the container.
3.1.1.2 Cellulosic Containers

These containers are typically single-walled or double-walled thick cardboard. They can be closed-top or
open-top but are usually open-top unless maintained on a tray. While the heat release rate of cellulosic
containers is less than those made of plastic, they tend to ignite easier and burn faster than containers
constructed from unexpanded plastics. As a result, care is needed to make sure the horizontal in-rack sprinkler
arrangement as outlined in Section 2.1.4.3 is appropriate to avoid the fire from growing vertically past the
in-rack sprinklers. While some cellulosic containers may have venting along the bottom sides of the container
perpendicular to the loading aisle, most containers either have no vents or vents in the bottom of the
container, which would reduce the amount of sprinkler discharge realized in the transverse flue spaces.
3.1.1.3 Plastic Containers

These containers are typically constructed using injection molded unexpanded plastic; however, containers
are sometimes made of expanded or corrugated plastic. They are very often open-top but can be closed-top.
Care must be taken in classifying closed-top containers because most of these containers use folding tops that
do not seal completely, which allows water that collects on top of them to drain into the container, thus creating

Fig. 27. Example of motorized automated picking robot in a mini-load ASRS storage arrangement with open-top
unexpanded plastic containers
an open-top container hazard. Unexpanded plastic containers are typically either solid throughout or
collapsible where the hinge is located near the bottom of container. This hinge does allow for water to vent
from the container in a timely fashion provided that the hinge is located close enough to the bottom of the
container and the product inside the container doesn’t block the water from escaping.

3.1.2 Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements

Rack-structure ASRS storage arrangements are very similar to traditional pallet load type storage racks.
m),
• Product handling that consists of either conveying rollers or automated robots that operate on a track
system integrated into the horizontal supports,
• A lack of flue spaces, parallel to the loading aisle, between pallet loads
While the first two bullet points create a unique storage arrangement for the rack-structure ASRS, it is the
lack of flue spaces parallel to the loading aisle that has a major impact on the protection requirements for this
type of ASRS storage arrangement. While the transverse flue spaces are typically a minimum 6 in. (150
mm) wide and vertically aligned, the lack of flue spaces parallel to the loading aisle create the potential for
a long, shielded area under which fire can potentially spread horizontally unabated.
3.1.3 Vertically Enclosed ASRS Storage Arrangements

Vertically enclosed systems can vary in size but are usually of the “lift” or the “carousel” type. The lift type
uses a robotic picker to store and remove trays that rest on fixed storage supports within the unit and deliver
it to the user, whereas the conveyor type uses a rotating storage arrangement that brings the storage tray
to the user. Typical systems are package units in which metal trays supported on a rack structure are
contained within a metal enclosure.
Systems are often used for storage of parts that are high in value and very prone to heat, smoke, or water
damage, or parts that are low in value but critical for production. Such situations warrant the installation of
supplemental protection to help further reduce loss potentials.
3.1.4 Top-Loading ASRS Storage Arrangements with Solid-Walled Containers
3.1.4.1 General
A top-loading ASRS storage arrangement consists of an open metal grid structure that is supported by metal
columns located at the corner of each of the grid openings. Under each grid opening is a solid-piled column
of storage containers that are vertically aligned due to the angle irons provided on the metal support columns.
The containers used in top-loading ASRS storage arrangements are almost always open-top and made from
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic. The top of the grid acts as a track across which remotely operated
robots transverse; the robots are used to either remove containers from the storage grid for picking
operations, or are used to return containers to their designated storage location. The track that the robots
operate on is about the same width as the flue spaces surrounding each container.
3.1.4.2 Robot Charging Systems

Robot chargers are connected to AC or DC supply networks. Multiple chargers exist at various locations
around the grid, requiring extensive runs of cables around the grid. The chargers condition the power
(rectification/step down) to a level that is acceptable for the robot. The robots’ batteries may be fixed to chassis
or removable for charging. In designs with fixed batteries, the robot is stationary at the charging station while
the batteries are being charged. In the case of removable batteries, robots deposit the batteries at the
charging station for charging and acquire a fully charged battery at another station to continue operation.
The robot may be powered by an ultra-capacitor during this transition. This leads to a system with higher
uptimes and overall productivity per robot.
3.1.4.3 Batteries
In general, the batteries in use are one of two types: lead-acid or lithium-ion with the latter gaining more
popularity in recent times. For designs with Li-ion batteries, charging rates could be substantially higher than
for the lead acid counterparts. This can put additional stress on the current carrying parts of the battery pack
and charger in addition to the batteries themselves, which tend to heat at higher current levels. A Battery
Management System (BMS) is provided for the safe operation of the Li-ion battery pack.

