Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
April 2004.
The author welcomes questions, criticisms, and suggestions for improvements to this
document. Please send email to: jlachanc@umich.edu
Table of Contents.
Acknowledgments…………………………………...2
I. Background
A. Introduction………………………………………3
B. Definition of Urban Agriculture………………….3
C. Different Types of Urban Agriculture……………4
D. Benefits of Urban Agriculture……………………8
III. Recognizing & Supporting Urban Agriculture: Goals, Objectives, and Policies
Section Introduction………………………………….13
A. Objectives and Action Items…………….………..13
B. Draft Policy Language…………………………....15
1. Resolution in Support of Urban Agriculture...15
2. Urban Agriculture Ordinance……………..…16
3. Leasing City land for urban agriculture…..….19
Bibliography………………………………………….23
Appendices:
I. City of Seattle P-Plot program information and application form & language in support
of urban agriculture.
II. City of Portland, OR zoning language related to urban agriculture
III. List of Detroit urban agriculture contacts
A. Introduction
Urban agriculture (UA) helps the City of Detroit by reducing urban blight,
providing educational opportunities, and improving access to fresh produce. Although
many Detroit residents are actively involved in UA activities, the City of Detroit does not
have any policies that acknowledge urban agriculture as a legitimate land use. Because
urban agriculture operates in a policy vacuum, land use conflicts can arise between
citizens engaged in urban agriculture and the City’s agencies when there is a
disagreement over how lots should be used, or a lack of communication between the
City’s agencies and urban gardeners about how they are currently being used. For
example, the City may inadvertently destroy a community garden, or City staff may take
an indifferent or hostile approach to dealing with community groups involved in urban
agriculture when those groups use vacant land for gardening activities.
The following supplement to the City of Detroit Master Plan of Policies explains
UA’s background and benefits, how Detroit’s citizens use it to revitalize their
neighborhoods and make productive use of vacant lots, and why UA deserves to be
recognized by the City of Detroit as a legitimate land use. The supplement then proposes
a general policy approach that the City could adopt in order to encourage and support UA.
The supplement also includes examples of resolutions and ordinances that the City could
adopt in order to define and codify the rights and responsibilities of urban gardeners.
B. Definition of Urban Agriculture
City dwellers in North America and abroad are recognizing the benefits of
localized, small-scale agriculture in the city. In part, this movement is a response to
unmet demand for nutritious foods in underserved areas. Lower income people in city
centers are cultivating everything from vegetables to fish in order to meet their own food
needs or to foster a livelihood where economic opportunities may be scarce. 1 Urban
agriculture is becoming increasingly popular across the United States as citizens, city
1
See Bailey and Kaufman 2000, pp23-53, for case studies of entrepreneurial urban agriculture.
• Formal For Profit (FP): FP models are enterprises in business to make money.
While they may rely on empowerment zone grants or seed money for initial
capital investment and operating costs, their ultimate goal is to be self-sufficient.
FP agriculture involves private companies operating on the footprints of former
industrial sites, such as Village Farms, Buffalo, a hothouse tomato company that
2
Telephone conversation with Rich McDonald, P-Patch Program Coordinator for the City of Seattle. See Appendix 1 for information
on Seattle’s P-Patch program. See also the City of Seattle Department of neighborhoods website for more information about the P-
Patch program: http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/ppatch/
3
See Kaufman and Bailkey 2000 for case studies of Formal Altruistic urban agricultural projects.
This document deals exclusively with the Confederation of Gardeners model and
the Formal Altruistic model, and excludes Formal For Profit urban agriculture because
CG and FA are different from FFP in several important ways. First, CG and FA urban
agriculture are grassroots activities. As such, they operate on small parcels of land and
usually on small budgets. CG and FA are not organized around profit-generating business
models; in fact, none of Detroit’s existing urban farms are profitable.5 In essence, people
undertake CG and FA activities in order to improve their neighborhoods, create enjoyable
public space, or provide educational opportunities to organization members or the public.
