CHAPTER 1

MATTER
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
1.2 Mole Concept
1.3 Stoichiometry

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CHAPTER 1
MATTER

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 MATTER
INTRODUCTION

 Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Example :
air, water, animals, trees, atoms, …..

 Matter may consists of atoms, molecules or

ions.

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 MATTER
INTRODUCTION
Three States of Matter

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 MATTER
INTRODUCTION

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 MATTER
DEFINITIONS
 Element – a substance that cannot be decomposed into
a simpler substances by chemical or physical reaction.

 Compound – composed of atoms of two or more

elements chemically united in fixed proportions that can
be broken down into elements by chemical reaction. Eg.
Water (H2O), ammonia(NH3), glucose (C6H12O6)

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 MATTER
DEFINITIONS
 Mixture – material of variable composition that
contains two or more substances.

 Homogeneous mixture – a solution has uniform

properties – single phase. Eg. Soft drink, milk.

 Heterogeneous mixture – not uniform – two phases,

eg.: oil & water.

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1.1 : Atoms and Molecules

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 MATTER
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be able :

(a) Write isotope notation.

(b) Interpret mass spectrum.

(c) Calculate the average atomic mass of an element

given the relative abundance of isotopes or a mass

spectrum.
(c) Define relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass, Mr based on the carbon-12 scale. 9
 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS
 An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element or
compound.
 In an atom, there are three subatomic particles:
- Proton (p)
Packed in a small nucleus
- Neutron (n)

- Electron (e) Move rapidly around the nucleus of

an atom

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 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS
NUCLEUS

 Positively charged region in the centre of the

atom.

 It is composed of protons and neutrons.

 Surrounded by negatively charge region

populated by electrons.

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 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS
Modern Model of the Atom

 Electrons move around the region of the atom.

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 Atoms and Molecules

ATOMS

Particle Mass Charge Charge

(gram) (Coulomb) (units)
Electron (e) 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1

Proton (p) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0

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 Atoms and Molecules

ISOTOPES
 Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same
element that have the same proton number in their
nucleus but different nucleon numbers.
 Examples:
200
1
Hg
1H 2
H (D)
1
380
1 H (T)

235
92 U 238
92 U

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 Atoms and Molecules

ISOTOPES
 Proton number – number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
 Also known as atomic number.

 Nucleon number – total number of protons

and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
 Also known as mass number.
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 Atoms and Molecules

ISOTOPE NOTATION
• An atom can be represented by an isotope notation.

Nucleon
number
Element

Proton
number

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 Nucleon number of
mercury, A = 202
Total charge on
the ion

The number of
neutrons
=A–Z
= 202 – 80
= 122
Number of atoms
that formed the
Proton ion
number of
mercury,
Z = 80

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 Nucleon number of
mercury, A = 17
Total charge on
the ion

The number of
neutrons 17 2–
=A–Z
= 17 – 8
=9 8 O 2
Number of atoms
that formed the
Proton ion
number of
mercury,
Z=8

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 Exercise 1 Ans.

 Give the number of protons, neutrons,electrons and

charge in each of the following species:
Symbol Number of : Charge
Proton Neutron Electron
200
80 Hg 80 120 80 0
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29 Cu 29 34 29 0
17
8 O2− 8 9 10 -2
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27 Co 3 + 27 32 24 +3
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 Exercise 2 Ans.

 Write the appropriate notation for each of the following

nuclide :
Species Number of : Notation
Proton Neutron Electron for
nuclide
4
A 2 2 2 2A
3 +
B 1 2 0 1B
2
C 1 1 1 1C
14 3-
D 7 7 10 7D

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 Atoms and Molecules

IONS
 Two types of ions : a) cation b) anion

Cation Anion
a positive charge ion formed a negative charge ion formed
when a neutral atom loses an when a neutral atom gains an
electron(s). electron(s).