Batteries use different chemistries. As indicated above, the chemistries typically observed in top-loading ASRS
robots are lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries are typically of the sealed type. Li-ion
batteries consist of several Li-ion cells (cylindrical or prismatic) connected in series/parallel combination to
meet the voltage, power and capacity requirements of the application. The battery pack also consist of the
BMS and instrumentation to continuously monitor the battery state of charge, state of health. The BMS also
provides safety operation limits on charge/discharge voltage and currents. The chargers for these Li-ion
batteries follow specific charging profiles depending on the Li-ion chemistry used in the cells.
3.2 Loss History of Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS)

Loss experience shows that when there are no major automatic sprinkler system deficiencies, fires in storage
occupancies are controlled by the existing sprinkler system protection arrangement. Major protection
deficiencies include inadequate water supplies, closed or partially closed valves, obstructed sprinkler piping,
missing sprinklers, and ignitable liquid or aerosol protection deficiencies. Protection deficiencies were
identified in all storage losses in which the fire was uncontrolled.
As of 2017, FM Global clients have experienced very few losses involving automatic storage and retrieval
systems (ASRS), but a significant loss involving a rack-supported ASRS took place at a non-client location
on July 13, 2002. Reportedly due to deficient welding and design aspects of the rack framing, a portion of
a rack-structure ASRS storage unit collapsed starting a domino effect with the remaining rack framing in the
warehouse area. Storage in the racking consisted of paper goods, which were then ignited by the building’s
lighting system. The building, which was reportedly 10 stories high and 115,000 ft2 (10,685 m2) in size, was
completely lost.
4.0 REFERENCES
4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes
Data Sheet 1-10, Smoke and Heat Venting in One-story Sprinklered Buildings
Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
Data Sheet 2-1, Corrosion in Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Data Sheet 2-8, Earthquake Protection for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection
Data Sheet 7-43, Process Safety
Data Sheet 7-110, Industrial Control Systems
Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification
Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities
Data Sheet 8-29, Refrigerated Storage
Data Sheet 10-1, Pre-Incident Planning
Data Sheet 10-8, Operators
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

ASRS row depth: The maximum horizontal length of storage within either an individual mini-load or
rack-structure ASRS storage arrangement measured perpendicular to the loading aisle. See Figure A-1 for
a visual representation of this term.
Fixed-in-place monitor nozzle: A non-portable monitor nozzle that is attached directly to either a floor or
a ceiling structure. The nozzle itself, however, can be moved as needed to direct water discharge to the fire
area.
K-factor: Also known as the discharge coefficient, it is a numerical value representing the orifice size of the
sprinkler in combination with the expected flow through the sprinkler orifice at a given pressure value. It is
used to calculate the flow from a sprinkler by taking the square root of the pressure available at the sprinkler
multiplied by the sprinkler’s K-factor. The units for the K-factor are gpm/psi0.5 (Lpm/bar0.5).
Longitudinal flue space: A flue space that is parallel to the loading aisle having a minimum width of 3 in.
(75 mm) and a maximum width of 24 in. (600 mm). Note that any flue space that is parallel to the loading aisle
having a minimum width over 24 in. (600 mm) as an aisle for in-rack sprinkler location purposes.
Mesh noncombustible container: A noncombustible container where either the bottom of the container
and/or at least one side of the container is at least 30% open.

Mini-load ASRS storage arrangement: An automatic storage and retrieval system that uses trays or small
totes/containers for material handling as opposed to traditional pallet loads. They are differentiated from other
storage racks due to the presence of angle irons, which result in the diversion of sprinkler discharge toward
the face of the rack and away from both the longitudinal and transverse flue spaces. Mini-load ASRS rack
structures typically use rack uprights that are about 18 to 24 in. (450 to 600 mm) horizontally apart and are
about 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) in size (both width and depth). Tier heights are roughly 1 ft (0.3 m) and product
handling is typically supported on angle irons (see Figure 24).
Modular in-rack sprinkler protection arrangement: An in-rack sprinkler protection arrangement that is
designed to prevent the vertical spread of fire beyond the first level of in-rack sprinklers that the fire
encounters. This in-rack sprinkler arrangement therefore allows the in-rack design to be based on the
operation of a given number of sprinklers at only one level and does not need to account for ceiling sprinkler
operation as part of its design.
Monitor nozzle: A nozzle used for water discharge to a fire area that can turn 360º in a horizontal plane
while also having a limited play in a vertical plane.
Net Flue Space Width: The gross horizontal width of the flue space minus the width of any horizontal support
members, such as angle irons, that are located within the flue space.
Rack structure ASRS storage arrangement: An automatic storage and retrieval system that is similar to
traditional open-frame storage racks except that (1) the horizontal distance between rack uprights is sized for
only one pallet load, and (2) the support within the rack for the pallet loads tends to be either roller-type
conveyors or horizontal supports that are oriented perpendicular to the loading aisle as opposed to parallel
to it (see Figures 13 and 14).
Solid-walled container: Containers that do not allow the external release of water from them in a timely
fashion into the transverse flue space. Containers that do not meet the guidelines outlined for vented
containers are treated as solid-walled containers for sprinkler protection design purposes.
Top-loading ASRS: An automatic storage and retrieval system that consists of a metal grid structure under
which containers, usually open-top and made of unexpanded plastic, are stacked one on top of another in
vertically aligned columns. They are accessed from the top of the grid by service robots that have been
programmed to either retrieve a specific container for commodity picking purposes, or for replenishing the
amount of commodity maintained within the storage container.
Tray: A product material handling unit that has an extension around its perimeter that does not rise
more than 1 in. (25 mm) vertically.
Vented container: Containers that release water into the transverse flue space from within them in a timely
fashion. Containers that meet this definition include (1) collapsible containers that are hinged along the
bottom perimeter of the container, or (2) containers whose sides, when loaded parallel to the transverse flue
space, have a minimum 30% venting area within 0.5 in. (13 mm) vertically from the internal bottom of the
container.
Vertical barrier: A barrier that is installed within the transverse flue space of a storage rack for the purpose
of preventing fire from spreading beyond it. It spans the entire height of the rack as well as its depth, including
across any longitudinal flue spaces, from one face of the rack to the other. It is not intended to span across
a material-handling aisle located between storage racks.
Vertically enclosed ASRS: An ASRS unit that typically works with a vertical lift system or a vertical carousel.
The lift system uses a robotic picker that will store and remove trays that rest on fixed storage supports within
the unit and deliver it to the user. The carousel conveyor system uses a rotating storage arrangement that
brings the storage tray to the user. Typical systems are package units where metal trays supported on a rack.
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