Even when organizations engage in CG and FA urban agriculture on private land,
their activities are usually open to anyone who wants to participate. Some human services
organizations that engage in FA urban agriculture limit participation to their clients, but
these activities are also educational in nature.6 On the other hand, FFP urban agriculture
projects are rent-generating businesses that are not open to the public, and their primary
mission is to realize a profit. While FFP urban agriculture can contribute to neighborhood
revitalization by reusing vacant lots and creating jobs, it does not provide the same
educational and empowerment benefits as the CG and FA models.
Finally, FFP urban agriculture is regulated in accordance with the City of
Detroit’s rules on agricultural and horticultural businesses. 7 Currently, the City has
neither rules, nor policy, nor an official stance toward small-scale, not-for-profit urban
agriculture.
4
Kaufman and Bailkey 2000, pp. 18-20; Kaufman and Bailkey 2003, pp 8-9
5
Stohr.
6
See the case study of Re-vision Urban Farm in Kaufman and Bailey 2000, pp. 46-47.
7
Detroit Code of Ordinances, Sec. 57-3-19. Required for Landscape Gardening, Tree Work, Sale of
Nursery Stock, Etc. Agriculture-type businesses in Detroit are governed by the Consumer Affairs Dept.
8
Pothukuchi and Bickes, p. 4. See also Alaimo and Hassler.
9
Alaimo and Hassler.
10
Pothukuchi and Bickes, p. 6.
11
Pothukuchi and Bickes, p. 7.
12
Bonham et al. p. 4.
13
Stohr pegs the number at 40,000, while Bonham et al. state that there are 65,000. Stohr; Bonham et al.,
p. 8.
14
Stohr.
15
Bonham et al. p. 9.
16
Stohr.
17
Stohr; email communication with Ashley Atkinson, Detroit Agriculture Network Coordinator.
18
Stohr.
19
Telephone conversation with Brother Rick Samyn.
20
Stohr.
21
Earth Works Garden Website.
22
Pothukuchi and Bickes, p. 40.
23
Quon, p. 24.
24
Stohr.
25
Telephone conversation with Brother Rick Samyn.
28
Email communication with Timothy Palazzolo, City Planner, City of Detroit.
29
Stohr.
30
Quon, p. 8.
As described above, urban agriculture is a unique and valuable land use that
combines community open space with productive gardening activities on vacant lots.
Many Detroit residents and non-profit organizations participate in urban agriculture for a
host of aesthetic, social, and educational benefits. However, because urban agriculture is
neither explicitly recognized nor regulated as a land use, it can sometimes result in land
use conflicts.
In order to prevent these conflicts, encourage Detroit’s citizens to pursue the
benefits of urban agriculture, and promote the physical revitalization of Detroit’s
neighborhoods through the creation of quality community spaces, the City of Detroit
should strive toward the goal of promoting and supporting urban agriculture. Below are
some objectives and action items that will help the City accomplish this goal.
WHEREAS The City of Detroit officially recognizes the value of urban agriculture in
helping City residents improve the quality of life in their communities, increase their
access to fresh produce, enhance the aesthetics and security of their neighborhoods, and
create opportunities for recreation, community building, and enjoying the outdoors,
The City of Detroit hereby pledges to support community urban agriculture efforts by:
- Acknowledging the right of existing urban agriculture projects on private
land to continue undisturbed, as long as they operate in a manner that does
not create nuisances or health hazards (in accordance with Section 37-1-3
of the Detroit Code of Ordinances, “Authority of Public Health Director to
Declare a Nuisance and Abate the Same”);
- Encouraging organizations and individuals involved in urban agriculture
projects on City-owned land to negotiate with the Planning and
Development Department for the right to continue using those parcels.
- Encouraging the Planning and Development Department to develop
cooperative relationships with neighborhood organizations involved in
urban agriculture, and help those organizations identify parcels for use in
urban agriculture.
- Encouraging the adoption into the Detroit Code of Ordinances an Urban
Agriculture accessory use category that will set forth guidelines for the
practice of urban agriculture in the City of Detroit.