Na Na+ Cl Cl-
11 protons 11 protons 17 protons 17 protons
11 electrons 10 electrons 17 electrons 18 electrons
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 Atoms and Molecules
IUPAC Nomenclature of Ions
A) Cations

i) For the metals of group 1, 2 and 13 :

Name the metals followed by the word ‘ ions ‘

e.g : Na+ : sodium ion, Al3+ : aluminium ion

ii) For the metal with more oxidation states, Roman

numerals are used to indicate the oxidation state.

e.g : Cu2+ : copper(II) ion, Fe3+ : iron(III) ion

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 Atoms and Molecules
IUPAC Nomenclature of Ions
B) Anions

i) Monoatomic ions have names that ended with ‘ide’

e.g : F- : fluoride ion, O2- : oxide ion

ii) Other polyatomic anions have their own names

e.g : CO3 2- : carbonate ion,

SO42- : sulphate ion,

Cr2O72- : dichromate ion

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 Atoms and Molecules
IUPAC Nomenclature of Salts
❑ Salt is formed from neutralization process.
❑ When a metal combines with a nonmetal element,
the metal is named before the nonmetal.
❑ Example :
Fe2(SO4)3 - Iron(III) sulphate
NaCl - sodium chloride
FeCl3 - Iron(III) chloride

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 Atoms and Molecules
MOLECULE
 A molecule consists of a small number of
atoms joined together by bonds.

 Two types of molecules :

i) Diatomic Molecule
ii) Polyatomic Molecule

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 Atoms and Molecules
MOLECULE
A diatomic molecule
 Contains only two atoms
 Example :
H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

A polyatomic molecule
 Contains more than two atoms
 Example :
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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 Atoms and Molecules
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
i. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar
A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12
mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000.

Relative Mass of one atom of element (amu)

Atomic =
Mass, Ar 1 X Mass of one atom of 12C (amu)
12

o No unit.
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 Example 1
 Determine the relative atomic mass of an
element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y
to carbon-12 atom is 0.45.

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 Atoms and Molecules
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
ii) Relative Molecular Mass, Mr
 A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000.

Relative Mass of one molecule of a compound (amu)

Molecular = 1
X Mass of one atom of 12C (amu)
Mass, Mr 12

• The relative molecular mass of a compound is the

summation of the relative atomic masses of all atoms
in a molecular formula. 29
 Example 2
 Calculate the relative molecular mass of C5H5N,
Ar C = 12.01
Ar H = 1.01
Ar N = 14.01

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 Atoms and Molecules
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
The device used to determine the average atomic mass
of an element is mass spectrometer.

If an element has three isotopes X, Y and Z with

relative isotopic mass M1, M2 and M3, and relative
abundance of Q1, Q2 and Q3, the average atomic mass
can be calculated using formula :

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 Atoms and Molecules
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

Average ∑ isotopic mass x abundance

=
atomic mass ∑ abundance

Average ∑ Qi Mi
=
atomic mass
∑ Qi

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 Atoms and Molecules
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

abundance
Relative

63

9.1
8.1
m/e
24 25 26
(amu)

 The mass spectrum of Mg shows that Mg consists

of three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
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 Atoms and Molecules
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

abundance
Relative

63

9.1
8.1
m/e
24 25 26
(amu)

 The height of each line is proportional to the

abundance of each isotope.
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 Atoms and Molecules
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

abundance
Relative

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9.1
8.1
m/e
24 25 26
(amu)

 24Mg is the most abundant of the three isotopes.

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 Exercise 1
1. Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of
Relative abundance

the element rubidium, Rb :

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a. What isotopes are present in Rb?

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b. What is the percentage
85 87 m/e abundance of each isotope?
(a.m.u)
Fig 1.1
c. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of Rb.

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 Exercise 1 Ans.
Relative abundance

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85 87 m/e
(a.m.u)
Fig 1.1

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 Exercise 2
6 7
The isotopic mass of 3 Li and 3 Li are 6.01 and 7.02.
What is the percentage abundance of each isotope if
the relative atomic mass of Li is 6.94 ?
(ANSWER = 6Li : 7.92% , 7Li : 92.08% )

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 Exercise 3
Naturally occuring iridium, Ir is composed of 2 isotopes
191Ir and 193Ir in the ratio of 5 : 8 . The relative mass of
191Ir and 193Ir are 191.021 and 193.025 respectively.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of iridium.
(ANSWER = 192.254)

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