January 2020. Interim revision. Significant changes include the following:
A. Added loss prevention guidelines for top-loading ASRS arrangements that use solid-walled (open- and
closed-top containers).
B. Reformatted the document so each ASRS storage arrangement now has its own section.

C. Incorporated the results of recent full-scale fire testing of top-loading automatic storage and retrieval
systems using solid-walled plastic containers.
January 2018. Interim revision. Clarifications were made to section 2.2.4.2, Longitudinal Flue Spaces,
corrected reference to the table in sections 2.2.4.1.3 and 2.3.4.1.2. Also corrections were made to Table 11,
IRAS Design Guidelines.
October 2017. Interim revision. Minor editorial changes were made.
July 2017. This data sheet has been completely rewritten. The following major changes were made:
A. This data sheet now addresses protection options for ASRS vertically enclosed, rack-structure,
mini-load, and other storage arrangements in which the horizontal support for product material handling
uses rails, angle irons, or other similar supporting structures. When in-rack automatic sprinkler (IRAS)
protection is needed, the protection now offered in this data sheet is designed to prevent the fire from
growing vertically past the in-rack sprinkler protection that has been installed. With this arrangement, the
ceiling and in-rack sprinkler systems operate independent of each other and thus do not need to be
hydraulically balanced nor designed with both systems operating concurrently.
B. The term “storage sprinkler” has been incorporated into this data sheet to replace “Control Mode Density
Area (CMDA) sprinkler.”
C. Ceiling-level sprinkler designs now use the “number of sprinklers @ minimum pressure” design format
in place of the previously used “density/demand area” design format.
D. Added terms to Appendix A, Glossary of Terms.
January 2003. Clarification regarding the storage clearance was added.
September 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.

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Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 8-34

PROTECTION FOR AUTOMATIC STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

1.2 How to Use this Data Sheet

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Mini-Load Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

2.1.1.3 Information Needed

2.1.2 Construction and Location

2.1.2.1.5 Additional Weight Due to Collection and/or Absorption of Sprinkler Discharge

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2.1.2.2 Building Structural Steel Protection

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

2.1.2.3 Heat and Smoke Venting

2.1.2.4 Draft Curtains

2.1.3.1 Commodity Hazard

2.1.3.1.2 Clearances Between Storage and Sprinkler Deflectors

2.1.4.2 Ceiling-Level Sprinkler Protection

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2.1.4.2.2 Ceiling-Level Sprinklers

Table 1. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under Unobstructed Ceiling Construction

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

2.1.4.2.4 Hose Demand and System Duration

Table 4. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines

2.1.4.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Protection

2.1.4.3.2 In-Rack Sprinkler System Types

2.1.4.3.3 In-Rack Sprinklers

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2.1.4.3.5 Horizontal In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

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©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Fig. 9. Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers within transverse flue spaces

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©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

2.1.4.3.6 Vertical In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangements

2.1.4.3.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Designs

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Table 6. In-Rack Sprinkler Design Guidelines

2.1.4.3.8 Hose Demand and System Duration

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IRAS IRAS (EO) Arrangement

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Max. Storage Between Top Quick-Response Standard-Response Quick-Response Standard-Response

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2.1.4.3.9 Hose Demand and System Duration

Table 9. Hose Demand and Water Supply Duration Design Guidelines

2.2 Rack-Structure ASRS Storage Arrangements

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©2017-2020 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

2.2.2 Construction and Location

2.2.2.1.5 Additional Weight Due to Collection and/or Absorption of Sprinkler Discharge

2.2.2.2 Building Structural Steel Protection

2.2.2.3 Heat and Smoke Venting