This document does not deal with the sale or distribution of food produced on residential
lots. If some urban agriculture endeavors seek to distribute or process their products,
then applicable state and federal regulations should be investigated.
XX.0101. Cultivation of vegetables, flowers, fruits and other plants in the ground, in
raised beds, and in greenhouses.
XX.0102. Raising of small numbers of livestock for meat and milk products. (The precise
number could be determined on an animal per area basis)
XX.0205. Tires may not be stored on garden sites. (Tires can transmit the toxic heavy
metals lead and cadmium into soils.)
XX.0301. Procurement of water from public supplies should be negotiated between the
Department of Public Works and the individual or organization conducting agricultural
activities on the site.
XX.0302. Use of private sources of water, such as water delivered through a hose from a
spigot attached to a participant’s house, is permitted.
XX.0401. Structures necessary for the proper pursuit of gardening and the storage of
gardening equipment, including storage sheds, tool sheds, greenhouses, and like
structures will be permitted as long as they meet existing standards for safety as
mentioned elsewhere in the Code of Ordinances.
XX.0402. Individuals and organizations using lots for urban agriculture are permitted to
erect chain-link or picket fences, gates, or other similar barriers around the lots under
cultivation.
XX.0500. Animals - refer to Chapter 6 of the City of Detroit Code of Ordinances for
rules regarding treatment, handling, and keeping of animals.
XX.0601. Gasoline used for the operation of lawnmowers or other combustion engine-
driven gardening machinery must be kept in sealed containers in locked, ventilated
structures.
XX.0602. Chemicals such as rodenticides must be handled according to either Chapter 24,
Article VI (Rodent and Pest Control) of the City of Detroit Code. These chemicals shall
not be stored on the gardening site, and shall be kept in closed containers that will
prevent them from coming into contact with food. (This should be determined by
examining established best practices for rodenticide application – rat traps and rat
deterrence techniques are probably safer methods of controlling rodents.)
XX.0603. Pesticides and herbicides. See sections XX.0201 and XX.0202 of this
ordinance
XX.0700. Machinery.
XX.0701. Tractors, lawnmowers, and other farm-related machinery may be used and
stored in Urban Agriculture zones as long as they are in good working order and do not
create a nuisance as defined elsewhere in the City of Detroit Code of Ordinances.
XX.0801. Parties using or otherwise occupying urban agriculture zones are responsible
for preventing the growth of those weeds defined as “poisonous or injurious” in Section
57-5-1 of the City of Detroit Code of Ordinances.
XX.0900. Handling and preparation of food for sale – refer to Chapter 21 of the City of
Detroit Code of Ordinances for rules regarding food and food establishments. These rules
are to apply to Urban Agriculture zones where parties involved in agriculture activities
seek to sell food within the zone.
XX.1001. Before any food products may be grown in topsoil in an Urban Agriculture
zone, such soil must be tested for contaminants that would render it unsuitable for this
use, including, but not limited to: lead and other toxic heavy metals; industrial solvents;
gasoline; perclorethylene; and other chemicals that can be transmitted to people via soil
contact or consumption of foods grown in such soil.
XX.1002. Areas of dry, loose soil that may be moved by wind should be covered by
mulch or plastic or otherwise confined.
The process as outlined below names the Planning and Development Department as the
responsible administrative agency for a leasing program. If the Planning and
Development Department lacks the capacity to take on the administration of the urban
agriculture leasing system, these responsibilities may be delegated to an intermediary
organization with established competencies in the management of City-owned land
and/or urban agriculture activities. Likely candidates for such an intermediary
organization include the Detroit Agricultural Network or a city land banking authority.
Ideally, this leasing system would be implemented in conjunction with the other policies
proposed in this supplement. This system could serve as an extension of, or replacement
for the City of Detroit’s existing Farm-A-Lot program, which is currently run by the
Detroit Recreation Department.
NOTE: Urban agriculture practitioners seeking a more permanent home for their
gardening activities should attempt to purchase vacant lots from the City. Leasing lots
from the City of Detroit does not guarantee permanent tenure.
In order to encourage the reuse of vacant City-owned residential lots for urban agriculture,
the City of Detroit is implementing a streamlined leasing system for such lots.
Lessee/Gardener Responsibilities
1. Lessees are responsible for ensuring that all activities they engage in on the leased
property are in conformance with applicable city laws and ordinances. (This could
include the proposed Urban Agriculture Ordinance in part III of this document if
it is adopted.)
2. Lessees are responsible for maintaining signage
Alaimo, Katherine and David Hassler, eds. From Seeds to Stories: The Community
Garden Storytelling Project of Flint. Flint Urban Gardening & Land Use Corporation,
Flint, 2003
Bonham, Blaine, Gerri Spilka & Darl Rastorfer. Old Cities/Green Cities - Communities
Transform Unmanaged Land. American Planning Association, Chicago, 2002.
Kaufman, Jerry and Martin Bailkey. Farming Inside Cities: Entrepreneurial Urban
Agriculture in the United States. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, 2000.
Kaufman, Jerry and Martin Bailkey. Farming Inside Cities Through Entrepreneurial
Urban Agriculture - revised draft 10/31/03. Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003.
Pothukuchi, Kami and Joan Bickes. “Hortaliza! Youth Nutrition Garden Demonstration
Project in Southwest Detroit.” Wayne State University, 2001.
Quon, Soonya. Planning for Urban Agriculture: A Review of Tools and Strategies for
Urban Planners. Cities Feeding People Series Report 28. International Development
Research Center, Ottawa,1999.
Stohr, Kate. “In the Capital of the Car, Nature Stakes a Claim.” The New York Times,
December 4, 2003, New York.
Welcome to the 2004 gardening season. The renewal application is arriving early this year because, as you’ll read below,
we’ll be short staffed next year and want to wrap up the application process by the end of 2003. Thanks for your help.
All things considered 2003 was a good year for P-Patch. With the Friends of P-Patch, we celebrated our 30th anniversary
starting with a traditional horse plowing at Picardo and continuing with the wonderful city-wide P-Patch tours in July. New
sites seemed to sprout all over the city this year. Thyme Patch opened in the spring, Linden Orchard followed in July and the
year finishes with West Seattle’s Longfellow Creek and Lincoln Park close behind. Magnuson added hundreds of new plots,
while Snoqualmie got a makeover. In the meantime, construction began at Angel St P-Patch, at 42nd Ave S and S Angel. In
2004, Oxbow Park in Georgetown should begin construction and the newly acquired Maple Leaf near Northgate, will start a
public design process. Cultivating Communities is charging up Power Garden and will complete Yesler Terrace in 2004.
Unfortunately the City budget situation has forced us to make a few changes for next year. The staff position formerly held
by Wendy McClure will not be filled. Julie Bryan, Sandy Pernitz and Rich Macdonald will be the staff for 50 P-Patches next
year. Martha Goodlett, Bunly Yun and Anza Muenchow will manage Cultivating Communities, which also faces a budget
crunch due to reduced funding from Seattle Housing Authority. The staff vacancy is especially hard, because, according to
our joint Five Year Plan with Friends of P-Patch, 2004, with all the new gardens, would have been the year to add rather than
decrease staff.
A second change concerns plot fees. We hope the change simplifies payment and reduces confusion. This year you will
pay two fees:
1. an application fee of $20, and
2. a fee of $10 for each 100 square feet you garden. (100-square-foot (sf) plot will cost $30; a 200-sf, $40;
and 400-sf, $60).
• These fees include an increase to cover rising water costs.
• Please note that Plot Fee Assistance is available through Friends of P-Patch.
We plan one more administrative change. This year we will assign every gardener with email to the P-Patch listserve.
The listserve is a discussion group for sharing information and resources. Now in its second year the listserve has been
very successful and continues to grow. Staff will use it to post educational and gardening information. We believe that it
will limit the number of e-mails gardeners receive from the office and address concerns about disseminating e-mail
addresses. Gardeners can, of course, opt off the list by checking the appropriate box on the application. You can also
leave the list serve at any time.
As always we encourage you to become involved with Friends of P-Patch. Our partnership strengthens the program in
many ways. Friends acquires and owns P-Patches and acts as a fiscal agent for garden projects. Their site coordinator
committee is a forum for education, discussion and community, and a source of funds for both tools and small site
improvements. Our joint program, Cultivating Communities, which focuses on under-served communities, helps us
make sure that all communities have a chance to garden.
Please return this Application by Friday, October 31, 2003. Upon receipt, you will be mailed a postcard verifying payment.
Feel free to call or e-mail. The P-Patch staff person assigned to your garden is listed on the map page.
2) NO INSECTICIDES OR HERBICIDES MAY BE USED. The P-Patch Program is for organic gardening only. The use
of insecticides made from synthetic chemical materials is strictly prohibited. Rotenone, pyrethrin, and Safer Soap are allowed
only when used according to label directions. Herbicides, or weed killers, are prohibited as well. Slug bait is permitted only in
enclosed containers, which must be removed from the site after use. Beer and sugar/yeast/water solutions serve as organic slug
bait. If you have questions, please contact your site coordinator or P-Patch staff.
4) MISCELLANEOUS
a) Smoking is prohibited in the gardens. Tobacco can transmit a lethal virus to tomatoes.
b) Loud radios are prohibited. Please consider headphones for your neighbors’ peace and quiet.
c) Tires are not allowed at the sites. They can release cadmium or lead into the garden.
d) Produce from your plot may not be sold.
e) Please treat hoses carefully and return when finished watering. If others are waiting to use the hoses, limit your time to 10
minutes. Sprinklers must be attended. Don’t water others’ plots without permission. Water service is off during the winter.
f) Well-mannered, leashed dogs are allowed within your own plot, unless complaints are received. Please remove scooped
poop. Dogs are not allowed at Good Shepherd and Thomas St. Gardens.
g) Closely supervise your children; help them learn respect for gardening and boundaries.
h) There is no garbage service. Please pick up trash and take it home for disposal.
i) Resolve differences in a neighborly way. For problems with fellow gardeners, stay polite and listen carefully; usually
solutions are easily reached. Verbal or physical abuse will not be tolerated. Contact your site coordinator or the P-Patch
office for more serious difficulties.
YOU AND YOUR FELLOW GARDENERS ARE CARETAKERS OF THE WHOLE GARDEN SITE.
PLEASE USE COMMON COURTESY.
2004 P-PATCH RENEWAL APPLICATION
Please print FOR OFFICE USE
Site _______________
NAME_________________________________________________________________________________
list name of person to whom correspondence will be sent; only one per plot. Plot_______________ DB
Plot Fee Assistance $_____
ADDRESS__________________________________________________ ZIP_________________________ FPP $________________
nine digits please ❏ Fee processed: Date_____
PHONE NUMBER Day________________________ Evening ____________________________
❏ receipt postcard (to 5/1)
❏ map
ADDITIONAL GARDENERS_____________________________________________________________ ❏ conf ltr: Date _________
(phone if different from above)
E-MAIL _______________________________________________________ ❏ All gardeners will be added to the P-Patch list serve,
our principal way to communicate general P-Patch
2nd E-MAIL_____________________________________________________
(if different) information, unless you check this box.
TOTAL ENCLOSED $________________________ (Partial refunds until April 15, 2004; no refunds thereafter)
Make checks payable to P-Patch Program.
Preference List (please complete, because we can not carry tasks over from year to year; and please fill in at least two items)
1) ____________ 2) ____________ 3) __________ 4) __________ other ___________ Expertise_____________
AGREEMENT: I have read the Rules for P-Patch Participants on the reverse and by signing agree to comply with them. I understand that failure to comply
with the rules and contribute my required eight P-Patch Community Hours may result in the cancellation of my application and/or reassignment of my plot
without refund of my fee. I understand that failure of any person assisting me in my plot to comply will also result in such actions by the P-Patch Program.
SIGNED__________________________________________________________________________________________
OPTIONAL AND HELPFUL ♥ For our information please tell us your profession. _________________________ and
employer ____________________. May we call you if we have questions in your area of employment: yes ___ no
___.
Seattle Comprehensive Plan Language in Support of Community Gardens
The City of Seattle, Washington has formally recognized community gardens as an
important land use in their Comprehensive Plan. The following are excerpts from Part 2
of the Comprehensive Plan’s Land Use Element. This language demonstrates the City’s
active approach to making community gardens an integral part of the City’s open and
public spaces. The author has put text of particular relevance in bold italics.
L300. Direct efforts to expand the open space network according to the following
considerations: (…)
2. Types of open space acquisitions and facility development:
a. Village open space sites, urban center indoor recreation facilities,
village common sites, and community gardens. (…)
Seattle Municipal Code Language Regarding P-Patch program.
B. The Director shall adjust the base fees every two (2) years
approximately in proportion to the change in the Consumer Price
Index, All Urban Consumers, published by the federal government, or a
substitute or successor index selected by the Director. The first
such adjustment shall take effect January 1, 2005.
C. The Director also may increase base fees for any year to reflect
actual or expected increases in operating costs, including but not
limited to water, lease fees, or equipment maintenance, provided that
neither the base application fee nor the base permit fee for a
standard unit shall vary by more than five per cent (5%) from the
respective fee that would apply under subsections A and B of this
section.
(Ord. 121341 Section 1, 2003; Ord. 120985 Section 1, 2002; Ord. 120171 Section 1,
2000; Ord. 118546 Section 1, 1997; Ord. 117397 Section 1, 1994; Ord. 115929 Section 1,
1991; Ord. 113738 Section 1, 1987; Ord. 109489 Section 1, 1980; Ord. 107833 Section 1,
1978; Ord. 106958 Section 1, 1997.)
Park property not needed by the City for development may be used by private parties
for gardening purposes by obtaining a special permit. The bureau of parks is
authorized to issue revocable permits for such purpose and shall impose such
conditions as are necessary and advisable to protect the interests of the City. (…)
[Note: Parks and Open Areas uses, which include community gardens, are allowed by
right or are a conditional use in each of Portland’s Base Zones: Open Space Zone
(33.100.100), Single-Dwelling Residential Zones (33.100.110), Multi-Dwelling
Residential Zones (33.100.120), Commercial Zones (33.100.130), and Employment
and Industrial Zones (33.100.140).]
33.920.500 – Agriculture
A. Characteristics. Agriculture includes activities that raise, produce, or
keep plants or animals
(…)
C. Examples. Examples include breeding or raising of fowl or other animals;
dairy farms; stables; riding academies; kennels or other animal boarding places;
farming; truck gardening; forestry; tree farming; and wholesale plant nurseries.
D. Exceptions.
1. Processing of animal or plant products, including milk, and feed
lots, are classified as Manufacturing and Production.
2. Livestock auctions are classified as Wholesale Sales/
3. Plant nurseries that are oriented to retail sales are classified
as Retail Sales and Service.
(…)
[Note: Agricultural uses are considered a Primary Use in Portland’s: Open Space
Zone (33.100.100), and Employment and Industrial Zones (33.100.140). ), In Single-
Dwelling Residential Zones (33.100.110), Agriculture uses are a primary use in two
types of Single Residential Zones including the Residential Farm/Forest Zone type.
Agriculture uses are a conditional use in 3 of the 8 different kinds of Commercial
Zones (33.100.130; they are not allowed in Portland’s Multi-Dwelling Residential
Zones (33.100.120).]
Earthworks Garden
Contact: Brother Rick Samyn
c/o Capuchin Soup Kitchen
1820 Mt. Elliott
Detroit, MI 48207
Phone: 313-579-2100, ext. 211.
Paul Weertz
c/o Catherine Ferguson Academy
2750 Selden St.
Detroit, MI 48208
Phone: 313-596-4770